Museum - Knowledge

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stated and approved mission; Use and interpret objects or a site for the public presentation of regularly scheduled programs and exhibits; Have a formal and appropriate program of documentation, care, and use of collections or objects; Carry out the above functions primarily at a physical facility or site; Have been open to the public for at least two years; Be open to the public at least 1,000 hours a year; Have accessioned 80 percent of its permanent collection; Have at least one paid professional staff with museum knowledge and experience; Have a full-time director to whom authority is delegated for day-to-day operations; Have the financial resources sufficient to operate effectively; Demonstrate that it meets the Core Standards for Museums; Successfully complete the Core Documents Verification Program".

1148: 999: 1011: 193: 89: 1023: 1051: 1755: 1290: 1035: 1338: 797: 860:– The board governs the museum and is responsible for ensuring the museum is financially and ethically sound. They set standards and policies for the museum. Board members are often involved in fundraising aspects of the museum and represent the institution. Some museums use the terms "directors" and "trustees" interchangeably but both are different legal instruments. A board of directors governs a nonprofit corporation, a board of trustees is responsible for governing a charitable trust, foundation, or endowment. In the case of small museums and all volunteer museums, a board may be more hands-on in the day-to-day operations of the museum. 1089:

century with its emphasis on inclusiveness. One pioneering way museums are attempting to make their collections more accessible is with open storage. Most of a museum's collection is typically locked away in a secure location to be preserved, but the result is most people never get to see the vast majority of collections. The Brooklyn Museum's Luce Center for American Art practices this open storage where the public can view items not on display, albeit with minimal interpretation. The practice of open storage is all part of an ongoing debate in the museum field of the role objects play and how accessible they should be.

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also developed their own natural history collections to support the education of their students. By the last quarter of the 19th century, scientific research in universities was shifting toward biological research on a cellular level, and cutting-edge research moved from museums to university laboratories. While many large museums, such as the Smithsonian Institution, are still respected as research centers, research is no longer a main purpose of most museums. While there is an ongoing debate about the purposes of interpretation of a museum's collection, there has been a consistent mission to protect and preserve

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successful, as happened in Bilbao, others continue especially if a museum struggles to attract visitors. The Taubman Museum of Art is an example of an expensive museum (eventually $ 66 million) that attained little success and continues to have a low endowment for its size. Some museum activists see this method of museum use as a deeply flawed model for such institutions. Steven Conn, one such museum proponent, believes that "to ask museums to solve our political and economic problems is to set them up for inevitable failure and to set us (the visitor) up for inevitable disappointment."

429: 588: 622:, whose collection policy of gathering as many objects and facts about them was "encyclopedic" in nature, reminiscent of that of Pliny, the Roman philosopher and naturalist. The idea was to consume and collect as much knowledge as possible, to put everything they collected and everything they knew in these displays. In time, however, museum philosophy would change and the encyclopedic nature of information that was so enjoyed by Aldrovandi and his cohorts would be dismissed as well as "the museums that contained this knowledge". The 18th-century scholars of the 833: 615:

objects and displaying them. Many of the items in these collections were new discoveries and these collectors or naturalists, since many of these people held interest in natural sciences, were eager to obtain them. By putting their collections in a museum and on display, they not only got to show their fantastic finds but also used the museum as a way to sort and "manage the empirical explosion of materials that wider dissemination of ancient texts, increased travel, voyages of discovery, and more systematic forms of communication and exchange had produced".

109: 1281: 459:'s definition: "A museum is a non-profit, permanent establishment, that does not exist primarily for the purpose of conducting temporary exhibitions and that is open to the public during regular hours and administered in the public interest for the purpose of conserving, preserving, studying, interpreting, assembling and exhibiting to the public for the instruction and enjoyment of the public, objects and specimens or educational and cultural value including artistic, scientific, historical and technological material." 452:' current definition of a museum (adopted in 2022): "A museum is a not-for-profit, permanent institution in the service of society that researches, collects, conserves, interprets and exhibits tangible and intangible heritage. Open to the public, accessible and inclusive, museums foster diversity and sustainability. They operate and communicate ethically, professionally and with the participation of communities, offering varied experiences for education, enjoyment, reflection and knowledge sharing." 1216: 151: 751:

amassing buildings" or "courtyards of treasures" or "painting pavilions" or "curio stores" or "halls of military feats" or "gardens of everything". Japan first encountered Western museum institutions when it participated in Europe's World's Fairs in the 1860s. The British Museum was described by one of their delegates as a 'hakubutsukan', a 'house of extensive things' – this would eventually become accepted as the equivalent word for 'museum' in Japan and China.

1870: 915:– Museum educators are responsible for educating museum audiences. Their duties can include designing tours and public programs for children and adults, teacher training, developing classroom and continuing education resources, community outreach, and volunteer management. Educators not only work with the public, but also collaborate with other museum staff on exhibition and program development to ensure that exhibits are audience-friendly. 1791:

maladministered manner" and that the organization will "definitely fight to the end to protect the rights of employees." Fired senior curator Maia Pataridze said the new management mentioned her social media posts criticizing the government. Among those fired was union chair, Nikoloz Tsikaridze, a senior researcher and archaeologist who associated the discharging of himself and other museum staff was for forming a union, and said that

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different ways under multiple perspectives. Museums can vary based on size, from large institutions, to very small institutions focusing on specific subjects, such as a specific location, a notable person, or a given period of time. Museums also can be based on the main source of funding: central or federal government, provinces, regions, universities; towns and communities; other subsidised; nonsubsidised and private.

4598: 481:: "Museum means a public, tribal, or private nonprofit institution which is organized on a permanent basis for essentially educational, cultural heritage, or aesthetic purposes and which, using a professional staff: Owns or uses tangible objects, either animate or inanimate; Cares for these objects; and Exhibits them to the general public on a regular basis" (Museum Services Act 1976). 1081:"The new museum ... does not build on an educational superstition. It examines its community's life first, and then straightway bends its energies to supplying some the material which that community needs, and to making that material's presence widely known, and to presenting it in such a way as to secure it for the maximum of use and the maximum efficiency of that use." 760:

called "The Museum Period" or "The Museum Age"). While many American museums, both natural history museums and art museums alike, were founded with the intention of focusing on the scientific discoveries and artistic developments in North America, many moved to emulate their European counterparts in certain ways (including the development of Classical collections from ancient

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negotiated would provide a wage increase, protection against termination without cause, and direct access to trustees and policy-making processes at the museum. While there was some interest from workers at other museums at the time, for the next fifty years there was little change in museums adding union representation of their professional employees.

416:, in England opened the council room to the general public to create an interactive environment for visitors. Rather than allowing visitors to handle 500-year-old objects, however, the museum created replicas, as well as replica costumes. The daily activities, historic clothing, and even temperature changes immerse the visitor in an impression of what 1165:

visited the museum in 2015, indicating it appeared to have paid off for the local government despite local backlash; key to this is the large demographic of foreign visitors to the museum, with 63% of the visitors residing outside of Spain and thus feeding foreign investment straight into Bilbao. A similar project to that undertaken in Bilbao was the

974:, terrorist attacks or other emergencies. To this end, an internationally important aspect is a strong bundling of existing resources and the networking of existing specialist competencies in order to prevent any loss or damage to cultural property or to keep damage as low as possible. International partner for museums is 909:– Registrars are the primary record keepers of the collection. They ensure that objects are properly accessioned, documented, insured, and, when appropriate, loaned. Ethical and legal issues related to the collection are dealt with by registrars. Along with collections managers, they uphold the museum's collections policy. 1486:. The size of a museum's collection typically determines the museum's size, whereas its collection reflects the type of museum it is. Many museums normally display a "permanent collection" of important selected objects in its area of specialization, and may periodically display "special collections" on a temporary basis. 1767:

The past few years has seen a unionizing movement. US museums workers have initiated dialogs about labor and collective organizing in the cultural sector. In 2019 the workers in multiple museums voted to form unions with more protesting to press for a fair contract and against unfair labor practices.

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A global movement for the decolonization of museums has been gaining momentum since the late 20th century. Proponents of this movement argue that "museums are a box of things" and do not represent complete stories; instead they show biased narratives based on ideologies, in which certain stories are

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Corporations are legal entities and may acquire property in a way similar to how an individual can own property. Museums under incorporation are usually organized by a community or group of individuals. While a board of director's loyalty is to the corporation, a board of trustee's loyalty has to be

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observed that the reduction in objects has pushed museums to grow from institutions that artlessly showcased their many artifacts (in the style of early cabinets of curiosity) to instead "thinning out" the objects presented "for a general view of any given subject or period, and to put the rest away

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In terms of modern museums, interpretive museums, as opposed to art museums, have missions reflecting curatorial guidance through the subject matter which now include content in the form of images, audio and visual effects, and interactive exhibits. Museum creation begins with a museum plan, created

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visitors to Europe were fascinated by the museums they saw there, but had cultural difficulties in grasping their purpose and finding an equivalent Chinese or Japanese term for them. Chinese visitors in the early 19th century named these museums based on what they contained, so defined them as "bone

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Public access to these museums was often possible for the "respectable", especially to private art collections, but at the whim of the owner and his staff. One way that elite men during this time period gained a higher social status in the world of elites was by becoming a collector of these curious

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or local history organizations. Generally speaking, museums collect objects of significance that comply with their mission statement for conservation and display. Apart from questions of provenance and conservation, museums take into consideration the former use and status of an object. Religious or

