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more tolerant of the vagaries of their neighbours. We resolved to walk through France". Each day they enter a new town; but even while travelling, they spend time writing and reading. The journal comments on the people they meet, the countryside, and the current events that have shaped the environment. Some of what they see is beautiful and some is "barren and wretched". Percy sprains his ankle, which becomes an increasing problem—the group is forced to hire a carriage. By the time the trio reaches
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604:: "accounts of ruined castles, enchanting valleys, and sublime views". In fact, in "The English in Italy", Mary Shelley writes of the journey that "it was acting in a novel, being an incarnate romance". However, these romantic descriptions are often ambiguous. Often single sentences contain juxtapositions between "romance" and "reality": "Many villages, ruined by war, occupied the most romantic spots". She also references
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310:. She appended her initials to the works to indicate her authorship. As Moskal explains, "the unity of the 1817 volume as a volume was dissolved" to make way for a biography of Percy Shelley. After Percy Shelley drowned in 1822, his father forbade Mary Shelley from writing a memoir or biography of the poet. She therefore added significant biographical notices to the edited collections of his works. The 1840 version of
162:, Germany, and the Netherlands (which is referred to as "Holland"); however, they were forced to return to England due to financial considerations. The situation upon their return was fraught with complications: Mary had become pregnant with a child who would soon die, she and Percy now found themselves penniless, and, to Mary's genuine surprise, her father refused to have anything to do with her.
843:. However, the reviewer questions the authenticity of the work: "To us...the value of the book is considerably lessened by a strong suspicion that the dramatis personae are fictitious, and that the little adventures introduced for the purpose of giving life and interest to the narration, are the mere invention of the Author." He identifies passages that remind him of similar travel narratives by
645:. A travel narrative that reflects on topography, politics, society, aesthetics, and the author's personal feelings, it provided a model for Mary Shelley's work. Like her mother, Mary Shelley revealed her liberalism by boldly discussing politics; however, this political tone was unusual for travel works at the time and was considered inappropriate for women writers. Like Wollstonecraft's
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184:, and talking late into the night. Sitting around a log fire at Byron's villa, the company also amused themselves by reading German ghost stories, prompting Byron to suggest they each write their own supernatural tale. Mary Godwin began writing what she assumed would be a short story, but with Percy Shelley's encouragement and collaboration, she expanded this tale into her first novel,
465:, part of a literary tradition begun in the seventeenth century. Through the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries, Continental travel was considered educational: young, aristocratic gentlemen completed their studies by learning European languages abroad and visiting foreign courts. In the early seventeenth century, however, the emphasis shifted from
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Claire
Clairmont, Shelley feels free to make judgments of the scenes around her; Shelley writes that Claire "on looking at this scene...exclaimed, 'Oh! this is beautiful enough; let us live here.' This was her exclamation on every new scene, and as each surpassed the one before, she cried, 'I am glad we did not stay at Charenton, but let us live here'
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travellers run out of money. However, romance conventions briefly return during the trip down the Rhine. As Labbe argues, "it would appear that while seems to be industriously salting her narrative with romance in order, perhaps, to garner public approval, she also ... exposes the falsity of such a scheme."
151:. However, Mary and Percy soon began having secret rendezvous, despite the fact that Percy was already married. To Mary's dismay, her father disapproved of their extramarital affair and tried to thwart the relationship. On 28 July 1814, Mary and Percy secretly left for France, taking Mary's stepsister,
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embodies this new style of travel. It is a specifically
Romantic travel narrative because of its enthusiasm and the writers' desire to develop a sense of "taste". The travellers are open to new experiences, changing their itinerary frequently and using whatever vehicles they can find. For example, at
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and proceeds to Paris, they decide on a plan: "After talking over and rejecting many plans, we fixed on one eccentric enough, but which, from its romance, was very pleasing to us. In
England we could not have put it in execution without sustaining continual insult and impertinence: the French are far
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and any allusion to the novel would have signalled
Godwinian radicalism to readers at the time. It would also have suggested support for reform efforts in Spain, which was rebelling against Napoleon. The beginning of the journal is dominated by romance conventions, but this style disappears when the
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has four major types of changes according to Moskal: "(i) modernization and correction of spelling, punctuation and French (ii) self-distancing from the familial relationship with Claire
Clairmont (iii) a heightened sensitivity to national identity (iv) presentation of the travelers as a writing, as
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Nothing could be more entire than the ruin which these barbarians had spread as they advanced; perhaps they remembered Moscow and the destruction of the
Russian villages; but we were now in France, and the distress of the inhabitants, whose houses had been burned, their cattle killed, and all their
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The money we had brought with us from Paris was nearly exhausted, but we obtained about ÂŁ38. in silver upon discount from one of the bankers in the city, and with this we resolved to journey towards the lake of Uri, and seek in that romantic and interesting country some cottage where we might dwell
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Mont Blanc was before us, but it was covered with cloud; its base, furrowed with dreadful gaps, was seen above. Pinnacles of snow intolerably bright, part of the chain connected with Mont Blanc, shone through the clouds at intervals on high. I never knew—I never imagined what mountains were before.
