2336:, with the goal of achieving health care coverage of 98% of its residents by 2014. The SustiNet law establishes a nine-member board to recommend to the legislature, by January 1, 2011, the details of and implementation process for a self-insured health care plan called SustiNet. The recommendations must address (1) the phased-in offering of the SustiNet plan to state employees and retirees, HUSKY A and B beneficiaries, people without employer-sponsored insurance (ESI) or with unaffordable ESI, small and large employers, and others; (2) establishing an entity that can contract with insurers and health care providers, set reimbursement rates, develop medical homes for patients, and encourage the use of health information technology; (3) a model benefits package; and (4) public outreach and ways to identify uninsured citizens. The board must establish committees to make recommendations to it about health information technology, medical homes, clinical care and safety guidelines, and preventive care and improved health outcomes. The act also establishes an independent information clearinghouse to inform employers, consumers, and the public about SustiNet and private health care plans and creates task forces to address obesity, tobacco usage, and health care workforce issues. The effective date of the SustiNet law was July 1, 2009, for most provisions.
1174:) introduced a bipartisan bill for catastrophic health insurance coverage for workers financed by payroll taxes and for Medicare beneficiaries, and federalization of Medicaid with extension to the poor without dependent minor children. In February 1974, Nixon proposed more comprehensive health insurance reform—an employer mandate to offer private health insurance if employees volunteered to pay 25 percent of premiums, replacement of Medicaid by state-run health insurance plans available to all with income-based premiums and cost sharing, and replacement of Medicare with a new federal program that eliminated the limit on hospital days, added income-based out-of-pocket limits, and added outpatient prescription drug coverage. In April 1974, Kennedy and Mills introduced a bill for near-universal national health insurance with benefits identical to the expanded Nixon plan—but with mandatory participation by employers and employees through payroll taxes and with lower cost sharing—both plans were criticized by labor, consumer, and senior citizens organizations because of their substantial cost sharing.
748:
739:
kept overhead low, and because the people who purchased insurance were all employees of the same company, that prevented people who were already ill from buying in. The presence of employer-based sickness funds may have contributed to why the idea of government-based insurance did not take hold in the United States at the same time that the United
Kingdom and the rest of Europe was moving toward socialized schemes like the UK National Insurance Act of 1911. Thus, at the beginning of the 20th century, Americans were used to associating insurance with employers, which paved the way for the beginning of third-party health insurance in the 1930s.
2008:
2243:. This concession won the support of Stupak and members of his group and assured passage of the bill. The House passed the Senate bill with a vote of 219 to 212 on March 21, 2010, with 34 Democrats and all 178 Republicans voting against it. The following day, Republicans introduced legislation to repeal the bill. Obama signed the ACA into law on March 23, 2010. The amendment bill, The Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, was also passed by the House on March 21, then by the Senate via reconciliation on March 25, and finally signed by President Obama on March 30.
1220:
payment of premiums to private insurers, and enhancement of
Medicare by adding prescription drug coverage and eliminating premiums and cost sharing. In June 1979, Carter proposed more limited health insurance reform—an employer mandate to provide catastrophic private health insurance plus coverage without cost sharing for pregnant women and infants, federalization of Medicaid with extension to the very poor without dependent minor children, and enhancement of Medicare by adding catastrophic coverage. In November 1979, Long led a bipartisan conservative majority of his
2219:; this is why the procedure was never able to be used to pass a comprehensive reform bill in the first place, such as the ACA, due to inherently non-budgetary regulations. Whereas the already passed Senate bill could not have been put through reconciliation, most of House Democrats' demands were budgetary: "these changes – higher subsidy levels, different kinds of taxes to pay for them, nixing the Nebraska Medicaid deal – mainly involve taxes and spending. In other words, they're exactly the kinds of policies that are well-suited for reconciliation."
2000:; a concession granted only after Lieberman agreed to commit to voting for the bill if the provision was not included, even though it had majority support in Congress. There was debate among supporters of the bill about the importance of the public option, although the vast majority of supporters concluded that it was a minor part of the reform overall, and that Congressional Democrats' fight for it won various concessions; this included conditional waivers allowing states to set up state-based public options, for example Vermont's
2140:
2106:
1973:. Negotiations continued even after July 7—when Al Franken was sworn into office, and by which time Arlen Specter had switched parties—because of disagreements over the substance of the bill, which was still being drafted in committee, and because moderate Democrats hoped to win bipartisan support. However, on August 25, before the bill could come up for a vote, Ted Kennedy—a long-time advocate for healthcare reform—died, depriving Democrats of their 60th vote. Before the seat was filled, attention was drawn to
510:
1208:, Ford said he would veto any health insurance reform, and Kennedy returned to sponsoring his original universal national health insurance bill. In April 1975, with one third of its sponsors gone after the November 1974 election, the AMA replaced its "Medicredit" plan with an employer mandate proposal similar to Nixon's 1974 plan. In January 1976, Ford proposed adding catastrophic coverage to Medicare, offset by increased cost sharing. In April 1976, Democratic presidential candidate
1708:
1852:
1433:
insurance on a like-for-like basis in the 10 years from 1997 to 2006). Secondly, public insurance has better payment and quality-improvement methods because of its large databases, new payment approaches, and care-coordination strategies. Thirdly, it can set a standard against which private plans must compete, which would help unite the public around the principle of broadly shared risk while building greater confidence in government in the long term.
167:
1445:
costs of new drugs, devices, and biologics. An earlier "Technical Memo" published by AHIP in June 2008 had estimated that a package of reforms involving comparative effectiveness research, health information technology (HIT), medical liability reform, "pay-for-performance" and disease management and prevention could reduce U.S. national health expenditures "by as much as 9 percent by the year 2025, compared with current baseline trends."
65:
1181:'s call for health insurance reform, Mills tried to advance a compromise based on Nixon's plan—but with mandatory participation by employers and employees through premiums to private health insurance companies and catastrophic health insurance coverage financed by payroll taxes—but gave up when unable to get more than a 13–12 majority of his committee to support his compromise plan. In December 1974, Mills resigned as chairman of the
1574:(CBO) issued a preliminary analysis of the major provisions of the Affordable Health Choices Act. The CBO estimated the ten-year cost to the federal government of the major insurance-related provisions of the bill at approximately $ 1.0 trillion. Over the same ten-year period from 2010 to 2019, the CBO estimated that the bill would reduce the number of uninsured Americans by approximately 16 million. At about the same time, the
2046:
partisanship and polarization). After a final 13-hour negotiation, Nelson's support for the bill was won after two concessions: a compromise on abortion, modifying the language of the bill "to give states the right to prohibit coverage of abortion within their own insurance exchanges," which would require consumers to pay for the procedure out-of-pocket if the state so decided; and an amendment to offer a higher rate of
24:
1537:" that would replace fragmented care with a coordinated approach to care. Physicians would receive a periodic payment for a set of defined services, such as care coordination that integrates all treatment received by a patient throughout an illness or an acute event. This would promote ongoing comprehensive care management, optimizes patients’ health status and assist patients in navigating the health care system
521:
1579:
the proposal to $ 1.0 trillion, and the debate over the
Affordable Health Choices act became more acrimonious. Congressional Democrats were surprised by the magnitude of the estimates, and the uncertainty created by the estimates has increased the confidence of Republicans who are critical of the Obama Administration's approach to health care.
1276:, who communicated his concern that a Democratic health care bill would "revive the reputation of... Democrats as the generous protector of middle-class interests. And it will at the same time strike a punishing blow against Republican claims to defend the middle class by restraining government." The bill was not enacted into law.
2088:, having campaigned on giving the Republican minority the 41st vote needed to sustain filibusters, even signing autographs as "Scott 41." The special election had become significant to the reform debate because of its effects on the legislative process. The first was a psychological one: the symbolic importance of losing the
2190:, and pass the Senate's bill, The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, instead. Various health policy experts encouraged the House to pass the Senate version of the bill. However, House Democrats were not happy with the content of the Senate bill, and had expected to be able to negotiate changes
2045:
for the bill; they had by this point concluded that "it was a waste of time dealing with " because, after her vote for the draft bill in the
Finance Committee, Snowe had come under intense pressure from the Republican Senate Leadership who opposed reform. (Snowe retired at the end of her term, citing
1467:
proposed a plan that focused on making health care more affordable. The senator proposed to replace special tax breaks for persons with employer-based health care coverage with a universal system of tax credits. These credits, $ 2,500 for an individual and $ 5,000 for a family would be available to
1311:
and applying it to the field of health care. It was undertaken in an effort to ensure the quality of care of all patients by preserving the integrity of the processes that occur in the health care industry. Standardizing the nature of health care institutions in this manner proved rather provocative.
888:
in 1965. Johnson's plan was not without opposition, however. "Opponents, especially the AMA and insurance companies, opposed the
Johnson administration's proposal on the grounds that it was compulsory, it represented socialized medicine, it would reduce the quality of care, and it was 'un-American.'"
1890:
supporting the ongoing
Congressional negotiations, to re-emphasize his commitment to reform and again outline his proposals. In it he acknowledged the polarization of the debate, and quoted a letter from the late-Senator Ted Kennedy urging on reform: "what we face is above all a moral issue; that at
1444:
in health care spending by 30%. AHIP said that if this goal were achieved, it would result in cumulative five-year savings of $ 500 billion. Among the proposals was the establishment of an independent comparative effectiveness entity that compares and evaluates the benefits, risks, and incremental
1422:
These subsidies, "which could take many forms, such as direct subsidies or refundable tax credits, would improve the current situation in at least two ways: they would reach those who do not now receive the benefit of the tax exclusion; and they would encourage more cost-conscious purchase of health
1324:
came out vehemently against the congressional bill. Basically, providing emergency medical care to anyone, regardless of health insurance status, as well as the right of a patient to hold their health plan accountable for any and all harm done proved to be the biggest stumbling blocks for this bill.
875:
of the 1960s and early 1970s, public opinion shifted towards the problem of the uninsured, especially the elderly. Since care for the elderly would someday affect everyone, supporters of health care reform were able to avoid the worst fears of "socialized medicine," which was considered a dirty word
811:
During World War II, the federal government introduced wages and price controls. In an effort to continue attracting and retaining employees without violating those controls, employers offered and sponsored health insurance to employees in lieu of gross pay. This was a beginning of the third-party
738:
Early industrial sickness insurance purchased through employers was one influential economic origin of the current
American health care system. These late-19th-century and early-20th-century sickness insurance schemes were generally inexpensive for workers: their small scale and local administration
2194:
before passing a final bill. With that option off the table, as any bill that emerged from
Conference that differed from the Senate bill would have to be passed in the Senate over another Republican filibuster; most House Democrats agreed to pass the Senate bill on condition that it be amended by a
1471:
Senator McCain also proposed the idea of an open-market competition system. This would give families the opportunity to go across state lines and buy health plans, expanding personal options for affordable coverage and force the health insurance companies to compete over the consumers’ money on an
1279:
The "Health
Security Express," a cross-country tour by multiple buses carrying supporters of President Clinton's national health care reform, started at the end of July 1994. During each stop, the bus riders would talk about their personal experiences, health care disasters and why they felt it was
1219:
In May 1979, Kennedy proposed a new bipartisan universal national health insurance bill—choice of competing federally-regulated private health insurance plans with no cost sharing financed by income-based premiums via an employer mandate and individual mandate, replacement of
Medicaid by government
2339:
In May 2011, the state of Vermont became the first state to pass legislation establishing a single-payer health care system. The legislation, known as Act 48, establishes health care in the state as a "human right" and lays the responsibility on the state to provide a health care system which best
2313:
States play a variety of roles in the health care system including purchasers of health care and regulators of providers and health plans, which give them multiple opportunities to try to improve how it functions. While states are actively working to improve the system in a variety of ways, there
2173:
intended to raise premium rates for its patients by as much as 39% gave him a new line of argument to reassure nervous Democrats after Scott Brown's win. On February 22 Obama laid out a "Senate-leaning" proposal to consolidate the bills. He also held a meeting, on February 25, with leaders of both
1578:
reported that the CBO had given Congressional officials an estimate of $ 1.6 trillion for the cost of a companion measure being developed by the Senate Finance Committee. In response to these estimates, the Senate Finance Committee delayed action on its bill and began work on reducing the cost of
1486:
that would include both private insurance plans and a Medicare-like government run option. Coverage would be guaranteed regardless of health status, and premiums would not vary based on health status either. It would have required parents to cover their children, but did not require adults to buy
2271:
plan to provide health care to state residents. The influx of more than a quarter of a million newly insured residents has led to overcrowded waiting rooms and overworked primary-care physicians who were already in short supply in Massachusetts. Other states, while not attempting to insure all of
2234:
would be substantive enough to warrant opposition. The Senate bill had not included language that satisfied their abortion concerns, but they could not include additional such language in the reconciliation bill, as it would be outside the scope of the process with its budgetary limits. Instead,
1505:
A poll released in early November, 2008, found that voters supporting Obama listed health care as their second priority; voters supporting McCain listed it as fourth, tied with the war in Iraq. Affordability was the primary health care priority among both sets of voters. Obama voters were more
1432:
to compete on a level playing field with private insurance plans. This was said to be the basis of the Obama/Biden plan. The argument is based on three basic points. Firstly, public plans success at managing cost control (Medicare medical spending rose 4.6% p.a. compared 7.3% for private health
1427:
In December 2008, the Institute for America's Future, together with the chairman of the Ways and Means Health Subcommittee, Pete Stark, launched a proposal from Jacob Hacker, co-director of the U.C. Berkeley School of Law Center on Health, that in essence said that the government should offer a
1367:
campaigns offered health care proposals. Bush's proposals for expanding health care coverage were more modest than those advanced by Senator Kerry. Several estimates were made comparing the cost and impact of the Bush and Kerry proposals. While the estimates varied, they all indicated that the
795:. Groups of hospitals as well as physician groups (i.e. Blue Shield) soon began selling group health insurance policies to employers, who then offered them to their employees and collected premiums. In the 1940s Congress passed legislation that supported the new third-party insurers. During
1215:
In December 1977, President Carter told Kennedy his bill must be changed to preserve a large role for private insurance companies, minimize federal spending (precluding payroll tax financing), and be phased-in so not to interfere with balancing the federal budget. Kennedy and organized labor
803:
used an arrangement in which doctors bypassed traditional fee-for-care and were contracted to meet all the medical needs for his employees on construction projects up and down the West coast. After the war ended, he opened the plan up to the public as a non-profit organization under the name
1546:(instead of individual billing) for the management of chronic conditions in which providers would have shared accountability and responsibility for the management of chronic conditions such as coronary artery disease, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, and similarly
1271:
included mandatory enrollment in a health insurance plan, subsidies to guarantee affordability across all income ranges, and the establishment of health alliances in each state. Every citizen or permanent resident would thus be guaranteed medical care. The bill faced withering criticism by
1847:
subsequently noted: "It can be difficult to remember now, given the ferocity with which many Republicans assail it as an attack on freedom, but the provision in President Obama's healthcare law requiring all Americans to buy health insurance has its roots in conservative thinking."
1022:) worked on a universal health program plan that could have been administrated through either the federal government or private insurers. Families would have shared costs with the program through income-based payments. The plan lost consideration when Nixon decided to replace
1105:) introduced a bipartisan bill that proposed universal catastrophic coverage for people under 65 insured by Social Security, as well as their families. The Health Insurance Act of 1971, a bill supported by conservative Republicans and southern Democrats was endorsed by the
893:
were signed into law on July 30, 1965, by President Lyndon B. Johnson. Medicare is a social insurance program administered by the United States government, providing health insurance coverage to people who are either age 65 and over, or who meet other special criteria.
1882:
groups and individuals targeted congressional town hall meetings to voice their opposition to the proposed reform bills. There were also many threats made against members of Congress over the course of the Congressional debate, and many were assigned extra protection.
566:
has spanned many decades with health care reform having been the subject of political debate since the early part of the 20th century. Recent reforms remain an active political issue. Alternative reform proposals were offered by both of the major candidates in the
1093:) introduced a bill that proposed two health programs, an inpatient care program administered by the federal government, and a voluntary outpatient care program administered by private insurers under federal government supervision. Also in the same month, Senator
1691:
Senator Barack Obama. Each candidate proposed a plan to cover the approximately 45 million Americans estimated to not have health insurance at some point each year. Clinton's plan would have required all Americans obtain coverage (in effect, an individual
5546:
1915:. The bill was then used as the Senate's vehicle for their healthcare reform proposal, completely revising the content of the bill. The bill as amended would ultimately incorporate elements of proposals that were reported favorably by the Senate
1224:
to support an employer mandate to provide catastrophic-only private health insurance and enhancement of Medicare by adding catastrophic coverage, but abandoned efforts in May 1980 due to budget constraints in the face of a deteriorating economy.
694:
was influencing both Europe and the United States. Many European countries were passing the first social welfare acts and forming the basis for compulsory government-run or voluntary subsidized health care programs. The United Kingdom passed the
1590:
argued that despite these estimates universal health coverage is still affordable. "The fundamental fact is that we can afford universal health insurance—even those high estimates were less than the $ 1.8 trillion cost of the Bush tax cuts."
1791:; they convinced Obama that this was necessary, persuading him to accept Congressional proposals that included a mandate. This approach was preferred because the President and Congressional leaders concluded that more liberal plans, such as
600:." This assessed every seaman at American ports 20 cents a month. This was the first prepaid medical care plan in the United States. The money was used for the care of sick seamen and the building of seamen's hospitals. This act created the
1468:
Americans regardless of income, employment or tax liability. In his plan, Senator McCain proposed the Guaranteed Access Plan which would provide federal assistance to the states to secure health insurance coverage through high-risk areas.
3976:
1495:
reported that the two plans had different philosophical focuses. They described the purpose of the McCain plan as to "make insurance more affordable," while the purpose of the Obama plan was for "more people to have health insurance."
1719:
After his inauguration, Obama announced to a joint session of Congress in February 2009 his intent to work with Congress to construct a plan for healthcare reform. By July, a series of bills were approved by committees within the
1459:
Although both candidates had a health care system that revolved around private insurance markets with help from public insurance programs, both had different opinions on how this system should operate when put in place.
5550:
2185:
in the Senate, but having already passed the Senate bill with 60 votes on December 24, the most viable option for the proponents of comprehensive reform was for the House to abandon its own health reform bill, the
7439:
7409:
7314:
2092:
formerly held by Ted Kennedy, a staunch support of reform, made many Congressional Democrats concerned about the political cost of passing a bill. The second effect was more practical: the loss of the Democrat's
6836:
1830:
It was absolutely critical that everybody be together because if the proponents of the bill were able to say it was bipartisan, it tended to convey to the public that this is O.K., they must have figured it
7434:
2890:
On April 25, 1949, The Murray-Dingell omnibus health legislation (S.1679 and H.R. 4312) were introduced into the Senate and the House; the Congress adjourned in October 1949 without acting on these bills.