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In the late 19th century, museums of natural history exemplified the scientific drive for classifying life and interpreting the world. Their purpose was to gather examples from each field of knowledge for research and display. Concurrently, as American colleges expanded during the 19th century, they

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of the public. To city leaders, an active museum community can be seen as a gauge of the cultural or economic health of a city, and a way to increase the sophistication of its inhabitants. To museum professionals, a museum might be seen as a way to educate the public about the museum's mission, such

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There is no definitive standard as to the set types of museums. Additionally, the museum landscape has become so varied, that it may not be sufficient to use traditional categories to comprehend fully the vast variety existing throughout the world. However, it may be useful to categorize museums in

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staff for graphic and environmental design projects, including exhibitions. In addition to traditional 2-D and 3-D designers and architects, these staff departments may include audio-visual specialists, software designers, audience research, evaluation specialists, writers, editors, and preparators

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The roles associated with the management of a museum largely depend on the size of the institution. Together, the Board and the Director establish a system of governance that is guided by policies that set standards for the institution. Documents that set these standards include an institutional or

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in a series of books in the early 20th century so that other museum founders could plan their museums. Dana suggested that potential founders of museums should form a committee first, and reach out to the community for input as to what the museum should supply or do for the community. According to

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it is not clear if the museum was in a different building from the library or was part of the library complex. While little was known about the museum it was an inspiration for museums during the early Renaissance period. The royal palaces also functioned as a kind of museum outfitted with art and

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40 employees were fired May 2022 as part of a restructuring. The newly formed union, the Georgian Trade Union of Science, Education, and Culture Workers said in a statement they said the employees were fired illegally and the reorganization was "carried out by the employer in an untransparent and

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The design of museums has evolved throughout history. However, museum planning involves planning the actual mission of the museum along with planning the space that the collection of the museum will be housed in. Intentional museum planning has its beginnings with the museum founder and librarian

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Director – The director is the face of the museum to the professional and public community. They communicate closely with the board to guide and govern the museum. They work with the staff to ensure the museum runs smoothly. According to museum professionals Hugh H. Genoways and Lynne M. Ireland,

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has suggested the development of more modern 19th-century museums was part of new strategies by Western governments to produce a citizenry that, rather than be directed by coercive or external forces, monitored and regulated its own conduct. To incorporate the masses in this strategy, the private

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American museums eventually joined European museums as the world's leading centers for the production of new knowledge in their fields of interest. A period of intense museum building, in both an intellectual and physical sense was realized in the late 19th and early 20th centuries (this is often

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favored education over the preservation of their objects. They displayed objects as well as their functions. One exhibit featured a historical printing press that a staff member used for visitors to create museum memorabilia. Some museums seek to reach a wide audience, such as a national or state

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in ageing documents, artifacts, artworks, and buildings. All museums display objects that are important to a culture. As historian Steven Conn writes, "To see the thing itself, with one's own eyes and in a public place, surrounded by other people having some version of the same experience, can be

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opened to the public in 1759, it was a concern that large crowds could damage the artifacts. Prospective visitors to the British Museum had to apply in writing for admission, and small groups were allowed into the galleries each day. The British Museum became increasingly popular during the 19th

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In 1971 administrative staff at New York's Museum of Modern Art formed the organization "Professional and Staff Association of the Museum of Modern Art" (PASTA), the first union of professional employees, as opposed to maintenance and service people, at a privately‐financed museum. The contract

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Museums are facing funding shortages. Funding for museums comes from four major categories, and as of 2009 the breakdown for the United States is as follows: Government support (at all levels) 24.4%, private (charitable) giving 36.5%, earned income 27.6%, and investment income 11.5%. Government

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in a move by the Basque regional government to revitalize the dilapidated old port area of that city. The Basque government agreed to pay $ 100 million for the construction of the museum, a price tag that caused many Bilbaoans to protest against the project. Nonetheless, over 1.1 million people

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Questions of accessibility continue to the present day. Many museums strive to make their buildings, programming, ideas, and collections more publicly accessible than in the past. Not every museum is participating in this trend, but that seems to be the trajectory of museums in the twenty-first

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does not have such a definition, their list of accreditation criteria to participate in their Accreditation Program states a museum must: "Be a legally organized nonprofit institution or part of a nonprofit organization or government entity; Be essentially educational in nature; Have a formally

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Private museums are organized by individuals and managed by a board and museum officers, but public museums are created and managed by federal, state, or local governments. A government can charter a museum through legislative action but the museum can still be private as it is not part of the

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Ancient Greeks and Romans collected and displayed art and objects but perceived museums differently from modern-day views. In the classical period, the museums were the temples and their precincts which housed collections of votive offerings. Paintings and sculptures were displayed in gardens,

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Museums being used as a cultural economic driver by city and local governments has proven to be controversial among museum activists and local populations alike. Public protests have occurred in numerous cities which have tried to employ museums in this way. While most subside if a museum is

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The way that museums are planned and designed vary according to what collections they house, but overall, they adhere to planning a space that is easily accessed by the public and easily displays the chosen artifacts. These elements of planning have their roots with John Cotton Dana, who was

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The nonprofit museum has a fiduciary responsibility in regards to the public, in essence the museum holds its collections and administers it for the benefit of the public. Collections of for-profit museums are legally corporate assets the museum administers for the benefit of the owners or

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for an exhibit, determining the most effective, engaging and appropriate methods of communicating a message or telling a story. The process will often mirror the architectural process or schedule, moving from conceptual plan, through schematic design, design development, contract document,

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Nonprofit means that an organization is classified as a charitable corporation and is exempt from paying most taxes and the money the organization earns is invested in the organization itself. Money made by a private, for-profit museum is paid to the museum's owners or shareholders.

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Museums are laid out in a specific way for a specific reason and each person who enters the doors of a museum will see its collection completely differently to the person behind them- this is what makes museums fascinating because they are represented differently to each individual.

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intentionally disregarded. Through this, people are encouraging others to consider this missing perspective, when looking at museum collections, as every object viewed in such environments was placed by an individual to represent a certain viewpoint, be it historical or cultural.

892:– Curators are the intellectual drivers behind exhibits. They research the museum's collection and topic of focus, develop exhibition themes, and publish their research aimed at either a public or academic audience. Larger museums have curators in a variety of areas. For example, 1236:, the largest museum funder in the United States, decreased by 19.586 million between 2011 and 2015, adjusted for inflation. The average spent per visitor in an art museum in 2016 was $ 8 between admissions, store and restaurant, where the average expense per visitor was $ 55. 3695:

Felwine Sarr, Bénédicte Savoy: "Rapport sur la restitution du patrimoine culturel africain. Vers une nouvelle éthique relationnelle". Paris 2018; "The Restitution of African Cultural Heritage. Toward a New Relational Ethics" (Download French original and English version, pdf,

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As well as an argument for the decolonization of museums, there is also the push by some to represent, in both exhibitions and new museums, the marginalized communities within a culture or society. One example of this is the work of archivist and diverse heritage specialist

864:"Administration of the organization requires skill in conflict management, interpersonal relations, budget management and monitoring, and staff supervision and evaluation. Managers must also set legal and ethical standards and maintain involvement in the museum profession." 1240:, which fall into the private giving category, can be a good source of funding to make up the funding gap. The amount corporations currently give to museums accounts for just 5% of total funding. Corporate giving to the arts, however, was set to increase by 3.3% in 2017. 816:(NAGPRA), which required federal agencies and federally funded institutions to repatriate Native American "cultural items" to culturally affiliate tribes and groups. Similarly, many European museum collections often contain objects and cultural artifacts acquired through 986:

Blue Shield has conducted extensive missions to protect museums and cultural assets in armed conflict, such as 2011 in Egypt and Libya, 2013 in Syria and 2014 in Mali and Iraq. During these operations, the looting of the collection is to be prevented in particular.

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In the United States, labor unrest within the arts and cultural sector go back at least nearly a century to 1933 when a New York-based collective of artists eventually known as the Artist's Union used collective bargaining for state relief for unemployed artists.

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In recent years, some cities have turned to museums as an avenue for economic development or rejuvenation. This is particularly true in the case of postindustrial cities. Examples of museums fulfilling these economic roles exist around the world. For example, the

1187:'s maiden voyage in 2012. Initially expecting modest visitor numbers of 425,000 annually, first year visitor numbers reached over 800,000, with almost 60% coming from outside Northern Ireland. In the United States, similar projects include the 81,000 square foot 1648:

A trust is a legal instrument where trustees manage the trust's assets for the benefit of the museum following the specific wishes of the donor. This provides tax benefits for the donor, and also allows the donor to have control over how assets are distributed.

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conquered the great cities of Europe, confiscating art objects as he went, the collections grew and the organizational task became more and more complicated. After Napoleon was defeated in 1815, many of the treasures he had amassed were gradually

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Major professional organizations from around the world offer some definitions as to what constitutes a museum, and their purpose. Common themes in all the definitions are public good and the care, preservation, and interpretation of collections.

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in accordance with the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property from 1954 and its 2nd Protocol from 1999. For legal reasons, there are many international collaborations between museums, and the local Blue Shield organizations.