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consists of three major sections: a journal, letters from Geneva, and the poem "Mont Blanc". It begins with a short preface, which claims "nothing can be more unpresuming than this little volume" and makes it clear that the couple in the narrative is married (although Mary and Percy were not at the
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The second section of the text consists of four "Letters written during a
Residence of Three Months in the Environs of Geneva, in the Summer of the Year 1816". The first two letters are signed "M" and the second two "S". The first two are attributed to Mary Shelley, but their origin is obscure. As
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begins with a "Preface", written by Percy
Shelley, followed by the journal section. The journal consists of edited entries from the joint diary that Percy and Mary Shelley kept during their 1814 trip to the Continent, specifically those from 28 July to 13 September 1814. Of the 8,500 words in the
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Here a small obelisk is erected to the glory of
Rousseau, and here (such is the mutability of human life) the magistrates, the successors of those who exiled him from his native country, were shot by the populace during that revolution, which his writing mainly contributed to mature, and which,
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However, as
Romanticist Jacqueline Labbe argues, Mary Shelley challenges the conventions of the Romantic travel narrative as well. For example, one reviewer wrote, "now and then a French phrase drops sweetly enough from fair mouth", and as Labbe explains, these phrases are supposed to lead the
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Not everything she encounters is beautiful, however, and she juxtaposes her distaste for the German working class with her delight with French servants. Although politically liberal, Mary Shelley is aesthetically repelled by the Germans and therefore excludes them. Unlike the non-discriminating
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became increasingly popular; travel to the Continent for Britain's elite was not only educational but also nationalistic. All aristocratic gentlemen took similar trips and visited similar sites, often devoted to developing an appreciation of Britain from abroad. The Grand Tour was celebrated as
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much more favourable: "The writer of this little volume, too, is a Lady, and writes like one, with ease, gracefulness, and vivacity. Above all, there is something truly delightful in the colour of her stockings; they are of the purest white, and much more becoming than the brightest blue." The
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forms. Moskal agrees with Reiman that the book was constructed to culminate in "Mont Blanc" and she notes that this was accomplished using a traditional hierarchy of genres—diary, letters, poem—a hierarchy that is gendered as Mary Shelley's writings are superseded by Percy's. However, these
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in 1815. The four letters from Geneva reflect obliquely on this event. As Moskal argues, "the Shelleys focus on the forms of sublimity and power that outlast Napoleon: the literary genius of Rousseau and the natural sublimity of Lake Geneva and Mont Blanc". Both Shelleys use their works in
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in July 1818. The reviewer was most impressed with the journal section, particularly its informality and concision: "the perusal of it rather produces the same effect as a smart walk before breakfast, in company with a lively friend who hates long stories". Covertly comparing the work to
549:". Shelley also compares herself positively to the French peasants who are unaware that Napoleon has been deposed. As scholar Angela Jones contends, "Shelley may be said to figure herself as a more knowledgeable, disinterested English outsider capable of rendering impartial judgment"—an
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While emphasising the ability of the human imagination to uncover truth through a study of nature, the poem also questions religious certainty. However, according to the poem only a privileged few are able to see nature as it truly is and reveal its secrets to the world.
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follow a similar course. As Moskal explains, "nature is troped as the repository of a sublimity, once incarnated in Napoleon, that will re-emerge in politics". The book is therefore not only a liberal political statement but also a Romantic celebration of nature.
473:, history, and culture. Detailed travel books, including personal travel narratives, began to be published and became popular in the eighteenth century: over 1,000 individual travel narratives and travel miscellanies were published between 1660 and 1800. The
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well as reading, circle". As a result of these changes, more of Percy Shelley’s writing was included in the 1840 version than in the 1817 version. In 1845, Mary Shelley published a one-volume edition with additional minor changes, based on the 1840 version.
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The third section of the text consists only of Percy's poem "Mont Blanc. Lines written in the vale of Chamouni"; it was the first and only publication of the poem in his lifetime. It has been argued by leading Percy Shelley scholar Donald Reiman that the
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undercut this Romantic image. The first describes the overturning of a boat and the drowning of its occupants; the second is a warning not to travel on foot through France, as Napoleon's army has just been disbanded and the women are in danger of rape.
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That is, the passages describing God in nature, experiences of terror and awe, the transportation of the soul, and particularly the feeling of being overwhelmed by the majesty of nature. For a detailed list of which sentences are copied verbatim, see
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a few months before the Shelleys arrived in Europe. Surveying the devastation caused by the Napoleonic Wars, Mary Shelley worries about how the British will handle Paris and grieves over the "ruin" brought to the small French town of
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Lives of people interested Mary Shelley and she recorded them, but she also recorded a great deal of the travellers’ own feelings, suggesting to the reader the appropriate reaction. For example, she wrote of the French town Nogent:
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educational travel when it involved exchanging scientific information with the intellectual elite, learning about other cultures, and preparing oneself to lead. However, it was condemned as trivial when the tourist simply purchased
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Mary, Percy, and Claire returned to England in September and on 30 December 1816 Percy and Mary married (two weeks after the death of Percy's first wife), healing the family rift. In March 1817, the Shelleys and Claire moved to
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In the summer of 1817, Mary Shelley started to assemble the couple's joint diary from their 1814 journey into a travel book. At what point she decided to include the letters from the 1816 Geneva trip and Percy Shelley's poem
66:". Apart from the poem, preface, and two letters, the text was primarily written and organised by Mary Shelley. In 1840 she revised the journal and the letters, republishing them in a collection of Percy Shelley's writings.
