653:
794:
607:. Although the constitution was amended repeatedly in favor of the oligarchs (in 1855, 1864, 1871, 1872, 1880, 1883, and 1886), several elements remained constant throughout. The wealthy landowners were granted super-majority power in the national legislature and economy. For example, the 1824 constitution provided for a unicameral legislature of 70 deputies, in which 42 seats were set aside for the landowners. The president was selected from the landed elite. Each of El Salvador's 14 regional departments had a governor appointed by the president. The frequent changes in the constitution were mainly due to the attempts of various presidents to hold onto power. For example, President Gerardo Barrios created a new constitution to extend his term limit.
580:
642:
900:
937:(New Ideas)—the new party founded by Bukele—won around two-thirds of votes with its allies (GANA-New Ideas). Nuevas Ideas won a supermajority of 56 seats in the 84-seat parliament. This supermajority enabled President Bukele to appoint judges and pass laws (for example, to remove presidential term limits). In September 2021, El Salvador's Supreme Court decided to allow Bukele to run for a second term in 2024, despite the constitution prohibits the president to serve two consecutive terms in office. The decision was organized by judges appointed to the court by President Bukele.
263:
725:
44:
444:
433:
384:
982:
113:
278:
710:(PDC). Amid widespread fraud, Duarte's broad-based reform movement was defeated. Subsequent protests and an attempted coup were crushed and Duarte was exiled. These events eroded hope of reform through democratic means and persuaded those opposed to the government that armed insurrection was the only way to achieve change.
652:
876:
Former
President Mauricio Funes fled to Nicaragua in 2014 after being charged with illicit enrichment and money laundering. In 2017, an El Salvador court ruled that Funes and one of his sons had illegally enriched themselves. Funes was still living in Nicaragua as of 2019. Funes was also sentenced in
867:
In 2014, Cerén took office as president, after winning the election as the candidate of the left-wing FMLN. Cerén had been a guerrilla leader in the Civil War and is the first ex-rebel to serve as president. Under his leadership, El
Salvador became the first country in the world to ban the mining of
610:
From 1931 until the early 1980s, El
Salvador was governed by various dictatorships, but these governments were subservient to the oligarchy, with some officials deriving “modest wealth from bureaucratic corruption”. At that time, the oligarchy consisted of some 20 families which controlled more than
813:
candidate, won the election. During his rule, CalderĂłn Sol implemented neoliberal policies, including the privatization of several large state enterprises. The FMLN emerged strengthened from the legislative and municipal elections of 1997, where they won the mayoralty of San
Salvador. However,
773:
By 1999, ESAF strength stood at less than 15,000, including uniformed and non-uniformed personnel. A purge of military officers accused of human rights abuses and corruption was completed in 1993 in compliance with the Ad Hoc
Commission's recommendations. The new doctrine, professionalism, and
698:
From 1931 until 1982, was ruled by either a military dictator or a joint civilian-military dictatorship and its economy was based primarily on the cultivation and exportation of coffee. These authoritarian governments employed political repression to maintain power, despite the appearance of
502:
El
Salvador, fearing incorporation into Mexico, petitioned the United States government for statehood. But in 1823, a revolution in Mexico ousted Emperor AgustĂn de Iturbide and a new Mexican congress voted to allow the Central American intendancies to decide their own fate. That year, the
770:, and National Police were abolished, and military intelligence functions were transferred to civilian control. By 1993—nine months ahead of schedule—the military had cut personnel from a war-time high of 63,000 to the level of 32,000 required by the peace accords.
777:
More than 35,000 eligible beneficiaries from among the former guerrillas and soldiers who fought in the war received land under the peace accord-mandated land transfer program, which ended in
January 1997. The majority of these also received agricultural credits.
959:
and gang-related violence. State of emergency was declared on 27 March. It was extended on 20 July. More than 53,000 suspected gang members were arrested. This has resulted in significant declines in homicide, extortion, and other gang-related crimes.
852:
sent by
Salvadorans from abroad; these have been estimated at over $ 2 billion US dollars. There are over 2 million Salvadorans living abroad in countries including the United States, Canada, Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Australia, and Sweden.
595:("las catorce familias")—with names including de Sola, Llach, Hill, Meza-Ayau, Duenas, Dalton, Regalado, Quiñonez, Flores, and Salaverria—is a reference to this oligarchy. For much of this time, this oligarchy acted in a manner similar to the
922:(ICG) 2020, the homicide rate in El Salvador declined by as much as 60 percent since Bukele became president in June 2019. This phenomenon could be related to the informal “non-aggression agreement” between the government and certain of the
611:
70 percent of El
Salvador's coffee production and exports, sugar mills, banks, television and newspapers. Since the end of that war in 1992, the oligarchic families of El Salvador have shifted their focus from agricultural exports to
576:). Historian HĂ©ctor Lindo-Fuentes asserts that "the parallel process of state-building and expansion of the coffee industry resulted in the formation of an oligarchy that was to rule El Salvador during the twentieth century."
