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After the Opium Wars, Howqua's familial and business lineage quickly diminished. In 1891, the
American trading house that had been handling Howqua's international investments, Russell & Company, collapsed. The descendants of Howqua are now commoners. What had been a massive and beautiful estate
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during the nineteenth century, Howqua was the senior of the hong merchants in Canton, one of the few authorized to trade silk and porcelain with foreigners. In an 1822 fire which burned down many of the
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Two other merchants from this period were known as Howqua: The Hong merchant Lin Shimao and Wu
Bingjun's father, Wo Guoying, also known as Howqua I.
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748:
The Rich and How They Got That Way: How the
Wealthiest People of All Time—from Genghis Khan to Bill Gates—Made Their Fortunes
554:, the silver that melted allegedly formed a little stream almost two miles in length. Of the three million dollars that the
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for the Howqua family is now relatively unmarked in a poor neighborhood in the region of
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Global Trade in the
Nineteenth Century: The House of Houqua and the Canton System
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907:"Who was 19th-century merchant Howqua, the 'Chinese Bill Gates of his day'?"
893:
856:"Who was 19th-century merchant Howqua, the 'Chinese Bill Gates of his day'?"
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562:, Howqua single-handedly contributed one million. He died the same year in
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1017:. Introduction by Frederic D. Grant, Jr. Hong Kong University Press.
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The Hong merchants of Canton: Chinese merchants in Sino-Western trade
771:
By
Cynthia Crossen Publisher: Crown Publishing Group Pub. Date: 2000
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all had a close relationship with Howqua. Portraits of the
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built by
American merchants grateful for his assistance.
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224:
933:"How The Opium Trade Destroyed China's Greatest Empire"
467:; 1769 – 4 September 1843), trading as "
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was required to pay the
British as stipulated in the
537:). He became rich on the trade between China and the
523:. The name "Howqua" is a romanization, in his native
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881:觸藩始末 (The Start and End of Upsetting The Foreigners)
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The founders of then world-renowned firms including
527:, of the business name under which he traded, "浩官" (
725:
617:, which spelled the end of the Thirteen Factories,
819:
817:
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621:continued to use "Ewo" as their Chinese name.
1107:
694:The Merchants' Magazine and Commercial Review
541:in the middle of the 19th century during the
303:
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930:
509:by his paternal ancestry with ancestry from
497:. He was once the richest man in the world.
1114:
1100:
993:The Chinese Cornerstone of Modern Banking
1056:United States Government Printing Office
691:Hunt, Freeman; Dana, William B. (1844).
1086:In English – The story of the merchant
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1038:
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853:
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1051:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
706:
1532:19th-century Chinese businesspeople
1527:18th-century Chinese businesspeople
471:" and better known in the West as "
13:
1032:
905:Parkes, Douglas (April 29, 2022).
769:The Rich And How They Got That Way
628:, 23 kilometres (14 mi) from
597:Howqua in his robes still hang in
117:Portrait by an unidentified artist
14:
1543:
1502:History of foreign trade in China
1088:(site maintained by tea importer)
1063:
624:A settlement on the east bank of
16:Chinese hong merchant (1769–1843)
545:. Perhaps the wealthiest man in
111:
29:
1122:European and American trade in
996:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
990:Grant, Frederic D. Jr. (2014).
950:
924:
898:
894:档案揭秘:被称为“天下第一大富翁”的伍秉鉴-欢迎进入深圳档案网
887:
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975:Online version at Google books
854:Parkes, Douglas (2022-04-29).
847:
825:"晚清的財富精英：1834年的世界首富-閱讀-新浪新聞中心"
762:
740:
711:. Cambridge University Press.
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513:, Wu was known to the West as
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1:
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1522:Billionaires from Guangdong
1265:Jardine, Matheson & Co.
643:
10:
1548:
1507:Businesspeople from Fujian
1251:Gibb, Livingston & Co.
1011:Downs, Jacques M. (2014).
983:
1433:
1417:
1206:Augustine Heard & Co.
1196:
1173:
1130:
1073:– Howqua's Bio on NetEase
619:Jardine Matheson & Co
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493:and leader of the Canton
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70:4 September 1843 (age 75)
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1326:Robert Morrison Olyphant
1081:– Howqua's Bio on Hudong
911:South China Morning Post
860:South China Morning Post
658:
1388:David Sassoon & Co.
1374:Shewan, Tomes & Co.
1402:E.D. Sassoon & Co.
1335:Russell & Company
1045:"Wu Ping-chien"
1040:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
957:Cheong, W.E. (1997).
256:[ŋ̬̍pɪ̌ŋkāːm]
1512:People from Quanzhou
1497:History of Hong Kong
1340:Robert Bennet Forbes
1307:Hollingworth Magniac
697:. Volume 10. p. 459.