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explains, "politically pointed, these accolades underscore the link between the 1814 defeated enemy of Britain and the pre-Napoleon democratic spirit of the 1789 Revolution, a spirit the Shelleys wished to reactivate".
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but never identifies its narrators, describes Percy, Mary, and Claire's 1814 six-week tour across the Continent. It is divided by country: France, Switzerland, Germany, and the Netherlands. After the group arrives in
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wealth destroyed, has given a sting to my detestation of war, which none can feel who have not travelled through a country pillaged and wasted by this plague, which, in his pride, man inflicts upon his fellow.
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traditional gender-genre associations are undercut by the implicit acknowledgment of Mary Shelley as the primary author, with her journal giving the entire work its name and contributing the bulk of the text.
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is that of the travel narrative, its individual sections can be considered separately. The first journey is told as a "continuous, undated diary entry" while the second journey is told through epistolary and
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The four "Letters from Geneva" cover the period between May and July 1816, which the Shelleys spent at Lake Geneva and switch between the singular and plural first-person. Letters I, II, and IV describe the
804:, the co-publisher, went out of business in 1823, his inventory included 92 copies of the work. Still, Mary Shelley believed the work was successful, and when she proposed another travel narrative,
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blurs the line between private and public spheres by using intimate genres such as the journal and the letter, allowing Mary Shelley to present political opinions through personal anecdote and the
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in peace and solitude. Such were our dreams, which we should probably have realized, had it not been for the deficiency of that indispensable article money, which obliged us to return to England.
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in the 1980s that Mary Shelley's "other" works—her short stories, essays, reviews, dramas, biographies, travel narratives, and other novels—began to be recognised as literary achievements.
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Mary Godwin and Percy Shelley met and fell in love in 1814. Percy Shelley initially visited the Godwin household because he was interested in meeting his philosophical hero, Mary's father,
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received three major reviews, mostly favourable. However, the book did not sell well. Percy Shelley discovered in April or May 1820 that there were no profits to pay the printer and when
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History of a Six Weeks' Tour through a part of France, Switzerland, Germany, and Holland; with Letters Descriptive of a Sail Round the Lake of Geneva and of the Glaciers of Chamouni
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History of a Six Weeks' Tour through a part of France, Switzerland, Germany, and Holland; with Letters Descriptive of a Sail Round the Lake of Geneva and of the Glaciers of Chamouni
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are in Percy's words. When Mary turned to her own entries, however, she significantly revised them; according to Jeanne Moskal, the editor of the recent definitive edition of the
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travel narrative argue that the descriptions of Alpine scenes would have been familiar to early nineteenth-century audiences and they would not have expected a poetic climax.
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to contemporary readers. During the 1790s, Mary Shelley's father, William Godwin, connected his support for the French Revolution with the romance tradition, specifically
409:: "This journey has been on every account delightful, but most especially, because then I first knew the divine beauty of Rousseau's imagination, as it exhibits itself in
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The dotted line and red dots indicate towns visited on the 1814 European tour; the solid line and green dots indicate towns visited on the 1816 trip to Lake Geneva.
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received favourable reviews. In proposing another travel narrative to her publisher in 1843, Mary Shelley claimed "my 6 weeks tour brought me many compliments".
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is part of a liberal reaction to recent history: its trajectory begins with a survey of the devastation of the Napoleonic Wars and ends by celebrating the
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exudes spontaneity and enthusiasm; the authors demonstrate their desire to develop a sense of taste and distinguish themselves from those around them. The
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was recommending that travellers engage in "a moral and ethical study of men and manners" in addition to a scientific study of topography and geography.
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A new form of travel emerged—Romantic travel—which focused on developing "taste", rather than acquiring objects, and having "enthusiastic experiences".
362:, the cheapest mode of travel. Despite problems with unreliable boats and dangerous waters, they see some beautiful scenery before landing in England.
306:(1840). Although these works were not by her husband, she decided to include them because they were "part of his life", as she explained to her friend
198:. At Marlow, they entertained friends, worked hard at their writing, and often discussed politics. Early in the summer of 1817, Mary Shelley finished
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Jones, Angela D. (1994). "Lying Near the Truth: Mary Shelley Performs the Private". In Conger, Syndy M.; Frank, Frederick S.; O’Dea, Gregory (eds.).
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journal section, 1,150 are from Percy's entries and either copied verbatim or only slightly paraphrased. Almost all of the passages describing the
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such as William Godwin who scorned its aristocratic connections. Young Romantic writers criticised its lack of spontaneity; they celebrated
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reader to imagine a "beautiful heroine and her group passing easily from village to village". However, both French quotations in
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politics to nineteenth-century readers. However, the text's frank discussion of politics, including positive references to the
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notwithstanding the temporary bloodshed and injustice with which it was polluted, has produced enduring benefits to mankind.
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The journal begins with, as Moskal describes, a "view of Napoleon's shattered political power". He had just been exiled to
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283:." The third and fourth letters are composites of Mary's journal entry for 21 July and one of Percy's letters to Peacock.
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The immensity of these serial summits excited, when they suddenly burst upon the sight, a sentiment of extatic [
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in 1843, she wrote "my 6 weeks tour brought me many compliments". Her comments may have been self-interested, however.
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published a short review in January 1819; they found the first journey "hurried" but the second one better described.