829:
became El
Salvador's first female vice president. The election result also marked the end of the minor parties (PCN, PDC, and CD), which failed get the 3% required by electoral law to maintain their registration as parties.
475:, would also be Emperor of New Spain, but in which both countries would be governed by separate laws and with their own legislative offices. Should the king refuse the position, the law provided for another member of the
534:. The source of the discontent of the indigenous people was the constant abuse and the lack of land to cultivate. The problem of land distribution has been the source of many political conflicts in Salvadoran history.
579:
479:
to accede to the throne of New Spain. Ferdinand VII, however, did not recognize the independence of New Spain and said that Spain would not allow any other European prince to take the throne of New Spain.
455:
led to the outbreak of revolts across Spanish America. All of the fighting by those seeking independence was done in the center of New Spain from 1810 to 1821, in what is currently central Mexico. After
1804:
739:
took power. Both the far right and the far left political wings disagreed with the new government and increased political violence rapidly developed into a civil war. The initially poorly trained
888:
In 2018, former President Antonio Saca was sentenced to 10 years in prison after he pleaded guilty to diverting more than US$ 300 million in state funds to his own businesses and third parties.
447:
JosĂ© MatĂas Delgado At the time of signing the Central American act of independence, in a representation of the meeting of September 15, 1821 of the Chilean painter Luis Vergara Ahumada.
860:, a former journalist, won the presidency. This was the first victory of a leftist political party in El Salvador's history. Funes took over as president on June 1, 2009, together with
549:. This led wealthy landowners to be attracted to certain lands while leaving other lands, especially those around former volcanic eruptions, to the poor and indigenous communities for
217:, revolts, and a succession of authoritarian rulers caused by the intervention of the United States. Persistent socioeconomic inequality and civil unrest culminated in the devastating
684:
814:
internal divisions in the process of electing a presidential candidate damaged the party's image. ARENA again won the presidency in the election of March 7, 1999, with its candidate
1600:
572:
passed vagrancy laws that removed people from their land and the great majority of Salvadorans became landless, as their former lands were absorbed into the new coffee plantations (
785:
decreed an amnesty after the Chapultepec Peace Accords. As a result of this amnesty, no one responsible for crimes carried out before, during and after the war has been convicted.
891:
In 2023, former President Salvador Sánchez Cerén was sanctioned by the U.S. State Department for "significant corruption by laundering money" during his tenure as vice president.
695:(“the slaughter”), which followed days of protest. In this 'Matanza', between 10,000 and 40,000 indigenous people and political opponents were murdered, imprisoned or exiled.
929:
President Nayib Bukele remains very popular among the citizens. According to a survey, 96 percent of respondents said he was doing a “good” or “very good" job. El Salvador's
2707:
2162:
1273:
1556:
1538:
970:. His party Nuevas Ideas (New Ideas) won 58 of the El Salvador parliament's 60 seats. On 1 June 2024, President Nayib Bukele was sworn in for the second five-year term.
627:, Grupo de Sola, and Grupo Hill) dominate the economy of El Salvador and they are largely owned by the descendants of the original 14 families of the coffee oligarchy.
297:, the area that is known as El Salvador was composed of three indigenous states and several principalities. In central El Salvador were the indigenous inhabitants, the
399:. Pedro de Alvarado was the first governor, a position he held until his death in 1541. The area was briefly (from 1538 to 1543) under the authority of a short-lived
940:
In 2021, El Salvador adopted the Bitcoin as its legal tender under the direction of Bukele. Its value at the time was equivalent to US$ 52,000. In January 2022, The
948:
legal tender. Bitcoin had rapidly lost about half of its value, meaning economic difficulties for El Salvador. President Bukele had announced his plans to build a
583:
Don Rafael Guirola Duke, President Dr. Manuel Enrique Araujo, Dr. Teodosio Carranza, Dr. David Rosales Dr. Manuel Castro RamĂrez and Don Mauricio Duke (Circa 1911)
1994:
1940:
464:
in 1821, news of the independence was sent to all the territories of New Spain including the intendancies of the former Captaincy General of Guatemala.
702:
Throughout the 1970s, there was great political instability in El Salvador. In the 1972 presidential election, opponents of military rule united under
2700:
1724:
1671:
221:
in the 1980s, which was fought between the military-led government and a coalition of left-wing guerrilla groups. The conflict ended in 1992 with a
414:
and in 1821 it became a province with a provincial council. In 1824, San Salvador and Sonsonate were united into the State of Salvador (within the
141:
747:
in December 1981. The United States supported the government, while Cuba and other Communist states supported the insurgents—now organized as the
564:
The lands that had been left by the wealthy landowners to the poor and indigenous communities were suddenly quite valuable. The elite-controlled
2107:
915:
who was not aligned with either of the major parties that had dominated the country since the Civil War, was elected president of El Salvador.
