388:
36:
396:
549:
714:(one of the first seen, and built with lamps rather than LEDs). The range of error codes included not only decimal and hexadecimal digits (as seven-segment displays are commonly used) but also a limited set of other letters; for example, "P3" was one of several printer error codes. A thick manual that came with the System/3 aided the operator in interpreting the error codes and suggested recovery procedures. The System/3 had no audible warning device, so a program that was not printing, reading cards, or causing other obvious activity could halt and the operator would not know it unless they happened to look at the status display. Models with the Dual Program Feature had two separate status displays.
465:, roughly the size of a large pizza; initially each platter held 2.5 MB of data. Standard configuration for storage was one or two fixed disks, each in a separate pull-out drawer, which typically held the operating system and user-developed programs. Additionally, each fixed disc could have a removable cartridge disk attached; these typically contained the data-files associated with various applications, for example Payroll, and users frequently had a number of them. Thus the low-end systems could support a maximum of 10 MB of online storage (two fixed, two removable), although in practice this was very expensive and not common.
615:
instructions. Among these was the conditional branch (mnemonic BC) which used it to point to the byte immediately following the branch operation. For programmers used to IBM mainframe behaviour, this meant that the S/3 branch operation could be likened to a conditional BALR (branch and link register) – very useful when branching to a sub-routine, and returning after it had processed. Finally, "Reg 16" (00010000) was the program status register (PSR), holding such things as the results of a compare instruction. Note that registers were used only for addressing and program status, not for arithmetic.
286:
274:
218:
334:
322:
298:
1448:
27:
380:
310:
1468:
1458:
639:
bytes for a "Test Bits On" op; then 3 bytes for a Jump, as previously described, and useful to the RPG compiler. Saving the odd byte here and there was good when you had only 64K to play with—and, on the S/3 itself, that had to include the operating system (which grew to about 20K on the model 10 with the introduction of the "Communication
Control Program", CCP).
493:, with the two extra holes located in the top rows. The new cards had room for 128 printed characters in four rows of 32 characters each. They were about 1/3 the size of the older 80 column cards but held 20% more text data. The smaller, and thus lighter card could be processed with faster equipment and with fewer jams.
599:
addressed by its full 16-bit address. xx=01 or 10 meant base-displacement addressing was used, using index register 1 or 2 respectively. A base address would previously have been loaded into one of the two index registers and the instruction contained the displacement of up to just 256 bytes (8 bits of addressing).
618:
The arithmetic instructions provided among the 29 instructions were binary add/subtract (provided to help manipulate addresses) and decimal add/subtract. Multiplication and division were not provided for by the standard hardware, and had to be handled by software routines. There was no floating point
725:
The concept of keying your punched cards through the console was a marketing ploy. In reality, the System/3 could not be a computer and a keypunch at the same time, so when it was a keypunch, no computing was possible. The original IBM System/3, which was shown in July 1969, had the keypunch console
638:
Indicators were binary switches used to control program flow. Over 100 of these were available to the programmer. By using the instruction formats explained above, many of the indicator-oriented operations could be fit into just 3 bytes. For example, a line of RPG might test an indicator for "On": 3
634:
An example: a simple command, Conditional Jump, a special type of conditional branch (forward only, up to 256 bytes) suitable mainly for jumping over short blocks of code: Op code byte= F2 (this is in hexadecimal, Hex F is binary 1111, Hex 2 (0010) defines the op); Q byte= 00000001 specifies that we
630:
So far, only the first byte of the instruction has been explained here. The next ("Q") byte was generally a qualifier, such as specifying the number of bytes to be moved in a move characters op or the condition to test for in a Branch. A couple of instructions used this byte for a 1-byte "immediate"
468:
The System/3 was also available with the IBM 5445 disk drive (20mb) and later the model 15 allowed "winchester" style 3340 drives. On the smaller models, while you could attach 5445 drives, you had to keep the 5444 for the operating system and other programming libraries, however that limitation was
706:
The System/3 had no provision for halting a process once it had started to run. For instance, if a compile failed because of an error on the very first page, the user had to wait for a sometimes voluminous compile listing to print in its entirety. Users learned to reach under the printer and jostle
535:
display. Within the OCF, there was capability to 'cancel' processes and/or tasks that were running, including either partition (P1 or P2). The system could only run two programs simultaneously, except for the model 15 or systems running the
Communications Control program, CCP. The CCP was a system
622:
All the above got more complicated with the System/3 model 15, and the