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in 1816. Divided into three sections, the text consists of a journal, four letters, and Percy Shelley's poem "
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collectibles, acquired a "superficial social polish", and pursued fleeting sexual relationships. During the
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and the wife of famous Romantic poet Percy Bysshe Shelley. It was not until the 1970s, with the rise of
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Essays, Letters from Abroad, Translations and Fragments, by Percy Bysshe Shelley, Edited by Mrs. Shelley
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527:(1807), which depicts proper travel as "immediate, sensitive, and above all enthusiastic experience".
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Rieder, John (Winter 1981). "Shelley's 'Mont Blanc': Landscape and the Ideology of the Sacred Text".
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Moskal writes, "the obvious inference is that they are literary versions of lost private epistles to
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54:. Published anonymously in 1817, it describes two trips taken by Mary, Percy, and Mary's stepsister,
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Moskal, Jeanne (2000). "'To speak in Sanchean phrase': Cervantes and the Politics of Mary Shelley's
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in May 1818, which reviewed the book along with publisher Thomas Hookham's account of a Swiss tour,
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Labbe, Jacqueline M. (1992). "A Family Romance: Mary Wollstonecraft, Mary Godwin, and Travel".
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Mary Shelley also includes positive portrayals of the French people. As Mary Shelley scholar
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is arranged so as to lead up to "Mont Blanc". However, those who see the work as primarily a
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For most of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Mary Shelley was known as the author of
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was revised and republished as "Journal of a Six Weeks’ Tour" and "Letters from Geneva" in
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The violent storms were, it is now known, a repercussion of the volcanic eruption of
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wrote of the 1814 trip that "it was acting in a novel, being an incarnate romance". (
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The trio travelled for six weeks, from 28 July to 13 September 1814, through France,
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explains, "Shelley tends to remain on more neutral territory", such as the cult of
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In May 1816, Mary Godwin, Percy Shelley, and their second child travelled to
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Moskal, Jeanne (1996). "Introductory note". In Moskal, Jeanne (ed.).
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29:(1817), Thomas Hookham, Jr. and Charles and James Ollier, London.
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Colbert, Benjamin (1999). "Contemporary Notice of the Shelleys'
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inoculation in her travel letters. By 1742, critic and essayist
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of romance", as Labbe points out. Mary Shelley's allusions to
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with Claire Clairmont. They spent the summer months with the
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Nitchie, Elizabeth (Winter 1961). "Mary Shelley, Traveler".
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Wolfstein, The Murderer; or, The Secrets of a Robber's Cave
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The journal is also threaded through with elements of the
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Carl H. Pforzheimer Collection of Shelley and His Circle
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while on their 1814 tour, which subsequently influenced
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glacier were focal points of the Shelleys' 1816 journey.
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The Godwins and the Shelleys: The Biography of a Family
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Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific Men
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The second and most positive review was published by
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397:Letter III describes a tour around the environs of
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2002:
1898:
986:
423:Flows through the mind, and rolls its rapid waves,
2758:"The Haunting of Villa Diodati" (2020 TV episode)
2115:. Cambridge Companions to Literature. Cambridge:
3572:
2263:. London: T. Hookham, Jr. and C. and J. Ollier.
2001:Fludernik, Monika (5 November 2001). "Sublime".
1958:
1877:
1865:
872:(1817), the reviewer found the female writer of
500:Over the course of the eighteenth century, the
425:Now dark—now glittering—now reflecting gloom...
2944:Poetical Essay on the Existing State of Things
2251:
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1365:
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1341:
638:Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark
589:Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark
535:one point in the journal, Mary Shelley muses:
469:to empirical experience, such as knowledge of
209:
2835:
2521:
2090:The Novels and Selected Works of Mary Shelley
1967:(1993). "Introduction". In Fisch, Audrey A.;
2107:Moskal, Jeanne (2003). "Travel writing". In
2023:Iconoclastic Departures: Mary Shelley after
1901:Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley: An Introduction
829:A Walk through Switzerland in September 1816
427:Thus thou, ravine of Arve—dark, deep ravine—
81:of the work would have hinted at the text's
565:While the overarching generic category for
238:for publication while Percy was working on
3015:Posthumous Fragments of Margaret Nicholson
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2528:
2514:
481:spread to travel literature; for example,
107:
16:1817 book by Mary and Percy Bysshe Shelley
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641:(1796), written by Mary Shelley's mother
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631:One of the most important influences on
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429:Thou many-coloured, many-voiced vale...
344:The journal, which switches between the
328:
213:
206:, which was published in November 1817.
121:
58:: one across Europe in 1814, and one to
20:
2561:Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus
2289:The Prose Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley
2227:
2145:
2113:The Cambridge Companion to Mary Shelley
1923:
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972:The Prose Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley
927:
378:, Lake Geneva, and the glaciers around
187:Frankenstein: or, The Modern Prometheus
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393:] wonder, not unallied to madness.
176:, but, as Mary Shelley later wrote of
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960:was not published until January 1818.