881:
he made while serving as president. He was sentenced to an additional six years for tax evasion, and he was also placed under sanctions by the
1850:
1644:
952:
at the base of a volcano in El Salvador. In March 2024, BitCoin's value has rebounded, exceeding its previous high value to over US$ 64,700.
841:” or gangs, mainly due to the deportation of Salvadorans from the United States. Two law enforcement programs created to combat this problem–
736:
963:
In January 2024, it was announced that homicide rate dropped nearly 70% year over year, with 495 homicides in 2022 compared to 154 in 2023.
2693:
2189:
748:
2955:
2925:
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2634:
407:. During this period, the region was divided into the province of San Salvador, the province of San Miguel, and the province of Izalcos.
2271:
2576:
198:
two years later. Upon the republic's independence in 1841, El Salvador became a sovereign state until forming a short-lived union with
2660:
2333:
2202:
471:. After the declaration of independence, the parliament of New Spain intended to establish a commonwealth whereby the King of Spain,
1618:
335:
Several archaeological sites dating to 1400 years ago have been discovered preserved beneath 6 m (20 ft) of volcanic ash.
2414:
707:
2950:
774:
complete withdrawal from political and economic affairs leave the ESAF as one of the most respected institutions in El Salvador.
1277:
1958:
1560:
468:
1749:
2880:
2394:
2318:
1696:
1375:
1323:
1239:
1212:
1179:
1150:
1123:
1096:
1069:
1976:
537:
The FRCA was dissolved in February 1841, and El Salvador gained recognition as an independent republic on 18 February 1841.
214:
2930:
2266:
1032:
930:
636:
269:
134:
96:
2450:
2404:
2399:
2261:
2256:
878:
782:
667:'s coup, and 1944, when he was deposed, there was brutal suppression of rural resistance. The most notable event was the
664:
646:
565:
504:
415:
305:
that were settled there for a long time. The Pipil strongly resisted Spanish efforts to extend their dominion southward.
207:
195:
89:
82:
2308:
2251:
1494:
492:
77:
793:
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was amended to prohibit the military from playing an internal security role except under extraordinary circumstances.
400:
2770:
2485:
2470:
1523:
1348:
995:
882:
1904:
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2455:
2379:
2328:
2182:
967:
1825:
1764:
43:
2976:
2509:
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of Salvadoran military forces generally proceeded on schedule throughout the peace process. The Treasury Police,
531:
515:
344:
294:
127:
62:
23:
1426:
2835:
2730:
2624:
2594:
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641:
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in the late 19th century, which has controlled most of the land and wealth of El Salvador since that time. The
496:
491:. The territory of the Mexican Empire included the continental intendancies and provinces of New Spain proper,
396:
2920:
2885:
2561:
2323:
2303:
2298:
2840:
767:
620:
452:
410:
In 1579 the province of San Salvador became an alcaldĂa mayor (great mayor's office). In 1786 it became an
1582:
1316:
El ejercicio de gobernar: Del cabildo borbĂłnico al ayuntamiento liberal. El Salvador colonial, 1750 - 1821
821:
In the presidential elections of March 21, 2004, ARENA was victorious again, this time with the candidate
2599:
2556:
2536:
2409:
2384:
2369:
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404:
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919:
427:
72:
67:
2081:
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2039:
1805:"El Salvador midterm election: Bukele gains legislative assembly supermajority - The Washington Post"
752:
728:
703:
545:
In the early 19th century, El Salvador's economy depended on the production of a single export crop,
222:
213:
In the 20th century, El Salvador endured chronic political and economic instability characterized by
815:
2935:
2716:
2551:
2541:
2495:
2419:
2374:
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1027:
1022:
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366:
899:
2945:
2571:
2521:
2347:
1012:
1000:
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1725:"State Department sanctions 2 former Salvadoran leaders, dozens of officials in Central America"
1303:, Primera EdiciĂłn, DirecciĂłn de Publicaciones e Impresos, San Salvador, El Salvador, 2015, p.37.
806:
2915:
2825:
2735:
2653:
2586:
2490:
2445:
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616:
228:
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743:(ESAF) engaged in repression and indiscriminate killings, the most notorious of which was the
484:
411:
2910:
2905:
2900:
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The Protection Racket State: Elite Politics, Military Extortion, and Civil War in El Salvador
1229:
1140:
554:
2890:
2135:
Wood (Herausgeber), Elisabeth J., Peter Lange (Herausgeber), Robert H. Bates (Herausgeber),
1941:"Drastic drop in murders caused the popularity of El Salvador's president to soar | Semafor"
1204:
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239:
in Spanish), the most important crop during the colonial period, and followed thereafter by
2895:
2810:
2785:
2669:
2629:
2619:
2531:
2460:
2276:
826:
755:
marked the end of the war in 1992, and the FMLN became one of the major political parties.