1407:Elias David Sassoon
796:Chinareviewnews.com
654:, 1844 clipper ship
638:Victorian gold rush
634:Victoria, Australia
613:Following the 1842
1316:Olyphant & Co.
1288:Magniac & Co.
1165:Thirteen Factories
1148:East India Company
931:Absolute History.
750:. 2 October 2018.
707:Wong, JDO (2016).
485:Thirteen Factories
1474:
1473:
1418:Chinese Officials
1355:William Henry Low
1302:Thomas Chay Beale
1244:Dodwell & Co.
1024:978-988-8139-09-5
1014:The Golden Ghetto
1003:978-90-04-27656-7
835:on 5 October 2013
802:on 5 October 2013
615:Treaty of Nanking
560:Treaty of Nanking
454:
453:
446:
445:
414:[hòukúːn]
378:Yale Romanization
357:Yale Romanization
322:Standard Mandarin
288:
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220:Yale Romanization
182:Yale Romanization
147:Standard Mandarin
97:
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1345:John Cleve Green
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831:. Archived from
829:News.sina.com.tw
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798:. Archived from
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82:Founding of the
73:Guangzhou, China
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1365:Russell Sturgis
1350:Abiel Abbot Low
1280:John Abel Smith
1270:William Jardine
1211:Augustine Heard
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1160:Old China Trade
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1033:Further reading
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583:William Jardine
556:Qing government
543:First Opium War
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240:Ng5 Bing2 Gaam3
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37:George Chinnery
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1225:Dent & Co.
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1064:External links
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1042:, ed. (1943).
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539:British Empire
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1434:Key Locations
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1138:Canton System
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968:0-7007-0361-6
964:
961:. Routledge.
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1297:Thomas Beale
1292:Daniel Beale
1216:Albert Heard
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940:. Retrieved
936:
926:
914:. Retrieved
900:
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863:. Retrieved
859:
849:
837:. Retrieved
833:the original
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804:. Retrieved
800:the original
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424:Southern Min
329:Hanyu Pinyin
266:Southern Min
154:Hanyu Pinyin
35:Portrait by
1492:1843 deaths
1487:1769 births
1153:James Flint
626:Lake Eildon
457:Wu Bingjian
188:Wǔ Bǐngjyàn
160:Wǔ Bǐngjiàn
49:Wu Bingjian
1481:Categories
1124:Qing China
1079:In Chinese
1071:In Chinese
942:2 February
916:2 February
865:2023-06-30
756:0812932676
735:Grant 2014
679:References
529:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
477:Howqua II"
343:Wade–Giles
168:Wade–Giles
1456:Hong Kong
1235:John Dent
839:2 October
806:2 October
792:"中國評論新聞網"
630:Mansfield
595:pigtailed
501:Biography
490:E-wo hong
398:Hou6 Gun1
84:E-wo hong
56:Guangzhou
1466:Shanghai
1425:Lin Zexu
1181:Ewo Hong
644:See also
511:Quanzhou
479:, was a
392:Jyutping
384:Houh Gūn
363:Hàu Gwān
349:Hao Kuan
335:Hào Guān
234:Jyutping
90:Children
984:Sources
937:YouTube
883:. 1885.
552:cohongs
534:Hō-koaⁿ
507:Hokkien
461:Chinese
440:Hō-koaⁿ
431:Hokkien
299:Chinese
273:Hokkien
124:Chinese
93:Adopted
1451:Fuzhou
1446:Canton
1186:Howqua
1143:Cohong
1131:Topics
1021:
1000:
973:p.122
965:
775:
754:
715:
651:Houqua
609:Legacy
564:Canton
531::
515:Howqua
495:Cohong
475:" or "
473:Howqua
469:Houqua
463::
102:Howqua
39:, 1830
23:Howqua
1461:Macau
879:"3".
659:Notes
632:, in
599:Salem
572:Honam
547:China
60:China
1441:Amoy
1019:ISBN
998:ISBN
963:ISBN
944:2024
918:2024
841:2018
808:2018
773:ISBN
752:ASIN
713:ISBN
601:and
589:and
520:hong
481:hong
67:Died
52:1769
45:Born
465:伍秉鑑
434:POJ
406:IPA
276:POJ
248:IPA
196:IPA
130:伍秉鑑
1483::
1054:.
1048:.
935:.
909:.
858:.
827:.
816:^
794:.
783:^
727:^
640:.
585:,
581:,
574:.
566:.
505:A
305:浩官
58:,
1115:e
1108:t
1101:v
1058:.
1027:.
1006:.
971:.
946:.
920:.
868:.
843:.
810:.
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721:.
459:(
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