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Various positions within the museum carry out the policies established by the Board and the Director. All museum employees should work together toward the museum's institutional goal. Here is a list of positions commonly found at museums:

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has a Curator of Transportation, a Curator of Public Life, a Curator of Decorative Arts, etc. Many art museums have curators dedicated to specific historical periods and geographic regions, such as American art and modern or contemporary

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museums now, as they have been progressively replaced by interactive technology. As educational programming has grown in museums, mass collections of objects have receded in importance. This is not necessarily a negative development;

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space of museums that previously had been restricted and socially exclusive were made public. As such, objects and artifacts, particularly those related to high culture, became instruments for these "new tasks of social management".

466:'s definition: "Museums enable people to explore collections for inspiration, learning and enjoyment. They are institutions that collect, safeguard and make accessible artifacts and specimens, which they hold in trust for society." 1010: 3952: 1737:

sculptures, which were taken from Greece by Lord Elgin in 1805. Successive Greek governments have unsuccessfully petitioned for the return of the Parthenon marbles. Another example among many others is the so-called

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forums, theaters, and bathhouses. In the ancient past there was little differentiation between libraries and museums with both occupying the building and were frequently connected to a temple or royal palace. The

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in archive-storage-rooms, where they could be consulted by students, the only people who really needed to see them". This phenomenon of disappearing objects is especially present in science museums like the

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process. The process involves identifying the museum's vision and the resources, organization and experiences needed to realize this vision. A feasibility study, analysis of comparable facilities, and an

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Barbieri, Loris; Fuoco, Fabrizio; Bruno, Fabio; Muzzupappa, Maurizio (2022). "Exhibit supports for sandstone artifacts designed through topology optimization and additive manufacturing techniques".

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Professor Eric Kilgerman, "While a museum in which a particular narrative unfolds within its halls is diachronic, those museums that limit their space to a single experience are called synchronic."

2271: 1391:, author Elaine Heumann Gurian proposes that there are five categories of museums based on intention and not content: object centered, narrative, client centered, community centered, and national. 3985: 1311:

Some museum scholars have even begun to question whether museums truly need artifacts at all. Historian Steven Conn provocatively asks this question, suggesting that there are fewer objects in

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saw their ideas of the museum as superior and based their natural history museums on "organization and taxonomy" rather than displaying everything in any order after the style of Aldrovandi.

3812: 1034: 3211: 903:– Collections managers are primarily responsible for the hands-on care, movement, and storage of objects. They are responsible for the accessibility of collections and collections policy. 808:

The late twentieth century witnessed intense debate concerning the repatriation of religious, ethnic, and cultural artifacts housed in museum collections. In the United States, several

3674: 5766: 4635: 683: 3736: 3372: 927:– Conservators focus on object restoration. More than preserving the object in its present state, they seek to stabilize and repair artifacts to the condition of an earlier era. 272:

and the preservation of rare items. Museums originated as private collections of interesting items, and not until much later did the emphasis on educating the public take root.

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objects from conquered territories and gifts from ambassadors from other kingdoms allowing the ruler to display the amassed collections to guests and to visiting dignitaries.

4107: 3017: 921:– Exhibit designers are in charge of the layout and physical installation of exhibits. They create a conceptual design and then bring it to fruition in the physical space. 5221: 4745: 4671: 4047: 3328: 1022: 719:(National Museum of Arts's Conservatory) was charged with organizing the Louvre as a national public museum and the centerpiece of a planned national museum system. As 408:

Although most museums do not allow physical contact with the associated artifacts, there are some that are interactive and encourage a more hands-on approach. In 2009,

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culturally or scientifically significant objects. Many museums have exhibitions of these objects on public display, and some have private collections that are used by

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Increasingly museums have responded to the ongoing climate crisis through enacting sustainable museum practices, and exhibitions highlighting the issues surrounding

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At smaller museums, staff members often fulfill multiple roles. Some of these positions are excluded entirely or may be carried out by a contractor when necessary.

728:(and many were not). His plan was never fully realized, but his concept of a museum as an agent of nationalistic fervor had a profound influence throughout Europe. 665:

ever seen in Europe; but by 1755 the stuffed dodo was so moth-eaten that it was destroyed, except for its head and one claw. The museum opened on 24 May 1683, with

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perturbed at the historical placement of museums outside of cities, and in areas that were not easily accessed by the public, in gloomy European style buildings.

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or art handlers. These staff specialists may also be charged with supervising contract design or production services. The exhibit design process builds on the

947:, volunteer coordinator, preparator, security staff, development officer, membership officer, business officer, gift shop manager, public relations staff, and 813: 793:. Nevertheless, museums to this day contribute new knowledge to their fields and continue to build collections that are useful for both research and display. 5298: 3842: 2403: 2202: 5513: 5323: 5237: 3115: 1329:, which have a high visitorship of school-aged children who may benefit more from hands-on interactive technology than reading a label beside an artifact. 812:

tribes and advocacy groups have lobbied extensively for the repatriation of sacred objects and the reburial of human remains. In 1990, Congress passed the

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The purpose of modern museums is to collect, preserve, interpret, and display objects of artistic, cultural, or scientific significance for the study and

5478: 5458: 5408: 3975: 661:. The collection included antique coins, books, engravings, geological specimens, and zoological specimens—one of which was the stuffed body of the last 1721:. Several demands have been made by Easter Island residents for the return of the Moai. The figures are seen as ancestors and family or the soul by the 3919: 5789: 5774: 5338: 4925: 4740: 2303: 876: 3208: 2496: 5812: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5508: 5368: 5257: 5252: 3820: 2525: 824:. Some historians and scholars have criticized the British Museum for its possession of rare antiquities from Egypt, Greece, and the Middle East. 5807: 5779: 5463: 5448: 5433: 5428: 5393: 5313: 4664: 3288: 3252: 2898: 2546:

Swann, Marjorie (2001), Curiosities and Texts: The Culture of Collecting in Early Modern England, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press

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Early museums began as the private collections of wealthy individuals, families or institutions of art and rare or curious natural objects and

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is a prominent example regarding the decolonization of museums and other collections in France and the claims of African countries to regain

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Museum purposes vary from institution to institution. Some favor education over conservation, or vice versa. For example, in the 1970s, the

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Some museum experiences have very few or no artifacts and do not necessarily call themselves museums, and their mission reflects this; the

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Archive Processing rooms provide a space for archivists to arrange and describe archival materials to make them accessible to researchers.

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The first "public" museums were often accessible only for the middle and upper classes. It could be difficult to gain entrance. When the

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During that year over 3,000 cultural workers anonymously started to share their salaries online through a pay transparency spreadsheet.

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A cross-cultural perspective on musealization: the museum's reception by China and Japan in the second half of the nineteenth century

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A cross-cultural perspective on musealization: the museum's reception by China and Japan in the second half of the nineteenth century

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fabrication, and installation. Museums of all sizes may also contract the outside services of exhibit fabrication businesses.

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to be open to the public and is considered by some to be the first modern public museum. The collection included that of

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The following is a list to give an idea of the major museum types. While comprehensive, it is not a definitive list.

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Additionally, there is a legal definition of museum in United States legislation authorizing the establishment of the

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has increased in society, museums have needed to respond to these changes in the facilities that they offer online.

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century, amongst all age groups and social classes who visited the British Museum, especially on public holidays.

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for use in war, the elephants were also used for show along with a menagerie of other animals specimens including

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which he had collected himself, including objects he had acquired from the gardeners, travellers and collectors

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loyal to the intention of the trust. The ramification is that a trust is far less flexible than a corporation.

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National Museums and Nation-Building in Europe 1750–2010 : Mobilization and Legitimacy, Continuity and Change.

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government. The distinction regulates the ownership and legal accountability for the care of the collections.

849:(AAM) has also formulated a series of standards and best practices that help guide the management of museums. 88: 5186: 5116: 5073: 4825: 4785: 2076:

Steven Conn, "Museums and American Intellectual Life, 1876–1926", 1998, The University of Chicago Press, 262.

1963: 3667:"The battle at the British Museum for a 'stolen' shield that could tell the story of Captain Cook's landing" 3523:

Ginsburgh, Victor; Mairesse, François (1997). "Defining a Museum: Suggestions for an Alternative Approach".

2067:

Steven Conn, "Museums and American Intellectual Life, 1876–1926", 1998, The University of Chicago Press, 65.

1754: 5548: 5121: 4895: 4810: 4795: 3903: 1855:

in Nottingham, England. Gregory has set up the Black Miner's Museum and has curated an exhibition entitled

1365: 1114: 1016:

Museum textile storage includes rolled storage racks, hanging wardrobe and garments shelving, and cabinets.

900: 846: 470: 456: 254: 5853: 5201: 1913: 1743: 1667: 658: 611:. These contemporary museums first emerged in western Europe, then spread into other parts of the world. 495: 261: 4040:"State-Run Museums in Georgia Abruptly Fired 40 Employees, Allegedly in Retribution for Forming a Union" 2521: 379:

for future generations. Much care, expertise, and expense is invested in preservation efforts to retard

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Museums can also be categorized into major groups by the type of collections they display, to include:

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American Association of Museums, "The Accreditation Commission's Expectations Regarding Governance."

2142: 1887: 1224: 979: 654: 1337: 4970: 4602: 1907: 1739: 1157: 796: 367:. Museums are, above all, storehouses of knowledge. In 1829, James Smithson's bequest funding the 4303: 4069: 2128:

Lipschomb, Suzannah, "Historical Authenticity and Interpretive Strategy at Hampton Court Palace",

731: 5710: 5695: 5141: 5033: 4835: 4775: 4700: 3140:

Smyth, Jamie (16 June 2013). "Northern Ireland Focus: Titanic Success Raises Hopes For Tourism".

