187:
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20:
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819:, " Some Thoughts on the World's First Photograph ", The Photographic Journal, vol. 107 (4), avril 1967, p. 130-140 (paru en français en 1972 sous le titre : " À propos de la plus ancienne photographie du monde ", op. cit.) ; cf. H. Gernsheim, The origins of Photography, Londres, New York, Thames and Hudson, 1982, p. 34.
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Daguerre probably produced his first successful daguerreotypes as early as 1834 and after Niépce’s death entered a new partnership with Niépce’s son, Isidore, on 9 May 1835, changing the name from “Niépce-Daguerre” to “Daguerre and
Isidore Niépce.” On September 27, 1835 he announced the invention as
262:
Daguerre continued to perfect the process to render a unique image using iodine, not to intensify the image, but because of its photosensitivity when applied to silver plates as a vapor. This led
Daguerre to the daguerreotype process, in which mercury fumes brought out the latent image in the silver
239:
that Niépce, who purchased sophisticated lenses from them, had been using bitumen of Judea to print images on pewter. By then, Niépce had begun using iodine vapors to darken the light parts of camera images produced on silver plates, rendering a positive image. Daguerre and Niépce corresponded, each
230:
or positive image dependent upon ambient reflection in the 20.3 × 16.5 centimetre pewter plate. By viewing the plate at an appropriate angle the viewer sees the shadow areas reflecting dark in contrast to the lighter film of bitumen, producing a legible, if elusive, positive picture of buildings, a
209:
It is certain that in the summer of 1826 Niépce succeeded for the first time in creating permanent photographic images projected by a lens onto the plate inside a camera obscura. Georges
Poitonniée asserts, based on the Niépce brothers correspondence, that the first such image was produced as early
173:
Although heliography did not achieve his intentions during Niépce's lifetime, it was further developed by his nephew Claude Félix Abel Niépce de Saint-Victor; in 1855, with the help of the copper engraver Lemaître, he succeeded in etching the heliographs and producing prints from them, laying the
150:
By 1822 had made the first light-resistant heliographic copy of an engraving, made without a lens by placing the print in contact with the light-sensitive plate. In 1826 he increasingly used pewter plates because their reflective surface made the image more clearly visible.
342:
Although named “héliographie” by Niépce, in the later 19th century “heliography” was used generally for all “sun-printing;” with “heliographic processes” coining to mean specifically the reprographic copying for line, rather than continuous tone, images. The abbreviations
449:
from Helmut
Gernsheim's article, "The 150th Anniversary of Photography," in History of Photography, Vol. I, No. 1, January 1977: ...In 1822, Niépce coated a glass plate... The sunlight passing through... This first permanent example... was destroyed... some years
23:
This earliest known surviving heliographic engraving, printed from a metal plate made in 1825 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce using his "heliographic process". The plate was exposed under an ordinary engraving. Heliography was also used to capture
258:
which exploited the photosensitivity of the residue from oil of lavender dissolved in alcohol, resulting in an image that, like the daguerreotype, appeared either positive or negative depending on the angle of reflected light.
271:. Daguerre’s high successful eponymous process, in the specific chemicals and materials used, thus emerged directly out of his partnership with Niépce, whose own discoveries, never fully realised, sank into relative obscurity.
544:
M. Hepher (Fellow) (1964) The Third
Fishenden Memorial Lecture: The Photo-Resist Story—From NiéPce to the Modern Polymer Chemist, The Journal of Photographic Science, 12:4, 181-190, DOI: 10.1080/00223638.1964.11737246
214:
estimated the exposure time might be eight hours, while
Marignier, based on his attempts to recreate the technique, as well evidence from Niépce’s letters, considered three or more days more likely.
186:
798:
Marignier, Jean-Louis (1996). "Heliography: The
Photographic Process Invented By Nicéphore Niépce Before His Association with Daguerre, New Light on the invention of Photography".