783:
as well as state and local affiliates of the AMA as "compulsory health insurance." Roosevelt ended up removing the health care provisions from the bill in 1935. Fear of organized medicine's opposition to
3984:
1565:
and industry panelists who argued against any kind of expanded health care coverage. The preclusion of the single payer option from the discussion caused significant protest by doctors in the audience.
7414:
1405:
Also in 2007, AHIP issued a proposal for guaranteeing access to coverage in the individual health insurance market and a proposal for improving the quality and safety of the U.S. health care system.
6371:
1610:
survey, 76% said it was either "extremely" or "quite" important to "give people a choice of both a public plan administered by the federal government and a private plan for their health insurance."
663:. The government constructed 40 hospitals, employed over 120 physicians, and treated well over one million sick and dying former slaves. The hospitals were short-lived, lasting from 1865 to 1870.
1916:
1000:
4488:
2956:
Falk, I.S. (Winter 1973). "Medical care in the USA – 1932–1972. Problems, proposals and programs from the Committee on the Costs of Medical Care to the Committee for National Health Insurance".
1874:
During the August 2009 summer congressional recess, many members went back to their districts and entertained town hall meetings to solicit public opinion on the proposals. Over the recess, the
7677:
7254:
6928:
5431:
1826:, who lead the Republican Congressional strategy in responding to the bill, calculated that Republicans should not support the bill, and worked to keep party discipline and prevent defections:
7304:
2050:
reimbursement for Nebraska. The latter half of the compromise was derisively referred to as the "Cornhusker Kickback" and was later repealed by the subsequent reconciliation amendment bill.
1216:
compromised and made the requested changes, but broke with Carter in July 1978 when he would not commit to pursuing a single bill with a fixed schedule for phasing-in comprehensive coverage.
8397:
4048:
1984:
Following the Finance Committee vote, negotiations turned to the demands of moderate Democrats to finalize their support, whose votes would be necessary to break the Republican filibuster.
451:
1307:
was debated in Congress, which would have provided patients with an explicit list of rights concerning their health care. This initiative was essentially taking some of ideas found in the
7214:
7404:
5941:
8889:
7369:
82:
37:
1957:
To reach 60 votes, negotiations were undertaken to satisfy the demands of moderate Democrats, and to try to bring aboard several Republican Senators; particular attention was given to
1423:
insurance plans and health care services as, in contrast to the uncapped tax exclusion, such subsidies would reduce the incentive to purchase health plans with little cost sharing."
7031:
850:
suggested that everyone on Social Security be provided with insurance and that the heaviest hospital and medical bills ought to be paid through a federal-state insurance approach.
4622:
1887:
1712:
549:
7424:
7139:
7100:
2041:
With every other Democrat now in favor and every other Republican now overtly opposed, the White House and Reid moved on to addressing Senator Nelson's concerns in order to win
1891:
stake are not just the details of policy, but fundamental principles of social justice and the character of our country." On November 7, the House of Representatives passed the
8762:
7419:
2379:
2061:
by opponents. The bill then passed by a vote of 60–39 on December 24, 2009, with all Democrats and two independents voting for, and all Republicans voting against except one (
1341:
961:
398:
287:
2340:
meets the needs of the citizens of Vermont. In December 2014, the governor of the state of Vermont suspended plans to implement this single-payer system because of its cost.
1977:
because of her vote in favor of the draft bill in the Finance Committee on October 15, however she explicitly stated that this did not mean she would support the final bill.
1818:
However, following the adoption of an individual mandate as a central component of the proposed reforms by Democrats, Republicans began to oppose the mandate and threaten to
1752:– met for more than 60 hours, and the principles that they discussed, in conjunction with the other Committees, became the foundation of the Senate's healthcare reform bill.
1041:
proposed more limited health insurance reform—an employer mandate to offer private health insurance if employees volunteered to pay 25 percent of premiums, federalization of
7429:
6844:
3087:
Jacobs, David C. (1987). "The UAW and the Committee for National Health Insurance: the contours of social unionism". In Lewin, David; Lipsky, David; Sockell, Donna (eds.).
7399:
7309:
7259:
7219:
6867:
3577:
2178:
2085:
1911:
requires all revenue-related bills to originate in the House, the Senate took up this bill since it was first passed by the House as a revenue-related modification to the
1670:
1069:
that proposed voluntary health coverage through private insurers under federal government supervision, while keeping Medicare and Medicaid intact. In March 1971, Senators
388:
4835:
4736:
8479:
7394:
7389:
7384:
1549:
A fixed rate all-inclusive average payment for acute care episodes which tend to follow a pattern (even though some acute care episodes may cost more or less than this).
7374:
8484:
7379:
7294:
7269:
3495:
The administration decided not to object strongly to these features because in most other respects Mills' proposal followed its thinking, a ranking HEW official said.
2174:
parties urging passage of a reform bill. The summit proved successful in shifting the political narrative away from the Massachusetts loss back to healthcare policy.
8579:
7919:
7789:
7344:
7279:
7249:
7224:
1135:
In October 1972, Nixon signed the Social Security Amendments of 1972 extending Medicare to those under 65 who have been severely disabled for over two years or have
1007:
393:
5802:
2295:
in 2002. The state legislature of California twice passed SB 840, The Health Care for All Californians Act, a single-payer health care system. Both times, Governor
7359:
7354:
7284:
7264:
2204:
6243:
9169:
8049:
7229:
129:
43:
3669:
9928:
8656:
8424:
8258:
7914:
7349:
4465:
1661:
has referred to mid-2009 as "The Summer of Astroturf" given the organizing and coordinating efforts made by various groups on both pro- and anti-reform sides.
1602:
in response to deep political unrest amongst Congressional Republicans and amongst citizens in town hall meetings held across America. However, in a June 2009
1409:
1234:
101:
6375:
1835:
Republican Senators, including those who had supported previous bills with a similar mandate, began to describe the mandate as "unconstitutional". Writing in
1540:
Linking payment to quality, adherence to guidelines, achieving better clinical outcomes, giving better patient experience and lowering the total cost of care.
8945:
8512:
8402:
4115:
2159:
1841:, Ezra Klein stated that "the end result was... a policy that once enjoyed broad support within the Republican Party suddenly faced unified opposition." The
1867:, including deals among certain lobbies and the advocates of the law to win the support of groups who had opposed past reform efforts, such as in 1993. The
1520:
In March 2009 AHIP proposed a set of reforms intended to address waste and unsustainable growth in the current health care market. These reforms included:
10001:
8280:
5564:
5499:
2196:
542:
368:
6310:
5180:
108:
10089:
9923:
8317:
281:
979:) introduced a bipartisan national health insurance bill—without any cost sharing—developed with the Committee for National Health Insurance founded by
699:
that provided medical care and replacement of some lost wages if a worker became ill. It did not, however, cover spouses or dependents. As early as the
8857:
8715:
5971:
4963:
4496:
4431:
3860:
3692:
3281:
312:
6936:
5877:
5421:
4519:
10174:
8419:
8206:
6633:
4936:
976:
597:
6749:
6600:
115:
8911:
8884:
8201:
5158:
3202:
2272:
their residents, cover large numbers of people by reimbursing hospitals and other health care providers using what is generally characterized as a
2191:
1943:
1156:
275:
7065:
4899:
4709:
4056:
3651:
2165:
pushed back, dismissing Emanuel's scaled-down approach as "Kiddie Care." Obama also remained insistent on comprehensive reform, and the news that
10164:
10159:
9259:
9219:
7555:
2862:
1182:
1171:
1113:
535:
6398:
5495:
2942:
10169:
9067:
7985:
7472:
5931:
4869:
2714:
1515:
1454:
408:
97:
6526:
5775:
9876:
9281:
8517:
7724:
7193:
4085:
247:
5684:
8899:
8496:
8312:
8253:
7836:
7794:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7520:
7515:
7510:
7505:
6803:
3219:
Analysis of Health Insurance Proposals Introduced In The 92nd Congress; Printed for the Use of the Committee on Ways and Means; August 1971
2216:
1037:, and introduced a reconciled bipartisan Kennedy–Griffiths bill proposing universal national health insurance. In February 1971, President
941:
855:
4395:
10023:
9866:
9761:
9506:
9244:
8364:
8275:
8017:
8002:
7884:
7043:
4255:
2654:
Walker, Forrest A. (Winter 1979). "Americanism versus sovietism: a study of the reaction to the Committee on the Costs of Medical Care".
996:
633:
4585:
4557:"Now is the time for health care reform: a proposal to achieve universal coverage, affordability, quality improvement and market reform"
1368:
increase in coverage and the funding requirements of the Bush plan would both be lower than those of the more comprehensive Kerry plan.
9849:
9364:
9359:
9349:
8722:
8451:
7699:
6549:
4327:
3585:
1360:
362:
293:
7150:
7111:
4766:
Blendon, Robert J.; Altman, Drew E.; Benson, John M.; Brodie, Mollyann; Buhr, Tami; Deane, Claudia; Buscho, Sasha (November 6, 2008).
4683:
4657:
10018:
9961:
9854:
9683:
9125:
7628:
7364:
5904:
3113:
1920:
1725:
1221:
1117:
921:
403:
3051:
1799:
in the Senate. By deliberately drawing on bipartisan ideas – the same basic outline was supported by former Senate Majority Leaders
10065:
9861:
9354:
8842:
8782:
8342:
7997:
7889:
7739:
4361:
4291:
2264:
1701:
1356:
1140:
1129:
700:
605:
576:
572:
568:
2858:
839:, which solidified the third-party insurance companies' place as primary providers of access to health care in the United States.
640:
for the indigent insane, as well as the blind and deaf, via federal land grants to the states. This bill was proposed by activist
9971:
9944:
9903:
9898:
9871:
9801:
9688:
9484:
9291:
8879:
8703:
8601:
8233:
5403:
2349:
2200:
1289:
1238:
1066:
1034:
711:
platform. However, neither Roosevelt nor his opponents discussed health care plans in detail, and Roosevelt lost the election to
708:
6879:
4843:
4744:
4218:
1159:), who was a cosponsor of the Kennedy-Griffiths bill, but did not make national health insurance a major issue in his campaign.
122:
10072:
9781:
9464:
9369:
9199:
9147:
9108:
8675:
8670:
8524:
8461:
8414:
8392:
8357:
8012:
7868:
5240:
5124:
2208:
2187:
2058:
1927:
1904:
1892:
1819:
1792:
1721:
1676:
1387:
1383:
1364:
1194:
306:
229:
7002:
3558:
2452:
912:
financed by payroll taxes and general federal revenues were introduced in the U.S. Congress. In February 1970, Representative
9888:
9776:
9646:
9550:
9459:
9383:
8928:
8894:
7909:
7899:
7894:
7752:
7747:
7611:
7576:
6666:
5328:
3843:
3758:
3726:
3096:
2917:
2841:
2816:
2784:
2749:
2697:
2604:
2570:
2487:
2364:
3677:
10084:
9981:
9918:
9908:
9791:
9582:
9545:
9474:
9306:
9271:
8822:
8552:
8285:
8056:
8007:
7980:
7904:
7863:
2001:
4081:
3493:• insurance premiums to protect individuals against illnesses of a catastrophic nature would be financed by a payroll tax.
3300:
10040:
10028:
9966:
9723:
9214:
9113:
8710:
8369:
8265:
8149:
6116:
4812:
4592:
4563:
4435:
4402:
4298:
1939:
1437:
1372:
6349:
4990:
10013:
9954:
9839:
9834:
9771:
9533:
9494:
9454:
9301:
9254:
9234:
8847:
8474:
8469:
8374:
8322:
7851:
7606:
7465:
7319:
4900:"Preliminary analysis of major provisions related to health insurance coverage under the Affordable Health Choices Act"
3069:
1988:
focused on satisfying the centrist members of the Democratic caucus until the hold-outs narrowed down to Connecticut's
1027:
890:
792:
268:
5725:
1871:
documented many of the reported ties between "the healthcare lobbyist complex" and politicians in both major parties.
735:". In addition, many urban US workers already had access to sickness insurance through employer-based sickness funds.
10055:
10035:
9986:
9976:
9844:
9766:
9743:
9703:
9567:
9557:
9434:
9409:
9316:
9296:
8774:
8564:
8290:
7672:
7186:
5213:
4526:
4492:
4138:
2620:
1879:
202:
148:
51:
6331:
6003:
5859:
5351:
5044:
4556:
10060:
10006:
9991:
9893:
9728:
9204:
9157:
9152:
9054:
8981:
8681:
8446:
7975:
7324:
6280:
1562:
1326:
1304:
1190:
1167:
1152:
1125:
1098:
1086:
1074:
1058:
1015:
992:
972:
953:
937:
917:
843:
349:
331:
6688:
Ensuring Enforcement and Implementation of Abortion Restrictions in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
10094:
9883:
9824:
9733:
9624:
9599:
9096:
9086:
8651:
8569:
8507:
8491:
8337:
8332:
8096:
8076:
8066:
8061:
5071:
1300:(AHA) on a "strange bedfellows" proposal intended to seek common ground in expanding coverage for the uninsured.
1136:
1050:
772:
318:
5187:
5045:"Obama initiatives hit speed bumps on Capitol Hill: high price tag for reform bill prompts sparring and a delay"
4461:
10077:
9751:
9698:
9614:
9604:
9572:
9501:
9489:
9444:
9331:
9229:
9091:
9011:
9001:
8787:
8644:
8347:
8305:
8248:
8022:
7933:
7006:
6727:"Roll Call vote No. 165: On Motion to Concur in Senate Amendments (Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act)"
6262:
6143:
5653:
5615:
5305:
4586:"Technical memo: estimates of the potential reduction in health care costs from AHIP's affordability proposals"
4432:"Setting a higher bar: we believe there is more the nation can do to improve quality and safety in health care"
3939:
1997:
1759:
as one of the stated goals of the Obama Administration, Congressional Democrats and health policy experts like
1626:
1429:
948:
to all—retaining existing Medicare cost sharing and coverage limits—developed after consultation with Governor
86:
1212:
proposed health care reform that included key features of Kennedy's universal national health insurance bill.
791:
During this time, individual hospitals began offering their own insurance programs, the first of which became
9829:
9693:
9609:
9540:
9511:
9449:
9339:
9311:
8955:
8327:
8220:
7458:
4262:
3131:
1297:
1268:
957:
6708:
6438:
6200:
5703:
5665:
5568:
4439:
2283:
Several single payer referendums have been proposed at the state level, but so far all have failed to pass:
747:
727:
are all possible explanations for the suspicion around the idea of compulsory government-run insurance. The
10124:
10117:
10050:
9913:
9796:
9718:
9708:
9562:
9523:
9479:
9439:
9396:
9344:
9276:
9249:
9209:
9187:
8996:
8810:
8757:
8690:
8547:
8503:
8431:
8352:
8270:
8081:
7945:
7774:
7682:
7490:
7179:
7146:
7077:
6643:
5525:
4530:
2884:
2066:
1886:
To maintain the progress of the legislative process, when Congress returned from recess, in September 2009
1856:
1599:
1317:
1106:
780:
728:
6610:
6578:
6162:
6098:
6041:
5881:
1728:
held a series of 31 meetings to develop of a healthcare reform bill. This group – in particular, Senators
10045:
9996:
9811:
9713:
9636:
9518:
9414:
9239:
9224:
9162:
8797:
8752:
8559:
8441:
8295:
6212:
5634:
4906:
1907:. Instead, the Senate took up H.R. 3590, a bill regarding housing tax breaks for service members. As the
1760:
1650:
1595:
1571:
1554:
1143:, Nixon won re-election in a landslide over the only Democratic presidential nominee not endorsed by the
776:
696:
441:
6054:
4164:
9949:
9819:
9651:
9631:
9619:
9429:
9419:
9101:
9006:
8619:
8609:
8136:
8131:
8121:
8116:
7638:
6332:
AARP, AMA Announce Support For Health Care Bill: Largest Doctors And Retiree Groups Backing Legislation
6029:
4910:
4225:
4191:
2152:
1908:
1260:
824:
621:
6466:
6408:
6076:
4292:"We believe every American should have access to affordable health care coverage: a vision for reform"
3507:
Wainess, Flint J. (April 1999). "The Ways and Means of national health care reform, 1974 and beyond".
1704:, Obama said that fixing healthcare would be one of his top four priorities if he won the presidency.
9528:
8834:
8639:
8634:
8196:
7650:
7239:
5747:
5503:
4520:"The case for public plan choice in national health reform: key to cost control and quality coverage"
2389:
2359:
2318:
1491:
1483:
909:
436:
431:
4643:
4254:
Antos, Joseph; King, Roland; Muse, Donald; Wildsmith, Tom; Xanthopoulos, Judy (September 13, 2004).
3915:
3816:
3636:
3411:
3355:
3266:
3187:
3036:
2718:
1557:
held hearings on Health care reform. On the panel of the "invited stakeholder", no supporter of the
9641:
9021:
8991:
8986:
8976:
8742:
8698:
8539:
8300:
8086:
7950:
7764:
7704:
7073:
7039:
6906:
6754:
6683:
2182:
2094:
2081:
2042:
1958:
1935:
1796:
1788:
1693:
1654:
1642:
1558:
1440:(AHIP) announced a set of proposals which included setting a national goal to reduce the projected
1046:
945:
881:
832:
667:
in Washington, D.C. remained in operation until the late nineteenth century when it became part of
446:
5817:
2007:
1996:. Lieberman, despite intense negotiations in search of a compromise by Reid, refused to support a
9135:
8871:
8629:
7596:
6932:
6777:
4687:
4052:
1498:
1321:
1308:
1254:
1139:(ESRD), and gradually raising the Medicare Part A payroll tax from 1.1% to 1.45% in 1986. In the
903:
659:, the federal government established the first system of medical care in the South, known as the
601:
486:
75:
7099:
Hess, Catherine; Schwartz, Sonya; Rosenthal, Jill; Snyder, Andrew; Weil, Alan (April 10, 2008).
6811:
3489:
But two major features that HEW consistently has opposed also were incorporated in the proposal:
3463:
Iglehart, John K. (August 24, 1974). "Mills switch fails to bring approval for insurance plan".
2909:
2903:
1815:– the bill's drafters hoped to increase the chances of getting the necessary votes for passage.
1679:. As the race narrowed, attention focused on the plans presented by the two leading candidates,
1419:
The resulting tax revenues should be used to subsidize the purchase of insurance by individuals.
10133:
9587:
8937:
8747:
8727:
8529:
8384:
8179:
8126:
8111:
7955:
7643:
5381:
5159:"Town halls having an impact? White House bends on health care provision in face of discontent"
4406:
3751:
The shadow welfare state: labor, business, and the politics of health care in the United States
2741:
2735:
2369:
1658:
1524:
An individual insurance mandate with a financial penalty as a quid pro quo for guaranteed issue
1330:
1197:), who opposed payroll tax and general federal revenue financing of national health insurance.
664:
613:
481:
426:
221:
6901:
Danelski, Ann E.; Altman, Drew E.; Eldred, Jan; James, Matt; Rowland, Diane (August 1, 1995).