719:
488:
317:
225:
that established a multiparty constitutional republic, which remains in place to this day.
218:
191:
101:
1645:"Ex-El Salvador President Mauricio Funes sentenced to 14 years for negotiating with gangs"
8:
2860:
2795:
2765:
2740:
2609:
2047:
1809:
2465:
1886:
1868:
508:
457:
2875:
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2800:
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2674:
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2101:
1431:
1168:
987:
744:
362:
262:
117:
724:
672:
2815:
2805:
2750:
2745:
2089:
1995:"El Salvador's 'all-powerful' gang-busting President Bukele sworn in for second term"
1499:
1371:
1344:
1319:
1235:
1208:
1197:
1175:
1146:
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1065:
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527:
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1318:(in Spanish). CastellĂłn de la Plana, Spain: Publicacions de la Universitat Jaume I.
966:
On 4 February 2024, President Nayib Bukele, won re-election with 83% of the vote in
2865:
2790:
2051:
1481:
615:. Today, the majority of El Salvador's capital is distributed among eight powerful
476:
365:. In 1525, he returned and succeeded in bringing the district under control of the
2760:
2071:
Weak Foundations: The Economy of El Salvador in the Nineteenth Century, 1821–1898
1539:"El Salvador makes history as first nation to impose blanket ban on metal mining"
834:
1959:"El Salvador: Bukele confirmed as president after final count – DW – 02/10/2024"
1408:
Weak Foundations: The Economy of El Salvador in the Nineteenth Century 1821–1898
798:
443:
857:
825:, securing the party's third consecutive term. In the same election, economist
763:
519:
243:, which by the early 20th century accounted for 90 percent of export earnings.
175:
1513:
Sánchez Cerén: de guerrillero a presidente de El Salvador. BBC (17 March 2014)
1407:
1088:
World Literature Spanish: An Encyclopedia [3 volumes]: An Encyclopedia
805:
The FMLN participated in the 1994 presidential election as a political party.
2970:
2157:
1977:"El Salvador votes must be recounted, says electoral court – DW – 02/06/2024"
1765:"Nayib Bukele, an Outsider Candidate, Claims Victory in El Salvador Election"
1697:"El Salvador sentences former president to 6 years in jail – DW – 07/06/2023"
1255:
676:
523:
472:
388:
2093:
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2077:
949:
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842:
822:
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383:
321:
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163:
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2023 to 14 years in prison in absentia because of negotiations related to
691:, Izalco subdivision. The government retaliation, commonly referred to as
507:(FRCA) was formed of the five Central American intendancies under General
2218:
2198:
1456:
923:
912:
838:
604:
461:
313:
187:
183:
171:
159:
1601:"Régimen no entregará a Mauricio Funes al nuevo gobierno de El Salvador"
1495:"El Salvador elects its first leftist president, TV host Mauricio Funes"
781:
The democratic process in El Salvador is delicately balanced, since the
358:
2167:
2064:
Landscapes of Struggle: Politics, Society, and Community in El Salvador
2025:
The Emergence of Insurgency in El Salvador: Ideology and Political Will
944:(IMF) urged El Salvador to reverse its decision to make cryptocurrency
849:
668:
657:
624:
546:
232:
1672:"El Salvador court sentences ex-President Funes to 14 years in prison"
2032:
Fighting to Learn: Popular Education and Guerrilla War in El Salvador
1557:"El Salvador mining ban a victory for democracy over corporate greed"
868:
metal on its territory, for environmental and public health reasons.
600:
557:. The landed elite replaced this crop with a newly demanded product,
378:
350:
252:
203:
179:
53:
1583:"Salvador court finds ex-president Funes illegally enriched himself"
688:
1370:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 363.
596:
199:
2146:. Oxford, England; Santa Barbara, Calif. : Clio Press, c1988.
2116:
The Revolution Question: Feminisms in El Salvador, Chile, and Cuba
2062:
Lauria-Santiago (Herausgeber), Aldo, Leigh Binford (Herausgeber),
1619:"Fugitive Salvadoran Former President Given Nicaragua Citizenship"
178:
conquered the territory, incorporating it into the Viceroyalty of
2130:
Seeing Indians: A Study of Race, Nation, and Power in El Salvador
1826:"El Salvador Legistative Elections 2021 | www.centralamerica.com"
945:
487:
emperor of New Spain on 19 May 1822 and renamed New Spain as the
283:
277:
2073:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1990.