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851:
Marignier, Jean-Louis. "L'invention de la photographie." Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des
Sciences-Series IIB-Mechanics-Physics-Chemistry-Astronomy 325.7 (1997): 415-420.
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202:” in his letters to his brother. In 1816 he had limited success with light-sensitive paper coated with muriate (or chloride) of silver placed in a homemade
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Daguerre preferred the “negative” image obtained on bitumen, and together they invented a new process that rendered a single, unique image, the
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used in etching hardened with exposure to light. In experiments he coated it on plates of glass, zinc, copper and silver-surfaced copper,
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After his return from London concentrated on making camera images, which, aware of their commercial potential, he ambiguously called “
677:
Ware, Mike, 'Positives: Minor
Processes.' In Hannavy, J. (2008). Encyclopedia of nineteenth-century photography. New York: Routledge.
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which itself was based on Niépce's discoveries taken up by
Daguerre who in 1826 had heard through the Parisian opticians Charles and
837:
Marignier, Jean-Louis (2002). "The Physautotype: The World's Second Photographic Process, Invented by Niépce and Daguerre in 1832".
770:"Dr. Jean-Louis Marignier : Researcher at the CNRS (National Center for Scientific Research) University of Paris Sud 11 Orsay"
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817:“Gernsheim reviendra en 1982 sur cette datation, et admettra la date de 1827, proposée en 1967 par P.-G. Harmant et P. Marillier
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Bonnet, M., & Marignier, J.-L. (2003). Niépce, correspondance et papiers. Saint-Loup-de-Varennes: Maison Nicéphore Niepce
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in 1982, Gernsheim goes back on his dating, and validate the date of 1827, proposed by P.-G. Harmant et P. Marillier in 1967
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After both felt they could develop their work more quickly in collaboration, they formed a company on 14 December 1829.
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2011:
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which outlines his intention to use his “Heliographic” method of photogravure or photolithography as a means of making
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1973:
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On Heliography, or a method of automatically fixing by the action of light the image formed in the camera obscura
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The Concise Focal Encyclopedia of Photography From the First Photo on Paper to the Digital RevolutionPaperback
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1993:
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Comparison between the original engraving and the heliography of Joseph Nicephore Niépce. Left: Engraving of
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Nicéphore Niépce began experiments with the aim of achieving a photo-etched printmaking technique in 1811.
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were conducted; impressions of views out of his workroom window. However the images were not permanent.
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Ostroff, E. (1969). 'Etching, Engraving & Photography: History of Photomechanical Reproduction.' In
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863:"L'invention de la photographie par Nicéphore Niépce : apport de la voie expérimentale"
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2nd ed. (1989) s.v. "Heliography". Photography of the sun: As used by and in discussion of
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An Improved Method in the Art of Signalling for Military & Scientific Purposes (1887)
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The chemistry of light and photography in their application to art, science, and industry
323:
The word has also been used to refer to other phenomena: for description of the sun (cf.
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around 1822, which he used to make the earliest known surviving photograph from nature,
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View from the Window at Le Gras, by Joseph Nicephore Niepce, 1826 or 1827, France -
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Krongauz, V. V. (Vadim V.), 1953-; Trifunac, A. D. (Alexander D.), 1944- (1995),
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Marignier, J. L. (2003). Niepce: l'invention de la photographie. Belin, Paris.
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of these processes, which has been studied by Jean-Louis Marignier of
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tree, and the landscape beyond. In this regard it was not unlike the
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This article is about the photographic process. For other uses, see
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Descriptions of the sun, photography in general, and signalling by
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The exposed and solvent-treated plate itself, as in the case of
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Niépce prepared a synopsis of his experiments in November 1829:
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hesitant to divulge the extent of his progress to the other.
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master plates for multiple printed reproductions in ink.
598:
Copper plate photogravure : demystifying the process
931:
Harry Ransom Center. The University of Texas at Austin.