Systems/34 and /36. Though still using 16-bit addressing, all these systems could support well over 64K of main storage (up to 512K and theoretically more), so address translation was used to swap from one 64K address space to
759:
processor, with 16-bit microcode words, which emulated the System/3 instruction set, rather slowly, in microcode. The System/34 and System/36 both had two processors: a
Control Storage Processor (CSP), as in System/32, which handled most supervisor and input/output operations, and a Main Storage
697:
compiler. In a card-only system, the RPG II compiler was supplied as two phases. The first phase would be booted from one input hopper of the MFCU, and the source would then be read following the compiler. An intermediate form was punched on cards, which were then read by the second phase of the
598:
The first 4 bits conveyed a lot of information: "1111" meant this was an instruction without operands, known as a command. e.g. Start I/O (the I/O op being defined by previously loaded I/O registers). "11xx" and "xx11" meant a 1-operand instruction, such as a Branch. If xx was 00 the operand was
626:
The original S/3 model 10 (and the later model 12) had an optional crude form of multi-programming called the Dual
Program Feature. This provided no more main memory addressing, but gave two sets of registers and instructions which flipped from one "program level" to the other. The standard I/O
614:
As well as the two index registers already mentioned (referred to as 1 and 2, or binary 01 and 10) there were other registers. "Reg 4" (0100) was the instruction address register (IAR) which pointed at the current instruction. "Reg 8" (1000) was the address recall register (ARR), set by certain
610:
The remaining 4 bits of the first byte further defined the instruction. This structure meant that there was the capability to have up to 64 operations in all: 16 commands (though there were never more than five across the whole product range); 16 1-operand instructions starting with 11xx; 16
707:
the paper discharge chute, which would cause the machine to halt with a "P3" (printer error) displayed. The user could then dial in the response code FF to abort the run. Another way of stopping it was simply to press the green "Start" button on the console, causing the system to reboot.
623:
another. Address
Translation Registers were set to define the actual address space in use at any one time, their contents being concatenated with the 16-bit address used by a program to produce a real address. These "ATRs" were privileged, available only to the operating system.
577:
data entry system, the System/3 Model 10 got a feature called LCA (local communication adaptor) which allowed an IBM 3741 station to be "attached" to the system to transmit/receive data. Later models of the System/3 such as the Model 8 were cardless and used the
606:
indicated a 2-operand instruction. "0000" meant both operands were addressed by their direct 16-bit address. "0100": operand 1 uses reg 1 as its base; operand 2 uses direct addressing. "0110": operand 1 uses reg 1 as its base, operand 2 uses reg 2. And so on.
594:
was optimised for two key aspects of the product: limited availability of main memory, and the RPG II programming language. The original S/3 (models 10 and then 6, 8 and 12) had 29 instructions, all occupying between 3 and 6 bytes (24 to 48 bits).
698:
compiler. An executable program deck was then punched. This executable could then be booted ("IPL'ed", for "Initial
Program Load") to perform the processing desired. This process could require more than an hour for a significant-sized program.
717:
Most/many users did not buy a console. Instead OCL code was either suppressed entirely or printed on the 5203 printer. The console offered by IBM slowed down program execution tremendously when it printed OCL commands, as it was basically a
556:
A smaller (IBM 5203) printer was attached to the main system. The 5203 was a chain printer with interchangeable cartridges. It could run at 100 or 200 lines per minute, based on model. Later on, IBM offered multiple models of the existing
232:
Many of the original System/3 model 10 units were shipped diskless, with only the new IBM 5424 Multifunction Card Unit (MFCU) which read, punched, printed on and sorted the new, smaller
729:
Later several OEM companies built 96-column keypunches, sorters, and collators. This took the 'heavy lifting' off of the MFCU and freed the System/3 for actual computing functions.
469:
changed with software called elimn8 which allowed 5445 drives to totally replace the 5444's. Other companies such as
Memorex manufactured compatible 5445 drives for the System/3.
500:
s (special order equipment) to handle 80-column cards were the IBM 2560 Multifunction Card
Machine (MFCM) which could read, punch, interpret and sort, and the
726:
so they could offer a computer for under $ 2,000/month. In reality it was unworkable and almost invariably users acquired a stand-alone keypunch/verifier.
1002:
477:
The most common punched-card device was IBM 5424 Multifunction Card Unit (MFCU) which read, punched, printed on and sorted the new, smaller 96-column
760:
Processor (MSP). This latter was a re-implementation of the System/3 model 15 processor; effectively providing "hardware emulation" of the System/3.
1063:
41:
869:
387:
1112:
35:
481:. Instead of the rectangular punches in the classic 80-column IBM card, the new cards had tiny (1 mm), circular holes much like
1036:
769:
635:"jump" if the condition register has the "equal" bit on; Operand= 00011000: if the condition is met we jump forward 24 bytes.