602:medieval and Gothic romance tradition
401:and other places associated with the
3272:Wolfstein; or, The Mysterious Bandit
3168:Rosalind and Helen, A Modern Eclogue
3007:Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire
2030:Fairleigh Dickinson University Press
789:reviewer favoured the writer of the
485:included information she learned in
129:imbibed his radical philosophy from
3288:Zastrozzi, The Master of Discipline
13:
3152:Alastor, or The Spirit of Solitude
2407:
2189:The Johns Hopkins University Press
421:The everlasting universe of things
73:of the Romantic travel narrative,
14:
3612:
2447:
2384:Mary Shelley: Romance and Reality
3460:The Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley
2991:" (published posthumously, 1840)
2892:
2654:
2535:
2489:
2453:
346:first-person singular and plural
1977:The Other Mary Shelley: Beyond
1886:
963:
951:
699:and the third canto of Byron's
3389:Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet
3366:The Man Who Wrote Frankenstein
3105:One Word is Too Often Profaned
2981:A Philosophical View of Reform
2677:Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet
2610:The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck
2429:Johns Hopkins University Press
2389:Johns Hopkins University Press
1907:Johns Hopkins University Press
1878:Fisch, Mellor & Schor 1993
1866:Fisch, Mellor & Schor 1993
938:
857:Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine
318:
1:
3601:Works by Percy Bysshe Shelley
3540:The Haunting of Villa Diodati
2958:A Vindication of Natural Diet
2951:A Letter to Lord Ellenborough
2285:(1993). Murray, E. B. (ed.).
2270:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t22b8zr78
980:
948:in Indonesia the year before.
608:, but he was "famous for his
3314:Keats–Shelley Memorial House
3237:History of a Six Weeks' Tour
2966:History of a Six Weeks' Tour
2638:Rambles in Germany and Italy
2554:History of a Six Weeks' Tour
2496:History of a Six Weeks' Tour
2480:History of a Six Weeks' Tour
2469:History of a Six Weeks' Tour
2461:History of a Six Weeks' Tour
2417:History of a Six Weeks' Tour
1926:History of a Six Weeks' Tour
874:History of a Six Weeks' Tour
819:History of a Six Weeks' Tour
807:Rambles in Germany and Italy
798:History of a Six Weeks' Tour
781:History of a Six Weeks' Tour
766:
733:History of a Six Weeks’ Tour
683:History of a Six Weeks' Tour
651:History of a Six Weeks' Tour
633:History of a Six Weeks' Tour
594:History of a Six Weeks' Tour
567:History of a Six Weeks' Tour
559:History of a Six Weeks' Tour
532:History of a Six Weeks' Tour
459:History of a Six Weeks’ Tour
338:History of a Six Weeks' Tour
312:History of a Six Weeks' Tour
300:History of a Six Weeks' Tour
289:History of a Six Weeks' Tour
260:History of a Six Weeks' Tour
204:History of a Six Weeks' Tour
102:History of a Six Weeks' Tour
75:History of a Six Weeks' Tour
27:History of a Six Weeks' Tour
7:
3112:Music, When Soft Voices Die
3056:Hymn to Intellectual Beauty
2499:public domain audiobook at
915:
892:feminist literary criticism
735:to assess and evaluate the
210:Composition and publication
10:
3617:
2890:
2355:St Clair, William (1989).
2312:Smith, Johanna M. (1996).
2125:10.1017/CCOL0521809843.016
2117:Cambridge University Press
1928:: Two New Early Reviews".
1785:Shelley & Shelley 1817
1516:Shelley & Shelley 1817
1414:Shelley & Shelley 1817
1402:Shelley & Shelley 1817
1390:Shelley & Shelley 1817
1378:Shelley & Shelley 1817
1366:Shelley & Shelley 1817
1354:Shelley & Shelley 1817
1342:Shelley & Shelley 1817
702:Childe Harold's Pilgrimage
671:Napoleon Crossing the Alps
322:
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2984:(1819–20, published 1920)
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2543:
2425:Mary Shelley in Her Times
2423:; Curran, Stuart (eds.).
2011:The Literary Encyclopedia
922:Mary Shelley bibliography
660:
483:Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
178:the year without a summer
100:Although it sold poorly,
2976:" (1817, published 1832)
2937:The Necessity of Atheism
932:
726:and was defeated at the
438:
3586:Literary collaborations
3467:Shelley's Vegetarianism
2293:. Vol. I. Oxford:
2237:. London: John Murray.
2073:2027/mdp.39015067497654
2016:(subscription required)
1984:Oxford University Press
196:Marlow, Buckinghamshire
108:Biographical background
3581:1817 non-fiction books
3557:Shelley Memorial Award
794:
775:Comparing the liberal
764:
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597:
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226:
144:
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3596:Works by Mary Shelley
3492:Bride of Frankenstein
3474:Shelley: A Life Story
3423:Thomas Jefferson Hogg
3216:The Masque of Anarchy
2799:Thomas Jefferson Hogg
2794:John William Polidori
2283:Shelley, Percy Bysshe
2149:Keats-Shelley Journal
2057:Duke University Press
1931:Keats-Shelley Journal
774:
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479:Scientific Revolution
477:that was driving the
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418:
407:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
384:
332:
323:Further information:
250:and on 1 November in
217:
125:
112:Further information:
95:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
24:
3524:Rowing with the Wind
3443:Edward John Trelawny
3296:Zastrozzi, A Romance
3084:Ode to the West Wind
2851:Percy Bysshe Shelley
2775:Mounseer Nongtongpaw
2735:Rowing with the Wind
2671:Percy Bysshe Shelley
2340:. London: Cardinal.
2318:. New York: Twayne.
2119:. pp. 242–258.
