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336:. In 1989 it was excavated and is being used again as supply base and transit camp. Dakshin Gangotri was decommissioned in the year 1990 after half of it got buried under the ice. It is nothing more than a historical site now. In its times, it used to double up as a place for multiple support systems, including the presence of an ice-melting plant, laboratories, storage, accommodation, recreation facilities, a clinic and also a bank counter.
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are preserved in the ice as it gets accumulated over time'. The NCAOR developed a polar research & development laboratory with a 'low-temperature laboratory complex at −20 °C for preservation and analysis of ice core and snow samples' according to S.D. Gad (2008). The 'ice core' samples are
281:
reconstruction; Antarctic ecosystems, biodiversity and environment physiology; solar terrestrial processes and their coupling; medical physiology, adaptation techniques and human psychology; environment impact assessment and monitoring; enabling low temperature technology development; and studies on
276:
Antarctica holds scientific interest for global research projects due to a number of reasons: 'Origin of continents, climate change, meteorology and pollution' are among the reasons cited by S.D. Gad (2008). Mrinalini G. Walawalkar (2005) holds that: 'ice–ocean interaction and the global processes;
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Close to 1,300 Indians had been to the continent as of 2001 as a part of the country's
Antarctic Programme. Indian expeditions to the Antarctic also study the fauna and the molecular biodiversity of the region. A total of 120 new microbes had been discovered as a result of international scientific
380:
is established in March 2012. This newest research station for oceanographic research will collect evidence of continental break-up to reveal the 120-million-year-old ancient history of the Indian subcontinent. In news sources this station was variously spelled "Bharathi", "Bharti" and "Bharati".
389:
It was established in the year 1984 during the third Indian expedition to
Antarctica. It was located at Dakshin Gangotri. As many as 10,000 letters were posted and cancelled in this post office in total in the first year of its establishment. Although the post office is no more there, it is a
302:
held, processed, and analysed in containment units designed by such technology. Storage cases made of poly propylene also ensure that the samples do not alter characteristics and are preserved for analysis in the form that they were recovered.
160:—controls the Indian Antarctic Programme. The NCPOR and the Department of Ocean Development select the members for India's Antarctic expeditions. After medical tests and subsequent acclimatisation training at the
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effort in the
Antarctic by 2005. 30 of these microbes had been discovered by Indian scientists. India has also published over 300 research publications based on Antarctic studies as of 2007.
222:/SCALOP (Standing Committee on Antarctic Logistics and Operations) meeting in Goa in 1999, and the working group meeting on eco-system monitoring and management of CCAMLR in August 1998 at
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Mohammed Ghous uzzaman (Left) and M.Vyghreswara Rao (Right), members of 7th Indian
Antarctic Expedition Team at Dakshin Gangotri, Antarctica. (26 January 1988)
202:, which India signed in 1983. Pandey (2007) outlines the various international activities that India has undertaken as a part of its Antarctic Programme:
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and has been conducting experiments in geology, geography and medicine. India built this station close to a freshwater lake around Maitri known as
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The current Indian post office in
Antarctica is situated at Maitri, where the country's current research station is also situated.
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Col. Jatinder Kumar Bajaj, a member of one of the Indian expeditions to
Antarctica, standing at the South Pole (17 January 1989)
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agreements, which led to
Indians, such as Dr. Paramjit Singh Sehra, joining the 17th Soviet Antarctic expedition of 1971–1973.
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In 1981 the Indian flag unfurled for the first time in
Antarctica, marking the start of Southern Ocean expeditions under the
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Mohammed Ghous uzzaman, a member of 7th Indian
Antarctic Expedition Team at library, Dakshin Gangotri. (26 January 1988)
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on 1 August 1983. On 12 September 1983, the country became the fifteenth
Consultative Member of the Antarctic Treaty.
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thus reaffirming India's commitment to protecting the Antarctic environment. India hosted the eleventh
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On 12 September 1983, India achieved the status of Consultative Party, on 1 October became a member of
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The 'ice cores' retrieved by drilling holes in Antarctic's vast ice-sheets yield information 'on the
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Deck of the excursion ship Finnpolaris which was used for the second Indian expedition to Antartica.
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in December 1999. Over 70 institutes in India contributed to its Antarctic Programme as of 2007.
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238:(ISBA), and the State Parties of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas (UNCLOS).
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1190:"The Hindu : Tamil Nadu / Cuddalore News : Third Antarctica research station by 2011"
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edited by Beau Riffenburgh, pp. 529–530, Abingdon and New York: Taylor & Francis,
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are studied by India, which has carried out 40 scientific expeditions to the Antarctic.
