49:
3482:
3475:
531:, seven states still refused to grant Indians voting rights in 1938. Discrepancies between federal and state control provided loopholes in the Act's enforcement. States justified discrimination based on state statutes and constitutions. Three main arguments for Indian voting exclusion were Indian exemption from real estate taxes, maintenance of tribal affiliation, and the notion that Indians were under guardianship or lived on lands controlled by federal trusteeship. By 1947, all states with large Indian populations, except
263:
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American citizens, called "Friends of the Indian", who lobbied for the assimilation of
Indigenous people into American society. They specifically hoped to do that by elevating Indigenous people to the status of U.S. citizens. Though the Dawes Act allocated land, the notion that this should be directly tied to citizenship was abandoned in the early 20th century in favor of a more direct path to American citizenship.
448:
amendment to the
Constitution has no effect whatever upon the status of the Indian tribes within the limits of the United States". About 8% of the Native population at the time qualified for U.S. citizenship because they were "taxed". Others obtained citizenship by serving in the military, marrying whites, or accepting land allotments such as those granted under the
557:
citizenship. Many leaders in the Native
American community at the time, like Charles Santee, a Santee Sioux, were interested in Native American integration into the larger society but adamant about preserving the Native American identity. Many were also reluctant to trust the government that had taken their land and violently discriminated against them.
493:
extended its provisions to their citizens, requiring allotment of their lands and making their tribal members eligible to vote in local elections. A federal act (31 Stat. 1447) of March 3, 1901, granted United States citizenship to all Native people residing in Indian
Territory. Subsequent passage of
612:
Other groups for Native
American citizenship supported it because of the "guardianship" status they felt the U.S. government should take to protect Indigenous people. They worried Indians were being taken advantage of by non-Indigenous Americans for their land. They advocated that the government had
465:
of the decision explained that a Native person "who has not been naturalized, or taxed, or recognized as a citizen either by the United States or by the state, is not a citizen of the United States within the meaning of the first section of the
Fourteenth Article of Amendment of the Constitution".
421:
They may without doubt, like the subjects of any foreign government, be naturalized by the authority of
Congress and become citizens of a state and of the United States, and if an individual should leave his nation or tribe, and take up his abode among the white population, he would be entitled to
608:
were for the Act because they thought it would reduce corruption and inefficiency in the
Department of Interior and the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Such institutions would no longer be in control of citizenship regulations if citizenship were automatically granted to all Indigenous people. They also
547:
was the most prominent. That Act allocated once-tribally-owned land to individual tribal members, and because they were landowners and eventually would pay taxes on the land and become "proficient members of society", they could be granted citizenship. This idea was presented by a group of white
519:
was between 106 million and 123 million at that time. The
Indigenous people not included had already become citizens by other means, such as by entering the armed forces, giving up tribal affiliations, and assimilating into mainstream American life. Citizenship was granted in a piecemeal fashion
498:
of 1906, withheld US citizenship granted by the Dawes Act until the trust period for an allotment expired (typically 25 years) or the allottee obtained a fee patent from the government administrator. The Burke Act did "not extend to any
Indians in the Indian Territory". After World War I ended,
447:
declared all persons "born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof" were citizens. However, the "jurisdiction" requirement was interpreted to exclude most Native Americans, and in 1870, the Senate Judiciary Committee further clarified the matter: "the 14th
542:
Under the 1924 Act, Indigenous people did not have to apply for citizenship, nor did they have to give up their tribal citizenship to become U.S. citizens. Most tribes had communal property, and to have a right to the land, individual Indian people needed to belong to the tribe. Thus, dual
617:, a key group in the development of this legislation, advocated that federal guardianship was a necessary component of citizenship. They pushed for the clause "tribal rights and property" in the Indian Citizenship Act to preserve Indian identity but gain citizenship rights and protection.
556:
Although some white citizen groups were supportive of Indian citizenship, Native Americans themselves were divided on the debate. Those who supported it considered the Act a way to secure a long-standing political identity. Those who rejected it were concerned about tribal sovereignty and
583:
On May 19, 1924, Snyder said on the House floor, "The New York Indians are very much opposed to this, but I am perfectly willing to take the responsibility if the committee sees fit to agree to this." After passage of the Bill, Snyder became the representative of some of these Indians.
628:
The Indian, though a man without a country, the Indian who has suffered a thousand wrongs considered the white man's burden and from mountains, plains and divides, the Indian threw himself into the struggle to help throttle the unthinkable tyranny of the Hun. The Indian helped to free
374:, Native Americans, who were classified as "Indians not taxed", were not considered to be eligible for US citizenship because they were governed by distinct tribes, which functioned in a political capacity. Native persons who were members of a tribe were specifically excluded from
564:. They believed acceptance of this act was "treason" because the United States Senate was forcing citizenship on all Indians without their consent. According to the Iroquois, the bill disregarded previous treaties between the Indian Tribes and the United States, specifically the
398:
of 1830 was ratified. Under article XIV of that treaty, any Choctaw who elected not to move to Native American territory could become an American citizen when he registered, and if he stayed on designated lands for five years after treaty ratification.