928:Notes and references
817:The first review of
786:Blackwood's Magazine
127:Percy Bysshe Shelley
118:Percy Bysshe Shelley
52:Percy Bysshe Shelley
3542:" (2020 TV episode)
3438:Thomas Love Peacock
3360:authorship question
3227:Collaborations with
3208:The Triumph of Life
3160:The Revolt of Islam
2989:A Defence of Poetry
2683:Mary Wollstonecraft
2617:The Mortal Immortal
1751:, pp. 244–245.
1584:, pp. 221–222.
1428:, pp. 778–798.
1416:, pp. 175–176.
1404:, pp. 107–108.
1392:, pp. 151–152.
1317:, pp. 111–112.
1305:, pp. 105–106.
1230:, pp. 554–555.
1098:, pp. 176–177.
1086:, pp. 414–415.
1074:, pp. 151–163.
1050:, pp. 18, 118.
1038:, pp. 103–116.
1026:, pp. 364–373.
1014:, pp. 355–362.
824:The Eclectic Review
676:Jacques-Louis David
643:Mary Wollstonecraft
584:Mary Wollstonecraft
241:The Revolt of Islam
3401:Sir Bysshe Shelley
3350:Authorship debates
3200:The Witch of Atlas
3192:Julian and Maddalo
2999:Poetry collections
2874:Prometheus Unbound
2784:in popular culture
2431:. pp. 18–37.
2379:Sunstein, Emily W.
2032:. pp. 19–34.
1959:Fisch, Audrey A.;
795:
728:Battle of Waterloo
691:William Wordsworth
680:
598:
467:classical learning
456:
335:
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31:
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3331:Shelley's Cottage
3077:Love's Philosophy
2817:
2816:
2458:The full text of
2421:Bennett, Betty T.
2361:Faber & Faber
1986:. pp. 3–14.
1895:Bennett, Betty T.
1799:, pp. 27–28.
1673:, pp. 26–27.
1062:, pp. 30–31.
821:was published by
779:to the writer of
737:French Revolution
519:Madame de Staёl's
325:Mont Blanc (poem)
247:Morning Chronicle
136:Political Justice
87:French Revolution
79:romantic elements
3608:
3412:Claire Clairmont
3336:Shelley Memorial
3042:The Devil's Walk
3023:Posthumous Poems
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2844:
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2820:
2809:Frankenstein Day
2701:Claire Clairmont
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2474:Internet Archive
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2109:Schor, Esther H.
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1973:Schor, Esther H.
1965:Schor, Esther H.
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750:Betty T. Bennett
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463:travel narrative
452:Richard Rothwell
153:Claire Clairmont
69:Part of the new
56:Claire Clairmont
40:travel narrative
25:Title page from
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3419:(father-in-law)
3395:Timothy Shelley
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3325:Rising Universe
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3126:England in 1819
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2974:On Frankenstein
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2408:Further reading
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2295:Clarendon Press
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2197:10.2307/2872961
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2028:. Teaneck, NJ:
2015:
1994:
1969:Mellor, Anne K.
1961:Mellor, Anne K.
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1344:, p. iii.
1334:
1319:
1307:
1295:
1283:
1271:
1259:
1244:
1232:
1220:
1216:Fludernik 2001
1208:
1196:
1184:
1169:
1157:
1142:
1127:
1112:
1110:, p. 185.
1100:
1088:
1076:
1064:
1052:
1040:
1028:
1016:
1004:
984:
982:
979:
977:
976:
962:
950:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
925:
924:
917:
914:
910:Anne K. Mellor
880:Monthly Review
839:and the novel
802:Charles Ollier
768:
765:
662:
659:
495:Samuel Johnson
440:
437:
419:
320:
317:
211:
208:
149:William Godwin
131:William Godwin
109:
106:
89:and praise of
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3613:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3569:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3500:Bloody Poetry
3497:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3433:Thomas Medwin
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:(grandfather)
3402:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3341:Villa Diodati
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3225:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3176:Epipsychidion
3173:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2845:
2840:
2838:
2833:
2831:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2804:Villa Diodati
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2719:Bloody Poetry
2716:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2699:
2697:(half-sister)
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2633:
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2628:
2626:
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2621:
2618:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2577:
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2562:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2551:
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2548:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2519:
2517:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2475:
2472: at the
2471:
2470:
2466:
2464:at Wikisource
2463:
2462:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2440:
2438:9780801877339
2434:
2430:
2427:. Baltimore:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2400:
2398:0-8018-4218-2
2394:
2390:
2387:. Baltimore:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2370:0-571-15422-0
2366:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2347:0-7474-0318-X
2343:
2339:
2335:
2334:Spark, Muriel
2331:
2327:
2325:0-8057-7045-3
2321:
2317:
2316:
2310:
2306:
2304:0-19-812748-0
2300:
2296:
2291:
2290:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2253:Shelley, Mary
2250:
2246:
2244:0-7195-5711-9
2240:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2134:9780511998829
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2099:1-85196-076-7
2095:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2039:9780838636848
2035:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2012:
2007:
2006:
1999:
1995:
1993:9780195077407
1989:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1916:0-8018-5976-X
1912:
1908:
1905:. Baltimore:
1903:
1902:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1879:
1874:
1867:
1862:
1856:, p. 28.
1855:
1850:
1848:
1841:, p. 27.