4808:
4266:
3747:"Labor embraces a new idea: the journey from national health insurance to an employer mandate"
2776:
2409:
1049:
Parts A and B with elimination of the Medicare Part B $ 5.30 monthly premium, and support for
9786:
9469:
8584:
8141:
8106:
8101:
8044:
8027:
7757:
7299:
7289:
7234:
6224:
4630:
4596:
3831:
3746:
2322:
2296:
2236:
1912:
1756:
1653:, but some try to push for government actions that will unfairly benefit them, like employer
1479:
1395:
1201:
906:
872:
785:
768:
463:
343:
6350:"Senator-elect Scott Brown welcomed as Republican hero after upset victory in Massachusetts"
4339:
3301:"The campaign issues: many questions of interest to voters never got past convention debate"
10138:
9266:
9140:
9031:
8409:
7841:
7821:
7769:
7719:
7660:
7591:
7274:
5274:
4328:"H.R. 676 – U.S.National Health Insurance Act (Expanded and Improved Medicare for All Act)"
2384:
2374:
1399:
771:
asked Isidore Falk and Edgar Sydenstricter to help draft provisions to Roosevelt's pending
724:
660:
593:
514:
458:
337:
5098:
5017:
4489:"News conference: the case for public plan choice in national health reform (audio 54:33)"
987:, with a corresponding bill introduced in the House the following month by Representative
8:
9678:
9594:
9404:
9120:
8805:
8436:
7633:
7244:
5909:
4369:
4335:
2143:
President Obama signing the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act on March 23, 2010.
1868:
1607:
1163:
980:
836:
732:
5596:
5468:
4373:
4302:
2866:
180:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
8918:
8906:
8624:
8614:
8591:
8574:
7970:
7714:
7709:
7581:
6694:
6499:
6471:
6181:
5270:
4809:"Improving the U.S. health care system: rethinking the delivery and payment structures"
4621:
Rustgi, Sheila; Collins, Sara R.; Davis, Karen; Nicholson, Jennifer L. (October 2008).
3903:
3804:
3624:
3399:
3343:
3254:
3175:
3024:
2973:
2811:(7th ed.). Sudbury, Mass.: Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 35–37, 230–32.
2769:
2687:
2541:
1875:
1812:
1784:
1614:
1583:
949:
823:
in 1949 but strong opposition stopped that part of the Fair Deal. However, in 1946 the
720:
704:
656:
525:
3977:"'Strange bedfellow' join forces on agreement for uninsured Americans (press release)"
3203:"Nixon's program on health care proposes that employers pay $ 2.5-billion more a year"
2089:
1598:
program, in August 2009 Obama administration officials announced they would support a
1033:
In January 1971, Kennedy began a decade as chairman of the Health subcommittee of the
707:
vaguely called for the creation of a national health service in the 15th plank of his
9661:
8817:
8169:
7667:
7586:
7571:
7107:
5840:
5241:"Local Tea Party members protest Obama health care plan at Chet Edwards' Waco office"
4967:
4940:
4789:
4229:
4029:
3951:
3891:
3883:
3839:
3792:
3784:
3754:
3722:
3612:
3604:
3540:
3532:
3524:
3480:
3472:
3442:
3434:
3387:
3379:
3331:
3323:
3318:
Congressional Quarterly (1974). "National health insurance: action delayed in 1973".
3242:
3234:
3163:
3155:
3092:
3012:
3004:
2981:
2913:
2837:
2812:
2780:
2745:
2693:
2663:
2600:
2566:
2560:
2545:
2493:
2483:
1780:
1506:
likely than McCain voters to believe government can do much about health care costs.
1011:
877:
805:
668:
617:
7003:"S.B. 840 – California Universal Healthcare Act – Single-payer health care coverage"
5181:"Hart/McInturff, NBC News/Wall Street Journal survey, study #6095, June 12–15, 2009"
3451:
He was not, Mills said, going to the floor with any bill approved by a 13–12 margin.
3425:
Congressional Quarterly (August 24, 1974). "Health insurance: Committee bogs down".
3229:
Congressional Quarterly (1973). "Welfare reform deleted from Social Security bill".
2455:. Livonia, Mich.: LONANG (Laws Of Nature And Nature's God) Institute. Archived from
1903:
The Senate began work on its own proposals while the House was still working on the
1003:
held the first congressional hearings in twenty years on national health insurance.
9577:
9424:
9130:
8950:
7960:
7801:
7784:
7779:
7618:
6691:
5136:
4779:
4019:
3928:
William Kristol, "Defeating President Clinton's Healthcare Proposal", December 1993
3516:
2965:
2533:
2456:
2354:
2302:
The percentage of residents that are uninsured varies from state to state. In 2008
2166:
2139:
1772:
1768:
1680:
1630:
1618:
1575:
1242:
1205:
1082:
913:
851:
764:
716:
679:
2251:
A few states have taken steps toward universal health care coverage, most notably
854:, vice-president under Roosevelt from 1941 to 1945 and candidate of the left-wing
9286:
9062:
8960:
8732:
8032:
7965:
7734:
7655:
7601:
6638:
6605:
6403:
6008:
2717:. College Park, Md.: National Archives and Records Administration. Archived from
1823:
1684:
1646:
1543:
1273:
1264:
1148:
988:
964:
933:
828:
800:
645:
491:
6902:
4894:
4892:
4890:
4623:"The 2008 Presidential Candidates' Health Reform Proposals: Choices for America"
3374:
Congressional Quarterly (1975). "National health insurance: no action in 1974".
632:
Another of the earliest health care proposals at the federal level was the 1854
9756:
9656:
9039:
8174:
8164:
8159:
8154:
7826:
7689:
7623:
7171:
5976:
5936:
5780:
5752:
5426:
4089:
3944:
National Underwriter. Property & Casualty/Risk & Benefits Management Ed
3693:"Medicare: limiting the cost of major illness would benefit 3 million patients"
3150:
Congressional Quarterly (1972). "Health insurance: hearings on new proposals".
2321:, has established a program to provide health care to all uninsured residents (
2240:
2212:
2148:
2105:
2054:
1962:
1931:
1843:
1837:
1733:
1633:- argue that the hyperbole generated by this phenomenon is a form of corporate
1622:
1390:. As of October 2008, HR 676 had 93 co-sponsors. Also in January 2007, Senator
1337:
1313:
984:
847:
712:
649:
637:
496:
6726:
6550:"47 (Now 51) Health Policy Experts (Including Me) Say "Sign the Senate bill.""
5905:"Anger over health-care reform spurs rise in threats against Congress members"
3520:
10153:
8737:
8037:
7846:
7481:
5547:"Senate Finance Committee Hearings for the 111th Congress recorded by C-SPAN"
4887:
4873:
3955:
3887:
3788:
3608:
3528:
3476:
3438:
3383:
3327:
3238:
3233:. Vol. 28. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly. pp. 899–914.
3159:
3008:
2524:
Manning, Seaton W. (March 1962). "The tragedy of the Ten-million-acre bill".
2288:
2256:
2223:
2077:
1989:
1974:
1970:
1951:
1745:
1741:
1054:
1038:
1019:
691:
4256:"Analyzing the Kerry and Bush health proposal: estimates of cost and impact"
4024:
4007:
3783:. Vol. 35. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly. pp. 536–40.
3603:. Vol. 31. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly. pp. 635–39.
3378:. Vol. 30. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly. pp. 386–94.
3322:. Vol. 29. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly. pp. 508–10.
3154:. Vol. 27. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly. pp. 541–44.
3003:. Vol. 26. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly. pp. 603–05.
2689:
Origins of American health insurance: a history of industrial sickness funds
9044:
9016:
8071:
4793:
4033:
3980:
3895:
3836:
Remedy and reaction: the peculiar American struggle over health care reform
3796:
3616:
3544:
3536:
3484:
3446:
3391:
3335:
3246:
3167:
3016:
2943:"A City of Conventions: Political Spotlight Shines on Philadelphia in 1948"
2273:
2162:
2155:
1978:
1800:
1764:
1707:
1634:
1587:
1534:
1475:
1379:
1293:
1209:
1121:
1094:
1078:
1023:
925:
889:
These views notwithstanding, the Medicare program was established when the
816:
796:
752:
641:
5860:"Internal Memo Confirms Big Giveaways In White House Deal With Big Pharma"
5422:"Remarks of President Barack Obama – Address to Joint Session of Congress"
4784:
4767:
2985:
2634:
2497:
1981:
was appointed as Senator Kennedy's temporary replacement on September 24.
1120:
in 1971, but no bill had the support of committee chairmen Representative
842:
In his 1947 book "Where I Stand!", ex-governor of Minnesota and perennial
9321:
8852:
8189:
8091:
7831:
7694:
7450:
6285:
Cornhusker' Out, More Deals In: Health Care Bill Gives Special Treatment"
5967:
5776:"Conservatives Sowed Idea of Health Care Mandate, Only to Spurn It Later"
2737:
Strictly personal and confidential: the letters Harry Truman never mailed
2667:
2329:
2260:
2227:
2062:
1808:
1737:
1530:
Setting standards and expectations for safety and quality of diagnostics;
1464:
1178:
1144:
968:
929:
731:(AMA) was also deeply and vocally opposed to the idea, which it labeled "
6311:"Roll Call vote No. 396 – On Passage of the Bill (H.R. 3590 as Amended)"
5932:"Remarks by the President to a Joint Session of Congress on Health Care"
3882:. Vol. 36. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly. p. 462.
2430:
1533:
Promoting care coordination and patient-centered care by designating a "
648:. Pierce argued that the federal government should not commit itself to
8184:
7990:
7816:
7811:
7729:
6462:
5743:
5721:
5295:
2977:
2307:
2306:
had the highest percentage of residents without health insurance, 24%.
2284:
2277:
2226:
Democrats, initially reluctant to support the bill, led by Congressman
2170:
1993:
1985:
1947:
1851:
1729:
1408:"Economic Survey of the United States 2008: Health Care Reform" by the
1070:
858:
in 1948, supported a national health insurance plan for all Americans.
6804:"Pros & cons of Massachusetts' mandatory health insurance program"
3832:"Stumbling toward comprehensive reform: Political deadlock, 1969–1980"
1863:
The reform negotiations also attracted a great deal of attention from
9673:
9666:
6807:
2252:
1966:
1938:
would be necessary to get passage in the Senate. At the start of the
1749:
1391:
1186:
1102:
820:
756:
5803:"Facebook post says Republicans embraced individual mandate in 1993"
2969:
2410:"Origins of the National Institutes of Health A Federal Role Begins"
2053:
On December 23, the Senate voted 60–39 to end debate on the bill: a
880:
was elected president in 1964, the stage was set for the passage of
767:, more and more people could not afford medical services. In 1933,
64:
7856:
7806:
6903:"The California single-payer debate: the defeat of Proposition 186"
6527:"White House Unveils Revamped Reform Plan, GOP And Industry Reacts"
6504:
6288:
5300:
5132:
2639:
2562:
Health security for all: dreams of universal health care in America
2537:
2333:
2268:
2231:
2047:
1864:
1804:
1776:
1688:
1641:. Opponents of more government involvement, such as Phil Kerpen of
1603:
1349:
1090:
1042:
885:
812:
paying system that began to replace direct out-of-pocket payments.
675:
6958:
5995:
5685:"The Tortuous History of Conservatives and the Individual Mandate"
4219:"Bush and Kerry health care proposals: cost and coverage compared"
4006:
Kahn III, Charles N.; Pollack, Ronald F. (January–February 2001).
3880:
Congressional Quarterly almanac, 96th Congress 2nd session....1980
3781:
Congressional Quarterly almanac, 96th Congress 1st session....1979
3601:
Congressional Quarterly almanac, 94th Congress 1st session....1975
3559:"Albert Conrad Ullman: likely heir to Mills gives views on issues"
3376:
Congressional Quarterly almanac, 93rd Congress 2nd session....1974
3320:
Congressional Quarterly almanac, 93rd Congress 1st session....1973
3231:
Congressional Quarterly Almanac, 92nd Congress 2nd session....1972
3152:
Congressional Quarterly almanac, 92nd Congress 1st session....1971
3001:
Congressional Quarterly almanac, 91st Congress 2nd session....1970
2158:
argued the Democrats should scale-back for a less ambitious bill;
2905:
Harry S. Truman versus the medical lobby: the genesis of Medicare
2310:
had the second highest percentage of uninsured that year at 22%.
1888:
President Obama delivered a speech to a joint session of Congress
1697:
1617:
protested against proposed health care reforms. Former insurance
1345:
6374:(Press release). Votesmart.org. January 13, 2010. Archived from
5972:"Text of letter to the President from Senator Edward M. Kennedy"
4082:"Summary of the McCain-Edwards-Kennedy Patients' Bill of Rights"
3652:"Albert predicts House passage of health insurance bill by June"
827:
was passed, as was the Hospital Survey and Construction Act, or
644:
and passed both houses of Congress, but was vetoed by President
6729:. Office of the Clerk: House of Representatives. March 21, 2010
5396:
4487:
Hickey, Roger; Hacker, Jacob; Stark, Pete (December 17, 2008).
4462:"Economic survey of the United States 2008: health care reform"
4365:
4331:
2859:"The Truman administration during 1949: a chronology, part two"
2292:
1241:
of 1974 (ERISA) to give some employees the ability to continue
609:
2380:
List of healthcare reform advocacy groups in the United States
1895:
on a 220–215 vote and forwarded it to the Senate for passage.
1657:
forcing private companies to buy health insurance. Journalist
1416:
Tax benefits of employer-based insurances should be abolished.
1342:
Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act
5469:"Timeline: Milestones in Obama's quest for healthcare reform"
3878:
Congressional Quarterly (1981). "National health insurance".
3779:
Congressional Quarterly (1980). "National health insurance".
3599:
Congressional Quarterly (1976). "National health insurance".
3132:"From the Nixon Era, a Healthcare Proposal Ahead of Its Time"
3091:. Vol. 4. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press. pp. 119–40.
3089:
Advances in industrial and labor relations: a research annual
2999:
Congressional Quarterly (1971). "National health insurance".
2771:
The rise and fall of HMOs: an American health care revolution
2303:
1992:, an independent who caucused with Democrats, and Nebraska's
1675:
Healthcare reform was a major topic of discussion during the
1638:
1062:
6980:
4768:"Voters and health reform in the 2008 presidential election"
4362:"S. 334 – Healthy Americans Act – bill summary & status"
2809:
Health care USA: understanding its organization and delivery
2147:
The election of Scott Brown meant Democrats could no longer
1671:
Health care reforms proposed during the Obama administration
759:
proposal for a national compulsory health insurance program.
7110:, (National Academy for State Health Policy. Archived from
7098:
6840:
5988:
5953:
5443:
5414:
5128:
4863:
4861:
4620:
2599:(3rd ed.). Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. pp. 34–74.
2280:
is an example of a state that employs the latter strategy.
2097:
complicated the legislative strategy of reform proponents.
2070:
1649:
corporation counter-argue that those corporations oppose a
1455:
2008 United States presidential election § Health care
1448:
7101:"States' roles in shaping high performance health systems"
1724:. On the Senate side, from June through to September, the
924:) introduced a national health insurance bill—without any
6900:
5695:
5359:
4765:
4076:
4074:
2230:. The group found the possibility of federal funding for
6778:"Obama Signs Health Care Overhaul Bill, With a Flourish"
6572:
6570:
4858:
4682:
Moffit, Robert E.; Owcharenko, Nina (October 15, 2008).
3861:"Health bill strategy unites candidates Carter and Long"
1177:
In August 1974, after Nixon's resignation and President
652:, which he stated was the responsibility of the states.
6837:"In historic vote, legislature overrides SustiNet veto"
5816:
Eaton, Joe; Pell, M.B.; Mehta, Aaron (March 26, 2010).
3877:
3778:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3719:
Searching for a cure: national health policy considered
3598:
3491:• enrollment would be mandatory, rather than voluntary;
3424:
3373:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3317:
3228:
3149:
3145:
3143:
3141:
2998:
1112:
Hearings on national health insurance were held by the
7149:, Office of Legislative Research. 2009. Archived from
6667:"Reconciliation: Why Most Dems Don't Want to Go There"
6432:
6430:
6428:
6426:
5565:"Senate Finance Committee hearings for 111th Congress"
4253:
4111:
4071:
1410:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
1280:
important for all Americans to have health insurance.
1235:
Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985
1045:
for the poor with dependent minor children, merger of
6567:
6244:"Maine GOP Sen. Olympia Snowe won't seek re-election"
5526:"Health Care Reform from Conception to Final Passage"
4684:"The McCain health care plan: more power to families"
4658:"The McCain Health Care Plan: More Power to Families"
3940:"'Health Security Express' prods Congress for reform"
3282:"A.F.L.-C.I.O. chiefs vote neutral stand on election"
2299:(R) vetoed the bill, once in 2006 and again in 2008.
1926:
With the Republican minority in the Senate vowing to
1482:. His health care plan called for the creation of a
624:
and medical services were contracted in other ports.
6929:"Free-market reformers are winners in election 2002"
5924:
5880:. Sunlight Foundation. July 22, 2009. Archived from
5500:
United States House Committee on Education and Labor
4454:
4008:"Building a consensus for expanding health coverage"
3871:
3838:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 52–63.
3767:
3592:
3362:
3311:
3138:
2992:
2090:
traditionally Democratic (‘blue’) Massachusetts seat
1822:
any bills that contained it. Senate Minority Leader
98:"History of health care reform in the United States"
7134:
7132:
7032:"Health insurance coverage of the total population"
6460:
6423:
6117:"Is the House Healthcare Bill Better Than Nothing?"
5463:
5461:
5459:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5099:"White House appears ready to drop 'public option'"
4964:"Lawmakers clash over cost of health care overhaul"
4396:"Guaranteeing access to coverage for all Americans"
3222:
3114:"Senate panel to open hearings on health insurance"
2958:
Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly: Health and Society
2908:. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. pp.
2775:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. pp.
2635:"Fact or fiction? Health care was Roosevelt's idea"
2076:Several weeks after the vote, on January 19, 2010,
89:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
6493:
6491:
6489:
6456:
6454:
6452:
6352:. McClatchy-Tribune News Service. Associated Press
5896:
5018:"Obama may need firmer hand on health care debate"
4806:
4554:
3740:
3738:
3052:"Labor council supports national health insurance"
2768:
2086:a special election to replace the late Ted Kennedy
819:called for universal health care as a part of his
564:history of health care reform in the United States
6776:Stolberg, Sheryl; Pear, Robert (March 23, 2010).
5736:
4937:"Dems seek to trim health bill as estimates soar"
4486:
1402:. As of October 2008, S. 334 had 17 cosponsors.
598:An act for the relief of sick and disabled Seamen
10151:
8885:Native American recognition in the United States
7201:
7129:
6719:
6467:"Health Vote Caps a Journey Back From the Brink"
6439:"How to Pass the Bill--Whatever Happens Tuesday"
6303:
6092:
6090:
6070:
6068:
5590:
5588:
5586:
5450:
4681:
2246:
1930:any bill that they did not support, requiring a
1375:(AHIP), issued another set of reform proposals.