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226:. India occupied the CCAMLR chair beginning in November 1998 for a period of 2 years.
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362:. Maitri accomplished the mission of geomorphologic mapping of Schirmacher Oasis.
1096:, TECHNICAL PUBLICATION NO. 3., Printed at Dee Kay Printers Kirtinagar, New Delhi
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earthquakes' are among the areas of study under the Indian Antarctic Programme.
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is a multi-disciplinary, multi-institutional programme under the control of the
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paleoenvironment and paleoclimatic studies; geological evolution of earth and
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in South Africa on 19th expedition during the time of NCAOR Founding Director
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favourite stopover for Indian tourists who visit the place in cruise ships.
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India also collaborates with the international community as a member of the
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The origin of the Indian missions to the Antarctic are traced to the joint
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Walawalkar, M. G. (2005), "Antarctica and Arctic: India's contribution",
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49:. The programme gained global acceptance with India's signing of the
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Pursuit and Promotion of Science – The Indian Experience (2001), 213
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Pursuit and Promotion of Science – The Indian Experience (2001), 173
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Pursuit and Promotion of Science – The Indian Experience (2001), 352
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Pursuit and Promotion of Science – The Indian Experience (2001), 351
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Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
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45:. It was initiated in 1981 with the first Indian expedition to
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An aerial view of the Indian Station Maitri on 25 February 2005
1298:. Department of Ocean Development, Government of India. 2016.
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Dr. Rupesh M. Das (Bharati) & Shree Uttam Chand (Maitri)
250:
1293:"Scientific Report of First Indian Expedition to Antarctica"
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and eco-history of the earth as records of wind-blown dust,
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Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty
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The Indian Antarctic Programme is bound by the rules of the
178:. The launching point of Indian expeditions has varied from
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The first permanent settlement was built in 1983 and named
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National Centre for Antarctic & Ocean Research (NCAOR)
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Pursuit and Promotion of Science – The Indian Experience
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base from 1989. The newest base commissioned in 2012 is
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body functioning under the Ministry of Earth Sciences,
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Department of Ocean Development, Government of India.
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1281:(2001), New Delhi: Indian National Science Academy.
1263:Pandey, P.C. (2007) in "India: Antarctic Program",
152:The National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research—a
57:Antarctic research base in 1983, superseded by the
1312:, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India.
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1260:(2): 151, Bangalore: Indian Academy of Sciences.
1207:"Bharti to be 3rd Indian station in Antarctica"
886:Twenty seventh Indian Expedition to Antarctica
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902:Twenty eighth Indian Expedition to Antarctica
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803:Twenty Second Indian Expedition to Antarctica
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1252:Gad, S. D. (2008), "India in the Antarctic",
1010:Thirty seven Indian Expedition to Antarctica
974:Thirty third Indian Expedition to Antarctica
956:Thirty first Indian Expedition to Antarctica
920:Twenty ninth Indian Expedition to Antarctica
871:Twenty sixth Indian Expedition to Antarctica
855:Twenty fifth Indian Expedition to Antarctica
820:Twenty third Indian Expedition to Antarctica
786:Twenty first Indian Expedition to Antarctica
268:. India carries out krill exploration in the
1605:National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research
1288:, 685, Bangalore: Indian Academy of Science.
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35:National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research
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751:Nineteenth Indian Expedition to Antarctica
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649:Thirteenth Indian Expedition to Antarctica
260:image – the main concentrations are in the
210:(SCAR), and in 1986 became a member of the
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938:Thirtieth Indian Expedition to Antarctica
769:Twentieth Indian Expedition to Antarctica
700:Sixteenth Indian Expedition to Antarctica
683:Fifteenth Indian Expedition to Antarctica
232:Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
214:(CCAMLR). In 1997 India also ratified the
208:Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
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450:Second Indian Expedition to Antarctica
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598:Tenth Indian Expedition to Antarctica
581:Ninth Indian Expedition to Antarctica
527:Sixth Indian Expedition to Antarctica
509:Fifth Indian Expedition to Antarctica
470:Third Indian Expedition to Antarctica
427:First Indian Expedition to Antarctica
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135:Hydrometeorological Centre of Russia
16:Scientific programme started in 1981
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53:and subsequent construction of the
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1600:Ministry of Science and Technology
131:Indian Space Research Organisation
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1016:Bagati Sudarshan Patro (Bharati)
350:The second permanent settlement,
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1013:Dr. Shailesh Pednekar (Bharati)
140:India officially acceded to the
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1224:"The Hindu News Update Service"
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1192:. 11 April 2009. Archived from
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385:India Post Office in Antarctica
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236:International Seabed Authority
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1265:Encyclopedia of the Antarctic
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1059:Walawalkar (2015), Gad (2008)
1683:Antarctica research agencies
419:Deputy Leader (Summer Team)
397:Indian Antarctic expeditions
354:, was put up in 1989 on the
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995:Kailash Bhindwar (Bharati)
977:Mohd. Yunus Shah (Bharati)
467:1983–1985Vijay Kumar Raina
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167:One expedition costs up to
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31:Indian Antarctic Programme
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65:, constructed out of 134
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272:region of the Antarctic.