384:(1831), according to historian Brad Tennant, established that tribal members "who maintained their tribal ties and resided on tribal land would technically be considered foreigners" living in the United States as wards of the federal government.
461:(1884), when the Supreme Court held that a Native person born a citizen of a recognized tribal nation was not born an American citizen and did not become one simply by voluntarily leaving his tribe and settling among whites. The
599:, duly depose and sternly protest the principal and object of the aforesaid Snyder Bill, … Wherefore, we the undersigned counselling (sic) Chiefs of the Onondaga Nation, recommend the abandonment and repeal of the Snyder Bill.
2111:
603:
With little lobbying effort from Native Americans themselves, two primarily white groups shaped the law: Progressive senators and activists, like the "Friends of the Indians." Progressive senators on the
302:
defines a citizen as any persons born in the United States and subject to its laws and jurisdiction, the amendment had previously been interpreted by the courts not to apply to Native peoples.
652:
and similar activities across the United States from 1917 thru the 1920s, gathered signatures on petitions supporting Indian enfranchisement into the tens of thousands. Some of his trips into
539:, had extended voting rights to Native Americans who qualified under the 1924 Act. Finally, in 1948, the states withdrew their prohibition on Indian voting because of a judicial decision.
1375:
Prengaman, Kate (August 10, 2014). "Pride for his people – New displays at Toppenish museum celebrate life and influence of Nipo Strongheart, a Yakama with a passion for Indian rights".
1974:
3694:
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2074:
660:, a supporter of the bill in Congress, who had a district there. The petitions and other advocacy work helped pass the bill, but he was ultimately disillusioned with the results.
624:, who had previously advocated for segregated Indian units during World War I in an effort to prevent their assimilation, wrote (referring to soldiers who served in World War I):
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all persons born in the United States, and not subject to any foreign power, excluding Indians not taxed, are hereby declared to be citizens of the United States.
3267:
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1926:
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299:
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Congress decreed in 1919, that all Native people who had been honorably discharged after serving in the war could become US citizens, if they applied for it.
1962:
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That all non citizen Indians born within the territorial limits of the United States be, and they are hereby, declared to be citizens of the United States:
2353:
1737:
1617:
793:
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2240:
1938:
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all non citizen Indians born within the territorial limits of the United States be, and they are hereby, declared to be citizens of the United States.
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1949:
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1453:
605:
219:
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2015:
3443:
1569:
17:
703:
580:" in the text of the original bill was used as a reason why some Native Americans were not granted the immediate right to vote with the bill.
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That the granting of such citizenship shall not in any manner impair or otherwise affect the right of any Indian to tribal or other property.
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1979:
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citizenship was allowed. Earlier views on granting Indian citizenship had suggested allocating land to individuals. Of such efforts, the
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on June 2, 1924. It was enacted partially in recognition of the thousands of Native Americans who served in the armed forces during the
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Enrollment in the Five Civilized Tribes: Hearings before the Subcommittee of the Committee on Indian Affairs, House of Representatives
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stated that even if a Native American gave up their tribal membership and paid taxes, the only path to citizenship was through
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1995:
1920:
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4001:
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577:
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Bruyneel, Kevin (2004). "Challenging American Boundaries: Indigenous People and the 'Gift' of U.S. Citizenship".
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Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
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See House Report No. 222, Certificates of Citizenship to Indians, 68th Congress, 1st Session, Feb. 22, 1924.
633:, helped to free all the small nations, helped to give victory to the Stars and Stripes. The Indian went to
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2909:
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1914:
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This grant of citizenship applied to about 125,000 of the 300,000 Indigenous people in the United States,
3872:
3001:
2338:
2069:
1854:
1123:"Citizenship and Suffrage: The Native American Struggle for Civil Rights in the American West, 1830-1965"
1021:
97:
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An Act to authorize the Secretary of the Interior to issue certificates of citizenship to Native Indians.
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to help avenge the ravages of autocracy. Now, shall we not redeem ourselves by redeeming all the tribes?
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in which the Iroquois were recognized as "separate and sovereign". The removal of the word "full" from "
2941:
2764:
2534:
2529:
2245:
1489:
1343:
Representing Indians: The Melodrama of Native Citizenship in United States Popular Culture of the 1920s
1312:
1290:
1099:
1068:
380:
120:
1421:"Calvin Coolidge: "Radio Address from the White House on the Duties of Citizenship," November 3, 1924"
177:
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before the Act, which was the first more inclusive method of granting Native American citizenship.
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2000:
1902:
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430:(ratified in 1870, after the 14th Amendment came into effect) repeated the exclusion, declaring:
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1967:
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1521:
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403:
287:
35:
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Even Native Americans who were granted citizenship rights under the 1924 Act may not have had
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all the rights and privileges which would belong to an emigrant from any other foreign people.