1065:) introduced a bipartisan bill supported by the
678:legislation of the 1930s, in the context of the
582:
6594:
6592:
6498:Brown, Carrie; Thrush, Glenn (March 20, 2010).
6486:
6449:
5902:
5795:
5487:
4991:"Debate on health care hits snags at the start"
4961:
4870:"Single-payer advocates protest Senate hearing"
4842:. Great Falls, Mont. p. A1. Archived from
4737:"Health plans pit low-cost vs. public coverage"
4005:
3735:
2203:. Unlike rules under regular order, as per the
1713:addressing Congress regarding healthcare reform
1664:
1527:Updates to the Medicare physician fee schedule;
1259:Health care reform was a major concern of the
835:declared group premiums paid by employers as a
6748:Aro, Margaret; Mooney, Mark (March 22, 2010).
6182:"Olympia Snowe puzzled by Harry Reid comments"
6023:
6004:"House OKs tax breaks for military homeowners"
5903:Horwitz, Sari; Pershing, Ben (April 9, 2010).
5878:"Visualizing The Health Care Lobbyist Complex"
5815:
5720:
5329:"Commentary: How insurance firms drive debate"
4112:"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services"
3712:
3710:
3708:
3706:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2594:
2222:The remaining obstacle was a pivotal group of
1629:- whose funding comes from groups such as the
1516:Health care reform debate in the United States
1283:
9282:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States
7466:
7187:
6983:. Novato, Calif.: CaliforniaOneCare.org. 2007
6741:
6087:
6065:
5583:
5382:"The grass is AstroTurf-er on the other side"
5125:"President Obama considering insurance co-op"
2834:HMOs and the politics of health system reform
2565:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
2552:
788:became standard for decades after the 1930s.
779:programs. These reforms were attacked by the
690:In the first 10–15 years of the 20th century
608:. In 1802 Marine Hospitals were operating in
596:signed the first Federal public health law, "
543:
6961:. Novato, Calif.: HealthCareforAll.org. 2007
6775:
6589:
5818:"Lobbying Giants Cash In On Health Overhaul"
5767:
5726:"Senate G.O.P. Leader Finds Weapon in Unity"
5214:"TEA Party protests health care reform plan"
4710:"Rivals' prescriptions for an ailing system"
4116:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
4049:"HIAA and Families USA seek more government"
3500:
2807:Sultz, Harry A.; Young, Kristina M. (2011).
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2197:Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act
2065:, not voting). The bill was endorsed by the
1344:which included a prescription drug plan for
1325:As a result of this intense opposition, the
369:Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act
6634:"1. Reconciliation! 2. ??? 3. Profit!"
6497:
6163:"Ben Nelson, Still a Big Problem (Updated)"
5327:Potter, Wendell (op-ed) (August 17, 2009).
4192:"Bush health care plan seems to fall short"
3753:. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press. pp. 65–85.
3703:
3691:Schmeck, Harold M. Jr. (January 22, 1976).
3676:. April 14, 1975. p. 1. Archived from
3080:
2856:
2715:"Letter from Harry S. Truman to Ben Turoff"
2674:
2647:
2471:
1371:In 2006 the HIAA's successor organization,
1008:Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
634:Bill for the Benefit of the Indigent Insane
52:Learn how and when to remove these messages
7480:
7473:
7459:
7194:
7180:
6750:"Pelosi Defends Health Care Fight Tactics"
5186:. msnbc.com. June 16, 2009. Archived from
4988:
4962:Alonso-Zaldivar, Ricardo (June 17, 2009).
3823:
3744:
3717:Morris, Jonas (1984). "The Carter years".
3509:Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law
2836:. Chicago: American Hospital Association.
2806:
2733:
2597:Health care politics and policy in America
2514:, New York, Oxford University Press, 2012.
1700:but did not include a mandate. During the
1637:, which he says that he used to write for
1613:During the summer of 2009, members of the
1053:(HMOs). In the same month, Representative
876:for its association with communism. After
550:
536:
8895:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes
6747:
6529:. Kaiserhealthnews.org. February 22, 2010
5607:
5288:
5264:
5262:
5015:
4783:
4405:(AHIP). December 19, 2007. Archived from
4301:(AHIP). November 13, 2006. Archived from
4023:
3721:. New York: Pica Press. pp. 92–171.
3279:
2734:Truman, Harry S.; Poen, Monte M. (1982).
2579:
2558:
2482:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 180.
1412:, published in December 2008, said that:
1035:Senate Labor and Public Welfare Committee
1001:Senate Labor and Public Welfare Committee
203:Learn how and when to remove this message
149:Learn how and when to remove this message
10175:History of medicine in the United States
7026:
7024:
6831:
6829:
6677:
6372:"Public Statements – Project Vote Smart"
5676:
5496:"Affordable Health Care for America Act"
5380:Kerpen, Phil (op-ed) (August 12, 2009).
5238:
5232:
5042:
4189:
4139:"Biggest divide? Maybe it's health care"
3670:"A.M.A. backs medical care subsidy plan"
3575:
3462:
3112:Lyons, Richard D. (September 22, 1970).
2595:Patel, Kant; Rushefsky, Mark E. (2006).
2265:Massachusetts 2006 Health Reform Statute
2138:
2104:
2006:
1850:
1706:
1449:Debate in the 2008 presidential election
746:
8946:List of counties and county equivalents
5966:
5616:"The Top Ten Things Worth Fighting For"
5096:
5070:Krugman, Paul (op-ed) (June 22, 2009).
5069:
4707:
4555:Board of Directors (December 1, 2008).
3859:Roberts, Steven V. (December 9, 1979).
3858:
3690:
3650:Lyons, Richard D. (November 23, 1974).
3578:"Veto threat seals fate of health bill"
3506:
3298:
3201:Lyons, Richard D. (February 19, 1971).
3049:
2932:Where I Stand!, Harold E. Stassen, 1947
2831:
2523:
2477:
2350:Health care reform in the United States
1561:system was invited. The panel featured
1290:Health Insurance Association of America
1239:Employee Retirement Income Security Act
1067:Health Insurance Association of America
10165:Political history of the United States
10160:Healthcare reform in the United States
10152:
6631:
6598:
6396:
6347:
6075:Hacker, Jacob S. (December 20, 2009).
6074:
5773:
5493:
5379:
5326:
5259:
5211:
5205:
4708:Burling, Stacey (September 28, 2008).
4518:Hacker, Jacob S. (December 17, 2008).
4517:
4438:(AHIP). April 19, 2007. Archived from
4216:
3937:
3716:
3086:
2766:
2712:
2685:
2653:
2450:
2207:reconciliation cannot be subject to a
2188:Affordable Health Care for America Act
1905:Affordable Health Care for America Act
1893:Affordable Health Care for America Act
1677:2008 Democratic presidential primaries
1645:- whose funding comes mainly from the
1384:United States National Health Care Act
674:The next major initiative came in the
10170:History of the United States by topic
7454:
7175:
7066:"Managed care & health insurance"
7021:
6926:
6865:
6826:
6801:
6709:"Stupak Makes A Deal, Reform To Pass"
6706:
6690:, Vol. 75, No. 59, 75
6665:Cohn, Jonathan (September 21, 2009).
6577:Chait, Jonathan (February 20, 2010).
6576:
6500:"Pelosi steeled W.H. for health push"
6241:
6222:
6210:
6199:Chait, Jonathan (December 19, 2009).
6198:
5944:from the original on January 26, 2017
5774:Cooper, Michael (February 14, 2012).
5742:
5702:Chait, Jonathan (December 19, 2009).
5701:
5664:Chait, Jonathan (December 19, 2009).
5663:
5651:
5434:from the original on January 20, 2017
5349:
5268:
4833:
4595:(AHIP). June 11, 2008. Archived from
4136:
4046:
3829:
3649:
3576:Auerbach, Stuart (January 15, 1975).
3427:Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report
3200:
3111:
3070:"Medicare for all is asked by Javits"
2365:Health insurance in the United States
2110:House vote by congressional district.
1594:In contrast to earlier advocacy of a
1509:
1329:initiative eventually failed to pass
1248:
1200:In January 1975, in the midst of the
6664:
6436:
6261:Cohn, Jonathan (December 19, 2009).
6260:
6211:Chait, Jonathan (January 19, 2010).
6201:"The Republican Health Care Blunder"
6179:
6161:Cohn, Jonathan (December 17, 2009).
6160:
6142:Cohn, Jonathan (December 15, 2009).
6141:
6096:
6053:Cohn, Jonathan (September 7, 2009).
6052:
6001:
5857:
5838:
5724:; Nagourney, Adam (March 16, 2010).
5704:"The Republican Health Care Blunder"
5666:"The Republican Health Care Blunder"
5633:Cohn, Jonathan (September 4, 2009).
5632:
5613:
5594:
5567:. Finance.Senate.Gov. Archived from
5016:Babington, Charles (June 20, 2009).
4934:
4909:(CBO). June 15, 2009. Archived from
4807:Board of Directors (March 9, 2009).
4734:
3938:Fisher, Mary Jane (August 1, 1974).
3050:Stetson, Damon (February 18, 1970).
2955:
2901:
2692:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
2621:"Progressive Party Platform of 1912"
2431:"Social Security History Chronology"
2239:, reaffirming the principles in the
1950:was still undergoing a recount, and
1185:and was succeeded by Representative
960:) and former Johnson administration
587:
160:
87:adding citations to reliable sources
58:
17:
6547:
6437:Cohn, Jonathan (January 17, 2010).
6144:"What Public Option Supporters Won"
5682:
5654:"Obama's Moderate Health Care Plan"
5614:Cohn, Jonathan (October 13, 2009).
5352:"Protecting a Republican incumbent"
5097:Elliott, Philip (August 16, 2009).
4867:
4217:Sheils, John (September 21, 2004).
3983:. November 20, 2000. Archived from
3280:Shabecoff, Philip (July 20, 1972).
2880:In 1949, as part of his Fair Deal:
2713:Truman, Harry S. (April 12, 1949).
2656:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
1502:characterized the plans similarly.
1245:coverage after leaving employment.
815:Following the world war, President
313:America's Affordable Health Choices
13:
6959:"Health Care for All – California"
6707:Chait, Jonathan (March 21, 2010).
6599:Silver, Nate (December 26, 2009).
6242:Davis, Susan (February 28, 2012).
6223:Chait, Jonathan (March 16, 2010).
6077:"Why I Still Believe in This Bill"
5839:Cohn, Jonathan (August 25, 2009).
5652:Chait, Jonathan (April 22, 2010).
5239:Copeland, Mike (August 15, 2009).
5135:). August 16, 2009. Archived from
4989:Montgomery, Lori (June 18, 2009).
4190:Connolly, Ceci (August 22, 2004).
4047:Meier, Conrad F. (April 1, 2001).
3299:Herbers, John (November 7, 1972).
2863:Harry S. Truman Library and Museum
2740:. Boston: Little, Brown. pp.
2314:remains room for them to do more.
2195:subsequent bill. They drafted the
1484:National Health Insurance Exchange
1162:In October 1973, Long and Senator
891:Social Security Amendments of 1965
307:Affordable Health Care for America
269:Social Security Amendments of 1965
14:
10186:
8291:Director of National Intelligence
6632:Silver, Nate (January 21, 2010).
6397:Silver, Nate (January 21, 2010).
6097:Cohn, Jonathan (March 12, 2010).
5494:Kruger, Mike (October 29, 2009).
5212:Bowser, Andre (August 21, 2009).
4735:Leys, Tony (September 29, 2008).
4372:). April 24, 2008. Archived from
751:April 1949 letter from President
715:. A unique American history of
33:This article has multiple issues.
8447:Government Accountability Office
7315:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
7140:"OLR – Acts affecting insurance"
7092:
7058:
6995:
6973:
6951:
6920:
6894:
6859:
6795:
6769:
6700:
6658:
6625:
6541:
6519:
6461:Stolberg, Sheryl; Zeleny, Jeff;
6390:
6364:
6341:
6325:
6273:
6263:"Nelson Says Yes; That Makes 60"
6254:
6235:
6192:
6173:
6154:
6135:
6109:
6046:
6035:
5960:
5870:
5851:
5832:
5809:
5714:
5645:
5626:
5557:
5539:
5518:
5043:Connolly, Ceci (June 19, 2009).
4813:America's Health Insurance Plans
4593:America's Health Insurance Plans
4564:America's Health Insurance Plans
4436:America's Health Insurance Plans
4403:America's Health Insurance Plans
4338:). July 29, 2008. Archived from
4299:America's Health Insurance Plans
2857:Geselbracht, Raymond H. (1999).
2451:Pierce, Franklin (May 3, 1854).
2205:Congressional Budget Act of 1974
2199:, which could be passed via the
1572:U.S. Congressional Budget Office
1438:America's Health Insurance Plans
1373:America's Health Insurance Plans
1051:health maintenance organizations
519:
508:
165:
63:
22:
6927:Moser, Joe (December 1, 2002).
6843:. July 21, 2009. Archived from
6601:"For Pelosi, Many Paths to 218"
6579:"A Brief Reconciliation Primer"
6180:Raju, Manu (January 20, 2010).
6099:"The Public Option, Still Dead"
5595:Cohn, Jonathan (May 21, 2010).
5404:"The First Presidential Debate"
5373:
5350:Evans, Will (October 6, 2008).
5343:
5320:
5173:
5151:
5117:
5090:
5063:
5036:
5009:
4982:
4955:
4928:
4834:Adams, John S. (May 17, 2009).
4827:
4800:
4772:New England Journal of Medicine
4759:
4728:
4701:
4675:
4650:
4614:
4578:
4548:
4511:
4480:
4424:
4388:
4354:
4320:
4284:
4247:
4210:
4183:
4171:. October 3, 2004. p. WK10
4165:"Kerry vs. Bush on health care"
4157:
4130:
4104:
4040:
3999:
3969:
3931:
3922:
3852:
3684:
3662:
3643:
3569:
3551:
3456:
3418:
3292:
3273:
3213:
3194:
3124:
3105:
3062:
3043:
2949:
2935:
2926:
2895:
2850:
2825:
2800:
2760:
2706:
2627:
1942:, Democrats had only 58 votes;
837:tax-deductible business expense
636:, which would have established
627:
74:needs additional citations for
41:or discuss these issues on the
10090:Separation of church and state
8306:National Reconnaissance Office
8249:President of the United States
7007:California Legislative Counsel
6868:"Voting for healthcare reform"
6002:Maze, Rick (October 8, 2009).
5858:Grim, Ryan (August 13, 2009).
5683:Roy, Avik (February 7, 2012).
5306:Center for Media and Democracy
5269:Smith, Ben (August 21, 2009).
5161:. FOXNews.com. August 16, 2009
4527:Institute for America's Future
4493:Institute for America's Future
3565:, p. 17, December 7, 1974
2887:denounced this health program.
2613:
2517:
2504:
2480:The life of Dorothea Lynde Dix
2444:
2423:
2402:
2332:passed into law a plan called
2183:filibuster-proof supermajority
2134: No representative seated
1627:Center for Media and Democracy
1204:in the four decades since the
1114:House Ways and Means Committee
944:) introduced a bill to extend
861:
742:
697:National Insurance Act of 1911
685:
389:Obama administration proposals
1:
7202:Health care in North America
6399:"Will the Base Abandon Hope?"
6213:"Revisiting Snowe's Lay Down"
5805:. PolitiFact. April 19, 2012.
4935:Espo, David (June 16, 2009).
4263:American Enterprise Institute
4137:Toner, Robin (May 14, 2004).
4086:U.S. Senate Democratic Caucus
3076:. April 15, 1970. p. 18.
2395:
2247:State and city reform efforts
2084:was elected to the Senate in
1298:American Hospital Association
1269:1993 Clinton health care plan
902:In 1970, three proposals for
583:Federal health care proposals
8452:Government Publishing Office
7920:Technological and industrial
7440:United States Virgin Islands
7147:Connecticut General Assembly
6055:"Why Reform Survived August"
5635:"Party Is Such Sweet Sorrow"
4743:. p. A1. Archived from
3584:. p. A9. Archived from
2885:American Medical Association
2192:in a House–Senate Conference
2151:in the Senate. In response,
1944:the Senate seat in Minnesota
1878:organized protests and many
1857:Taxpayer March on Washington
1855:Tea Party protesters at the
1696:), while Obama's provided a
1665:Healthcare debate, 2008–2010
1600:health insurance cooperative
1430:public health insurance plan
1318:American Medical Association
1107:American Medical Association
781:American Medical Association
729:American Medical Association
7:
9924:Women's reproductive health
8890:Federally recognized tribes
8753:Public utilities commission
8657:Public Health Service Corps
8560:Code of Federal Regulations
8442:Congressional Budget Office
8296:Central Intelligence Agency
8202:Water supply and sanitation
7629:Declaration of Independence
5356:Secret Money Project (blog)
5127:. Colorado Springs, Colo.:
4907:Congressional Budget Office
4836:"Single-payer not a player"
2832:Falkson, Joseph L. (1980).
2343:
2036: Republican not voting
1596:publicly funded health care
1555:US Senate Finance Committee
1284:2000–2008: Bush era debates
1261:Bill Clinton administration
777:publicly funded health care
10:
10191:
9102:Red states and blue states
9007:City commission government
9002:Council–manager government
6878:(7): 26–40. Archived from
6866:Moore, Pamela (May 2008).
3745:Gottschalk, Marie (2000).
2153:White House Chief of Staff
1986:Majority Leader Harry Reid
1909:United States Constitution
1687:and the eventual nominee,
1668:
1513:
1452:
1382:Jr. (D-MI) introduced The
1357:2004 presidential election
1252:
1141:1972 presidential election
999:). In September 1970, the
967:. In August 1970, Senator
825:National Mental Health Act
701:1912 presidential election
606:Department of the Treasury
476:Third-party payment models
288:Medicare Modernization Act
10111:
9937:
9810:
9742:
9395:
9391:
9382:
9330:
9195:
9186:
9082:
9053:
9030:
8969:
8936:
8927:
8870:
8858:Comparison of governments
8833:
8796:
8773:
8689:
8669:
8600:
8538:
8460:
8383:
8241:
8232:
8228:
8219:
7941:
7932:
7877:
7837:Post-Cold War (1991–2008)
7678:drafting and ratification
7651:Articles of Confederation
7564:
7498:
7489:
7415:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
7333:
7207:
5271:"The summer of Astroturf"
4868:Jay, Paul (May 8, 2009).
4714:The Philadelphia Inquirer
3521:10.1215/03616878-24-2-305
2478:Tiffany, Francis (1890).