808:
1056:
631:
operand. The remaining byte(s) were for the displacement(s) or address(es) for operands, or the details for some commands.
395:
619:
provision at all. All this continued to be true even with the later and generally more sophisticated
Systems/34 and 36.
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989:
979:
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Most experienced System/3 users minimized use of the MFCU as much as possible, since it was a system bottleneck.
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Offline storage was available with the purchase of an external tape drive which read and wrote standard IBM
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1331:
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827:
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A simple job control language called Operation Control Language (OCL) was superficially similar to the
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1497:
1380:
984:"Business System with Punched card data processing and System/3 Model 10", by F. R. Crawford, 1973,
528:
958:"Everything You Always Wanted to Know About the System/3 But Nobody Told You" by Charlie Massoglia
413:
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193:. The first member of what IBM refers to as their "midrange" line, it also introduced the
8:
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At its launch in 1969 it was available for $ 1000/month — less than half cost of an
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403:
The IBM System/3 was announced as a computer system that initially consisted of:
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115:
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The System/3 Mod 10 optionally included the IBM 3410 magnetic tape subsystem.
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as a low-end business computer aimed at smaller organizations that still used
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The System/3 Operator Console Facility (OCF) consisted of either a modified
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Operator control commands (OCCs) were used to communicate with the system.
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217:
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IBM 5496 Data Recorder, a keypunch machine with print and verify functions
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1274:
536:
control programming feature that allowed to support an online network of
974:"An introduction to computing: IBM System/3" by Jerome T. Murray, 1971,
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694:
672:
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1970 — IBM 5406, or System/3 Model 6, introduced (disk-oriented system)
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1-operand instructions starting with xx11; 16 2-operand instructions.
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961:"System/3 Disk Sort as a Programming Language" by Charlie Massoglia
574:
562:
558:
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458:
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1969 — IBM 5410, or System/3 Model 10, introduced (shipped in 1970)
1407:
1121:
1037:
IBM System/3 Models 8, 10, 12, and 15 Components Reference Manual
1026:
627:
instructions were also modified to flip when an I/O was started.
177:
introduced in 1969, and marketed until 1985. It was produced by
964:"System/3 Programming RPG II" by Solomon Martin Bernard, 1972,
668:
490:
206:
752:
were all able to run System/3 applications through emulation.
1336:
676:
202:
391:
IBM 5496 Data Recorder, the keypunch for 96-character cards
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489:
code, with three rows of 32 characters each, or in 8-bit
171:
561:
printer line, which had been originally built for the
197:
programming language. It is the first ancestor in the
399:
IBM 5486 Card Sorter used with System/3 punched cards
861:
229:; the smallest member of the IBM System/360 family.
531:interfaced into the computer, or a special purpose
439:Entry models had as little as 4K (4096) bytes of
255:1975 — IBM 5412, or System/3 Model 12, introduced
249:1973 — IBM 5415, or System/3 Model 15, introduced
1484:
902:IBM Field Engineering Announcement: IBM System/3
867:
809:"New Computer, Model 12, is Announced by I.B.M."
363:are generally referred to in IBM terminology as
258:1976 — IBM 5404, or System/3 Model 4, introduced
252:1974 — IBM 5408, or System/3 Model 8, introduced
42:Museo Nazionale della Scienza e della Tecnologia
1005:. IBM Archives. 23 January 2003. Archived from
803:
801:
1057:
1027:A System/3 under restoration at the CoreStore
642:
798:
654:
522:
472:
1064:
1050:
710:Error codes were displayed on a two-digit
410:IBM 5424 Multi Functional Card Unit (MFCU)
221:System/3 processing unit and 5496 keypunch
205:series and includes the highly successful
701:
407:IBM 5410 Model 10 Central Processing Unit
1113:1800 Data Acquisition and Control System
770:Distributed Data Management Architecture
547:
457:For mass storage, the System/3 used the
446:
394:
386:
378:
216:
1485:
794:Original System/3 Product Announcement
1045:
1021:Original vintage film from about 1969
868:William D. Smith (October 29, 1970).
1467:
1457:
1315:Applications, software, and concepts
924:
888:(the rest of the industry would say
239:IBM delivered the following models:
13:
952:
693:The System/3 came standard with a
688:
585:
347:The System/3 and successor models
14:
1509:
1023:Computer History Archives Project
995:
504:which could only read and punch.