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until 1948 because the right to vote was governed by state law. According to a survey by the
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48:
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2005:
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The earliest recorded date of Native people becoming U.S. citizens was in 1831, when the
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2195:
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Serving their country: American Indian politics and patriotism in the twentieth century
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490:
486:
350:
908:
800:
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and the Legal Status of Native Americans in the Latter Half of the Nineteenth Century"
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2624:
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2020:
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1529:
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989:
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772:
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2519:
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2210:
1265:
1221:
704:"Featured Document Display: Honoring Native American Soldiers' World War I Service"
205:
129:
2112:
United States Congressional Joint Special Committee on Conditions of Indian Tribes
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2032:
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1585:
1553:
645:
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314:
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306:
250:
197:
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The exclusion of Native people from U.S. citizenship was further established by
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2484:
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2257:
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1866:
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410:
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1152:
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262:
34:
This article is about American legislation. For the legislation in India, see
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Therefore, be it resolved, that we, the Indians of the Onondaga Tribe of the
482:
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Annual Report of the United States Indian Inspector for the Indian Territory
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On December 30, 1924, the Chiefs of the Onondaga sent a letter to President
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2754:
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2175:
1908:
1107:
653:
474:
267:
1212:
Peterson, Helen L. (May 1957). "American Indian Political Participation".
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2010:
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388:
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649:
536:
283:
148:
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1836:
1824:
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544:
495:
449:
2878:
2784:
2674:
2666:
2642:
2637:
2396:
1461:
985:
596:
462:
3330:
3069:
List of U.S. communities with Native American majority populations
2997:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
1346:(Thesis). Department of English, University of Iowa. p. 265.
1024:, Oklahoma State University Library Electronic Publishing Center.
2451:
2381:
1785:
List of United States Supreme Court cases involving Indian tribes
630:
620:
One advocate for American Indians during the early 20th century,
532:
391:
72:
634:
59:
Native Indian Freedom Citizenship Suffrage Act of 1924 and 1925
2344:
Native American rights movement/Red Power movement (1968-1977)
982:
Race and Ethnicity in America: From Pre-Contact to the Present
845:"On this day in 1924: All Indians made United States citizens"
325:
The text of the 1924 Indian Citizenship Act reads as follows:
29:
1924 U.S. federal law granting citizenship to Native Americans
2221:
Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
613:
an obligation to supervise and protect Native citizens. The
1181:
North American Border Conflicts: Race, Politics, and Ethics
1666:
County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State
1418:
824:
McCool, Daniel, Susan M. Olson, and Jennifer L. Robinson.
2947:
Same-sex marriage in tribal nations in the United States
469:
Although the Dawes Act did not apply to citizens of the
923:"The Rediscovery of Indian Country in Eastern Oklahoma"
828:, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
1927:
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
1891:
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act
1057:"Statement of Mr. Webster Ballinger, Washington, D.C."
300:
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
980:. In Lawson, Russell M.; Lawson, Benjamin A. (eds.).
439:
Fourteenth Amendment, legal decisions and legislation
1738:
City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York
1618:
Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida
644:, a performer-lecturer on Native American topics at
353:
in the United States Code at Title 8, Sec. 1401(b).
1939:
Cherokee Nation Truth in Advertising for Native Art
1594:
Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation
3695:United States occupation of the Dominican Republic
121:
3997:United States federal Native American legislation
3444:Lieutenant Governor and Governor of Massachusetts
3978:
3589:Federal Corrupt Practices Act Amendments of 1925
3297:List of Indian reservations in the United States
2962:Native American recognition in the United States
1690:Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield
1214:American Academy of Political and Social Science
1178:French, Laurence; Manzanárez, Magdaleno (2017).
1177:
342:SIXTY-EIGHTH CONGRESS. Sess. I. CHS. 233. 1924.
2016:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
1339:
609:hoped to empower Indians through citizenship.
3022:The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC)
1570:United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co.
1018:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture
1012:Tatro, M. Kaye (2002). Everett, Dianna (ed.).
507:The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 declared:
3346:
2447:Native American identity in the United States
2138:
1447:
1291:THE CITIZENSHIP ACT OF 1924 – Onondaga Nation
685:Article One of the United States Constitution
3292:State-recognized tribes in the United States
3074:Modern social statistics of Native Americans
1674:South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc.
1335:
1333:
1313:Letter of Onondaga Nation to Calvin Coolidge
1092:"Previous Conditions and Recent Legislation"
305:The act was proposed by U.S. Representative
1427:. University of California – Santa Barbara.