848:
Currently, El Salvador's largest source of foreign currency is
680:
558:
369:. Land- Environmental Impact was dry and cold around this time
325:
302:
240:
231:
was historically dominated by agriculture, beginning with the
1851:"El Salvador's Bukele gets greenlight to run for re-election"
1084:
833:
In the postwar period, El Salvador experienced problems with
439:, intellectual leader of the Salvadoran independence movement
403:, after which most of Central America was placed under a new
309:
167:
1142:
Revolution in El Salvador: From Civil Strife to Civil Peace
553:. In the late 19th century, natural indigo was replaced by
395:
After the Spanish conquest, the region became part of the
1869:"IMF urges El Salvador to remove Bitcoin as legal tender"
1750:"Salvadoran Ex-President Sentenced to 10 Years in Prison"
2137:
Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador
1484:", U.S. Department of State (accessed February 3, 2010).
421:
1887:"El Salvador gangs: State of emergency extended again"
1783:"The El Salvador President's Informal Pact with Gangs"
372:
1138:
630:
308:
The eastern region was populated and governed by the
1763:
Palumbo, Gene; Malkin, Elisabeth (3 February 2019).
977:
357:
was forced to retreat by Pipil warriors led by King
1115:
From Conflict to Crisis: The Danger of U.S. Actions
1085:Maureen Ihrie; Salvador Oropesa (20 October 2011).
955:In 2022, Salvadoran government initiated a massive
856:In the 2009 presidential elections, FMLN candidate
713:
2050:. Vol. 4. London: Bradbury, Evans, & Co.
1196:
1167:
1053:
467:The public proclamation was done through the 1821
1719:
1717:
1256:"El Salvador - Spanish Conquest and Colonization"
619:. These companies (Grupo Cuscatlán, BanagrĂcola,
511:. The intendancies became states under the FRCA.
2968:
1301:El nombre oficial de la RepĂşblica de El Salvador
1227:
933:was an important breakthrough in February 2021.
190:achieved independence from Spain as part of the
2037:
2018:Matanza; El Salvador's communist revolt of 1932
1451:
1449:
1078:
903:Nayib Bukele talks at his inauguration ceremony
338:
91:Greater Republic of Central America (1895–1898)
84:Federal Republic of Central America (1823–1841)
1714:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1393:Paige, JM. "Coffee and Power in El Salvador."
1357:
788:
2701:
2183:
2076:
1905:"Ending El Salvador's Cycle of Gang Violence"
1762:
1343:. New York: Facts on File. pp. 134–136.
1132:
1111:
758:In accordance with the peace agreements, the
324:. Their culture was similar to that of their
135:
2715:
1923:"Inside El Salvador's brutal gang crackdown"
1524:"Ex-rebel sworn in as El Salvador president"
1446:
1410:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1389:
1387:
1313:
1165:
1413:
1307:
268:El Salvador and Central America before the
2708:
2694:
2190:
2176:
2106:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1363:
1332:
1292:
1234:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 43.
1194:
1188:
1051:
142:
128:
1384:
1221:
1159:
1045:
749:Farabundo MartĂ National Liberation Front
2197:
1669:
1425:Hoeffel, Paul Heath (6 September 1981).
898:
792:
723:
651:
640:
578:
540:
442:
431:
382:
246:
194:, only to further secede as part of the
1536:
1424:
1199:Culture and Cufkornstoms of El Salvador
158:begins with several distinct groups of
2969:
2277:Salvadoran Civil War (1979–1992)
2066:, University of Pittsburgh Press 2004.
2020:, Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Pr., 1971
1338:
1299:Carlos Pérez Pineda y Óscar Meléndez,
1203:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.
1060:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.
469:Act of Independence of Central America
68:Intendancy of San Salvador (1785–1821)
2689:
2171:
2132:, University of New Mexico Press 2005
2027:, University of Pittsburgh Press 1999
871:
422:Struggle for independence (1821-1841)
349:The first Spanish attempt to control
301:, or the Pipiles, a tribe of nomadic
1823:
1314:Herrera Mena, Sajid Alfredo (2013).
1033:Spanish colonization of the Americas
637:Military dictatorship in El Salvador
623:, Banco de Comercio, Grupo Agrisal,
270:Spanish colonization of the Americas
2262:Greater Republic of Central America
2257:Federal Republic of Central America
505:Federal Republic of Central America
416:Federal Republic of Central America
373:Spanish colonial period (1525–1821)
208:Greater Republic of Central America
196:Federal Republic of Central America
13:
2009:
1341:A Brief History of Central America
1118:. Algora Publishing. p. 152.
1056:Culture and Customs of El Salvador
663:Between 1931, the year of General
631:Military dictatorships (1931–1979)
603:that existed in Europe during the
587:The coffee industry gave birth to
530:, a small town in the province of
316:was populated and governed by the
210:, which lasted from 1895 to 1898.