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museums which interpret the way its subject matter existed at a certain point in time (e.g., the

1360:

museums which interpret the way its subject matter has developed and evolved through time (e.g.,

1317: 789:

became the primary centers for innovative research in the United States well before the start of

538: 402: 371:

stated that he wanted to establish an institution "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge".

368: 343: 242: 137: 62: 32: 3344: 3046:

The whole Picture: the colonial story of the art in our museums and why we need to talk about it

931:

Other positions commonly found at museums include: building operator, public programming staff,

5802: 5206: 5063: 5028: 4780: 4710: 3869: 1691: 608: 604: 4649: 3551: 2836:"The Quest for Excellence: Small museums really do have the resources to pursue accreditation" 2042: 1254: 5725: 5690: 5196: 5058: 4945: 4830: 4684: 1783:. The Marciano Foundation released a statement a month later that the closure was permanent. 1554: 1509: 1381: 1377: 1268: 1188: 1177:, incidentally for the same price as the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao and by the same architect, 1099: 1063: 530: 507: 413: 393: 3943:"Marciano Art Foundation announces it won't reopen in wake of layoffs following union drive" 2559: 2264:"The story behind the world's oldest museum, built by a Babylonian princess 2,500 years ago" 868: 5166: 5111: 5023: 4850: 3354:

Grantmakers in the Arts, GIA Reader, vol. 26, no. 3, Fall 2015.. Accessed 26 February 2017.

1534: 1439: 1106: 924: 801: 646: 623: 428: 409: 2999:

Dana, John Cotton. The Gloom of the Museum. (Woodstock, VT: The Elm Tree Press, 1917), 12.

1040:

In museums, paintings, framed and unframed, are normally hung on sliding or fixed racking.

8: 5817: 5680: 5580: 5161: 5078: 5053: 5043: 4950: 4875: 4765: 4735: 4705: 1544: 1529: 1504: 1499: 1471: 918: 463: 3172: 2769: 1984:

Findlen, Paula (1989). "The Museum: its classical etymology and renaissance genealogy".

314:

of the arts), and hence was a building set apart for study and the arts, especially the

5848: 5675: 5018: 4915: 4910: 4770: 4259: 4200: 4176: 3779: 3411: 3157: 3089: 2710: 2692: 2500: 2434: 2349: 2012: 1702: 906: 857: 253:, and many attract large numbers of visitors from outside their host country, with the 250: 108: 3536: 2675:

Gulliford, Andrew (1992). "Curation and Repatriation of Sacred and Tribal Artifacts".

2099: 529:

is believed to be one of the earliest museums in the world. While it connected to the

5660: 5176: 4860: 4800: 4790: 4680: 4550: 4531: 4514: 4506: 4487: 4469: 4450: 4431: 4412: 4393: 4374: 4357: 4347: 4263: 4249: 4130:"Union vows to fight "unlawful mass dismissal" of Georgian National Museum employees" 4070:"Georgia Museums Respond to Unionization Push by Brazenly Firing Dozens of Employees" 3980: 3976:"What's next for nonprofit museums after the closing of the Marciano Art Foundation?" 3947: 3911: 3783: 3759: 3728: 3645: 3620: 3595: 3415: 3049: 2814: 2629: 2375: 2302:. Al-Azhar Engineering Thirteenth International Conference. p. 2. Archived from 1897: 1787: 1519: 1345: 1192: 963: 832: 700: 619: 542: 376: 199: 4409:

Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy

587: 5838: 5655: 5565: 5247: 4885: 4241: 4168: 4009:"MOCA will voluntarily recognize new employee union; Marciano closure is permanent" 3771: 3532: 3445: 3403: 2749: 2684: 2341: 2172: 1993: 1938: 1928: 1772: 1539: 1467: 1447: 1427: 1373: 1174: 1126: 1070: 967: 948: 677: 638: 592: 364: 5720: 3775: 3721:"'Moai are family': Easter Island people to head to London to request statue back" 3449: 3155:

Wallis, David (20 March 2014). "Start-Up Success Isn't Enough to Found a Museum".

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strategic plan, institutional code of ethics, bylaws, and collections policy. The

5715: 5625: 5600: 5590: 5585: 5181: 5096: 5068: 4840: 4630: 4237: 3704: 3558: 3407: 3351: 3332: 3292: 3256: 3215: 2902: 2776: 2569: 2509: 1958: 1892: 1839: 1792: 1722: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1574: 1443: 1166: 1094: 1059: 777: 747: 666: 327: 311: 265: 238: 157: 95: 3617:

Foundations of Museum Studies: Evolving Systems of Knowledge Illustrated Edition

2990:

Dana, John Cotton. The New Museum (Woodstock, VT: The Elm Tree Press, 1917), 32.

2981:

Dana, John Cotton. The New Museum (Woodstock, VT: The Elm Tree Press, 1917), 25.

2811:

Foundations of Museum Studies: Evolving Systems of Knowledge Illustrated Edition

2232: 1369: 1357: 249:. Public museums that host exhibitions and interactive demonstrations are often 5700: 5685: 5620: 5570: 5191: 5106: 4880: 4725: 4227: 4223: 1943: 1874: 1823: 1726: 1609: 1604: 1579: 1280: 1263: 1249: 944: 893: 765: 743: 736: 630: 433: 4245: 5832: 5630: 5560: 5126: 4980: 4890: 4625: 3915: 3732: 2935: 1852: 1776: 1734: 1706: 1564: 1559: 1524: 1463: 1454:. Within these categories, many museums specialize further, e.g., museums of 1074: 761: 650: 642: 380: 297: 179: 141: 4361: 3760:"A Case of Identity: The Artefacts of the 1770 Kamay (Botany Bay) Encounter" 2754: 2737: 5640: 5595: 5171: 5131: 4496: 4100:"Georgian culture minister accused of purging critics from National Museum" 3087:

Riding, Alan (24 June 1997). "A Gleaming New Guggenheim for Grimy Bilbao".

1948: 1827: 1817: 1569: 1411: 1399: 1215: 1118: 932: 821: 790: 773: 417: 246: 5575: 5211: 5156: 5101: 5048: 5008: 4865: 4715: 2585: 1997: 1953: 1725:

and hold deep cultural value to their people. Other examples include the

1549: 1479: 1407: 1341: 1237: 1200: 1178: 1110: 817: 769: 669: 518: 437: 234: 150: 5635: 5615: 5146: 5013: 5003: 4955: 4760: 4640: 2696: 2438: 2353: 1882: 1730: 1514: 1455: 1435: 786: 570: 566: 546: 323: 319: 4570:. St. Petersburg: The State Hermitage Publishers. 2015. Archived from 4180: 4129: 3218:

Embassy of the United States of America, 2012. Accessed 26 March 2017.

2013:"Ptolemy I Soter, The First King of Ancient Egypt's Ptolemaic Dynasty" 5645: 4998: 2711:"The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA)" 1475: 1419: 1415: 1196: 940: 936: 499: 397:

holy objects, for instance, are handled according to cultural rules.

355: 3697: 2688: 2329: 1869: 1771:

The Marciano Art Foundation, a museum established by co-founders of

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as the first keeper. The first building, which became known as the

269: 229:

and specialists. Museums host a much wider range of objects than a

226: 77: 872:

A curator and exhibit designer dressing a mannequin for an exhibit

161: 5038: 4720: 3552:

Sites of the Uncanny: Paul Celan, Specularity and the Visual Arts

2738:"The British Museum: An Imperial Museum in a Post-Imperial World" 1933: 1483: 1431: 1423: 1326: 1183: 1170: 912: 889: 853: 562: 558: 550: 526: 398: 315: 302: 230: 183: 1779:

closed indefinitely in November 2019 after workers attempted to

1348:, which could be considered both a history and technology museum 1078:

Dana, museums should be planned according to community's needs:

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Keeping Time: The History and Theory of Preservation in America

4277: 3904:"U.S. Museums See Rise in Unions Even as Labor Movement Slumps" 2372:

Museum Origins: Readings in early museum history and philosophy

1714: 1161: 975: 692: 596: 347: 119: 3512:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 265. 3431:"Keeping your audience: Presenting a visitor engagement scale" 3365:"Sponsorship Spending on the Arts to Grow 3.3 Percent in 2017" 2873:

From Knowledge to Narrative: Educators and the Changing Museum

2374:. Walnut Creek, California: Left Coast Press. pp. 13–15. 707:

over centuries were accessible to the public three days each "

38:"Historical museum" redirects here. For specific museums, see 4965: 4870: 3482:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 26. 3076:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 17. 2875:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 2. 1403: 1028:

Collections storage for three-dimensional historic artifacts.

696: 554: 285: 99: 4484:

Open air museums: The history and future of a visionary idea

3642:

A Legal Primer on Managing Museum Collections, Third Edition

3592:

A Legal Primer on Managing Museum Collections, Third Edition

3393: 607:. These were often displayed in so-called "wonder rooms" or 4746:

Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property

4730: 4159:

Monroe, Gerald M. (1972). "The Artists Union of New York".