1840:
1835:
1829:, p. 26.
1828:
1823:
1821:
1814:, p. 25.
1813:
1808:
1806:
1798:
1793:
1787:, p. 19.
1786:
1781:
1775:, p. 26.
1774:
1769:
1763:, p. 38.
1762:
1757:
1750:
1745:
1739:, p. 25.
1738:
1733:
1727:, p. 28.
1726:
1721:
1719:
1711:
1706:
1704:
1697:, p. 26.
1696:
1691:
1685:, p. 29.
1684:
1679:
1672:
1667:
1660:
1655:
1648:
1643:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1583:
1578:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1557:, p. 27.
1556:
1551:
1549:
1541:
1536:
1529:
1524:
1518:, p. 45.
1517:
1512:
1505:
1500:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1427:
1422:
1415:
1410:
1403:
1398:
1391:
1386:
1380:, p. 22.
1379:
1374:
1368:, p. 13.
1367:
1362:
1356:, p. iv.
1355:
1350:
1343:
1338:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1316:
1311:
1304:
1299:
1292:
1287:
1281:, p. 23.
1280:
1275:
1269:, p. 22.
1268:
1263:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1241:
1236:
1229:
1224:
1217:
1212:
1206:, p. 30.
1205:
1200:
1194:, p. 30.
1193:
1188:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1167:, p. 23.
1166:
1161:
1155:, p. 31.
1154:
1149:
1147:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1109:
1104:
1097:
1092:
1085:
1084:St Clair 1989
1080:
1073:
1068:
1061:
1056:
1049:
1048:Sunstein 1991
1044:
1037:
1032:
1025:
1024:St Clair 1989
1020:
1013:
1012:St Clair 1989
1008:
1001:
996:
994:
992:
990:
985:
973:
966:
959:
954:
947:
946:Mount Tambora
941:
937:
923:
920:
919:
913:
911:
907:
903:
902:
897:
893:
889:
884:
882:
881:
875:
871:
867:
864:
859:
858:
852:
850:
849:Ann Radcliffe
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
825:
820:
815:
813:
809:
808:
803:
799:
792:
788:
787:
782:
778:
773:
763:
758:
754:
751:
745:
740:
738:
734:
729:
725:
721:
717:
712:
707:
704:
703:
698:
697:
692:
688:
684:
677:
673:
672:
667:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
639:
634:
629:
626:
622:
618:
615:
611:
607:
603:
595:
591:
590:
585:
580:
576:
573:
568:
563:
560:
554:
552:
551:Enlightenment
541:
536:
533:
528:
526:
525:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
453:
449:
445:
436:
430:
417:
414:
412:
408:
404:
403:Enlightenment
400:
394:
392:
391:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
363:
361:
357:
352:
347:
342:
339:
331:
326:
316:
313:
309:
305:
301:
296:
294:
290:
284:
282:
281:T. L. Peacock
278:
272:
270:
266:
261:
257:
255:
254:
249:
248:
243:
242:
237:
233:
224:
220:
216:
207:
205:
201:
197:
191:
189:
188:
183:
179:
175:
172:
171:Romantic poet
168:
163:
161:
156:
155:, with them.
154:
150:
142:
141:Amelia Curran
138:
137:
132:
128:
124:
119:
115:
105:
103:
98:
96:
92:
91:Enlightenment
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
36:
28:
23:
19:
3591:Travel books
3567:
3532:Mary Shelley
3530:
3522:
3514:
3507:
3498:
3490:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3383:Mary Shelley
3364:
3358:Frankenstein
3357:
3323:
3294:
3286:
3278:
3270:
3251:
3243:
3236:
3235:
3229:Mary Shelley
3214:
3206:
3198:
3190:
3182:
3174:
3166:
3158:
3150:
3142:
3091:To a Skylark
3021:
3013:
3005:
2979:
2965:
2964:
2956:
2916:
2908:
2880:
2872:
2864:
2782:Frankenstein
2781:
2773:
2751:Mary Shelley
2750:
2742:
2734:
2726:
2717:
2703:(stepsister)
2643:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2608:
2603:The Last Man
2601:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2537:Mary Shelley
2495:
2478:
2468:
2460:
2424:
2416:
2383:
2356:
2338:Mary Shelley
2337:
2315:Mary Shelley
2314:
2288:
2273:– via
2260:
2234:Mary Shelley
2233:
2184:
2178:
2153:
2147:
2137:– via
2112:
2089:
2052:
2048:
2026:
2025:Frankenstein
2022:
2010:
2004:
1980:
1979:Frankenstein
1976:
1935:
1929:
1925:
1900:
1887:Bibliography
1873:
1868:, p. 7.
1861:
1854:Colbert 1999
1839:Colbert 1999
1834:
1827:Colbert 1999
1812:Colbert 1999
1797:Colbert 1999
1792:
1780:
1773:Bennett 1998
1768:
1761:Nitchie 1961
1756:
1744:
1737:Bennett 1998
1732:
1725:Bennett 1998
1690:
1683:Bennett 1998
1678:
1671:Bennett 1998
1666:
1654:
1642:
1577:
1535:
1523:
1511:
1499:
1421:
1409:
1397:
1385:
1373:
1361:
1349:
1337:
1332:, p. 5.
1315:Bennett 1998
1310:
1298:
1286:
1279:Colbert 1999
1274:
1267:Colbert 1999
1262:
1257:, p. 3.