14:
2988:
2151:
2139:, Cambridge University Press 2003
996:List of presidents of El Salvador
312:, while the northern zone of the
174:. In the early 16th century, the
97:Military dictatorship (1931–1979)
2831:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1909:United States Institute of Peace
1670:Renteria, Nelson (29 May 2023).
1545:– via www.theguardian.com.
1364:FitzGerald, David Scott (2014).
980:
845:and Mano Superdura–have failed.
714:Salvadoran Civil War (1979–1992)
669:1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising
658:1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising
276:
261:
111:
102:Salvadoran Civil War (1979–1992)
42:
2118:, Rutgers University Press 2004
2034:, Rutgers University Press 1998
1987:
1969:
1951:
1933:
1915:
1897:
1879:
1861:
1843:
1817:
1797:
1775:
1756:
1742:
1689:
1663:
1637:
1611:
1593:
1575:
1559:. 30 March 2017. Archived from
1549:
1537:Lakhani, Nina (30 March 2017).
1530:
1516:
1507:
1487:
1474:
1400:
1166:Kevin Murray (1 January 1997).
894:
345:Spanish conquest of El Salvador
286:ruins in Santa Ana, El Salvador
2125:, Temple University Press 1996
1427:"The Eclipse of the Oligarchs"
1406:Lindo-Fuentes, Hector (1990).
1395:Latin American Research Review
1266:
1248:
1231:The History of Central America
1145:. Westview Press. p. 27.
1139:Tommie Sue Montgomery (1995).
1105:
737:Revolutionary Government Junta
665:Maximiliano Hernández MartĂnez
647:Maximiliano Hernández MartĂnez
514:In 1832, Anastasio Aquino led
497:Captaincy General of Guatemala
453:Napoleon's occupation of Spain
397:Captaincy General of Guatemala
1:
2163:El Salvador Early Inhabitants
2038:Knight, Charles, ed. (1867).
1195:Roy Boland (1 January 2001).
1038:
918:According to a report by the
437:JosĂ© MatĂas Delgado y de LeĂłn
55:
2956:United States Virgin Islands
1824:Dyde, James (1 March 2021).
1482:Background Note: El Salvador
1397:, v. 28 issue 3, 1993, p. 7.
957:fight against criminal gangs
621:Banco Davivienda El Salvador
339:Spanish conquest (1524–1525)
63:Spanish conquest (1524–1539)
7:
2577:Water supply and sanitation
1170:El Salvador: Peace on Trial
973:
942:International Monetary Fund
789:Post-war period (1992–2019)
741:Armed Forces of El Salvador
451:In the early 19th century,
405:Real Audiencia of Guatemala
10:
2993:
2466:pre-dollarization currency
2247:1811 Independence Movement
2088:. Vol. 18. New York.
2082:"Republic of San Salvador"
2040:"Republic of San Salvador"
1018:History of Central America
920:International Crisis Group
717:
708:Christian Democratic Party
634:
428:History of Central America
425:
376:
342:
250:
73:1811 Independence Movement
2931:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
2849:
2723:
2647:
2585:
2517:
2508:
2441:
2432:
2355:
2346:
2294:
2285:
2209:
1228:Thomas L. Pearcy (2006).
1091:. ABC-CLIO. p. 332.
753:Chapultepec Peace Accords
685:Francisco "Chico" Sanchez
361:and Prince Atonal in the
2951:Turks and Caicos Islands
2717:History of North America
2360:Administrative divisions
1339:Foster, Lynn V. (2000).
1028:History of North America
1023:History of Latin America
401:Real Audiencia of Panama
78:Mexican rule (1822–1823)
2069:Lindo-Fuentes, HĂ©ctor.
2056:2027/nyp.33433000064810
1013:History of the Americas
1001:Politics of El Salvador
555:synthetic chemical dyes
351:El SeñorĂo of Cuzcatlán
162:people, especially the
156:history of El Salvador
2977:History of El Salvador
2881:British Virgin Islands
2395:International rankings
1112:Jeanne Haskin (2012).
904:
862:Salvador Sánchez Cerén
816:Francisco Flores PĂ©rez
802:
735:In 1979 the reformist
732:
660:
649:
617:business conglomerates
584:
483:Parliament proclaimed
448:
440:
392:
118:El Salvador portal
54:Kingdom of Cuzcatlan (
2821:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2267:Military dictatorship
2219:Pre-Columbian history
2142:Woodward, Ralph Lee.
2128:Tilley, Virginia Q.,
2086:Bibliotheca Americana
2016:Anderson, Thomas P.,
931:legislative elections
902:
883:U.S. State Department
796:
727:
656:The Aftermath of the
655:
644:
582:
541:Rise of the oligarchy
446:
435:
386:
377:Further information:
353:failed in 1524, when
251:Further information:
247:Pre-Columbian history
229:El Salvador's economy
223:negotiated settlement
2405:Legislative Assembly
2158:Spanish Colonization
1174:. Oxfam. p. 8.