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1207:
1205:
3353:
3339:
2268:Native Americans in the American Civil War
2152:
2145:
2131:
1610:McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission
1454:
1440:
417:, legislation, or provisions of a treaty:
286:, enacted June 2, 1924) was an Act of the
3747:1919 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
3742:1918 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
3709:Presidential transition of Herbert Hoover
3275:Native American Medal of Honor recipients
2283:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans
1374:
1330:
1258:Studies in American Political Development
1054:
1048:
842:
728:
726:
724:
680:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans
502:
356:
309:(R-NY), and signed into law by President
239:on May 23, 1924 (Agreed) and by the
3767:1924 United States presidential election
3757:1920 United States presidential election
3724:Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nomination
3422:Boyhood home and first inauguration site
2633:Post 1887 Apache Wars period (1887–1924)
1255:
1240:
1211:
1202:
1120:
1007:
1005:
339:Approved, June 2, 1924. June 2, 1924.
261:
1963:Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians
732:
560:One group who opposed the bill was the
14:
3979:
1121:Rollings, Willard Hughes (Fall 2004).
1089:
1083:
975:
969:
957:from the original on September 5, 2023
920:
721:
3687:United States occupation of Nicaragua
3334:
3007:National Congress of American Indians
2952:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
2915:National Congress of American Indians
2854:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
2442:Native American disease and epidemics
2216:European colonization of the Americas
2126:
1897:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
1714:Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho
1467:Native Americans in the United States
1435:
1302:Homer Snyder Statement on House Floor
1011:
1002:
838:
836:
834:
818:
670:Native Americans in the United States
3784:The Autobiography of Calvin Coolidge
3658:Brave Little State of Vermont speech
3012:National Indian Youth Council (NIYC)
2869:Native American people and Mormonism
2713:Northern Cheyenne Exodus (1878-1879)
1578:Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States
525:full citizenship and suffrage rights
361:
266:President Coolidge stands with four
3992:United States federal Indian policy
3762:1924 Republican National Convention
3752:1920 Republican National Convention
3568:World War Adjusted Compensation Act
3388:Vice President of the United States
3360:
3280:List of federally recognized tribes
1885:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
1546:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
1090:Wright, J. George (June 30, 1904).
815:, Opinion of Chief Justice, page 7.
744:International Social Science Review
675:Native American civil rights#Voting
366:At the time of the adoption of the
24:
3618:State of the Union Addresses (1926
3043:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
3038:Black Indians in the United States
3002:Native American Rights Fund (NARF)
2278:Certificate Degree of Indian Blood
1419:Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.
862:
831:
426:After the American Civil War, the
408:Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
294:born within the United States are
196:in the House as H.R. 6355 by
126:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
25:
4023:
3691:United States occupation of Haiti
2967:Native American women in politics
2318:Native Americans and World War II
2303:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
2055:National Indian Gaming Commission
1650:Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe
1514:New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble
1398:INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES
1386:
1036:from the original on May 29, 2024
4012:Citizenship of the United States
3960:
3959:
3480:
3473:
2599:Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877)
2587:Antelope Hills expedition (1858)
2323:American Indian boarding schools
1602:Menominee Tribe v. United States
735:"'Excluding Indians Not Taxed':
164:8 U.S.C.: Aliens and Nationality
47:
3669:Migratory Bird Conservation Act
3608:Great Mississippi Flood of 1927
3465:Presidential Library and Museum
3017:Women of All Red Nations (WARN)
1809:(1790,1793,1796,1799,1802,1834)
1425:The American Presidency Project
1368:
1317:
1306:
1295:
1284:
1171:
1114:
606:Senate Indian Affairs Committee
227:on March 18, 1924 (Passed)
3578:McNary–Haugen Farm Relief Bill
3547:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
3377:President of the United States
3117:Native American Pidgin English
2922:American Indian Movement (AIM)
2298:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
2181:Archaic period in the Americas
2039:In the Courts of the Conqueror
1642:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez
1393:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
938:(5). Oklahoma City, Oklahoma:
914:
890:
806:
783:
737:Dred Scott, Standing Bear, Elk
696:
396:Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek
276:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
18:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
13:
1:
4007:Presidency of Calvin Coolidge
3831:Backstairs at the White House
3417:Early life and family history
2815:Battle of Kelley Creek (1911)
2591:Comanche Campaign (1867–1875)
2579:Texas–Indian wars (1836–1877)
1921:Native American Languages Act
1404:"Indian Citizenship Act 1924"
1137:William S. Boyd School of Law
984:. Santa Barbara, California:
921:Cleary, Conor P. (May 2023).
870:"1924 Indian Citizenship Act"
690:
517:the total population of which
233:on May 15, 1924 (Agreed)
42:Native Indian Citizenship Act
3807:Sesquicentennial half dollar
3664:McSweeney-McNary Act of 1928
3574:Opposition to farm subsidies
2910:Native American civil rights
2820:Battle of Bear Valley (1918)
2805:Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909)
2800:Battle of Sugar Point (1898)
2722:Rogue River Wars (1855–1856)
2349:Native American civil rights
2060:Native American civil rights
1915:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
1754:Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl
1340:Lori Lynn Muntz (May 2006).
976:Lawson, Benjamin A. (2019).