3173:"Brazil museum fire: Funding cuts blamed as icon is gutted" 3010:"Turning Museums Inside-Out with Beautiful Visible Storage" 2087:

CSTM: A History of the Canada Science and Technology Museum

1746:, which is a source of dispute between Austria and Mexico. 1698: 662: 641:, however, founded in 1677 from the personal collection of 503: 392:

museum, while others have specific audiences, like the LDS

307: 4233:

Museums and Digital Culture: New Perspectives and Research

2915:

Museum Law: A Guide for Officers, Directors, and Counsel.

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are all developed as part of the museum planning process.

4751:

Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property

3429:

Taheri, Babak; Jafari, Aliakbar; O'Gorman, Kevin (2014).

3182: 2928:"ICOM and the International Committee of the Blue Shield" 1451: 971: 5137:

Digital repository audit method based on risk assessment

3428: 1709:

and put in display in major Western museums such as the

800:

An exhibition of the remains of Native Americans at the

5785:

Conservation-restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes

4528:

Contemporary Museums – Architecture History Collections

2786: 2784: 1795:, the Georgia Minister of Culture had "punished" them. 1694:

illegally taken from their original cultural settings.

257:

in the world attracting millions of visitors annually.

4613: 4608: 4486:. Stockholm and Östersund: Carlssons Förlag / Jamtli. 1697:

Since 1868, several monolithic human figures known as

1687:

report on the restitution of African cultural heritage

836:

An honours board listing the directors of a museum in

814:

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

711:" (the 10-day unit which had replaced the week in the 1729:, thought to be a very significant shield taken from 966:

stored in museums is threatened in many countries by

233:, and usually focus on a specific theme, such as the 4466:

The Museum: A Short History of Crisis and Resilience

4390:

Museums Matter: In Praise of the Encyclopedic Museum

3843:"Mexico and Austria in dispute over Aztec headdress" 3269:"National Endowment for the Arts 2015 Annual Report" 3229:"National Endowment for the Arts 2011 Annual Report" 2781: 1811: 1258:

Paintings arranged in groupings in the "salon style"

1129:

uses many artifacts in their memorable exhibitions.

306:), which denotes a place or temple dedicated to the 3209:"How Are Museums Supported Nationally in the U.S.?" 2966:

Welterbe-Stätten zerbombt, Kulturschätze verhökert.