2390:National health insurance
2360:Health insurance exchange
2319:San Francisco, California
2217:limited to budget changes
1898:
1492:The Philadelphia Inquirer
1309:Consumers' Bill of Rights
932:. In April 1970, Senator
910:national health insurance
432:Health insurance exchange
174:This article needs to be
9877:Prescription drug prices
8997:Mayor–council government
8987:Coterminous municipality
8977:Consolidated city-county
8743:Agriculture commissioner
8393:House of Representatives
8301:National Security Agency
7951:Contiguous United States
7435:Turks and Caicos Islands
7074:Kaiser Family Foundation
7040:Kaiser Family Foundation
6907:Kaiser Family Foundation
5549:. C-SPAN. Archived from
3465:National Journal Reports
2902:Poen, Monte M. (1996) .
2686:Murray, John E. (2007).
2559:Derickson, Alan (2005).
2100:
2043:filibuster-proof support
1954:was still a Republican.
1797:filibuster-proof support
1726:Senate Finance Committee
1722:House of Representatives
1694:health insurance mandate
1643:Americans for Prosperity
1559:Single-payer health care
1388:House of Representatives
1327:Patients' Bill of Rights
1305:Patients' Bill of Rights
1263:headed up by First Lady
1228:
1222:Senate Finance Committee
1183:Ways and Means Committee
1147:in its history, Senator
1118:Senate Finance Committee
897:
866:
579:presidential elections.
515:United States portal
332:American Health Care Act
231:Healthcare reform in the
220:This article is part of
9962:Criticism of government
9307:Social welfare programs
8900:State-recognized tribes
7885:Outline of U.S. history
7597:Continental Association
6933:The Heartland Institute
6802:White, Deborah (2008).
4741:The Des Moines Register
4688:The Heritage Foundation
4662:The Heritage Foundation
4053:The Heartland Institute
4025:10.1377/hlthaff.20.1.40
2883:On April 24, 1949, The
2263:. Examples include the
2235:President Obama issued
1499:The Des Moines Register
1436:Also in December 2008,
1322:pharmaceutical industry
1255:Health Security Express
1137:end stage renal disease
775:legislation to include
602:Marine Hospital Service
10024:Environmental movement
9867:Health insurance costs
9762:Educational attainment
9287:Federal Reserve System
9245:Science and technology
8748:Insurance commissioner
8286:Intelligence Community
7981:minor outlying islands
7744:Civil rights movement
7365:British Virgin Islands
7076:. 2008. Archived from
7072:. Menlo Park, Calif.:
7042:. 2008. Archived from
7038:. Menlo Park, Calif.:
6905:. Menlo Park, Calif.:
6348:Applewhite, J. Scott.
5940:. September 10, 2009.
5296:"Financial supporters"
5072:"Health care showdown"
4970:.com. Associated Press
4943:.com. Associated Press
4638:Cite journal requires
4088:. 2001. Archived from
2370:Health policy analysis
2201:reconciliation process
2144:
2136:
2038:
1860:
1833:
1824:Mitch McConnell (R-KY)
1813:George Mitchell (D-ME)
1789:insurance death spiral
1716:
1570:On June 15, 2009, the
1292:(HIAA) partnered with
760:
526:Health care portal
482:All-payer rate setting
437:Nationalized insurance
399:Reform advocacy groups
9850:Immigrant health care
9365:Transportation safety
9360:Transportation policy
9350:Public transportation
8420:President pro tempore
8276:Executive departments
8045:National Park Service
7700:Territorial evolution
7305:Saint Kitts and Nevis
7108:The Commonwealth Fund
6684:Executive Order 13535
6646:on September 21, 2013
6411:on September 21, 2013
6378:on September 16, 2018
6225:"(Non)sense of Snowe"
5430:. February 24, 2009.
5410:. September 26, 2008.
5103:The Houston Chronicle
5022:The Houston Chronicle
4785:10.1056/NEJMsr0807717
4265:(AEI). Archived from
4224:. Falls Church, Va.:
3680:on February 16, 2013.
3588:on February 16, 2013.
2861:. Independence, Mo.:
2526:Social Service Review
2323:Healthy San Francisco
2297:Arnold Schwarzenegger
2237:Executive Order 13535
2215:, but the process is
2142:
2108:
2024: Independent yea
2012:Senate vote by state.
2010:
1963:Chuck Grassley (R-IA)
1946:that would be won by
1913:Internal Revenue Code
1859:, September 12, 2009.
1854:
1828:
1771:would require both a
1734:Chuck Grassley (R-IA)
1710:
1586:editorial, economist
1480:universal health care
1472:unprecedented scale.
1396:Healthy Americans Act
1378:In January 2007 Rep.
786:universal health care
769:Franklin D. Roosevelt
750:
723:, and a tradition of
452:Canadian vs. American
344:Healthy Americans Act
10019:Environmental issues
9684:Political ideologies
9583:Indigenous languages
8783:List of legislatures
8580:separation of powers
8281:Independent agencies
8207:World Heritage Sites
7842:September 11 attacks
7765:Spanish–American War
7705:Mexican–American War
7661:Confederation period
7592:Continental Congress
7070:StateHealthFacts.org
7036:StateHealthFacts.org
7009:. September 30, 2008
6981:"California OneCare"
6847:on February 23, 2013
6839:. Washington, D.C.:
6686:of March 24, 2010 –
5553:on December 3, 2013.
5273:. Washington, D.C.:
4916:on February 17, 2012
4905:. Washington, D.C.:
4811:. Washington, D.C.:
4686:. Washington, D.C.:
4591:. Washington, D.C.:
4562:. Washington, D.C.:
4525:. Washington, D.C.:
4499:on December 21, 2008
4491:. Washington, D.C.:
4464:. Washington, D.C.:
4434:. Washington, D.C.:
4401:. Washington, D.C.:
4364:. Washington, D.C.:
4330:. Washington, D.C.:
4297:. Washington, D.C.:
4261:. Washington, D.C.:
4114:. Washington, D.C.:
4084:. Washington, D.C.:
3979:. Washington, D.C.:
3830:Starr, Paul (2011).
2767:Coombs, Jan (2005).
2385:Medicare for All Act
2375:Health care politics
2128: Republican nay
2122: Democratic nay
2116: Democratic yea
2030: Republican nay
2018: Democratic yea
1971:Olympia Snowe (R-ME)
1757:universal healthcare
1746:Jeff Bingaman (D-NM)
1742:Olympia Snowe (R-ME)
1715:, September 9, 2009.
1340:signed into law the
1272:Republicans, led by
1237:(COBRA) amended the
1028:Secretary of Defense
928:—developed with the
725:classical liberalism
594:President John Adams
338:Medicare for All Act
83:improve this article
9862:Health care finance
9355:Rail transportation
9121:Imperial presidency
8843:State constitutions
8788:List of legislators
8738:Auditor/Comptroller
8711:Lieutenant governor
8437:Library of Congress
8328:Diplomatic Security
7971:Indian reservations
7634:American Revolution
7320:Trinidad and Tobago
7215:Antigua and Barbuda
6872:Physicians Practice
6814:on January 12, 2011
6613:on December 3, 2013
6336:The Huffington Post
6121:The Huffington Post
6032:art. I, § 7, cl. 1.
5910:The Washington Post
5748:"Unpopular Mandate"
5571:on January 11, 2013
5245:Waco Tribune-Herald
5218:East Valley Tribune
5049:The Washington Post
4995:The Washington Post
4840:Great Falls Tribune
4370:Library of Congress
4336:Library of Congress
4196:The Washington Post
3582:The Washington Post
2721:on January 28, 2016
2643:. October 29, 2009.
2002:Green Mountain Care
1869:Sunlight Foundation
1801:Howard Baker (R-TN)
1608:Wall Street Journal
1582:However, in a June
1563:Republican senators
1132:) or Senator Long.
1006:During his time as
981:United Auto Workers
733:socialized medicine
703:, former president
665:Freedmen's Hospital
363:Affordable Care Act
350:Health Security Act
9972:affirmative action
9945:Capital punishment
9904:Poverty and health
9899:Physician shortage
9872:Health care prices
9802:Standard of living
9485:standard of living
9292:Financial position
8919:Hawaiian home land
8907:Indian reservation
8880:Tribal sovereignty
8723:Secretary of state
8592:United States Code
8508:Territorial courts
8480:Associate Justices
8365:Inspector generals
7852:War in Afghanistan
7715:Reconstruction era
7582:Stamp Act Congress
7255:Dominican Republic
7117:on January 4, 2010
6782:The New York Times
6472:The New York Times
6465:(March 20, 2010).
6123:. November 9, 2009
5968:Kennedy, Edward M.
5730:The New York Times
5506:on January 6, 2010
5408:The New York Times
5105:. Associated Press
5076:The New York Times
5024:. Associated Press
4468:. December 9, 2008
4169:The New York Times
4143:The New York Times
3865:The New York Times
3697:The New York Times
3656:The New York Times
3563:The New York Times
3305:The New York Times
3286:The New York Times
3207:The New York Times
3118:The New York Times
3074:The New York Times
3056:The New York Times
2317:One municipality,
2267:and Connecticut's
2149:break a filibuster
2145:
2137:
2063:Jim Bunning (R-KY)
2039:
1959:Bob Bennett (R-UT)
1876:Tea Party movement
1861:
1809:Tom Daschle (D-SD)
1779:to prevent either
1777:individual mandate
1738:Kent Conrad (D-ND)
1717:
1510:2009 reform debate
1249:Clinton initiative
950:Nelson Rockefeller
761:
721:limited government
705:Theodore Roosevelt
657:American Civil War
592:On July 16, 1798,
409:Insurance coverage
319:Baucus Health Bill
10147:
10146:
10107:
10106:
10103:
10102:
10073:National security
9782:Income inequality
9662:Statue of Liberty
9465:income inequality
9378:
9377:
9370:Trucking industry
9182:
9181:
9178:
9177:
9109:Foreign relations
9097:Electoral College
9078:
9077:
8866:
8865:
8818:District attorney
8665:
8664:
8492:Courts of appeals
8215:
8214:
7928:
7927:
7869:COVID-19 pandemic
7822:Feminist Movement
7668:American frontier
7587:Thirteen Colonies
7448:
7447:
7337:other territories
7080:on April 23, 2013
7046:on March 13, 2012
6697:, March 29, 2010.
6548:Pollack, Harold.
6042:S.Amdt. 2786
5989:National Archives
5954:National Archives
5746:(June 25, 2012).
5597:"How They Did It"
5444:National Archives
5304:. Madison, Wis.:
4968:RealClearPolitics
4941:RealClearPolitics
4602:on March 21, 2010
4536:on March 20, 2009
4235:on March 21, 2010
4092:on April 14, 2008
3987:on August 1, 2012
3845:978-0-300-17109-9
3760:978-0-8014-3745-8
3728:978-0-87663-741-8
3471:(34): 1267–1268.
3098:978-0-89232-909-0
2919:978-0-8262-1086-9
2843:978-0-87258-288-0
2818:978-0-7637-8458-4
2786:978-0-299-20240-8
2751:978-0-316-71221-7
2699:978-0-300-12091-2
2606:978-0-7656-1478-0
2572:978-0-8018-8081-0
2512:Sick from Freedom
2489:978-0-217-96357-2
2459:on August 7, 2014
2213:60 votes to break
2211:, which requires
1787:from creating an
1781:adverse selection
1730:Max Baucus (D-MT)
1030:with Richardson.
1012:Elliot Richardson
878:Lyndon B. Johnson
856:Progressive Party
806:Kaiser Permanente
709:Progressive Party
669:Howard University
661:Freedmen's Bureau
588:Late 18th century
560:
559:
340:(2021, H.R. 1976)
234:
213:
212:
205:
195:
194:
159:
158:
151:
133:
56:
10182:
10127:
10120:
10007:African American
9889:Health insurance
9777:Household income
9647:National symbols
9578:American English
9551:Federal holidays
9460:household income
9393:
9392:
9389:
9388:
9193:
9192:
9131:Anti-Americanism
9055:Special district
8982:Independent city
8951:County executive
8934:
8933:
8728:Attorney general
8687:
8686:
8676:Federal District
8259:Executive Office
8239:
8238:
8230:
8229:
8226:
8225:
7986:populated places
7966:federal enclaves
7961:federal district
7939:
7938:
7802:American Century
7785:Great Depression
7780:Roaring Twenties
7740:Women's suffrage
7619:Halifax Resolves
7612:Founding Fathers
7607:military history
7572:Pre-colonial era
7496:
7495:
7475:
7468:
7461:
7452:
7451:
7405:Saint Barthélemy
7335:Dependencies and
7208:Sovereign states
7196:
7189:
7182:
7173:
7172:
7166:
7165:
7163:
7161:
7156:on July 21, 2011
7155:
7144:
7136:
7127:
7126:
7124:
7122:
7116:
7105:
7096:
7090:
7089:
7087:
7085:
7062:
7056:
7055:
7053:
7051:
7028:
7019:
7018:
7016:
7014:
6999:
6993:
6992:
6990:
6988:
6977:
6971:
6970:
6968:
6966:
6955:
6949:
6948:
6946:
6944:
6939:on July 26, 2011
6935:. Archived from
6924:
6918:
6917:
6915:
6913:
6898:
6892:
6891:
6889:
6887:
6863:
6857:
6856:
6854:
6852:
6833:
6824:
6823:
6821:
6819:
6810:. Archived from
6799:
6793:
6792:
6790:
6788:
6773:
6767:
6766:
6764:
6762:
6745:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6734:
6723:
6717:
6716:
6713:The New Republic
6704:
6698:
6681:
6675:
6674:
6671:The New Republic
6662:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6651:
6642:. Archived from
6629:
6623:
6622:
6620:
6618:
6609:. Archived from
6596:
6587:
6586:
6583:The New Republic
6574:
6565:
6564:
6562:
6560:
6554:The New Republic
6545:
6539:
6538:
6536:
6534:
6523:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6512:
6495:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6479:
6458:
6447:
6446:
6443:The New Republic
6434:
6421:
6420:
6418:
6416:
6407:. Archived from
6394:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6383:
6368:
6362:
6361:
6359:
6357:
6345:
6339:
6329:
6323:
6322:
6320:
6318:
6307:
6301:
6300:
6298:
6296:
6291:. March 19, 2010
6284:
6277:
6271:
6270:
6267:The New Republic
6258:
6252:
6251:
6239:
6233:
6232:
6229:The New Republic
6220:
6217:The New Republic
6208:
6205:The New Republic
6196:
6190:
6189:
6177:
6171:
6170:
6167:The New Republic
6158:
6152:
6151:
6148:The New Republic
6139:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6128:
6113:
6107:
6106:
6103:The New Republic
6094:
6085:
6084:
6081:The New Republic
6072:
6063:
6062:
6059:The New Republic
6050:
6044:
6039:
6033:
6027:
6021:
6020:
6018:
6016:
5999:
5993:
5992:
5986:
5984:
5970:(May 12, 2009).
5964:
5958:
5957:
5951:
5949:
5928:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5917:
5900:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5889:
5884:on April 5, 2012
5874:
5868:
5867:
5855:
5849:
5848:
5845:The New Republic
5836:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5813:
5807:
5806:
5799:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5788:
5771:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5760:
5740:
5734:
5733:
5718:
5712:
5711:
5708:The New Republic
5699:
5693:
5692:
5680:
5674:
5673:
5670:The New Republic
5661:
5658:The New Republic
5649:
5643:
5642:
5639:The New Republic
5630:
5624:
5623:
5620:The New Republic
5611:
5605:
5604:
5601:The New Republic
5592:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5576:
5561:
5555:
5554:
5543:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5532:
5522:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5511:
5502:. Archived from
5491:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5480:
5475:. March 22, 2010
5465:
5448:
5447:
5441:
5439:
5418:
5412:
5411:
5400:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5389:
5377:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5347:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5336:
5324:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5313:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5281:
5266:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5252:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5209:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5193:on July 11, 2009
5192:
5185:
5177:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5166:
5155:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5139:on April 1, 2019
5121:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5110:
5094:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5067:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5056:
5040:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5013:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5002:
4986:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4959:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4921:
4915:
4904:
4896:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4865:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4846:on June 28, 2011
4831:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4787:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4747:on June 28, 2011
4732:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4654:
4648:
4647:
4641:
4636:
4634:
4626:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4601:
4590:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4561:
4552:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4535:
4529:. Archived from
4524:
4515:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4495:. Archived from
4484:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4458:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4412:on July 24, 2011
4411:
4400:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4308:on July 24, 2011
4307:
4296:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4272:on June 26, 2009
4271:
4260:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4234:
4228:. Archived from
4223:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4078:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4059:on June 10, 2011
4055:. Archived from
4044:
4038:
4037:
4027:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3935:
3929:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3913:
3909:
3907:
3899:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3814:
3810:
3808:
3800:
3776:
3765:
3764:
3742:
3733:
3732:
3714:
3701:
3700:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3634:
3630:
3628:
3620:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3409:
3405:
3403:
3395:
3371:
3360:
3359:
3353:
3349:
3347:
3339:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3264:
3260:
3258:
3250:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3185:
3181:
3179:
3171:
3147:
3136:
3135:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3034:
3030:
3028:
3020:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2939:
2933:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2899:
2893:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2869:on June 26, 2010
2865:. Archived from
2854:
2848:
2847:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2774:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2683:
2672:
2671:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2592:
2577:
2576:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2521:
2515:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2406:
2355:Health economics
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
1967:Mike Enzi (R-WY)
1795:, could not win
1793:Medicare-for-all
1773:community rating
1769:guaranteed issue
1750:Mike Enzi (R-WY)
1711:President Obama
1702:general election
1631:Tides Foundation
1576:Associated Press
1553:On May 5, 2009,
1544:Bundled payments
1398:(S. 334) in the
1386:(HR 676) in the
1316:, including the
1243:health insurance
1206:Great Depression
1164:Abraham Ribicoff
983:(UAW) president
914:Martha Griffiths
873:Civil Rights era
852:Henry A. Wallace
844:Republican Party
799:, industrialist
765:Great Depression
717:decentralization
680:Great Depression
622:Charleston, S.C.