849:National Constitution Center
7:
4002:68th United States Congress
3802:Things named after Coolidge
3263:Native American politicians
3253:Native American War Leaders
2731:Puget Sound War (1855–1856)
2717:Ghost Dance War (1890–1891)
2709:Great Sioux War (1876–1877)
2705:Red Cloud's War (1866–1868)
2689:First Sioux War (1854-1856)
2617:Chiricahua Wars (1860–1886)
2339:Native American Rights Fund
2075:Recognition of sacred sites
2070:Native American Rights Fund
1975:Federally recognized tribes
1855:Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act
1055:Ballinger, Webster (1915).
1022:Oklahoma Historical Society
663:
566:1784 Treaty of Fort Stanwix
98:68th United States Congress
10:
4028:
2942:Occupation of Wounded Knee
2659:Black Hawk War (1865–1872)
2647:Battle at Fort Utah (1850)
2629:Geronimo's War (1881–1886)
2625:Victorio's War (1879–1880)
2530:American Revolutionary War
1933:Indian Arts and Crafts Act
1490:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
1226:10.1177/000271625731100113
1100:Government Printing Office
1069:Government Printing Office
843:NCC Staff (June 2, 2015).
574:1794 Treaty of Canandaigua
570:1789 Treaty of Fort Harmor
394:became citizens after the
381:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
378:and taxation. The case of
33:
3926:
3841:
3794:
3775:
3734:
3612:Flood Control Act of 1928
3563:Oil Pollution Act of 1924
3538:Allegheny National Forest
3489:
3471:
3439:Early career and marriage
3409:
3399:Governor of Massachusetts
3368:
3310:
3230:
3132:
3124:Native American languages
3094:
3061:
3030:
2985:
2902:
2864:Native American religions
2846:
2828:
2613:Jicarilla War (1849–1855)
2595:Red River War (1874–1875)
2583:Comanche Wars (1836–1877)
2460:
2362:
2288:Indian Appropriations Act
2161:
1988:
1948:
1849:Indian Reorganization Act
1793:
1776:Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta
1634:United States v. Antelope
1473:
1270:10.1017/S0898588X04000021
751:(1–2). Winfield, Kansas:
615:Indian Rights Association
551:
489:of Indian Territory, the
270:at a White House ceremony
189:
184:
169:
159:
154:
135:
116:
111:
103:
92:
84:
71:
63:
55:
46:
3861:John Calvin Coolidge Sr.
3640:Federal Radio Commission
2937:Trail of Broken Treaties
2765:Hualapai War (1865–1870)
2755:Yavapai Wars (1861–1875)
2735:Coeur d'Alene War (1858)
2697:Colorado War (1863–1865)
2001:Bureau of Indian Affairs
1903:Indian Child Welfare Act
1706:South Dakota v. Bourland
1020:. Stillwater, Oklahoma:
940:Oklahoma Bar Association
708:National Archives Museum
428:Civil Rights Act of 1866
3867:Calvin Galusha Coolidge
3699:Washington Naval Treaty
3553:Immigration Act of 1924
3112:American Indian English
3048:Louisiana Creole people
2838:Native American studies
2790:Bannock Uprising (1895)
2745:Navajo Wars (1849–1866)
2701:Powder River War (1865)
2609:Apache Wars (1849–1924)
2427:Mesoamerican literature
2422:Indigenous Peoples' Day
2231:Partus sequitur ventrem
2050:Long Walk of the Navajo
1980:State recognized tribes
1879:Indian Civil Rights Act
1184:. Boca Raton, Florida:
320:
212:Committee consideration
170:U.S.C. sections amended
3629:I do not choose to run
2932:Occupation of Alcatraz
2874:Native American church
2740:Mohave War (1858–1859)
2727:Yakima War (1855–1858)
2685:Sioux Wars (1854–1891)
2663:White River War (1879)
2651:Walker War (1853–1854)
2535:Cherokee–American wars
2065:Native American gaming
1968:Legal status of Hawaii
1843:Indian Citizenship Act
1722:Idaho v. United States
1626:Bryan v. Itasca County
1562:Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock
1522:Standing Bear v. Crook
1377:Yakima Herald-Republic
813:Dred Scott v. Sandford
790:Dred Scott v. Sandford
733:Tennant, Brad (2011).
639:
529:Department of Interior
503:Indian Citizenship Act
424:
404:Dred Scott v. Sandford
357:History and background
347:
288:United States Congress
271:
237:Agreed to by the House
208:) on February 22, 1924
178:ch. 12, subch. III
36:Indian nationality law
3719:Judicial appointments
3584:Judiciary Act of 1925
3434:Calvin Coolidge House
2795:Yaqui Uprising (1896)
2770:Modoc War (1872–1873)
2760:Snake War (1864–1869)
2675:Bluff Skirmish (1921)
2671:Bluff War (1914–1915)
2621:Tonto War (1871–1875)
2372:Mississippian culture
2335:Civil rights movement
2236:Five Civilized Tribes
1873:Indian Relocation Act
1730:United States v. Lara
1506:Fellows v. Blacksmith
1414:on February 27, 2021.