2365: 2363: 4344:The Birth of the Museum: History, Theory, Politics 1758:Workers rallying at the Philadelphia Museum of Art 1356:It may sometimes be useful to distinguish between 5790:Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty 4926:Mold control and prevention (library and archive) 4741:Conservation and restoration of cultural property 4371:Museums and American Intellectual Life, 1876–1926 3522: 2173:"About Museums – Association of Manitoba Museums" 1643: 1298:Left: "Cabinet of curiosities" style of exhibit, 221:is an institution dedicated to displaying and/or 5830: 5813:Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies 5803:Conservation response to flood of Arno, Florence 5767:Conservation-restoration of Leonardo da Vinci's 2628:. New York: Routledge Press. pp. 6, 8, 24. 2370:Genoways, Hugh; Andrei, Mary Anne, eds. (2008). 2360: 2292: 1749: 5808:Modern and Contemporary Art Research Initiative 5780:Conservation-restoration of the Shroud of Turin 3845:. prehist.org. 22 November 2012. Archived from 3639: 3589: 3574:The Collected Writings of Elaine Heumann Gurian 3492: 2296:The Historical Evolution of Museum Architecture 880:Restoration of a gilded mirror by a conservator 5744:Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum 4901:Integrated pest management (cultural property) 3671:ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) 3615:Latham, Kiersten F.; Simmons, John E. (2014). 3585: 3583: 3571: 2809:Latham, Kiersten F.; Simmons, John E. (2014). 2804: 2802: 2800: 2369: 2293:Manssour, Y. M.; El-Daly, H. M.; Morsi, N. K. 4665: 4335:Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2015. 4222: 3614: 2808: 405:may not be discarded, but need to be buried. 69: 4411:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 4392:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 4373:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 3640:Malaro, Marie C.; DeAngelis, Ildiko (2012). 3590:Malaro, Marie C.; DeAngelis, Ildiko (2012). 1630: 1305:. Right: Contemporary history exhibit, 2016. 1073:. Dana detailed the process of founding the 618:One of these naturalists and collectors was 342:Visitors examining fossils displayed at the 27:Institution that holds items of significance 4505: 4301: 3580: 3345:"Public Funding for the Arts: 2015 Update." 2797: 2561:A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 3 990: 691:In France, the first public museum was the 5309:Books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera 4672: 4658: 4331:Aronsson, Peter., and Gabriella Elgenius. 1903:Computer Interchange of Museum Information 1845: 4856:Disaster preparedness (cultural property) 4544: 4449:. New York: Sterling Publishing Company. 3371:. ESP Properties, LLC. 13 February 2017. 2834:Pierce, Dennis (November–December 2018). 2753: 2674: 2555:H. E. Salter and Mary D. Lobel (editors) 2327: 2233:"2 CFR § 3187.3 – Definition of a museum" 717:Conservatoire du muséum national des Arts 4756:Conservation science (cultural property) 4634:) is being considered for deletion. See 4007:Miranda, Carolina A. (7 December 2019). 3974:Miranda, Carolina A. (8 November 2019). 3941:Miranda, Carolina A. (6 November 2019). 3897: 3895: 3718: 2954:Apollo – The International Art Magazine. 2497:"Admission Ticket to the British Museum" 2425:Hubbell, H. M. (1935). "Ptolemy's Zoo". 1753: 1671: 1336: 1253: 1227:that destroyed over 90% of its contents 1214: 1146: 1049: 875: 867: 831: 795: 730: 682: 586: 479:Institute of Museum and Library Services 427: 337: 4468:. New York: New York University Press. 4444: 4425: 4406: 4338: 4006: 3973: 3940: 3689: 3664: 3576:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 48–56. 3497:. New York: Harcourt. pp. 250–251. 3043: 2870: 2790:Hugh H. Genoways and Lynne M. Ireland, 2623: 2424: 2261: 2143:"ICOM approves a new museum definition" 1983: 1262:Most mid-size and large museums employ 1219:Officials blamed a lack of funding for 1181:, in time for the 100th anniversary of 1151:Construction of Titanic Belfast in 2010 1123:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 517:, and contained artifacts from earlier 14: 5831: 4463: 4193: 4158: 3868:Wagley, Catherine (25 November 2019). 3867: 3757: 3572:Heumann Gurian, Elaine (17 May 2006). 3154: 3105:"Guggenheim Bilbao Annual Report 2015" 3086: 2845:. American Alliance of Museum: 16–26. 2833: 2792:Museum Administration: An Introduction 2735: 2396:"Museums in the Ancient Mediterranean" 2330:"Museums and Raree Shows in Antiquity" 1924:List of most-visited museums by region 4653: 4037: 3901: 3892: 3807: 3805: 3790:from the original on 25 February 2022 3739:from the original on 22 December 2020 3714: 3712: 3459:from the original on 11 November 2021 3139: 3067: 3065: 3039: 3037: 3035: 2852:from the original on 12 December 2021 2243:from the original on 12 December 2021 2213:from the original on 12 December 2021 2183:from the original on 12 December 2021 2110:from the original on 13 December 2022 1986:Journal of the History of Collections 1656: 1621: 583:List of museums from the 18th century 4549:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. 4387: 4368: 3813:"How the Parthenon Lost Its Marbles" 3507: 3477: 3121:from the original on 27 January 2016 3071: 3020:from the original on 1 February 2016 2406:from the original on 5 November 2021 2049:from the original on 20 October 2017 1857:The Digging Deep Project Exhibition. 1243: 739:, the first Chinese-sponsored museum 537:Also in Alexandria from the time of 389:Canada Science and Technology Museum 268:, museums have been associated with 116:Canada Science and Technology Museum 4304:"Digging deeper with Norma Gregory" 4194:Glueck, Grace (26 September 1971). 3902:Small, Zachary (21 February 2022). 3719:Bartlett, John (16 November 2018). 3644:. Smithsonian Books. pp. 6–9. 3619:. Libraries Unlimited. p. 11. 3316:Association of Art Museum Directors 3189:from the original on 22 August 2022 2584:. History of Louvre. Archived from 2153:from the original on 25 August 2022 2023:from the original on 4 October 2019 494:One of the oldest museums known is 24: 4941:Preservation (library and archive) 4547:A Practical Guide to Museum Ethics 4325: 3835: 3802: 3709: 3677:from the original on 6 August 2020 3375:from the original on 15 March 2018 3062: 3032: 2813:. Libraries Unlimited. p. 9. 2717:from the original on 21 April 2016 2528:from the original on 12 April 2012 2514: 2132:32, no.3, August 2010, pp. 98–119. 1833: 1711:National Museum of Natural History 1616: 780:'s concept of liberal government, 72:Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino 40:Historical Museum (disambiguation) 25: 5865: 4638:to help reach a consensus. › 4590: 4110:from the original on 24 June 2022 4080:from the original on 10 July 2022 4050:from the original on 15 June 2022 3698:http://restitutionreport2018.com/ 3525:Museum Management and Curatorship 3493:Canfield Fisher, Dorothy (1927). 2656:from the original on 23 June 2022 2274:from the original on 1 April 2018 2262:Wilkens, Alasdair (25 May 2011). 2237:LII / Legal Information Institute 1812:Sustainability and climate change 1676:Moai figure at the British Museum 1661: 1136: 5795:Conservation-restoration of the 5671:Indigenous intellectual property 4609:International Council of Museums 4596: 4236:. Series on Cultural Computing. 4140:from the original on 9 June 2022 4019:from the original on 26 May 2022 3988:from the original on 26 May 2022 3955:from the original on 26 May 2022 3922:from the original on 1 June 2022 3880:from the original on 26 May 2022 3665:Brennan, Bridget (10 May 2019). 3594:. Smithsonian Books. p. 8. 2964:12 May 2014; Fabian von Posser: 2147:International Council of Museums 2010: 1919:List of most visited art museums 1868: 1719:Royal Museums of Art and History 1288: 1279: 1169:, built on disused shipyards in 1033: 1021: 1009: 997: 450:International Council of Museums 191: 171: 149: 129: 107: 87: 61: 4906:Inventory (library and archive) 4806:Cultural property documentation 4513:(in German). Potsdam: Ullmann. 4302:TOCaribNews (4 November 2019). 4295: 4270: 4216: 4187: 4152: 4122: 4092: 4062: 4031: 4000: 3967: 3934: 3861: 3819:. 28 March 2017. Archived from 3751: 3658: 3633: 3608: 3565: 3543: 3516: 3501: 3486: 3471: 3422: 3387: 3357: 3337: 3297: 3276:National Endowment for the Arts 3261: 3240:National Endowment for the Arts 3221: 3201: 3165: 3148: 3133: 3097: 3080: 3002: 2993: 2984: 2975: 2942: 2920: 2907: 2879: 2864: 2827: 2762: 2729: 2703: 2668: 2642: 2617: 2600: 2574: 2549: 2540: 2522:"History of the British Museum" 2489: 2480: 2471: 2462: 2445: 2418: 2388: 2321: 2286: 2255: 2225: 2195: 2165: 1362:Lower East Side Tenement Museum 1234:National Endowment for the Arts 5304:Bone, horn, and antler objects 4846:Digital photograph restoration 3510:Do Museums Still Need Objects? 3480:Do Museums Still Need Objects? 3343:Stubbs, Ryan and Henry Clapp. 3074:Do Museums Still Need Objects? 2956:2 February 2015; Mehroz Baig: 2913:Cf., e.g., Marilyn E. Phelan: 2794:, (Lanham: AltaMira, 2003), 3. 2328:van Buren, E. Douglas (1922). 2135: 2122: 2092: 2079: 2070: 2061: 2035: 2004: 1977: 1644:Run by trusts vs. corporations 1489: 1323:Museum of Science and Industry 423: 13: 1: 5489:South Asian household shrines 5187:Reconstruction (architecture) 5117:Cultural property radiography 5074:Registrar (cultural property) 4826:Cultural resources management 4786:Collections management system 4623: 4525:– also available in English: 4204:. pp. Section D, Page 24 4038:Dafoe, Taylor (2 June 2022). 3776:10.1080/1031461X.2017.1414862 3764:Australian Historical Studies 3537:10.1016/S0260-4779(97)00003-4 3450:10.1016/j.tourman.2013.12.011 2346:10.1080/0015587X.1922.9720240 1970: 1964:Virtual Library museums pages 1750:Labor issues and unionization 1299: 957: 827: 676:, is sometimes attributed to 511: 296:). It is originally from the 5758:Conservation-restoration of 5749:Conservation-restoration of 5122:Detachment of wall paintings 4896:Intangible cultural heritage 4811:Cultural property exhibition 4796:Cultural heritage management 4445:Murtagh, William J. (2005). 4278:"Home – Black Miners Museum" 4196:"MOMA Gets a Taste of PASTA" 3408:10.1016/j.culher.2022.04.008 3396:Journal of Cultural Heritage 3305:"Art Museums by the Numbers" 2652:. Encyclopedica Britannica. 2207:American Alliance of Museums 2104:Jewish Museum of Switzerland 1366:Diachronic Museum of Larissa 1115:National Constitution Center 847:American Alliance of Museums 699:, opened in 1793 during the 471:American Alliance of Museums 457:Canadian Museums Association 275: 7: 5202:Transfer of panel paintings 4426:Marotta, Antonello (2010). 4308:Toronto Caribbean Newspaper 2958:When War Destroys Identity. 2045:. Smithsonian Institution. 1914:List of largest art museums 1861: 1744:Museum of Ethnology, Vienna 1668:Decolonisation of knowledge 1045: 432:A guided tour group at the 260:Since the establishment of 10: 5870: 5666:Heritage language learning 4936:Optical media preservation 4530:. Braun Publishing. 2010. 2400:World History Encyclopedia 1815: 1713:, the British Museum, the 1665: 1247: 1210: 1143:Economic theory of museums 1140: 1057: 713:French Republican Calendar 580: 519:Mesopotamian civilizations 489: 484: 333: 310:(the patron divinities in 29: 5734: 5706:Oral history preservation 5547: 5276: 5220: 5087: 4989: 4821:Cultural property storage 4816:Cultural property imaging 4691: 4619:VLmp directory of museums 4545:Yerkovich, Sally (2016). 4499:The Participatory Museum. 4246:10.1007/978-3-319-97457-6 3798:– via ResearchGate. 3758:Thomas, Nicholas (2018). 2887:"Museum Job Descriptions" 2871:Roberts, Lisa C. (1997). 2713:. National Park Service. 