552:
545:
538:
524:
523:
522:
513:
512:
511:
230:
217:
216:
208:
201:
190:
187:
181:
169:
168:
161:
154:
147:
143:
140:
134:
132:
91:
67:
59:
48:
26:
25:
18:
10190:
10189:
10185:
10184:
10183:
10181:
10180:
10179:
10150:
10149:
10148:
10143:
10130:
10123:
10116:
10099:
10085:Opioid epidemic
10002:Native American
9982:intersex rights
9933:
9929:Life expectancy
9919:Medical deserts
9909:Race and health
9806:
9792:Personal income
9738:
9642:National anthem
9475:personal income
9440:Economic issues
9374:
9326:
9174:
9074:
9063:School district
9049:
9032:Minor divisions
9026:
8965:
8923:
8862:
8848:Statutory codes
8829:
8792:
8769:
8679:
8674:
8661:
8596:
8553:civil liberties
8534:
8525:Other tribunals
8504:District courts
8456:
8415:current members
8398:current members
8379:
8313:Law enforcement
8211:
7924:
7873:
7864:Great Recession
7735:Progressive Era
7725:Native genocide
7656:Perpetual Union
7644:Treaty of Paris
7602:United Colonies
7560:
7485:
7479:
7449:
7444:
7338:
7336:
7329:
7203:
7200:
7170:
7169:
7159:
7157:
7153:
7142:
7138:
7137:
7130:
7120:
7118:
7114:
7103:
7097:
7093:
7083:
7081:
7064:
7063:
7059:
7049:
7047:
7030:
7029:
7022:
7012:
7010:
7001:
7000:
6996:
6986:
6984:
6979:
6978:
6974:
6964:
6962:
6957:
6956:
6952:
6942:
6940:
6925:
6921:
6911:
6909:
6899:
6895:
6885:
6883:
6882:on May 26, 2010
6864:
6860:
6850:
6848:
6835:
6834:
6827:
6817:
6815:
6800:
6796:
6786:
6784:
6774:
6770:
6760:
6758:
6746:
6742:
6732:
6730:
6725:
6724:
6720:
6705:
6701:
6682:
6678:
6663:
6659:
6649:
6647:
6639:FiveThirtyEight
6630:
6626:
6616:
6614:
6606:FiveThirtyEight
6597:
6590:
6575:
6568:
6558:
6556:
6546:
6542:
6532:
6530:
6525:
6524:
6520:
6510:
6508:
6496:
6487:
6477:
6475:
6459:
6450:
6435:
6424:
6414:
6412:
6404:FiveThirtyEight
6395:
6391:
6381:
6379:
6370:
6369:
6365:
6355:
6353:
6346:
6342:
6330:
6326:
6316:
6314:
6309:
6308:
6304:
6294:
6292:
6282:
6279:
6278:
6274:
6259:
6255:
6240:
6236:
6221:
6209:
6197:
6193:
6178:
6174:
6159:
6155:
6140:
6136:
6126:
6124:
6115:
6114:
6110:
6095:
6088:
6073:
6066:
6051:
6047:
6040:
6036:
6028:
6024:
6014:
6012:
6009:Air Force Times
6000:
5996:
5982:
5980:
5965:
5961:
5947:
5945:
5930:
5929:
5925:
5915:
5913:
5901:
5897:
5887:
5885:
5876:
5875:
5871:
5864:Huffington Post
5856:
5852:
5837:
5833:
5823:
5821:
5814:
5810:
5801:
5800:
5796:
5786:
5784:
5772:
5768:
5758:
5756:
5741:
5737:
5719:
5715:
5700:
5696:
5689:Forbes Magazine
5681:
5677:
5662:
5650:
5646:
5631:
5627:
5612:
5608:
5593:
5584:
5574:
5572:
5563:
5562:
5558:
5545:
5544:
5540:
5530:
5528:
5524:
5523:
5519:
5509:
5507:
5492:
5488:
5478:
5476:
5467:
5466:
5451:
5437:
5435:
5420:
5419:
5415:
5402:
5401:
5397:
5387:
5385:
5378:
5374:
5364:
5362:
5348:
5344:
5334:
5332:
5325:
5321:
5311:
5309:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5279:
5277:
5267:
5260:
5250:
5248:
5237:
5233:
5223:
5221:
5210:
5206:
5196:
5194:
5190:
5183:
5179:
5178:
5174:
5164:
5162:
5157:
5156:
5152:
5142:
5140:
5123:
5122:
5118:
5108:
5106:
5095:
5091:
5081:
5079:
5068:
5064:
5054:
5052:
5041:
5037:
5027:
5025:
5014:
5010:
5000:
4998:
4987:
4983:
4973:
4971:
4960:
4956:
4946:
4944:
4933:
4929:
4919:
4917:
4913:
4902:
4898:
4897:
4888:
4878:
4876:
4874:TheRealNews.com
4866:
4859:
4849:
4847:
4832:
4828:
4818:
4816:
4805:
4801:
4778:(19): 2050–61.
4764:
4760:
4750:
4748:
4733:
4729:
4719:
4717:
4706:
4702:
4692:
4690:
4680:
4676:
4666:
4664:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4639:
4637:
4628:
4627:
4619:
4615:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4588:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4569:
4567:
4559:
4553:
4549:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4522:
4516:
4512:
4502:
4500:
4485:
4481:
4471:
4469:
4460:
4459:
4455:
4445:
4443:
4442:on May 24, 2009
4430:
4429:
4425:
4415:
4413:
4409:
4398:
4394:
4393:
4389:
4379:
4377:
4376:on July 4, 2016
4360:
4359:
4355:
4345:
4343:
4342:on July 4, 2016
4326:
4325:
4321:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4294:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4258:
4252:
4248:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4226:The Lewin Group
4221:
4215:
4211:
4201:
4199:
4188:
4184:
4174:
4172:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4148:
4146:
4135:
4131:
4121:
4119:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4095:
4093:
4080:
4079:
4072:
4062:
4060:
4045:
4041:
4004:
4000:
3990:
3988:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3960:
3958:
3936:
3932:
3927:
3923:
3911:
3910:
3901:
3900:
3876:
3872:
3857:
3853:
3846:
3828:
3824:
3812:
3811:
3802:
3801:
3777:
3768:
3761:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3715:
3704:
3689:
3685:
3674:Chicago Tribune
3668:
3667:
3663:
3648:
3644:
3632:
3631:
3622:
3621:
3597:
3593:
3574:
3570:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3505:
3501:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3461:
3457:
3423:
3419:
3407:
3406:
3397:
3396:
3372:
3363:
3351:
3350:
3341:
3340:
3316:
3312:
3297:
3293:
3278:
3274:
3262:
3261:
3252:
3251:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3199:
3195:
3183:
3182:
3173:
3172:
3148:
3139:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3085:
3081:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3048:
3044:
3032:
3031:
3022:
3021:
2997:
2993:
2970:10.2307/3349608
2954:
2950:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2900:
2896:
2879:
2872:
2870:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2805:
2801:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2765:
2761:
2752:
2724:
2722:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2684:
2675:
2652:
2648:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2593:
2580:
2573:
2557:
2553:
2522:
2518:
2509:
2505:
2490:
2476:
2472:
2462:
2460:
2449:
2445:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2346:
2249:
2177:With Democrats
2135:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2037:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2019:
2015:
1934:to end debate,
1901:
1805:Bob Dole (R-KS)
1761:Jonathan Gruber
1685:Hillary Clinton
1673:
1667:
1647:Koch Industries
1569:
1518:
1512:
1457:
1451:
1394:introduced the
1314:interest groups
1286:
1274:William Kristol
1265:Hillary Clinton
1257:
1251:
1231:
1202:worst recession
1149:George McGovern
900:
869:
864:
829:Hill-Burton Act
801:Henry J. Kaiser
773:Social Security
745:
719:in government,
688:
646:Franklin Pierce
630:
590:
585:
556:
520:
518:
517:
509:
507:
502:
501:
492:Fee-for-service
477:
469:
468:
442:Publicly-funded
422:
414:
413:
384:
376:
375:
371:
259:
232:
209:
198:
197:
196:
191:
185:
182:
179:
170:
166:
155:
144:
138:
135:
92:
90:
80:
68:
27:
23:
12:
11:
5:
10188:
10178:
10177:
10172:
10167:
10162:
10145:
10144:
10142:
10141:
10136:
10129:
10128:
10121:
10113:
10112:
10109:
10108:
10105:
10104:
10101:
10100:
10098:
10097:
10092:
10087:
10082:
10081:
10080:
10070:
10069:
10068:
10058:
10053:
10048:
10043:
10041:Mass shootings
10038:
10033:
10032:
10031:
10029:Climate change
10026:
10016:
10011:
10010:
10009:
10004:
9999:
9994:
9989:
9984:
9979:
9974:
9967:Discrimination
9964:
9959:
9958:
9957:
9947:
9941:
9939:
9935:
9934:
9932:
9931:
9926:
9921:
9916:
9911:
9906:
9901:
9896:
9891:
9886:
9881:
9880:
9879:
9874:
9869:
9859:
9858:
9857:
9852:
9847:
9842:
9837:
9832:
9822:
9816:
9814:
9808:
9807:
9805:
9804:
9799:
9794:
9789:
9784:
9779:
9774:
9769:
9764:
9759:
9757:American Dream
9754:
9748:
9746:
9740:
9739:
9737:
9736:
9731:
9726:
9724:Transportation
9721:
9716:
9711:
9706:
9701:
9696:
9691:
9686:
9681:
9676:
9671:
9670:
9669:
9664:
9659:
9657:Mount Rushmore
9654:
9644:
9639:
9634:
9629:
9628:
9627:
9622:
9617:
9612:
9607:
9597:
9592:
9591:
9590:
9585:
9580:
9570:
9565:
9560:
9555:
9554:
9553:
9543:
9538:
9537:
9536:
9526:
9521:
9516:
9515:
9514:
9509:
9499:
9498:
9497:
9492:
9487:
9482:
9477:
9472:
9467:
9462:
9457:
9452:
9447:
9437:
9432:
9427:
9422:
9417:
9412:
9407:
9401:
9399:
9386:
9380:
9379:
9376:
9375:
9373:
9372:
9367:
9362:
9357:
9352:
9347:
9342:
9336:
9334:
9328:
9327:
9325:
9324:
9319:
9314:
9309:
9304:
9299:
9294:
9289:
9284:
9279:
9277:Federal budget
9274:
9269:
9264:
9263:
9262:
9257:
9252:
9247:
9242:
9237:
9232:
9227:
9222:
9217:
9215:Communications
9212:
9207:
9196:
9190:
9184:
9183:
9180:
9179:
9176:
9175:
9173:
9172:
9167:
9166:
9165:
9160:
9155:
9145:
9144:
9143:
9138:
9136:exceptionalism
9133:
9123:
9118:
9117:
9116:
9114:foreign policy
9106:
9105:
9104:
9099:
9089:
9083:
9080:
9079:
9076:
9075:
9073:
9072:
9071:
9070:
9059:
9057:
9051:
9050:
9048:
9047:
9042:
9036:
9034:
9028:
9027:
9025:
9024:
9019:
9014:
9009:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8984:
8979:
8973:
8971:
8967:
8966:
8964:
8963:
8958:
8953:
8948:
8942:
8940:
8931:
8925:
8924:
8922:
8921:
8916:
8915:
8914:
8904:
8903:
8902:
8897:
8892:
8882:
8876:
8874:
8868:
8867:
8864:
8863:
8861:
8860:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8839:
8837:
8831:
8830:
8828:
8827:
8826:
8825:
8815:
8814:
8813:
8811:Chief justices
8806:Supreme courts
8802:
8800:
8794:
8793:
8791:
8790:
8785:
8779:
8777:
8771:
8770:
8768:
8767:
8766:
8765:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8719:
8718:
8708:
8707:
8706:
8695:
8693:
8684:
8667:
8666:
8663:
8662:
8660:
8659:
8654:
8649:
8648:
8647:
8645:National Guard
8642:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8622:
8617:
8606:
8604:
8598:
8597:
8595:
8594:
8589:
8588:
8587:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8562:
8557:
8556:
8555:
8548:Bill of Rights
8544:
8542:
8536:
8535:
8533:
8532:
8527:
8522:
8521:
8520:
8518:list of judges
8515:
8513:list of courts
8501:
8500:
8499:
8497:list of judges
8489:
8488:
8487:
8482:
8477:
8466:
8464:
8458:
8457:
8455:
8454:
8449:
8444:
8439:
8434:
8432:Capitol Police
8429:
8428:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8407:
8406:
8405:
8400:
8389:
8387:
8381:
8380:
8378:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8361:
8360:
8355:
8353:Secret Service
8350:
8345:
8340:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8320:
8310:
8309:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8293:
8283:
8278:
8273:
8268:
8266:Vice President
8263:
8262:
8261:
8256:
8245:
8243:
8236:
8223:
8217:
8216:
8213:
8212:
8210:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8193:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8146:
8145:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8054:
8053:
8052:
8050:National Parks
8042:
8041:
8040:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8010:
8005:
8003:Extreme points
8000:
7995:
7994:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7942:
7936:
7930:
7929:
7926:
7925:
7923:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7881:
7879:
7875:
7874:
7872:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7860:
7859:
7854:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7798:
7797:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7761:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7690:Federalist Era
7687:
7686:
7685:
7683:Bill of Rights
7680:
7670:
7665:
7664:
7663:
7658:
7648:
7647:
7646:
7641:
7631:
7626:
7624:Lee Resolution
7621:
7616:
7615:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7574:
7568:
7566:
7562:
7561:
7559:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7502:
7500:
7493:
7487:
7486:
7484: articles
7478:
7477:
7470:
7463:
7455:
7446:
7445:
7443:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7425:Sint Eustatius
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7370:Cayman Islands
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7341:
7339:
7334:
7331:
7330:
7328:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7211:
7209:
7205:
7204:
7199:
7198:
7191:
7184:
7176:
7168:
7167:
7128:
7091:
7057:
7020:
7005:. Sacramento:
6994:
6972:
6950:
6919:
6893:
6858:
6825:
6794:
6768:
6740:
6718:
6699:
6676:
6657:
6624:
6588:
6566:
6540:
6518:
6485:
6448:
6422:
6389:
6363:
6340:
6324:
6302:
6272:
6253:
6234:
6191:
6172:
6153:
6134:
6108:
6086:
6064:
6045:
6034:
6022:
5994:
5977:whitehouse.gov
5959:
5937:whitehouse.gov
5923:
5895:
5869:
5850:
5831:
5808:
5794:
5781:New York Times
5766:
5753:The New Yorker
5735:
5713:
5694:
5675:
5644:
5625:
5606:
5582:
5556:
5538:
5517:
5486:
5449:
5427:whitehouse.gov
5413:
5395:
5372:
5342:
5319:
5287:
5258:
5231:
5204:
5172:
5150:
5116:
5089:
5062:
5035:
5008:
4981:
4954:
4927:
4886:
4857:
4826:
4799:
4758:
4727:
4700:
4674:
4649:
4640:|journal=
4613:
4577:
4547:
4510:
4479:
4453:
4423:
4387:
4353:
4319:
4283:
4246:
4209:
4182:
4156:
4129:
4103:
4070:
4039:
4012:Health Affairs
3998:
3968:
3930:
3921:
3912:|journal=
3870:
3851:
3844:
3822:
3813:|journal=
3766:
3759:
3734:
3727:
3702:
3683:
3661:
3642:
3633:|journal=
3591:
3568:
3550:
3499:
3455:
3417:
3408:|journal=
3361:
3352:|journal=
3310:
3291:
3272:
3263:|journal=
3221:
3212:
3193:
3184:|journal=
3137:
3123:
3104:
3097:
3079:
3061:
3042:
3033:|journal=
2991:
2948:
2934:
2925:
2918:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2849:
2842:
2824:
2817:
2799:
2785:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2750:
2705:
2698:
2673:
2662:(4): 489–504.