1135:. Las Vegas, Nevada:
1098:. Washington, D. C.:
1067:. Washington, D. C.:
877:National Park Service
626:
471:Five Civilized Tribes
419:
327:
265:
220:Senate Indian Affairs
3987:1924 in American law
3947:← Thomas R. Marshall
3599:Passport Act of 1926
3460:Retirement and death
3449:Boston police strike
2810:Last Massacre (1911)
2775:Nez Perce War (1877)
2643:Ute Wars (1850–1923)
2540:Northwest Indian War
2293:Racial Integrity Act
1498:Worcester v. Georgia
1379:. Yakima Washington.
1159:on February 10, 2024
1071:. pp. 202–284.
931:Oklahoma Bar Journal
658:Melville Clyde Kelly
445:Fourteenth Amendment
216:House Indian Affairs
3932:← Warren G. Harding
3901:(distant relations)
3881:Charles A. Coolidge
3812:U.S. postage stamps
3703:Kellogg–Briand Pact
3532:Revenue Act of 1928
3528:Revenue Act of 1926
3524:Revenue Act of 1924
3510:Second inauguration
3086:Reservation poverty
3031:Ethnic subdivisions
2903:Political movements
2564:Second Seminole War
2475:Anglo-Powhatan Wars
2045:Indian reservations
2006:Cherokee Commission
1482:Johnson v. McIntosh
803: (1856), at 404
656:were in support of
642:Nipo T. Strongheart
487:Sac and Fox Nations
185:Legislative history
43:
3952:Charles G. Dawes →
3891:Arthur W. Coolidge
3887:Marcus A. Coolidge
3824:President Coolidge
3515:Industry and trade
3505:First inauguration
2987:Civic and economic
2972:Tribal sovereignty
2927:Red Power Movement
2894:Longhouse Religion
2829:Education, science
2780:Bannock War (1878)
2574:American Civil War
2525:Lord Dunmore's War
2313:Blood quantum laws
2196:Post-Classic stage
2105:Self-determination
2100:Tribal sovereignty
2026:Eagle-bone whistle
1819:Indian Removal Act
1807:Nonintercourse Act
1801:Blood quantum laws
1768:McGirt v. Oklahoma
1128:Nevada Law Journal
1014:"Burke Act (1906)"
988:. pp. 52–53.
491:Curtis Act of 1898
292:indigenous persons
272:
56:Other short titles
41:
3974:
3973:
3834:(1979 miniseries)
3635:Radio Act of 1927
3594:Railway Labor Act
3558:Clarke–McNary Act
3328:
3327:
2859:Eagle feather law
2750:Paiute War (1860)
2693:Dakota War (1862)
2655:Tintic War (1856)
2569:Osage Indian War
2500:King Philip's War
2120:
2119:
2021:Eagle feather law
1955:State recognition
1746:Cobell v. Salazar
1658:Solem v. Bartlett
1530:Ex parte Crow Dog
1353:978-0-542-79588-6
1195:978-1-4987-8034-6
1061:McLaughlin, James
995:978-1-4408-5097-4
406:(1857) decision,
362:U.S. Constitution
349:The act has been
260:
259:
231:Passed the Senate
138:Statutes at Large
16:(Redirected from
4019:
3963:
3962:
3939:Herbert Hoover →
3674:Reed–Jenkins Act
3484:
3477:
3402:
3391:
3380:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3332:
3331:
3238:Native Americans
3107:American English
2680:Posey War (1923)
2397:Iroquois culture
2263:Indian Territory
2211:Age of Discovery
2147:
2140:
2133:
2124:
2123:
1996:Aboriginal title
1813:Civilization Act
1749:(D.C. Cir. 2009)
1456:
1449:
1442:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1415:
1410:. Archived from
1381:
1380:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1337:
1328:
1321:
1315:
1310:
1304:
1299:
1293:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1253:
1238:
1237:
1209:
1200:
1199:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1155:. Archived from
1118:
1112:
1111:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1009:
1000:
999:
973:
967:
966:
964:
962:
956:
927:
918:
912:
894:
888:
887:
885:
883:
874:
866:
860:
859:
857:
855:
840:
829:
822:
816:
810:
804:
787:
781:
780:
730:
719:
718:
716:
714:
700:
578:full citizenship
225:Passed the House
139:
127:
123:
77:
51:
44:
40:
21:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4016:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3922:
3899:Carlos Coolidge
3895:Martha Coolidge
3837:
3817:Coolidge effect
3790:
3771:
3730:
3645:Equal-time rule
3493:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3469:
3455:Vice Presidency
3405:
3394:
3383:
3372:
3364:
3362:Calvin Coolidge
3359:
3329:
3324:
3306:
3226:
3128:
3090:
3057:
3026:
2990:
2988:
2981:
2898:
2842:
2830:
2824:
2785:Crow War (1887)
2456:
2382:Hohokam culture
2358:
2201:Woodland period
2186:Formative stage
2157:
2154:Native American
2151:
2121:
2116:
2033:Hunting license
1984:
1953:
1944:
1861:Nationality Act
1789:
1762:Sharp v. Murphy
1682:Hodel v. Irving
1586:Williams v. Lee
1554:Talton v. Mayes
1469:
1460:
1402:
1389:
1384:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1338:
1331:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1285:
1254:
1241:
1210:
1203:
1196:
1176:
1172:
1162:
1160:
1119:
1115:
1088:
1084:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1037:
1010:
1003:
996:
974:
970:
960:
958:
954:
925:
919:
915:
895:
891:
881:
879:
872:
868:
867:
863:
853:
851:
841:
832:
823:
819:
811:
807:
792:, 19 How. 393,
788:
784:
731:
722:
712:
710:
702:
701:
697:
693:
666:
622:Joseph K. Dixon
589:Calvin Coolidge
562:Onondaga Nation
554:
505:
441:
368:US Constitution
364:
359:
323:
315:First World War
311:Calvin Coolidge
307:Homer P. Snyder
256:
253:on June 2, 1924
251:Calvin Coolidge
247:Signed into law
198:Homer P. Snyder
137:
125:
93:Enacted by
75:
39:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4025:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3935:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3914:
3908:
3902:
3884:
3870:
3864:
3858:
3852:
3849:Grace Coolidge
3845:
3843:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3827:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3764:
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3754:
3749:
3744:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3679:Foreign policy
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3632:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3601:
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3501:
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3462:
3457:
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3436:
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3411:
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3406:
3404:
3403:
3392:
3381:
3369:
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3358:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3335:
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3307:
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3304:
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3288:
3287:
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3271:
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3255:
3250:
3245:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3202:North Carolina
3199:
3194:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3136:
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3109:
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3028:
3027:
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3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
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2991:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
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2944:
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2896:
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2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2834:
2832:
2831:and technology
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2724:
2719:
2682:
2677:
2667:Ute War (1887)
2640:
2635:
2606:
2601:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2490:Peach Tree War
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2466:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
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2429:
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2399:
2394:
2389:
2387:Plains Indians
2384:
2379:
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2368:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2354:Discrimination
2351:
2346:
2341:
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2330:
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2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2258:Trail of Tears
2255:
2253:Indian removal
2250:
2249:
2248:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
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2167:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2150:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2127:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2097:
2092:
2090:Trail of Tears
2087:
2082:
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2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2035:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
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1990:
1986:
1985:
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1982:
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1972:
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1970:
1959:
1957:
1946:
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1943:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1867:Public Law 280
1864:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1803:(1705 onwards)
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1574:
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1558:
1550:
1542:
1538:Elk v. Wilkins
1534:
1526:
1525:(D. Neb. 1879)
1518:
1510:
1502:
1494:
1486:
1477:
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1471:
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1395:
1388:
1387:External links
1385:
1383:
1382:
1367:
1352:
1329:
1316:
1305:
1294:
1283:
1239:
1220:(1): 116–121.
1201:
1194:
1170:
1113:
1082:
1047:
1001:
994:
968:
913:
898:Elk v. Wilkins
889:
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682:
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458:Elk v. Wilkins
440:
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415:naturalization
411:Roger B. Taney
376:representation
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319:
290:that declared
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3948:
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3936:
3934:
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3929:
3928:
3925:
3919:(pet raccoon)
3918:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3877:Olympia Brown
3874:
3871:
3869:(grandfather)
3868:
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3862:
3859:
3856:
3855:John Coolidge
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3717:
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3712:
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3707:
3704:
3700:
3697:(1916–1924),
3696:
3693:(1915–1934),
3692:
3689:(1912–1933),
3688:
3684:
3680:
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3609:
3605:
3604:Flood control
3602:
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3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:By state/city
3131:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3100:
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2968:
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2957:
2956:Red handprint
2953:
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2592:
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2565:
2561:
2560:Seminole Wars
2558:
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2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
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2521:
2520:Pontiac's War
2518:
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2513:
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2508:
2506:
2505:Tuscarora War
2503:
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2498:
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2437:Neighborhoods
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2377:Adena culture
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2309:
2308:Jim Crow laws
2306:
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2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2191:Classic stage
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2171:Paleo-Indians
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2148:
2143:
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2136:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2125:
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2110:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2095:Treaty rights
2093:
2091:
2088:
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2083:
2081:
2080:Seminole Wars
2078:
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2068:
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2024:
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2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
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1700:
1699:
1698:Duro v. Reina
1695:
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1323:Paul Rosier,
1320:
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443:In 1868, the
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318:
316:
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308:
303:
301:
297:
296:U.S. citizens
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
269:
268:Osage Indians
264:
252:
249:by President
248:
245:
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238:
235:
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229:
226:
223:
221:
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66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
45:
37:
32:
27:
19:
3958:
3937:
3930:
3913:(family dog)
3873:Arthur Brown
3829:
3823:
3795:Public image
3782:
3652:McFadden Act
3546:
3543:Civil rights
3081:Reservations
3062:Demographics
2733: /
2729: /
2715: /
2711: /
2707: /
2703: /
2699: /
2695: /
2691: /
2687: /
2673: /
2669: /
2665: /
2661: /
2657: /
2653: /
2649: /
2645: /
2631: /
2627: /
2623: /
2619: /
2615: /
2611: /
2597: /
2593: /
2589: /
2585: /
2581: /
2562: /
2515:Dummer's War
2337: /
2176:Lithic stage
2037:
1909:Diminishment
1842:
1774:
1766:
1760:
1752:
1744:
1736:
1728:
1720:
1712:
1704:
1696:
1688:
1680:
1672:
1664:
1656:
1648:
1640:
1632:
1624:
1616:
1608:
1600:
1592:
1584:
1576:
1568:
1560:
1552:
1544:
1536:
1528:
1520:
1512:
1504:
1496:
1488:
1480:
1424:
1412:the original
1408:Chickasaw.TV
1407:
1376:
1370:
1358:. Retrieved
1356:. UMI3225654
1342:
1324:
1319:
1308:
1297:
1286:
1264:(1): 30–43.