16:IBM midrange computer (1969–1985)
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1456:
1447:
1446:
870:"I.B.M. Unveils 2 New Computers"
755:The System/32 used a vertically
507:
418:IBM 5444 Disk Storage (optional)
332:
320:
308:
296:
284:
272:
34:
25:
1349:Programming Development Manager
933:
927:IBM's 360 and Early 370 Systems
1443:* Also based on the System/36
918:
915:, IBM engineering announcement
906:
895:
882:
846:
820:
787:
602:Other patterns for this first
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1:
780:
552:IBM 5203 printer for System/3
485:. Data was stored in six-bit
236:introduced at the same time.
201:whose current version is the
1332:Dynamic Logical Partitioning
735:
662:
424:IBM 5475 Data Entry Keyboard
7:
1078:, workstations, and servers
763:
543:
374:
91:; 39 years ago
65:; 55 years ago
10:
1514:
1413:3790 Communications System
643:Operation Control Language
450:
212:
1441:
1400:
1371:
1290:
1189:
1131:
1103:1500 instructional system
1083:
929:. MIT Press. p. 449.
655:Operator control commands
580:8" 3740 style floppy disk
523:Operator Console Facility
434:
421:IBM 5471 Printer Keyboard
154:
139:
111:
103:
85:
77:
59:
49:
40:IBM System/3 model 10 in
33:
24:
1462:Minicomputers on Commons
573:With the arrival of the
529:IBM Selectric typewriter
473:Multi-Function Card Unit
1418:8100 Information System
1179:7330 Magnetic Tape Unit
1076:mini/midrange computers
667:The System/3 supported
234:96-column punched cards
227:IBM System/360 Model 20
1327:Dealer Business System
1174:1442 card reader/punch
1164:1402 card reader/punch
1098:1442 card reader/punch
944:. IBM. September 1974.
925:Pugh, Emerson (1991).
834:. IBM. 23 January 2003
702:Problems with System/3
553:
400:
392:
384:
383:96-column punched card
222:
81:$ 1,000/month to lease
1381:ThinkPad Power Series
1354:Quick Response Engine
712:seven-segment display
551:
447:Direct access storage
414:IBM 5203 Line Printer
398:
390:
382:
220:
191:unit record equipment
1032:IBM System/3 website
942:IBM System/3 Model 8
855:IBM System/3 Model 6
720:selectric typewriter
649:Job Control Language
487:binary-coded decimal
441:magnetic-core memory
430:IBM 5486 Card Sorter
1306:RS64 microprocessor
1009:on October 25, 2007
264:IBM System/3 models
21:
1472:Servers on Commons
1359:Single-level store
875:The New York Times
813:The New York Times
554:
401:
393:
385:
365:"midrange systems"
223:
78:Introductory price
19:
1493:IBM minicomputers
1480:
1479:
1367:
1366:
1169:1403 line printer
1108:1627 drum plotter
1093:1132 line printer
367:— in contrast to
175:midrange computer
164:
163:
54:Midrange computer
1505:
1498:16-bit computers
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1322:Control Language
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369:IBM's mainframes
339:Model 15D (1973)
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315:Model 10D (1969)
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123:low-end models (
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1392:Academic System
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953:Further reading
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857:. October 1970.
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816:. July 8, 1975.
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689:RPG II compiler
665:
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592:instruction set
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586:Instruction set
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461:single-platter
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187:IBM 1400 series
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116:IBM 1400 series
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1385:Predecessors:
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1258:Predecessors:
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1003:"IBM System/3"
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996:External links
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828:"IBM system/3"
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1300:Advanced/36
1260:PS/2 Server
1239:System 9000
569:Floppy disk
112:Predecessor
107:4,096 bytes
1487:Categories
1191:IBM System
1013:2006-05-29
781:References
757:microcoded
740:The later
673:Fortran IV
565:computer.
483:paper tape
451:See also:
159:IBM RPG II
1270:Netfinity
1265:PC Server
1254:iDataPlex
1227:System/38
1222:System/36
1217:System/34
1212:System/32
838:March 26,
742:System/32
736:Emulation
682:Assembler
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183:Minnesota
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1244:System p
1234:System/7
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563:IBM 1401
559:IBM 1403
544:Printers
533:IBM 3270
502:IBM 1442
459:IBM 5444
453:IBM 5444
375:Hardware
155:Language
1408:IBM 801
1373:RS/6000
1275:eServer
1122:Calcomp
651:(JCL).
213:History
170:was an
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1342:object
1337:OS/400
1292:AS/400
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695:RPG II
679:, and
669:RPG II
491:EBCDIC
435:Memory
207:AS/400
195:RPG II
104:Memory
1401:Other
1387:RT PC
677:COBOL
203:IBM i
1156:1460
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976:ISBN
966:ISBN
840:2019
748:and
590:The
463:disk
359:and
166:The
131:and
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70:1969
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