1235:
1223:
1211:
1204:Bennett 1998
1199:
1192:Nitchie 1961
1187:
1182:, p. 2.
1165:Bennett 1998
1160:
1153:Nitchie 1961
1125:, p. 1.
1108:Seymour 2000
1103:
1096:Seymour 2000
1091:
1079:
1072:Seymour 2000
1067:
1060:Bennett 1998
1055:
1043:
1036:Seymour 2000
1031:
1019:
1007:
1002:, p. 4.
971:
965:
958:Frankenstein
957:
953:
940:
901:The Last Man
899:
896:Frankenstein
895:
888:Frankenstein
887:
885:
878:
873:
869:
863:bluestocking
855:
853:
840:
828:
822:
818:
816:
812:Edward Moxon
805:
797:
796:
790:
784:
780:
760:
755:
747:
742:
732:
724:Hundred Days
708:
700:
694:
682:
681:
669:
650:
646:
636:
632:
630:
624:
616:
609:
599:
593:
587:
566:
564:
558:
555:
543:
538:
531:
529:
522:
499:
458:
457:
448:Mary Shelley
433:
420:
415:
405:philosopher
396:
388:
385:
364:
343:
337:
336:
311:
303:
299:
297:
288:
285:
277:Fanny Godwin
273:
268:
259:
258:
251:
245:
239:
236:Frankenstein
235:
228:
223:Mer de Glace
203:
200:Frankenstein
199:
192:
186:
164:
157:
146:
134:
114:Mary Shelley
101:
99:
93:philosopher
74:
68:
48:Mary Shelley
34:
33:
32:
26:
18:
3535:(2017 film)
3527:(1988 film)
3519:(1988 film)
3511:(1986 film)
3503:(1984 play)
3495:(1935 film)
3452:Biographies
3264:Adaptations
3034:Short poems
2929:Non-fiction
2753:(2017 film)
2745:(1988 film)
2737:(1988 film)
2729:(1986 film)
2722:(1984 play)
2695:Fanny Imlay
2191:: 778–798.
2059:: 211–228.
1749:Moskal 2003
1710:Moskal 2003
1647:Moskal 2003
1616:Moskal 2003
1597:Moskal 2003
1426:Rieder 1981
1330:Moskal 1996
1291:Moskal 1996
1255:Moskal 1996
1240:Moskal 1996
1228:Murray 1993
1180:Moskal 1996
1138:Moskal 1996
1123:Moskal 1996
1000:Moskal 1996
906:Mary Poovey
866:Lady Morgan
837:sensibility
777:Lady Morgan
696:The Prelude
689:in nature.
655:picturesque
625:Don Quixote
617:Don Quixote
614:Cervantes's
606:Don Quixote
370:aspects of
319:Description
293:picturesque
182:Lake Geneva
160:Switzerland
60:Lake Geneva
3575:Categories
3484:Portrayals
3428:John Keats
3407:Lord Byron
3245:Proserpine
3136:Long poems
3070:Ozymandias
3063:Mont Blanc
3049:Mutability
2918:St. Irvyne
2789:Lord Byron
2711:Portrayals
2575:Proserpine
2485:HathiTrust
2359:. London:
2275:HathiTrust
1982:. Oxford:
1695:Jones 1994
1659:Labbe 1992
1635:Labbe 1992
1582:Labbe 1992
1570:Labbe 1992
1555:Jones 1994
1540:Smith 1996
1528:Labbe 1992
1504:Smith 1996
1492:Smith 1996
1477:Smith 1996
1456:Smith 1996
1441:Labbe 1992
1303:Spark 1987
981:References
868:'s recent
621:radicalism
502:Grand Tour
489:regarding
475:empiricism
471:topography
372:Mont Blanc
308:Leigh Hunt
232:Mont Blanc
219:Mont Blanc
174:Lord Byron
64:Mont Blanc
3144:Queen Mab
3098:The Cloud
2910:Zastrozzi
2866:The Cenci
2673:(husband)
2213:0013-8304
2205:1080-6547
2162:0453-4387
2156:: 29–42.
2081:0016-6928
2065:2160-0228
1944:0453-4387
1938:: 22–29.
767:Reception
678:(1801–05)
610:delusions
298:In 1839,
253:The Times
3397:(father)
3128:" (1834)
3121:" (1824)
3114:" (1824)
3107:" (1822)
3100:" (1820)
3093:" (1820)
3086:" (1820)
3079:" (1819)
3072:" (1818)
3065:" (1817)
3058:" (1817)
3051:" (1816)
3044:" (1812)
2953:" (1812)
2946:" (1811)
2939:" (1811)
2691:(father)
2685:(mother)
2589:Valperga
2568:Mathilda
2501:LibriVox
2381:(1991).
2336:(1987).
2259:(1817).
2231:(2000).
2170:30210085
1975:(eds.).
1952:30213019
1897:(1998).
916:See also
720:Cossacks
693:'s 1850
515:radicals
491:smallpox
380:Chamonix
221:and the
46:authors
44:Romantic
3550:Related
3184:AdonaĂŻs
3119:A Dirge
2902:Fiction
2767:Related
2631:Falkner
2596:Maurice
2221:2872961
2111:(ed.).
2005:Sublime
718:by the
687:sublime
647:Letters
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