827:Ana Vilma de Escobar
807:Armando CalderĂłn Sol
783:Legislative Assembly
729:José Napoleón Duarte
720:Salvadoran Civil War
704:José Napoleón Duarte
516:an indigenous revolt
219:Salvadoran Civil War
192:First Mexican Empire
2836:Trinidad and Tobago
2731:Antigua and Barbuda
2048:English Cyclopaedia
1857:. 4 September 2021.
1810:The Washington Post
1589:. 28 November 2017.
1052:Roy Boland (2001).
907:In February, 2019,
864:as vice president.
551:subsistence farming
485:AgustĂn de Iturbide
367:Audiencia of Mexico
2771:Dominican Republic
2486:Telecommunications
2234:Captaincy General
2121:Stanley, William,
2030:Hammond, John L.,
1929:. 11 January 2023.
1875:. 26 January 2022.
1769:The New York Times
1607:. 5 February 2019.
1432:The New York Times
1367:Culling the Masses
988:El Salvador portal
905:
872:Corrupt presidents
803:
799:Monsignor Romero's
745:El Mozote massacre
733:
661:
650:
645:Brigadier general
613:capital investment
585:
449:
441:
393:
363:Battle of Acajutla
2964:
2963:
2853:other territories
2683:
2682:
2643:
2642:
2547:Gender inequality
2504:
2503:
2456:Coffee production
2428:
2427:
2415:Political parties
2380:Foreign relations
2342:
2341:
2114:Shayne, Julie D.
1947:. 4 January 2024.
1500:Los Angeles Times
1461:countrystudies.us
1377:978-0-674-36967-2
1325:978-84-15443-13-1
1260:countrystudies.us
1241:978-0-313-32293-8
1214:978-0-313-30620-4
1181:978-0-85598-361-1
1152:978-0-8133-0071-9
1125:978-0-87586-961-2
1098:978-0-313-08083-8
1071:978-0-313-30620-4
593:Fourteen Families
528:Santiago Nonualco
355:Pedro de Alvarado
152:
151:
2984:
2921:Saint Barthélemy
2851:Dependencies and
2724:Sovereign states
2710:
2703:
2696:
2687:
2686:
2663:
2656:
2515:
2514:
2446:Bitcoin adoption
2439:
2438:
2353:
2352:
2292:
2291:
2237:
2224:Spanish conquest
2192:
2185:
2178:
2169:
2168:
2111:
2105:
2097:
2059:
2003:
2002:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1785:. 2 October 2020
1779:
1773:
1772:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1721:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1623:Voice of America
1615:
1609:
1608:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1563:on 30 March 2017
1553:
1547:
1546:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1491:
1485:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1453:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1422:
1411:
1404:
1398:
1391:
1382:
1381:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1311:
1305:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1276:. Archived from
1270:
1264:
1263:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1202:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1173:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1059:
1049:
990:
985:
984:
983:
968:general election
837:in the form of “
706:, leader of the
683:tribe and Chief
509:Manuel José Arce
477:House of Bourbon
460:was defeated in
387:The eruption of
295:Spanish conquest
280:
265:
144:
137:
130:
116:
115:
114:
92:
85:
57:
46:
36:
18:
17:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2854:
2852:
2845:
2719:
2714:
2684:
2679:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2639:
2625:Public holidays
2581:
2567:Sex trafficking
2500:
2424:
2400:Law enforcement
2338:
2334:Water resources
2281:
2235:
2205:
2196:
2154:
2149:
2099:
2098:
2023:Grenier, Yvon,
2012:
2010:Further reading
2007:
2006:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1945:www.semafor.com
1939:
1938:
1934:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1893:. 20 July 2022.
1885:
1884:
1880:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1834:
1832:
1830:Central America
1822:
1818:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1788:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1761:
1757:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1733:
1731:
1723:
1722:
1715:
1705:
1703:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1668:
1664:
1654:
1652:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1628:
1626:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1566:
1564:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1535:
1531:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1479:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1455:
1454:
1447:
1437:
1435:
1423:
1414:
1405:
1401:
1392:
1385:
1378:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1312:
1308:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1280:on 20 July 2003
1272:
1271:
1267:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1050:
1046:
1041:
986:
981:
979:
976:
897:
879:the gang truces
874:
835:organized crime
791:
722:
716:
673:Farabundo MartĂ
639:
633:
543:
493:including those
430:
424:
381:
375:
347:
341:
291:
290:
289:
288:
287:
281:
273:
272:
266:
255:
249:
148:
112:
110:
90:
83:
34:
27:
12:
11:
5:
2990:
2980:
2979:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2941:Sint Eustatius
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2886:Cayman Islands
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2857:
2855:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2713:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2690:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2665:
2664:
2657:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2562:Regions by HDI
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2481:Stock exchange
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2319:National parks
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2215:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2195:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2153:
2152:External links
2150:
2148:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2080:, ed. (1889).