1888:Category:Types of museums 1631:Non-profit vs. for-profit 1225:National Museum of Brazil 980:Blue Shield International 754: 655:John Tradescant the elder 401:objects that contain the 262:the earliest known museum 55: 50: 5753:by Elías García Martínez 4971:Sustainable preservation 4636:templates for discussion 3350:26 November 2018 at the 3331:19 December 2018 at the 2775:19 November 2011 at the 2043:"James Smithson Society" 1908:International Museum Day 1332: 1158:Guggenheim Museum Bilbao 991:Gallery – Museum storage 726:returned to their owners 659:his son of the same name 576: 496:Ennigaldi-Nanna's museum 5711:Preservation of meaning 5696:Language revitalization 5364:Illuminated manuscripts 5142:Historic paint analysis 5034:Conservation technician 4836:Deaccessioning (museum) 4776:Collections maintenance 4701:Agents of deterioration 4501:Santa Cruz: Museums 2.0 4497:Simon, Nina K. (2010). 4482:Rentzhog, Sten (2007). 4464:Redman, Samuel (2022). 4407:Findlen, Paula (1996). 3291:11 January 2019 at the 3255:10 January 2019 at the 3214:10 October 2018 at the 3044:Procter, Alice (2020). 2950:Inquiry: Monuments Men. 2894:University of Rochester 2755:10.5130/phrj.v18i0.1523 2626:The Birth of the Museum 2568:8 February 2013 at the 2557:Victoria County History 2177:www.museumsmanitoba.com 1846:Diversity and inclusion 1775:, Maurice Marciano and 1318:Dorothy Canfield Fisher 609:cabinets of curiosities 539:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 369:Smithsonian Institution 344:National Museum of Iran 288:, and is pluralized as 138:Hong Kong Museum of Art 33:Museum (disambiguation) 5721:Tradition preservation 5374:Iron and steel objects 5263:Outdoor bronze objects 5207:UVC-based preservation 5064:Photograph conservator 5029:Conservation scientist 4781:Collections management 4711:Archaeological science 3703:15 August 2021 at the 3557:8 October 2015 at the 3369:ESP Sponsorship Report 2736:Duthie, Emily (2011). 2624:Bennett, Tony (1995). 1759: 1677: 1349: 1259: 1228: 1152: 1055: 901:Collections Management 881: 873: 841: 805: 740: 688: 600: 510:. The site dates from 441: 351: 70: 5844:Educational buildings 5726:Traditional knowledge 5691:Language preservation 5299:Ancient Greek pottery 5197:Textile stabilization 5059:Paintings conservator 4946:Preservation metadata 4831:Database preservation 4685:historic preservation 4369:Conn, Steven (1998). 4346:. London: Routledge. 3508:Conn, Steven (2010). 3478:Conn, Steven (2010). 3072:Conn, Steven (2010). 3016:. 24 September 2014. 2742:Public History Review 2508:13 April 2014 at the 2486:Findlen, pp. 393–397. 2427:The Classical Journal 1757: 1740:Montezuma's headdress 1733:in April 1770 or the 1675: 1389:Civilizing the Museum 1382:University of Florida 1378:Colonial Williamsburg 1340: 1257: 1218: 1189:Taubman Museum of Art 1150: 1064:Interpretive planning 1053: 879: 871: 835: 799: 734: 686: 590: 531:Library of Alexandria 508:Neo-Babylonian Empire 462:The United Kingdom's 431: 394:Church History Museum 341: 5514:Time-based media art 5324:Copper-based objects 5238:Archaeological sites 5167:Mass deacidification 5112:Cradling (paintings) 5024:Conservator-restorer 4851:Digital preservation 4614:Museums of the World 4605:at Wikimedia Commons 4388:Cuno, James (2013). 3531:. Routledge: 15–33. 3185:. 3 September 2018. 2901:5 April 2012 at the 2677:The Public Historian 2130:The Public Historian 1107:Griffith Observatory 802:Royal Ontario Museum 678:Sir Christopher Wren 647:University of Oxford 645:, was set up in the 624:Age of Enlightenment 527:Museum of Alexandria 498:, built by Princess 420:life may have been. 410:Hampton Court Palace 255:most visited museums 31:For other uses, see 5818:World Heritage Site 5681:Indigenous language 5581:Endangered language 5479:Shipwreck artifacts 5459:Photographic plates 5409:Musical instruments 5162:Lining of paintings 5079:Textile conservator 5054:Objects conservator 5044:Exhibition designer 4951:Preservation survey 4876:Found in collection 4766:Collection (museum) 4736:Calendar (archives) 4706:Archival processing 4282:blackcoalminers.com 3849:on 29 November 2014 3048:. England: Cassel. 2582:"History of Louvre" 2209:. 25 January 2018. 464:Museums Association 251:tourist attractions 5854:Tourist activities 5676:Indigenous culture 5019:Collection manager 4916:Media preservation 4911:Inventory (museum) 4771:Collection catalog 4511:Museumsarchitektur 4507:van Uffelen, Chris 4428:Contemporary Milan 4201:The New York Times 3908:The New York Times 3823:on 2 February 2021 3495:Why Stop Learning? 3438:Tourism Management 3158:The New York Times 3090:The New York Times 2612:Museum and Society 2588:on 24 October 2013 2524:. British Museum. 2501:The British Museum 2457:Museum and Society 2309:on 21 January 2022 1998:10.1093/jhc/1.1.59 1875:Museums portal 1786:In the country of 1760: 1678: 1657:Current challenges 1622:Public vs. private 1452:zoological gardens 1440:children's museums 1350: 1260: 1229: 1153: 1056: 882: 874: 858:Board of directors 842: 806: 741: 689: 687:The Louvre in 1853 601: 506:at the end of the 442: 377:cultural artifacts 352: 5826: 5825: 5775:Pompeian frescoes 5661:Heritage language 5551:cultural heritage 5339:Flags and banners 5284:cultural property 5248:Heritage railways 5228:cultural property 5177:Paleo-inspiration 4861:Film preservation 4801:Cultural property 4791:Cultural heritage 4681:Cultural heritage 4601:Media related to 4556:978-1-4422-3164-1 4537:978-3-03768-067-4 4520:978-3-8331-6033-2 4492:978-91-7948-208-4 4475:978-1-4798-0933-2 4437:978-88-572-0258-7 4399:978-0-226-10091-3 4353:978-0-415-05387-7 4255:978-3-319-97456-9 4013:Los Angeles Times 3981:Los Angeles Times 3948:Los Angeles Times 3651:978-1-58834-322-2 3626:978-1-61069-282-3 3601:978-1-58834-322-2 3549:Kilgerman, Eric. 3112:Guggenheim Bilbao 3055:978-1-78840-221-7 2938:on 23 March 2020. 2820:978-1-61069-282-3 2381:978-1-59874-197-1 1898:Collective memory 1346:automotive museum 1269:interpretive plan 1244:Exhibition design 1232:funding from the 1193:Roanoke, Virginia 1100:interpretive plan 964:cultural property 854:Board of Trustees 701:French Revolution 620:Ulisse Aldrovandi 543:African elephants 280:The English word 215: 214: 200:Sukiennice Museum 18:Historical museum 16:(Redirected from 5861: 5762:by Thomas Eakins 5760:The Gross Clinic 5656:Folklore studies 5566:Applied folklore 5539:Wooden furniture 5534:Wooden artifacts 5529:Woodblock prints 5509:Tibetan thangkas 5369:Insect specimens 5258:Outdoor artworks 5253:Historic gardens 4886:Heritage science 4674: 4667: 4660: 4651: 4650: 4600: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4576: 4569: 4560: 4541: 4524: 4479: 4460: 4441: 4422: 4403: 4384: 4365: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3899: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3817:History Magazine 3809: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3716: 3707: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3587: 3578: 3577: 3569: 3563: 3562:, p. 255 (2007). 3547: 3541: 3540: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3458: 3435: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3361: 3355: 3341: 3335: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3309: 3301: 3295: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3273: 3265: 3259: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3233: 3225: 3219: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3120: 3109: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3069: 3060: 3059: 3041: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3006: 3000: 2997: 2991: 2988: 2982: 2979: 2973: 2972:5 November 2013. 2946: 2940: 2939: 2934:. Archived from 2924: 2918: 2917:2014, p. 419 ff. 2911: 2905: 2897: 2891: 2883: 2877: 2876: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2851: 2840: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2806: 2795: 2788: 2779: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2757: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2621: 2615: 2614:, vol. 10, 2012. 2606:Chang Wan-Chen, 2604: 2598: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2578: 2572: 2563:1954 Pages 47–49 2553: 2547: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2518: 2512: 2504: 2493: 2487: 2484: 2478: 2475: 2469: 2466: 2460: 2451:Chang Wan-Chen, 2449: 2443: 2442: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2367: 2358: 2357: 2325: 2319: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2308: 2301: 2290: 2284: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2259: 2253: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2229: 2223: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2199: 2193: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2169: 2163: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2139: 2133: 2126: 2120: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2100:"Holy Museology" 2096: 2090: 2085:Babian, Sharon, 2083: 2077: 2074: 2068: 2065: 2059: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2039: 2033: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2008: 2002: 2001: 1981: 1939:Museum education 1929:Lists of museums 1873: 1872: 1735:Parthenon marble 1472:aviation history 1468:military history 1428:cultural history 1380:). According to 1374:Anne Frank House 1344:displayed at an 1304: 1301: 1292: 1283: 1175:Northern Ireland 1127:Washington, D.C. 1071:John Cotton Dana 1054:Exhibit planning 1037: 1025: 1013: 1001: 968:natural disaster 949:graphic designer 919:Exhibit Designer 680:or Thomas Wood. 639:Ashmolean Museum 593:Ashmolean Museum 516: 513: 365:environmentalism 322:and research at 318:(institute) for 195: 175: 153: 133: 111: 91: 75: 65: 48: 47: 43: 36: 21: 5869: 5868: 5864: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5859: 5858: 5829: 5828: 5827: 5822: 5769:The Last Supper 5736: 5730: 5716:Primitive music 5626:Folk instrument 5601:Family folklore 5591:Ethnomusicology 5586:Ethnochoreology 5553: 5550: 5543: 5464:Plastic objects 5449:Performance art 5434:Panel paintings 5429:Painting frames 5394:Leather objects 5314:Ceramic objects 5286: 5283: 5281: 5280:and restoration 5279: 5272: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5224:and restoration 5223: 5216: 5182:Paper splitting 5097:Aging (artwork) 5089: 5083: 5069:Preservationist 4991: 4985: 4841:Digital library 4693: 4687: 4678: 4639: 4593: 4580: 4578: 4574: 4567: 4563: 4557: 4538: 4526: 4521: 4476: 4457: 4438: 4419: 4400: 4381: 4354: 4328: 4326:Further reading 4323: 4322: 4312: 4310: 4300: 4296: 4286: 4284: 4276: 4275: 4271: 4256: 4230:, eds. (2019). 4221: 4217: 4207: 4205: 4192: 4188: 4157: 4153: 4143: 4141: 4128: 4127: 4123: 4113: 4111: 4106:. 26 May 2022. 4098: 4097: 4093: 4083: 4081: 4068: 4067: 4063: 4053: 4051: 4036: 4032: 4022: 4020: 4005: 4001: 3991: 3989: 3972: 3968: 3958: 3956: 3939: 3935: 3925: 3923: 3900: 3893: 3883: 3881: 3866: 3862: 3852: 3850: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3826: 3824: 3811: 3810: 3803: 3793: 3791: 3756: 3752: 3742: 3740: 3717: 3710: 3705:Wayback Machine 3694: 3690: 3680: 3678: 3663: 3659: 3652: 3638: 3634: 3627: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3588: 3581: 3570: 3566: 3559:Wayback Machine 3548: 3544: 3521: 3517: 3506: 3502: 3491: 3487: 3476: 3472: 3462: 3460: 3456: 3433: 3427: 3423: 3392: 3388: 3378: 3376: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3352:Wayback Machine 3342: 3338: 3333:Wayback Machine 3321: 3319: 3307: 3303: 3302: 3298: 3293:Wayback Machine 3281: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3266: 3262: 3257:Wayback Machine 3245: 3243: 3231: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3216:Wayback Machine 3206: 3202: 3192: 3190: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3153: 3149: 3142:Financial Times 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2111: 2106:. 31 May 2022. 