2646:
2626:
2612:
2605:
2578:
2571:
2551:
2538:10.1086/641182
2516:
2503:
2488:
2470:
2453:"Veto message"
2443:
2422:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2345:
2342:
2328:In July 2009,
2248:
2245:
2241:Hyde Amendment
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2102:
2099:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
1940:111th Congress
1900:
1897:
1844:New York Times
1838:The New Yorker
1666:
1663:
1623:Wendell Potter
1584:New York Times
1551:
1550:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1514:Main article:
1511:
1508:
1453:Main article:
1450:
1447:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1336:As president,
1320:(AMA) and the
1312:In fact, many
1285:
1282:
1250:
1247:
1230:
1227:
985:Walter Reuther
899:
896:
868:
865:
863:
860:
848:Harold Stassen
831:. In 1951 the
755:defending his
744:
741:
713:Woodrow Wilson
687:
684:
650:social welfare
629:
626:
589:
586:
584:
581:
558:
557:
555:
554:
547:
540:
532:
529:
528:
504:
503:
500:
499:
497:Global payment
494:
489:
484:
478:
475:
474:
471:
470:
467:
466:
461:
456:
455:
454:
444:
439:
434:
429:
423:
420:
419:
416:
415:
412:
411:
406:
401:
396:
394:Public opinion
391:
385:
382:
381:
378:
377:
374:
373:
366:
359:
358:
357:Latest enacted
354:
353:
347:
341:
335:
328:
327:
323:
322:
316:
310:
303:
302:
298:
297:
291:
285:
279:
272:
271:
265:
264:
260:
257:
256:
253:
252:
251:
250:
245:
237:
236:
226:
225:
211:
210:
193:
192:
173:
171:
164:
157:
156:
139:September 2009
71:
69:
62:
57:
31:
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10187:
10176:
10173:
10171:
10168:
10166:
10163:
10161:
10158:
10157:
10155:
10140:
10137:
10135:
10132:
10131:
10126:
10122:
10119:
10115:
10114:
10110:
10096:
10093:
10091:
10088:
10086:
10083:
10079:
10076:
10075:
10074:
10071:
10067:
10064:
10063:
10062:
10059:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10030:
10027:
10025:
10022:
10021:
10020:
10017:
10015:
10014:Energy policy
10012:
10008:
10005:
10003:
10000:
9998:
9995:
9993:
9990:
9988:
9985:
9983:
9980:
9978:
9975:
9973:
9970:
9969:
9968:
9965:
9963:
9960:
9956:
9955:incarceration
9953:
9952:
9951:
9948:
9946:
9943:
9942:
9940:
9936:
9930:
9927:
9925:
9922:
9920:
9917:
9915:
9912:
9910:
9907:
9905:
9902:
9900:
9897:
9895:
9892:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9882:
9878:
9875:
9873:
9870:
9868:
9865:
9864:
9863:
9860:
9856:
9853:
9851:
9848:
9846:
9843:
9841:
9840:Prenatal care
9838:
9836:
9835:Birth control
9833:
9831:
9828:
9827:
9826:
9823:
9821:
9818:
9817:
9815:
9813:
9809:
9803:
9800:
9798:
9795:
9793:
9790:
9788:
9785:
9783:
9780:
9778:
9775:
9773:
9772:Homeownership
9770:
9768:
9765:
9763:
9760:
9758:
9755:
9753:
9750:
9749:
9747:
9745:
9741:
9735:
9732:
9730:
9727:
9725:
9722:
9720:
9717:
9715:
9712:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9702:
9700:
9697:
9695:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9685:
9682:
9680:
9677:
9675:
9672:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9649:
9648:
9645:
9643:
9640:
9638:
9635:
9633:
9630:
9626:
9623:
9621:
9618:
9616:
9613:
9611:
9608:
9606:
9603:
9602:
9601:
9598:
9596:
9593:
9589:
9586:
9584:
9581:
9579:
9576:
9575:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9566:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9556:
9552:
9549:
9548:
9547:
9544:
9542:
9539:
9535:
9532:
9531:
9530:
9527:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9517:
9513:
9510:
9508:
9505:
9504:
9503:
9500:
9496:
9495:working class
9493:
9491:
9488:
9486:
9483:
9481:
9478:
9476:
9473:
9471:
9468:
9466:
9463:
9461:
9458:
9456:
9455:homeownership
9453:
9451:
9448:
9446:
9443:
9442:
9441:
9438:
9436:
9433:
9431:
9428:
9426:
9423:
9421:
9418:
9416:
9413:
9411:
9408:
9406:
9403:
9402:
9400:
9398:
9394:
9390:
9387:
9385:
9381:
9371:
9368:
9366:
9363:
9361:
9358:
9356:
9353:
9351:
9348:
9346:
9343:
9341:
9338:
9337:
9335:
9333:
9329:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9298:
9295:
9293:
9290:
9288:
9285:
9283:
9280:
9278:
9275:
9273:
9270:
9268:
9265:
9261:
9258:
9256:
9253:
9251:
9248:
9246:
9243:
9241:
9238:
9236:
9235:Manufacturing
9233:
9231:
9228:
9226:
9223:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9202:
9201:
9198:
9197:
9194:
9191:
9189:
9185:
9171:
9168:
9164:
9163:Third parties
9161:
9159:
9156:
9154:
9151:
9150:
9149:
9146:
9142:
9139:
9137:
9134:
9132:
9129:
9128:
9127:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9115:
9112:
9111:
9110:
9107:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9095:
9094:
9093:
9090:
9088:
9085:
9084:
9081:
9069:
9066:
9065:
9064:
9061:
9060:
9058:
9056:
9052:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9037:
9035:
9033:
9029:
9023:
9020:
9018:
9015:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8978:
8975:
8974:
8972:
8968:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8954:
8952:
8949:
8947:
8944:
8943:
8941:
8939:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8926:
8920:
8917:
8913:
8910:
8909:
8908:
8905:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8887:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8877:
8875:
8873:
8869:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8840:
8838:
8836:
8832:
8824:
8821:
8820:
8819:
8816:
8812:
8809:
8808:
8807:
8804:
8803:
8801:
8799:
8795:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8780:
8778:
8776:
8772:
8764:
8761:
8760:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8717:
8714:
8713:
8712:
8709:
8705:
8702:
8701:
8700:
8697:
8696:
8694:
8692:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8677:
8672:
8668:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8618:
8616:
8613:
8612:
8611:
8608:
8607:
8605:
8603:
8599:
8593:
8590:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8568:
8567:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8554:
8551:
8550:
8549:
8546:
8545:
8543:
8541:
8537:
8531:
8530:U.S. attorney
8528:
8526:
8523:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8510:
8509:
8505:
8502:
8498:
8495:
8494:
8493:
8490:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8475:Chief Justice
8473:
8472:
8471:
8470:Supreme Court
8468:
8467:
8465:
8463:
8459:
8453:
8450:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8412:
8411:
8408:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8395:
8394:
8391:
8390:
8388:
8386:
8382:
8376:
8375:Public policy
8373:
8371:
8370:Civil service
8368:
8366:
8363:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8315:
8314:
8311:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8288:
8287:
8284:
8282:
8279:
8277:
8274:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8251:
8250:
8247:
8246:
8244:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8231:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8218:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8152:
8151:
8147:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8059:
8058:
8055:
8051:
8048:
8047:
8046:
8043:
8039:
8038:Sierra Nevada
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8015:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7976:insular zones
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7948:
7947:
7944:
7943:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7931:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7882:
7880:
7876:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7849:
7848:
7847:War on Terror
7845:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7827:LGBT Movement
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7796:
7793:
7792:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7745:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7675:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7653:
7652:
7649:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7636:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7579:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7569:
7567:
7563:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7503:
7501:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7488:
7483:
7482:United States
7476:
7471:
7469:
7464:
7462:
7457:
7456:
7453:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7342:
7340:
7332:
7326:
7325:United States
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7212:
7210:
7206:
7197:
7192:
7190:
7185:
7183:
7178:
7177:
7174:
7152:
7148:
7141:
7135:
7133:
7113:
7109:
7102:
7095:
7079:
7075:
7071:
7067:
7061:
7045:
7041:
7037:
7033:
7027:
7025:
7008:
7004:
6998:
6982:
6976:
6960:
6954:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6923:
6908:
6904:
6897:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6869:
6862:
6851:September 18,
6846:
6842:
6838:
6832:
6830:
6813:
6809:
6805:
6798:
6783:
6779:
6772:
6757:
6756:
6751:
6744:
6728:
6722:
6714:
6710:
6703:
6696:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6680:
6672:
6668:
6661:
6650:September 22,
6645:
6641:
6640:
6635:
6628:
6617:September 22,
6612:
6608:
6607:
6602:
6595:
6593:
6584:
6580:
6573:
6571:
6555:
6551:
6544:
6528:
6522:
6507:
6506:
6501:
6494:
6492:
6490:
6474:
6473:
6468:
6464:
6457:
6455:
6453:
6444:
6440:
6433:
6431:
6429:
6427:
6415:September 22,
6410:
6406:
6405:
6400:
6393:
6377:
6373:
6367:
6351:
6344:
6337:
6333:
6328:
6313:. U.S. Senate
6312:
6306:
6290:
6286:
6276:
6268:
6264:
6257:
6249:
6245:
6238:
6230:
6226:
6218:
6214:
6206:
6202:
6195:
6187:
6183:
6176:
6168:
6164:
6157:
6149:
6145:
6138:
6122:
6118:
6112:
6104:
6100:
6093:
6091:
6082:
6078:
6071:
6069:
6060:
6056:
6049:
6043:
6038:
6031:
6026:
6011:
6010:
6005:
5998:
5990:
5983:September 10,
5979:
5978:
5973:
5969:
5963:
5955:
5943:
5939:
5938:
5933:
5927:
5912:
5911:
5906:
5899:
5883:
5879:
5873:
5865:
5861:
5854:
5846:
5842:
5835:
5819:
5812:
5804:
5798:
5783:
5782:
5777:
5770:
5755:
5754:
5749:
5745:
5739:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5717:
5709:
5705:
5698:
5690:
5686:
5679:
5671:
5667:
5659:
5655:
5648:
5640:
5636:
5629:
5621:
5617:
5610:
5602:
5598:
5591:
5589:
5587:
5570:
5566:
5560:
5552:
5548:
5542:
5527:
5521:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5490:
5474:
5470:
5464:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5456:
5454:
5445:
5433:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5417:
5409:
5405:
5399:
5384:. FOXNews.com
5383:
5376:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5346:
5330:
5323:
5307:
5303:
5302:
5297:
5291:
5276:
5272:
5265:
5263:
5246:
5242:
5235:
5219:
5215:
5208:
5189:
5182:
5176:
5160:
5154:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5120:
5104:
5100:
5093:
5078:. p. A21
5077:
5073:
5066:
5050:
5046:
5039:
5023:
5019:
5012:
4996:
4992:
4985:
4969:
4965:
4958:
4942:
4938:
4931:
4912:
4908:
4901:
4895:
4893:
4891:
4875:
4871:
4864:
4862:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4830:
4814:
4810:
4803:
4795:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4762:
4751:September 29,
4746:
4742:
4738:
4731:
4720:September 29,
4716:. p. A12
4715:
4711:
4704:
4689:
4685:
4678:
4663:
4659:
4653:
4645:
4632:
4624:
4617:
4598:
4594:
4587:
4581:
4565:
4558:
4551:
4532:
4528:
4521:
4514:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4483:
4467:
4463:
4457:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4427:
4408:
4404:
4397:
4391:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4357:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4323:
4304:
4300:
4293:
4287:
4268:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4231:
4227:
4220:
4213:
4197:
4193:
4186:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4145:. p. A18
4144:
4140:
4133:
4117:
4113:
4107:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4077:
4075:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4043:
4035:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4002:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3972:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3934:
3925:
3917:
3905:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3874:
3867:. p. E5.
3866:
3862:
3855:
3847:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3826:
3818:
3806:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3762:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3741:
3739:
3730:
3724:
3720:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3699:. p. 25.
3698:
3694:
3687:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3665:
3658:. p. 34.
3657:
3653:
3646:
3638:
3626:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3595:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3572:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3515:(2): 305–33.
3514:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3421:
3413:
3401:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3357:
3345:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3314:
3307:. p. 23.
3306:
3302:
3295:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3268:
3256:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3225:
3216:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3189:
3177:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3133:
3127:
3120:. p. 33.
3119:
3115:
3108:
3100:
3094:
3090:
3083:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3038:
3026:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2995:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2944:
2938:
2929:
2921:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2898:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2845:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2820:
2814:
2810:
2803:
2788:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2772:
2763:
2753:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2701:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2630:
2622:
2616:
2608:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2574:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2555:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2507:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2432:
2426:
2411:
2405:
2401:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2341:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2291:in 2000, and
2290:
2289:Massachusetts
2286:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2257:Massachusetts
2254:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2224:anti-abortion
2220:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2160:House Speaker
2157:
2154:
2150:
2141:
2111:
2107:
2098:
2096:
2095:supermajority
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2078:Massachusetts
2074:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2044:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1998:public option
1995:
1991:
1990:Joe Lieberman
1987:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1975:Senator Snowe
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1952:Arlen Specter
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1839:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1431:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1281:
1277:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1083:Charles Percy
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1055:Omar Burleson
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1039:Richard Nixon
1036:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
963:
962:HEW Secretary
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
908:
905:
895:
892:
887:
883:
879:
874:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
813:
809:
807:
802:
798:
794:
789:
787:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
758:
754:
749:
740:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
693:
692:Progressivism
683:
681:
677:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
580:
578:
574:
570:
565:
553:
548:
546:
541:
539:
534:
533:
531:
530:
527:
516:
506:
505:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
479:
473:
472:
465:
462:
460:
457:
453:
450:
449:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
424:
418:
417:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
386:
380:
379:
370:
367:
364:
361:
360:
356:
355:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
329:
325:
324:
320:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
304:
300:
299:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
277:
274:
273:
270:
267:
266:
262:
261:
255:
254:
249:
246:
244:
241:
240:
239:
238:
235:
233:United States
228:
227:
223:
219:
218:
215:
207:
204:
189:
177:
172:
163:
162:
153:
150:
142:
131:
128:
124:
121:
117:
114:
110:
107:
103:
100: –
99:
95:
94:Find sources:
88:
84:
78:
77:
72:This article
70:
66:
61:
60:
55:
53:
46:
45:
40:
39:
34:
29:
20:
19:
16:
10056:Human rights
10036:Gun politics
9987:Islamophobia
9977:antisemitism
9845:Hospice care
9787:Middle class
9767:Homelessness
9744:Social class
9704:Social class
9568:Human rights
9558:Homelessness
9470:middle class
9435:Demographics
9410:Architecture
9317:Unemployment
9297:Labor unions
9045:Town meeting
9022:City council
9017:City manager
8758:State police
8620:Marine Corps
8610:Armed Forces
8585:civil rights
8565:Constitution
8137:Southwestern
8132:Southeastern
8122:Northwestern
8117:Northeastern
8082:Mid-Atlantic
8072:Great Plains
7790:World War II
7673:Constitution
7577:Colonial era
7556:2008–present
7430:Sint Maarten
7410:Saint Martin
7158:. Retrieved
7151:the original
7145:. Hartford:
7119:. Retrieved
7112:the original
7106:. New York:
7094:
7082:. Retrieved
7078:the original
7069:
7060:
7048:. Retrieved
7044:the original
7035:
7011:. Retrieved
6997:
6985:. Retrieved
6975:
6963:. Retrieved
6953:
6941:. Retrieved
6937:the original
6922:
6910:. Retrieved
6896:
6884:. Retrieved
6880:the original
6875:
6871:
6861:
6849:. Retrieved
6845:the original
6816:. Retrieved
6812:the original
6806:. New York:
6797:
6785:. Retrieved
6781:
6771:
6759:. Retrieved
6753:
6743:
6731:. Retrieved
6721:
6712:
6702:
6687:
6679:
6670:
6660:
6648:. Retrieved
6644:the original
6637:
6627:
6615:. Retrieved
6611:the original
6604:
6582:
6557:. Retrieved
6553:
6543:
6531:. Retrieved
6521:
6509:. Retrieved
6503:
6476:. Retrieved
6470:
6442:
6413:. Retrieved
6409:the original
6402:
6392:
6380:. Retrieved
6376:the original
6366:
6354:. Retrieved
6343:
6335:
6327:
6315:. Retrieved
6305:
6293:. Retrieved
6275:
6266:
6256:
6247:
6237:
6228:
6216:
6204:
6194:
6185:
6175:
6166:
6156:
6147:
6137:
6125:. Retrieved
6120:
6111:
6102:
6080:
6058:
6048:
6037:
6025:
6013:. Retrieved
6007:
5997:
5987:– via
5981:. Retrieved
5975:
5962:
5952:– via
5946:. Retrieved
5935:
5926:
5914:. Retrieved
5908:
5898:
5886:. Retrieved
5882:the original
5872:
5863:
5853:
5844:
5834:
5822:. Retrieved
5811:
5797:
5785:. Retrieved
5779:
5769:
5757:. Retrieved
5751:
5738:
5729:
5716:
5707:
5697:
5688:
5678:
5669:
5657:
5647:
5638:
5628:
5619:
5609:
5600:
5573:. Retrieved
5569:the original
5559:
5551:the original
5541:
5531:November 23,
5529:. Retrieved
5520:
5508:. Retrieved
5504:the original
5489:
5477:. Retrieved
5472:
5442:– via
5436:. Retrieved
5425:
5416:
5407:
5398:
5386:. Retrieved
5375:
5365:September 1,
5363:. Retrieved
5355:
5345:
5333:. Retrieved
5322:
5312:September 1,
5310:. Retrieved
5299:
5290:
5278:. Retrieved
5275:Politico.com
5249:. Retrieved
5244:
5234:
5222:. Retrieved
5220:. Mesa, Ariz
5217:
5207:
5195:. Retrieved
5188:the original
5175:
5163:. Retrieved
5153:
5141:. Retrieved
5137:the original
5119:
5107:. Retrieved
5102:
5092:
5080:. Retrieved
5075:
5065:
5053:. Retrieved
5051:. p. A1
5048:
5038:
5026:. Retrieved
5021:
5011:
4999:. Retrieved
4997:. p. A4
4994:
4984:
4972:. Retrieved
4957:
4945:. Retrieved
4930:
4918:. Retrieved
4911:the original
4877:. Retrieved
4848:. Retrieved
4844:the original
4839:
4829:
4817:. Retrieved
4802:
4775:
4771:
4761:
4749:. Retrieved
4745:the original
4740:
4730:
4718:. Retrieved
4713:
4703:
4691:. Retrieved
4677:
4665:. Retrieved
4661:
4652:
4631:cite journal
4616:
4604:. Retrieved
4597:the original
4580:
4568:. Retrieved
4550:
4538:. Retrieved
4531:the original
4513:
4501:. Retrieved
4497:the original
4482:
4470:. Retrieved
4456:
4444:. Retrieved
4440:the original
4426:
4414:. Retrieved
4407:the original
4390:
4378:. Retrieved
4374:the original
4356:
4344:. Retrieved
4340:the original
4322:
4310:. Retrieved
4303:the original
4286:
4274:. Retrieved
4267:the original
4249:
4237:. Retrieved
4230:the original
4212:
4200:. Retrieved
4198:. p. A4
4195:
4185:
4173:. Retrieved
4168:
4159:
4147:. Retrieved
4142:
4132:
4120:. Retrieved
4106:
4094:. Retrieved
4090:the original
4061:. Retrieved
4057:the original
4042:
4018:(1): 40–48.
4015:
4011:
4001:
3989:. Retrieved
3985:the original
3981:Families USA
3971:
3959:. Retrieved
3947:
3943:
3933:
3924:
3879:
3873:
3864:
3854:
3835:
3825:
3780:
3750:
3718:
3696:
3686:
3678:the original
3673:
3664:
3655:
3645:
3600:
3594:
3586:the original
3581:
3571:
3562:
3553:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3488:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3450:
3433:(34): 2275.
3430:
3426:
3420:
3375:
3319:
3313:
3304:
3294:
3288:. p. 1.
3285:
3275:
3230:
3224:
3215:
3209:. p. 1.
3206:
3196:
3151:
3126:
3117:
3107:
3088:
3082:
3073:
3064:
3058:. p. 8.
3055:
3045:
3000:
2994:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2937:
2928:
2904:
2897:
2871:. Retrieved
2867:the original
2852:
2833:
2827:
2808:
2802:
2790:. Retrieved
2770:
2762:
2736:
2723:. Retrieved
2719:the original
2708:
2688:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2638:
2629:
2615:
2596:
2561:
2554:
2532:(1): 44–50.
2529:
2525:
2519:
2511:
2506:
2479:
2473:
2461:. Retrieved
2457:the original
2446:
2436:February 10,
2434:. Retrieved
2425:
2415:February 10,
2413:. Retrieved
2404:
2338:
2327:
2316:
2312:
2301:
2282:
2274:charity care
2250:
2221:
2176:
2163:Nancy Pelosi
2156:Rahm Emanuel
2146:
2109:
2075:
2055:cloture vote
2052:
2040:
2011:
1983:
1956:
1932:cloture vote
1925:
1923:committees.
1902:
1885:
1880:conservative
1873:
1862:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1829:
1817:
1767:argued that
1765:David Cutler
1754:
1718:
1674:
1635:astroturfing
1612:
1593:
1588:Paul Krugman
1581:
1568:
1552:
1535:medical home
1519:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1489:
1476:Barack Obama
1474:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1441:
1435:
1426:
1407:
1404:
1380:John Conyers
1377:
1370:
1354:
1335:
1302:
1294:Families USA
1288:In 2000 the
1287:
1278:
1258:
1232:
1218:
1214:
1210:Jimmy Carter
1199:
1176:
1161:
1134:
1122:Wilbur Mills
1111:
1095:Russell Long
1032:
1024:Melvin Laird
1005:
989:James Corman
965:Wilbur Cohen
934:Jacob Javits
926:cost sharing
904:single-payer
901:
870:
841:
817:Harry Truman
814:
810:
797:World War II
790:
762:
753:Harry Truman
737:
689:
673:
654:
642:Dorothea Dix
631:
628:19th century
591:
563:
561:
447:Single-payer
346:(2007, 2009)
242:
214:
199:
183:
175:
145:
136:
126:
119:
112:
105:
93:
81:Please help
76:verification
73:
49:
42:
36:
35:Please help
32:
15:
10061:Immigration
9992:LGBT rights
9894:Food safety
9729:Video games
9322:Wall Street
9302:Public debt
9205:Agriculture
9141:nationalism
8853:Uniform act
8775:Legislative
8682:Territorial
8640:Coast Guard
8635:Space Force
8385:Legislative
8180:Red (South)
8170:Mississippi
8092:New England
8028:Appalachian
7998:Earthquakes
7895:Discoveries
7890:Demographic
7832:Vietnam War
7775:World War I
7770:Imperialism
7720:Indian Wars
7695:War of 1812
7400:Puerto Rico
7310:Saint Lucia
7260:El Salvador
6931:. Chicago:
6559:January 12,
6463:Hulse, Carl
6127:January 12,
6030:U.S. Const.