154:research and development
69:. Under the programme,
1593:Institutes and programs
1094:Annual Report 1983-1984
618:Dr Shardendu Mukherjee
200:Antarctic Treaty System
142:Antarctic Treaty System
998:Syed Shadab (Bharati)
635:Dr Vinod K Dhargalkar
533:Col. V.S.Iyer (V.S.M)
515:Dr Vinod K Dhargalkar
431:Dr. Sayed Zahoor Qasim
312:environmental protocol
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565:Dr Amitava Sen Gupta
494:Dr B.B. Bhattacharya
416:Leader (Summer Team)
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458:Dr C. R. Sreedharan
1454:Research institutes
1426:Measurement systems
703:Dr Anand L. Koppar
266:Antarctic Peninsula
176:Indian armed forces
158:Government of India
67:shipping containers
43:Government of India
1584:Technology writers
1536:Telecommunications
1230:on 7 November 2012
1211:The Times of India
806:Dr Arun Hanchinal
568:Col S Jagannathan
360:Lake Priyadarshini
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253:distribution on a
194:Global cooperation
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1388:National calendar
1196:on 11 April 2009.
1149:Walawalkar (2005)
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601:Dr A. K. Hanjura
530:Dr A M Parulekar
497:Col. P. Kumaresh
356:Schirmacher Oasis
306:Research stations
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1226:. Archived from
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686:Arun Chaturvedi
554:Dr G. S. Mittal
548:Dr R. Sen Gupta
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328:Dakshin Gangotri
322:Dakshin Gangotri
316:Antarctic Treaty
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1232:. Retrieved
1228:the original
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279:Gondwanaland
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182:in India to
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148:Organization
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30:
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18:
1393:Engineering
1383:Mathematics
1368:Cartography
823:S. Jayaram
454:V. K. Raina
407:Expedition
172:200 million
71:atmospheric
1667:Categories
1579:Scientists
1519:Technology
1431:Metallurgy
1247:References
1124:Gad (2008)
1025:2018–2020
1007:2017–2018
989:2014–2015
971:2013–2014
953:2011–2012
935:2010–2011
923:P. Elango
917:2009–2010
908:Ajay Dhar
899:2008–2009
852:2005-2007
783:2001–2003
766:2000-2003
748:1999-2001
737:Ajay Dhar
731:1998-2000
680:1995-1996
612:1991–1993
595:1990–1992
578:1989–1991
559:1988–1990
542:1987-1989
512:M.K. Kaul
447:1982–1983
424:1981–1982
262:Scotia Sea
75:biological
47:Antarctica
1564:Inventors
1559:Engineers
1441:Education
1363:Astronomy
941:K. Jeeva
184:Cape Town
162:Himalayas
1639:Category
1507:Software
1492:Chemical
1421:Military
1234:4 August
834:2004-06
817:2003-05
800:2002-04
714:1997-99
697:1996-98
663:1994-96
646:1993-95
629:1992-94
524:1986-87
506:1985-86
318:(1959).
242:Research
83:chemical
1651:Commons
1475:Sectors
1403:History
1373:Coinage
410:Leader
378:Bharati
372:Bharati
366:Bharati
314:of the
264:at the
258:SeaWIFS
125:History
63:Bharati
1552:People
1271:
352:Maitri
346:Maitri
340:Maitri
224:Cochin
220:COMNAP
85:, and
59:Maitri
1378:Logic
1296:(PDF)
1044:Notes
488:1984
404:Date
251:Krill
79:earth
1615:DRDO
1610:ISRO
1482:Auto
1269:ISBN
1236:2010
255:NASA
29:The
473:Dr
297:or
180:Goa
1669::
1541:4G
1502:IT
1258:95
1256:,
1209:,
1154:^
1138:^
1101:^
1064:^
1052:^
133:–
81:,
77:,
73:,
41:,
37:,
1339:e
1332:t
1325:v
1275:.
1238:.
170:₹
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