2098: 2097: 2093: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2062: 2052: 2050: 2041: 2040: 2036: 2026: 2024: 2009: 2005: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1959:Science tourism 1893:Cell phone tour 1867: 1864: 1848: 1840:digital culture 1836: 1834:Digital culture 1820: 1814: 1793:Thea Tsulukiani 1752: 1670: 1664: 1659: 1646: 1633: 1624: 1619: 1617:Legal framework 1614: 1595:Natural history 1492: 1444:natural history 1335: 1309: 1308: 1307: 1306: 1302: 1295: 1294: 1293: 1285: 1284: 1252: 1246: 1213: 1167:Titanic Belfast 1145: 1139: 1095:museum planning 1066: 1060:Museum planning 1048: 1041: 1038: 1029: 1026: 1017: 1014: 1005: 1002: 993: 960: 830: 810:Native American 778:Michel Foucault 757: 585: 579: 514: 492: 487: 426: 336: 328:Ptolemy I Soter 312:Greek mythology 278: 243:natural history 211: 210: 209: 208: 207: 198:Gallery at the 196: 188: 187: 178:Diorama at the 176: 167: 166: 165: 158:House of Slaves 154: 146: 145: 134: 125: 124: 123: 112: 104: 103: 96:Egyptian Museum 92: 83: 82: 81: 66: 44: 37: 30: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5867: 5857: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5764: 5755: 5746: 5740: 5738: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5701:Living history 5698: 5693: 5688: 5686:Language death 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5621:Folk etymology 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5571:Dance notation 5568: 5563: 5557: 5555: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5484:Silver objects 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5290: 5288: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5270: 5268:Outdoor murals 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5234: 5232: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5192:Rissverklebung 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5107:Arrested decay 5104: 5099: 5093: 5091: 5090:and techniques 5085: 5084: 5082: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4995: 4993: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4881:Heritage asset 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4726:Bioarchaeology 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4697: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4677: 4676: 4669: 4662: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4592: 4591:External links 4589: 4588: 4587: 4577:on 10 May 2017 4561: 4555: 4542: 4536: 4519: 4503: 4494: 4480: 4474: 4461: 4455: 4442: 4436: 4423: 4417: 4404: 4398: 4385: 4379: 4366: 4352: 4336: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4320: 4294: 4269: 4254: 4215: 4186: 4173:10.2307/775601 4151: 4121: 4091: 4061: 4030: 3999: 3966: 3933: 3891: 3860: 3834: 3801: 3750: 3708: 3688: 3657: 3650: 3632: 3625: 3607: 3600: 3579: 3564: 3542: 3515: 3500: 3485: 3470: 3421: 3386: 3356: 3336: 3296: 3260: 3220: 3207:Bell, Ford W. 3200: 3164: 3147: 3132: 3096: 3079: 3061: 3054: 3031: 3001: 2992: 2983: 2974: 2941: 2919: 2906: 2878: 2863: 2826: 2819: 2796: 2780: 2761: 2728: 2702: 2667: 2641: 2634: 2616: 2599: 2573: 2548: 2539: 2513: 2488: 2479: 2470: 2468:Findlen, p. 3. 2461: 2444: 2417: 2387: 2380: 2359: 2320: 2285: 2254: 2224: 2194: 2164: 2134: 2121: 2091: 2078: 2069: 2060: 2034: 2003: 1975: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1944:Museum fatigue 1941: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1879: 1878: 1877: 1863: 1860: 1847: 1844: 1835: 1832: 1824:climate change 1813: 1810: 1801: 1800: 1773:Guess clothing 1765: 1764: 1751: 1748: 1727:Gweagal Shield 1663: 1662:Decolonization 1660: 1658: 1655: 1645: 1642: 1640:shareholders. 1632: 1629: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1565:Living history 1562: 1557: 1555:Historic house 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1510:Archaeological 1507: 1502: 1496: 1491: 1488: 1334: 1331: 1297: 1296: 1287: 1286: 1278: 1277: 1276: 1275: 1274: 1264:exhibit design 1250:Exhibit design 1248:Main article: 1245: 1242: 1212: 1209: 1138: 1137:Financial uses 1135: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1008: 1006: 1003: 996: 992: 989: 959: 956: 929: 928: 922: 916: 910: 904: 898: 894:The Henry Ford 866: 865: 861: 829: 826: 776:). Drawing on 756: 753: 737:Nantong Museum 631:British Museum 578: 575: 491: 488: 486: 483: 434:Soumaya Museum 425: 422: 412:, a palace of 335: 332: 330:about 280 BC. 326:, built under 277: 274: 213: 212: 197: 190: 189: 177: 170: 169: 168: 155: 148: 147: 135: 128: 127: 126: 113: 106: 105: 93: 86: 85: 84: 67: 60: 59: 58: 57: 56: 53: 52: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5866: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5798: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5770: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5733: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5631:Folk medicine 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5561:Ancient music 5559: 5558: 5556: 5552: 5546: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5494:Stained glass 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5474:Road vehicles 5472: 5470: 5469:Rail vehicles 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5419:New media art 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5379:Ivory objects 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5359:Human remains 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5349:Glass objects 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5275: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5229: 5226:of immovable 5219: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5127:Desmet method 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5086: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4992:and expertise 4988: 4982: 4981:Web archiving 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4891:Inherent vice 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4675: 4670: 4668: 4663: 4661: 4656: 4655: 4652: 4646: 4642: 4637: 4633: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4604: 4599: 4595: 4594: 4573: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4533: 4529: 4522: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4495: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4458: 4456:0-471-47377-4 4452: 4448: 4443: 4439: 4433: 4429: 4424: 4420: 4418:0-520-20508-1 4414: 4410: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4382: 4380:0-226-11493-7 4376: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4340:Bennett, Tony 4337: 4334: 4330: 4329: 4309: 4305: 4298: 4283: 4279: 4273: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4219: 4203: 4202: 4197: 4190: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4155: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4125: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4095: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4065: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4034: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4003: 3987: 3983: 3982: 3977: 3970: 3954: 3950: 3949: 3944: 3937: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3898: 3896: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3864: 3848: 3844: 3838: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3808: 3806: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3754: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3715: 3713: 3706: 3702: 3699: 3692: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3661: 3653: 3647: 3643: 3636: 3628: 3622: 3618: 3611: 3603: 3597: 3593: 3586: 3584: 3575: 3568: 3561: 3560: 3556: 3553: 3546: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3519: 3511: 3504: 3496: 3489: 3481: 3474: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3432: 3425: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3390: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3360: 3353: 3349: 3346: 3340: 3334: 3330: 3317: 3313: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3290: 3277: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3254: 3241: 3237: 3230: 3224: 3217: 3213: 3210: 3204: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3179: 3174: 3168: 3161:. p. 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C9. 3092: 3091: 3083: 3075: 3068: 3066: 3057: 3051: 3047: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3019: 3015: 3014:Atlas Obscura 3011: 3005: 2996: 2987: 2978: 2971: 2968:(German) In: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2945: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2923: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2888: 2882: 2874: 2867: 2848: 2844: 2837: 2830: 2822: 2816: 2812: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2793: 2787: 2785: 2778: 2774: 2771: 2765: 2756: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2732: 2716: 2712: 2706: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2671: 2655: 2651: 2645: 2637: 2635:0-415-05388-9 2631: 2627: 2620: 2613: 2609: 2603: 2587: 2583: 2577: 2571: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2552: 2543: 2527: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2498: 2492: 2483: 2474: 2465: 2458: 2454: 2448: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2421: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2391: 2383: 2377: 2373: 2366: 2364: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2340:(4): 337–53. 2339: 2335: 2331: 2324: 2305: 2298: 2297: 2289: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2258: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2228: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2203:"Eligibility" 2198: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2168: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2138: 2131: 2125: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2095: 2088: 2082: 2073: 2064: 2048: 2044: 2038: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2011:Dunn, Jimmy. 2007: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1980: 1976: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1854: 1853:Norma Gregory 1843: 1841: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1819: 1809: 1805: 1798: 1797: 1796: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1777:Paul Marciano 1774: 1769: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1707:Easter Island 1704: 1700: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1688: 1682: 1674: 1669: 1654: 1650: 1641: 1637: 1628: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1560:Historic site 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1495: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1464:local history 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1390: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1291: 1282: 1273: 1270: 1265: 1256: 1251: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1208: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1163: 1162:Bilbao, Spain 1160:was built in 1159: 1149: 1144: 1134: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1101: 1096: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1075:Newark Museum 1072: 1065: 1061: 1052: 1036: 1031: 1024: 1019: 1012: 1007: 1000: 995: 994: 988: 984: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 955: 952: 950: 946: 945:groundskeeper 942: 938: 934: 926: 923: 920: 917: 914: 911: 908: 905: 902: 899: 895: 891: 888: 887: 886: 878: 870: 862: 859: 855: 852: 851: 850: 848: 840:, New Zealand 839: 834: 825: 823: 819: 815: 811: 803: 798: 794: 792: 788: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 752: 749: 745: 738: 733: 729: 727: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 685: 681: 679: 675: 674:Old Ashmolean 671: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 651:Elias Ashmole 648: 644: 643:Elias Ashmole 640: 635: 632: 627: 625: 621: 616: 612: 610: 606: 598: 594: 589: 584: 574: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 535: 532: 528: 522: 520: 515: 530 BC 509: 505: 501: 497: 482: 480: 475: 472: 467: 465: 460: 458: 453: 451: 446: 439: 435: 430: 421: 419: 415: 411: 406: 404: 400: 395: 390: 385: 384:enchanting." 382: 381:decomposition 378: 372: 370: 366: 362: 357: 349: 345: 340: 331: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 304: 299: 298:Ancient Greek 295: 291: 287: 283: 273: 271: 267: 266:ancient times 263: 258: 256: 252: 248: 247:local history 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 205: 201: 194: 185: 181: 180:Indian Museum 174: 163: 159: 152: 143: 142:Tsim Sha Tsui 139: 132: 121: 117: 110: 101: 97: 90: 79: 74: 73: 64: 54: 49: 46: 41: 34: 19: 5796: 5768: 5759: 5750: 5641:Folk process 5596:Ethnopoetics 5554:preservation 5414:Neon objects 5287:by item type 5278:Conservation 5231:by item type 5222:Conservation 5172:Overpainting 5132:Display case 4961:Repatriation 4930: 4629: 4579:. 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