5841:"Drug Deal"
5744:Klein, Ezra
5722:Hulse, Carl
5247:. Waco, Tex
4966:. Chicago:
4939:. Chicago:
4872:. Toronto:
4693:October 21,
4667:January 23,
4472:January 22,
4051:. Chicago:
3961:October 30,
3950:(31): 4–5.
2964:(1): 1–32.
2725:December 2,
2510:Jim Downs,
2330:Connecticut
2261:Connecticut
2228:Bart Stupak
2179:having lost
2082:Scott Brown
2080:Republican
2057:to end the
1785:free riding
1651:public-plan
1615:"Tea Party"
1487:insurance.
1478:called for
1465:John McCain
1361:George Bush
1359:, both the
1355:During the
1352:Americans.
1303:In 2001, a
1179:Gerald Ford
969:Ted Kennedy
862:1960s–1980s
743:1930s–1950s
686:1900s–1920s
427:Free market
372:(H.R. 4872)
365:(H.R. 3590)
352:(H.R. 3600)
315:(H.R. 3200)
309:(H.R. 3962)
258:Legislation
10154:Categories
10095:Xenophobia
9884:Disability
9825:Healthcare
9734:Visual art
9679:Philosophy
9625:television
9615:newspapers
9605:journalism
9595:Literature
9507:attainment
9158:Republican
9153:Democratic
9126:Ideologies
9087:Corruption
8652:NOAA Corps
8575:preemption
8570:federalism
8185:Rio Grande
8087:Midwestern
8067:West Coast
8062:East Coast
7905:Inventions
7817:Space Race
7812:Korean War
7795:home front
7730:Gilded Age
7395:Montserrat
7390:Martinique
7385:Guadeloupe
7240:Costa Rica
7013:October 1,
6317:January 9,
5388:August 27,
5335:August 27,
5280:August 28,
5251:August 27,
5224:August 27,
5197:August 18,
5165:August 17,
5143:August 17,
5109:August 17,
2873:October 7,
2396:References
2308:New Mexico
2285:California
2278:New Jersey
2209:filibuster
2171:California
2059:filibuster
1994:Ben Nelson
1948:Al Franken
1928:filibuster
1820:filibuster
1669:See also:
1621:executive
1365:John Kerry
1253:See also:
1071:Hugh Scott
846:candidate
793:Blue Cross
655:After the
604:under the
487:Capitation
301:Superseded
186:March 2017
109:newspapers
38:improve it
10078:Terrorism
9855:Rationing
9752:Affluence
9699:Sexuality
9667:Uncle Sam
9573:Languages
9502:Education
9445:affluence
9405:Americana
9332:Transport
9230:Insurance
9220:Companies
9200:By sector
9092:Elections
8733:Treasurer
8691:Executive
8630:Air Force
8602:Uniformed
8425:President
8242:Executive
8013:Mountains
7946:Territory
7934:Geography
7758:1954–1968
7753:1896–1954
7748:1865–1896
7710:Civil War
7551:1991–2008
7546:1980–1991
7541:1964–1980
7536:1945–1964
7531:1917–1945
7526:1865–1917
7521:1849–1865
7516:1815–1849
7511:1789–1815
7506:1776–1789
7499:By period
7380:Greenland
7295:Nicaragua
7270:Guatemala
7121:April 11,
6987:March 20,
6965:March 20,
6818:March 24,
6808:About.com
6787:March 24,
6761:March 23,
6511:March 23,
6478:March 23,
6356:April 19,
6295:April 26,
6248:USA Today
6015:March 24,
5948:March 24,
5510:March 24,
5479:March 22,
5438:March 24,
5331:. CNN.com
4346:March 21,
4122:March 11,
4096:April 17,
3956:1042-6841
3914:ignored (
3904:cite book
3888:0095-6007
3815:ignored (
3805:cite book
3789:0095-6007
3635:ignored (
3625:cite book
3609:0095-6007
3529:0361-6878
3477:0091-3685
3439:0010-5910
3410:ignored (
3400:cite book
3384:0095-6007
3354:ignored (
3344:cite book
3328:0095-6007
3265:ignored (
3255:cite book
3239:0095-6007
3186:ignored (
3176:cite book
3160:0095-6007
3035:ignored (
3025:cite book
3009:0095-6007
2546:145428238
2463:March 22,
2287:in 1994,
2253:Minnesota
1979:Paul Kirk
1865:lobbyists
1659:Ben Smith
1392:Ron Wyden
1333:in 2002.
1187:Al Ullman
907:universal
821:Fair Deal
763:With the
757:Fair Deal
464:Universal
404:Rationing
321:(S. 1796)
263:Preceding
44:talk page
10134:Category
9830:Abortion
9694:Religion
9652:Columbia
9610:internet
9546:Holidays
9541:Folklore
9512:literacy
9450:eviction
9340:Aviation
9312:Taxation
9267:Currency
9260:by state
9170:Scandals
9040:Township
8798:Judicial
8699:Governor
8462:Judicial
8348:Marshals
8221:Politics
8175:Missouri
8165:Columbia
8160:Colorado
8155:Arkansas
8148:Longest
8127:Southern
8112:Northern
7956:counties
7910:Military
7900:Economic
7878:By topic
7857:Iraq War
7807:Cold War
7565:By event
7345:Anguilla
7280:Honduras
7250:Dominica
7225:Barbados
7160:July 21,
6943:July 28,
6912:July 28,
6755:ABC News
6733:April 9,
6533:June 29,
6505:Politico
6382:April 9,
6289:Fox News
6186:Politico
5942:Archived
5916:April 9,
5888:April 1,
5824:April 9,
5759:June 19,
5575:April 1,
5432:Archived
5301:PR Watch
5082:June 23,
5055:June 22,
5028:June 22,
5001:June 22,
4974:June 22,
4947:June 22,
4920:June 22,
4850:June 16,
4819:April 2,
4794:18974307
4606:June 26,
4570:April 2,
4540:April 2,
4503:April 2,
4446:June 19,
4416:June 19,
4312:June 19,
4276:June 26,
4239:June 26,
4202:June 26,
4175:June 26,
4149:June 26,
4063:June 19,
4034:11194859
3991:June 19,
3545:10321359
2640:NBC News
2344:See also
2334:SustiNet
2276:scheme;
2269:SustiNet
2232:abortion
2048:Medicaid
1936:60 votes
1689:Illinois
1683:Senator
1681:New York
1655:mandates
1604:NBC News
1463:Senator
1350:disabled
1331:Congress
1296:and the
1116:and the
1047:Medicare
1043:Medicaid
946:Medicare
886:Medicaid
882:Medicare
676:New Deal
459:Two-tier
326:Proposed
222:a series
10118:Outline
10066:illegal
10051:Smoking
9914:Obesity
9797:Poverty
9719:Theater
9709:Society
9563:Housing
9524:Fashion
9480:poverty
9425:Cuisine
9397:Culture
9384:Society
9345:Driving
9272:Exports
9250:Tourism
9210:Banking
9188:Economy
9148:Parties
8992:Charter
8956:Sheriff
8403:Speaker
8271:Cabinet
8234:Federal
8142:Western
8107:Eastern
8102:Central
8097:Pacific
8057:Regions
8008:Islands
7491:History
7375:Curaçao
7360:Bonaire
7355:Bermuda
7285:Jamaica
7265:Grenada
7220:Bahamas
7084:May 21,
7050:May 21,
6886:July 1,
5787:July 2,
5473:Reuters
3896:1564784
3797:1564784
3617:1564784
3537:2115780
3485:1788276
3447:2103060
3392:1564784
3336:1564784
3247:1564784
3168:1564784
3017:1564784
2986:4579461
2978:3349608
2792:May 31,
1921:Finance
1783:and/or
1775:and an
1698:subsidy
1625:of the
1346:elderly
1145:AFL–CIO
930:AFL–CIO
871:In the
638:asylums
618:Norfolk
614:Newport
421:Systems
383:Reforms
243:History
176:updated
123:scholar
10139:Portal
10046:Hunger
9997:racism
9938:Issues
9812:Health
9714:Sports
9674:People
9519:Family
9490:wealth
9415:Cinema
9240:Mining
9225:Energy
8970:Cities
8938:County
8872:Tribal
8410:Senate
8254:powers
8150:rivers
8023:ranges
7991:states
7915:Postal
7300:Panama
7290:Mexico
7235:Canada
7230:Belize
5308:. 2008
5131:.com (
4879:May 7,
4815:(AHIP)
4792:
4566:(AHIP)
4380:May 5,
4366:THOMAS
4332:THOMAS
4118:. 2006
4032:
3954:
3894:
3886:
3842:
3795:
3787:
3757:
3725:
3615:
3607:
3543:
3535:
3527:
3483:
3475:
3445:
3437:
3390:
3382:
3334:
3326:
3245:
3237:
3166:
3158:
3095:
3015:
3007:
2984:
2976:
2916:
2910:161–68
2840:
2815:
2783:
2748:
2696:
2668:397839
2666:
2603:
2569:
2544:
2498:251005
2496:
2486:
2293:Oregon
2167:Anthem
2132:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
1969:, and
1917:Health
1899:Senate
1748:, and
1442:growth
1400:Senate
1267:. The
1081:) and
620:; and
610:Boston
575:, and
334:(2017)
296:(2005)
290:(2003)
284:(1996)
278:(1986)
276:EMTALA
248:Debate
125:
118:
111:
104:
96:
10125:Index
9950:Crime
9820:Aging
9637:Names
9632:Music
9620:radio
9600:Media
9430:Dance
9420:Crime
9255:Trade
9012:Mayor
8961:Clerk
8929:Local
8671:State
8190:Yukon
8033:Rocky
8018:peaks
7350:Aruba
7275:Haiti
7154:(PDF)
7143:(PDF)
7115:(PDF)
7104:(PDF)
6695:15599
6283:'
5820:. NPR
5191:(PDF)
5184:(PDF)
4914:(PDF)
4903:(PDF)
4600:(PDF)
4589:(PDF)
4560:(PDF)
4534:(PDF)
4523:(PDF)
4410:(PDF)
4399:(PDF)
4306:(PDF)
4295:(PDF)
4270:(PDF)
4259:(PDF)
4233:(PDF)
4222:(PDF)
2974:JSTOR
2742:96–97
2542:S2CID
2304:Texas
2101:House
1755:With
1639:CIGNA
1229:1980s
898:1970s
867:1960s
294:PSQIA
282:HIPAA
130:JSTOR
116:books
9689:Race
9534:list
9529:Flag
9068:list
8912:list
8823:list
8763:list
8716:list
8704:list
8680:and
8625:Navy
8615:Army
8485:list
8197:Time
8077:Gulf
7420:Saba
7245:Cuba
7162:2009
7123:2008
7086:2008
7052:2008
7015:2008
6989:2007
6967:2007
6945:2007
6914:2007
6888:2009
6853:2009
6841:AARP
6820:2008
6789:2010
6763:2010
6735:2012
6652:2013
6619:2013
6561:2012
6535:2012
6513:2010
6480:2010
6417:2013
6384:2012
6358:2012
6319:2012
6297:2010
6129:2012
6017:2010
5985:2009
5950:2010
5918:2010
5890:2012
5826:2012
5789:2012
5761:2012
5577:2012
5533:2010
5512:2010
5481:2010
5440:2010
5390:2009
5367:2009
5337:2009
5314:2009
5282:2009
5253:2009
5226:2009
5199:2009
5167:2009
5145:2009
5129:KKTV
5111:2009
5084:2009
5057:2009
5030:2009
5003:2009
4976:2009
4949:2009
4922:2009
4881:2009
4852:2009
4821:2009
4790:PMID
4753:2008
4722:2009
4695:2008
4669:2017
4644:help
4608:2009
4572:2009
4542:2009
4505:2009
4474:2009
4466:OECD
4448:2009
4418:2009
4382:2008
4348:2008
4314:2009
4278:2009
4241:2009
4204:2009
4177:2009
4151:2009
4124:2006
4098:2008
4065:2009
4030:PMID
3993:2009
3963:2010
3952:ISSN
3916:help
3892:OCLC
3884:ISSN
3840:ISBN
3817:help
3793:OCLC
3785:ISSN
3755:ISBN
3723:ISBN
3637:help
3613:OCLC
3605:ISSN
3541:PMID
3533:OCLC
3525:ISSN
3481:OCLC
3473:ISSN
3443:OCLC
3435:ISSN
3412:help
3388:OCLC
3380:ISSN
3356:help
3332:OCLC
3324:ISSN
3267:help
3243:OCLC
3235:ISSN
3188:help
3164:OCLC
3156:ISSN
3093:ISBN
3037:help
3013:OCLC
3005:ISSN
2982:PMID
2914:ISBN
2875:2009
2838:ISBN
2813:ISBN
2794:2009
2781:ISBN
2779:–6.
2746:ISBN
2727:2011
2694:ISBN
2664:PMID
2601:ISBN
2567:ISBN
2494:OCLC
2484:ISBN
2465:2010
2438:2019
2417:2019
2259:and
2071:AARP
2069:and
1919:and
1831:out.
1811:and
1763:and
1363:and
1348:and
1338:Bush
1233:The
884:and
577:2020
573:2016
569:2008
562:The
102:news
9588:ASL
8835:Law
8540:Law
8358:TSA
8343:ICE
8338:FBI
8333:DEA
8323:CBP
8318:ATF
7639:War
5360:NPR
5133:CBS
4780:doi
4776:359
4020:doi
3517:doi
2966:doi
2534:doi
2325:).
2169:in
2067:AMA
1026:as
833:IRS
85:by
10156::
7131:^
7068:.
7034:.
7023:^
6876:18
6874:.
6870:.
6828:^
6780:.
6752:.
6711:.
6692:FR
6669:.
6636:.
6603:.
6591:^
6581:.
6569:^
6552:.
6502:.
6488:^
6469:.
6451:^
6441:.
6425:^
6401:.
6334:.
6287:.
6265:.
6246:.
6227:.
6215:.
6203:.
6184:.
6165:.
6146:.
6119:.
6101:.
6089:^
6079:.
6067:^
6057:.
6006:.
5974:.
5934:.
5907:.
5862:.
5843:.
5778:.
5750:.
5728:.
5706:.
5687:.
5668:.
5656:.
5637:.
5618:.
5599:.
5585:^
5498:.
5471:.
5452:^
5424:.
5406:.
5358:.
5354:.
5298:.
5261:^
5243:.
5216:.
5101:.
5074:.
5047:.
5020:.
4993:.
4889:^
4860:^
4838:.
4788:.
4774:.
4770:.
4739:.
4712:.
4660:.
4635::
4633:}}
4629:{{
4194:.
4167:.
4141:.
4073:^
4028:.
4016:20
4014:.
4010:.
3948:98
3946:.
3942:.
3908::
3906:}}
3902:{{
3890:.
3863:.
3834:.
3809::
3807:}}
3803:{{
3791:.
3769:^
3749:.
3737:^
3705:^
3695:.
3672:.
3654:.
3629::
3627:}}
3623:{{
3611:.
3580:.
3561:,
3539:.
3531:.
3523:.
3513:24
3511:.
3487:.
3479:.
3467:.
3449:.
3441:.
3431:32
3429:.
3404::
3402:}}
3398:{{
3386:.
3364:^
3348::
3346:}}
3342:{{
3330:.
3303:.
3284:.
3259::
3257:}}
3253:{{
3241:.
3205:.
3180::
3178:}}
3174:{{
3162:.
3140:^
3116:.
3072:.
3054:.
3029::
3027:}}
3023:{{
3011:.
2980:.
2972:.
2962:51
2960:.
2912:.
2744:.
2676:^
2660:53
2658:.
2637:.
2581:^
2540:.
2530:36
2528:.
2492:.
2255:,
2181:a
2073:.
2004:.
1965:,
1961:,
1807:,
1803:,
1744:,
1740:,
1736:,
1732:,
1619:PR
1195:OR
1172:CT
1157:SD
1130:AR
1109:.
1103:LA
1091:IL
1079:PA
1063:TX
1020:MA
1010:,
997:CA
977:MA
958:NY
942:NY
922:MI
808:.
682:.
671:.
616:;
612:;
571:,
224:on
47:.
8678:,
8673:,
8506:/
7474:e
7467:t
7460:v
7195:e
7188:t
7181:v
7164:.
7125:.
7088:.
7054:.
7017:.
6991:.
6969:.
6947:.
6916:.
6890:.
6855:.
6822:.
6791:.
6765:.
6737:.
6715:.
6673:.
6654:.
6621:.
6585:.
6563:.
6537:.
6515:.
6482:.
6445:.
6419:.
6386:.
6360:.
6338:.
6321:.
6299:.
6281:"
6269:.
6250:.
6231:.
6219:.
6207:.
6188:.
6169:.
6150:.
6131:.
6105:.
6083:.
6061:.
6019:.
5991:.
5956:.
5920:.
5892:.
5866:.
5847:.
5828:.
5791:.
5763:.
5732:.
5710:.
5691:.
5672:.
5660:.
5641:.
5622:.
5603:.
5579:.
5535:.
5514:.
5483:.
5446:.
5392:.
5369:.
5339:.
5316:.
5284:.
5255:.
5228:.
5201:.
5169:.
5147:.
5113:.
5086:.
5059:.
5032:.
5005:.
4978:.
4951:.
4924:.
4883:.
4854:.
4823:.
4796:.
4782::
4755:.
4724:.
4697:.
4671:.
4646:)
4642:(
4625:.
4610:.
4574:.
4544:.
4507:.
4476:.
4450:.
4420:.
4384:.
4368:(
4350:.
4334:(
4316:.
4280:.
4243:.
4206:.
4179:.
4153:.
4126:.
4100:.
4067:.
4036:.
4022::
3995:.
3965:.
3918:)
3898:.
3848:.
3819:)
3799:.
3763:.
3731:.
3639:)
3619:.
3547:.
3519::
3469:6
3414:)
3394:.
3358:)
3338:.
3269:)
3249:.
3190:)
3170:.
3134:.
3101:.
3039:)
3019:.
2988:.
2968::
2945:.
2922:.
2877:.
2846:.
2821:.
2796:.
2777:5
2754:.
2729:.
2702:.
2670:.
2623:.
2609:.
2575:.
2548:.
2536::
2500:.
2467:.
2440:.
2419:.
1606:/
1193:-
1191:D
1189:(
1170:-
1168:D
1166:(
1155:-
1153:D
1151:(
1128:-
1126:D
1124:(
1101:-
1099:D
1097:(
1089:-
1087:R
1085:(
1077:-
1075:R
1073:(
1061:-
1059:D
1057:(
1018:-
1016:R
1014:(
995:-
993:D
991:(
975:-
973:D
971:(
956:-
954:R
952:(
940:-
938:R
936:(
920:-
918:D
916:(
551:e
544:t
537:v
206:)
200:(
188:)
184:(
178:.
152:)
146:(
141:)
137:(
127:·
120:·
113:·
106:·
79:.
54:)
50:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.