2074:
2067:
2060:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2001:. 1 June 2024.
1986:
1968:
1950:
1932:
1914:
1896:
1878:
1860:
1842:
1816:
1796:
1774:
1755:
1741:
1713:
1688:
1662:
1636:
1625:. 30 July 2019
1610:
1592:
1574:
1548:
1529:
1515:
1506:
1503:. 2 June 2009.
1486:
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1004:
1003:
998:
992:
991:
975:
972:
896:
893:
873:
870:
858:Mauricio Funes
790:
787:
768:National Guard
764:Demobilization
718:Main article:
715:
712:
635:Main article:
632:
629:
542:
539:
495:of the former
489:Mexican Empire
423:
420:
374:
371:
343:Main article:
340:
337:
282:
275:
274:
267:
260:
259:
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245:
176:Spanish Empire
150:
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2841:United States
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2535:
2533:
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2516:
2513:
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2507:
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2127:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2078:Sabin, Joseph
2075:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1892:
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1800:
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1751:
1745:
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1698:
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1677:
1673:
1666:
1651:. 29 May 2023
1650:
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2557:Prostitution
2537:Demographics
2451:Central bank
2385:Human rights
2370:Court system
2365:Constitution
2272:World War II
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160:Mesoamerican
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2916:Puerto Rico
2826:Saint Lucia
2776:El Salvador
2389:LGBT rights
2309:Earthquakes
2199:El Salvador
2144:El Salvador
1835:21 February
1789:21 February
1629:27 December
1438:14 February
850:remittances
699:democracy.
605:Middle Ages
566:legislature
462:Mexico City
458:the viceroy
332:neighbors.
314:Lempa River
293:Before the
206:called the
188:El Salvador
186:. In 1821,
184:Mexico City
182:ruled from
35:El Salvador
33:History of
2911:Montserrat
2906:Martinique
2901:Guadeloupe
2756:Costa Rica
2635:Television
2615:Literature
2527:Corruption
2420:Presidents
2242:Intendancy
1567:15 October
1039:References
913:Millennial
693:La Matanza
671:headed by
625:Grupo Poma
426:See also:
412:intendancy
58:1200–1528)
2896:Greenland
2811:Nicaragua
2786:Guatemala
2552:Languages
2542:Education
2496:Transport
2375:Elections
2329:Volcanism
2287:Geography
2229:New Spain
2102:cite book
2044:Geography
1999:France 24
1855:France 24
1605:La Prensa
1284:18 August
801:sculpture
679:from the
597:overlords
570:president
379:New Spain
253:Cuzcatlan
204:Nicaragua
180:New Spain
2971:Category
2861:Anguilla
2796:Honduras
2766:Dominica
2741:Barbados
2670:Category
2572:Religion
2522:Abortion
2461:Currency
2410:Military
2348:Politics
2203:articles
2094:13972268
1891:BBC News
1873:BBC News
1729:ABC News
1466:14 March
1007:General:
974:See also
675:, Chief
524:mestizos
520:criollos
518:against
389:Ilopango
359:Atlácatl
318:ChĘĽortiĘĽ
200:Honduras
170:and the
24:a series
22:Part of
2891:Curaçao
2876:Bonaire
2871:Bermuda
2801:Jamaica
2781:Grenada
2736:Bahamas
2654:Outline
2605:Cuisine
2587:Culture
2510:Society
2491:Tourism
2434:Economy
2314:Islands
2211:History
1734:20 July
1676:Reuters
1649:AP NEWS
1587:Reuters
946:Bitcoin
599:of the
284:Tazumal
2816:Panama
2806:Mexico
2751:Canada
2746:Belize
2675:Portal
2595:Anthem
2476:Mining
2471:Energy
2324:Rivers
2304:Cities
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1963:dw.com
1927:unHerd
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547:indigo
532:La Paz
391:, 1891
326:Aztecs
299:Pipils
241:coffee
166:, the
26:on the
2866:Aruba
2791:Haiti
2661:Index
2630:Sport
2620:Music
2532:Crime
2299:Biota
924:maras
839:maras
811:ARENA
687:from
215:coups
168:Lenca
164:Pipil
2936:Saba
2761:Cuba
2610:Flag
2108:link
2090:OCLC
1837:2024
1791:2024
1736:2023
1708:2023
1683:2023
1657:2023
1631:2019
1569:2018
1468:2023
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1372:ISBN
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1286:2004
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911:, a
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