1261:
1257:
1217:
1213:
1180:
1173:
1161:. Retrieved
1157:the original
1132:
1126:
1116:
1095:
1085:
1064:
1050:
1038:. Retrieved
1017:
981:
978:"Curtis Act"
971:
959:. Retrieved
935:
929:
916:
896:
892:
882:September 5,
880:. Retrieved
876:
864:
854:September 5,
852:. Retrieved
848:
825:
820:
808:
789:
785:
748:
742:
736:
713:February 20,
711:. Retrieved
707:
698:
654:Pennsylvania
640:
627:
619:
611:
602:
586:
582:
559:
555:
541:
522:
514:
506:
468:
456:
454:
442:
425:
420:
401:
386:
379:
365:
348:
344:
341:
338:
333:
329:
328:
324:
304:
298:. While the
275:
273:
246:
240:
236:
230:
224:
211:
193:
155:Codification
107:June 2, 1924
76:(colloquial)
31:
26:
3905:Edmund Rice
3683:Banana Wars
3401:(1919–1921)
3390:(1921–1923)
3379:(1923–1929)
2889:Sweat lodge
2555:Arikara War
2545:War of 1812
2510:Yamasee War
2495:Esopus Wars
2485:Kieft's War
2470:Beaver Wars
2392:Anishinaabe
2273:Dawes Rolls
2011:Dawes Rolls
1794:Legislation
1139:: 126–140.
911: (1884)
826:Native Vote
753:Pi Gamma Mu
597:Six Nations
389:Mississippi
372:Article One
278:, (43
3981:Categories
3907:(ancestor)
3491:Presidency
3155:California
3053:Pretendian
2604:Cayuse War
2480:Pequot War
2328:gravesites
2085:Survivance
1831:Curtis Act
1360:August 26,
1153:8091600187
777:1023452832
691:References
650:Chautauqua
572:, and the
537:New Mexico
485:, nor the
194:Introduced
117:Public law
88:Snyder Act
64:Long title
3883:(cousins)
3735:Elections
3427:gravesite
3302:Massacres
3258:musicians
3222:Wisconsin
3185:Baltimore
3095:Languages
2977:Land Back
2884:Sun Dance
2550:Creek War
2246:ownership
1837:Burke Act
1825:Dawes Act
1278:145698348
1234:144617127
1186:CRC Press
1145:2157-1899
1077:682114627
1030:181340478
948:0030-1655
942:: 18–24.
761:0278-2308
755:: 24–43.
545:Dawes Act
496:Burke Act
450:Dawes Act
112:Citations
104:Effective
85:Nicknames
3965:Category
3863:(father)
3701:(1922),
3631:" (1927)
3520:Taxation
3496:timeline
3315:Category
3285:by state
3217:Virginia
3207:Oklahoma
3197:Nebraska
3192:Michigan
3180:Maryland
3160:Colorado
2879:Smudging
2847:Religion
2638:Yuma War
2226:Genocide
1474:Case law
1163:July 28,
1102:: 9–12.
1040:July 27,
1034:Archived
986:ABC-CLIO
961:July 28,
952:Archived
769:41887472
664:See also
463:syllabus
351:codified
334:Provided
243:on
174:8 U.S.C.
143:43
73:Acronyms
3917:Rebecca
3911:Rob Roy
3714:Cabinet
3268:writers
3243:artists
3165:Florida
3150:Arizona
3102:English
2452:Pow wow
2432:Fashion
2364:Culture
2241:Slavery
2163:History
1989:Related
1950:Federal
1108:6733649
1063:(ed.).
631:Belgium
533:Arizona
402:In the
392:Choctaw
180:§ 1401b
122:Pub. L.
3851:(wife)
3842:Family
3787:(1929)
3705:(1928)
3660:(1928)
3654:(1927)
3570:(1924)
3451:(1919)
3320:Portal
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