630:"Niépce Correspondance et papiers, accessible en ligne"
503:
362:
88:
as means to reproduce artworks through inventions of
925:
Art & Architecture Thesaurus, s.v. "heliography"
2606:
Photographic processes dating from the 19th century
210:as 1822. The process used was low in sensistivity;
359:, and can then refer to any form of photogravure.
315:since the 1990s, is still to be fully understood.
327:), for photography in general, for signalling by
217:
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351:, found on old reproductions, may stand for the
263:iodide on plates exposed to light in a camera.
279:Bitumen has a complex and varied structure of
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462:Dyson, R. W. (Robert William), 1942- (1987),
84:(1826 or 1827), and the first realisation of
754:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
577:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
485:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
243:
2513:Conservation and restoration of photographs
712:Eder, Josef Maria, Epstean, Edward (1945).
690:The history of the discovery of photography
596:Morrish, David; MacCallum, Marlene (2015),
2250:Comparison of digital and film photography
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686:
581:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
489:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2470:Photographs considered the most important
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693:(in French). New York: Tennant And Ward.
525:(1st ed.), Focal Press, p. 85,
335:or helio-telegraph), and for photography
510:(revised ed.). H. King. p. 12.
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636:(in French). 2012-01-09. Archived from
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226:rediscovered by Gernsheim, presents a
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74:process invented, and named thus, by
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434:"The First Photograph — Heliography"
287:), containing a small proportion of
16:First permanent photographic process
2465:Museums devoted to one photographer
659:The Journal of Photographic Science
634:Musée Photo Maison Nicéphore Niépce
556:Processes in photoreactive polymers
363:Other early photographic procedures
13:
2012:Timeline of photography technology
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181:
14:
2627:
2591:Audiovisual introductions in 1822
331:(a device less commonly called a
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281:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
224:View from the Window at Le Gras,
119:He knew that the acid-resistant
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504:Vogel, Hermann Wilhelm (1876).
194:- University of Texas at Austin
81:View from the Window at Le Gras
861:MARIGNIER, Jean-Louis (1998).
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218:Precursor to the daguerreotype
1:
2062:Painted photography backdrops
1994:Golden triangle (composition)
1269:35 mm equivalent focal length
416:
110:Portrait of Georges d'Amboise
936:. Accessed 10 December 2007.
927:. Accessed 10 December 2007.
687:Potonnieée, Georges (1936).
274:
99:
38:Heliography (disambiguation)
28:directly from nature with a
7:
1772:Intentional camera movement
774:Institut de Chimie Physique
303:) by light, first noted by
10:
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2460:Most expensive photographs
1817:Multi-exposure HDR capture
35:
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1954:
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905:Oxford English Dictionary
244:Partnership with Daguerre
2394:Digital image processing
2067:Photography and the law
942:. Accessed 1 June 2008.
76:Joseph Nicéphore Niépce
2414:Gelatin silver process
1438:Science of photography
1423:Photographic processes
1401:Perspective distortion
839:The Daguerreian Annual
816:
800:The Daguerreian Annual
715:History of Photography
558:, Chapman & Hall,
521:Michael Peres (2007),
195:
113:
33:
1872:Schlieren photography
1411:Photographic printing
1334:Exposure compensation
189:
174:foundation for later
107:
22:
1656:Straight photography
1294:Chromatic aberration
933:The First Photograph
319:Alternative meanings
313:Université Paris-Sud
269:Journal des artistes
147:to print black ink.
2523:photographic plates
2208:Digital photography
1386:Hyperfocal distance
1299:Circle of confusion
407:Collodion wet plate
192:Harry Ransom Center
68:graphein (γράφειν),
2616:Printing processes
2027:Autochrome Lumière
2022:Analog photography
1847:Pigeon photography
1636:Social documentary
1115:discontinued films
464:Specialty polymers
196:
114:
70:"writing") is the
34:
2578:
2577:
2379:Collodion process
2315:Chromogenic print
2302:Color photography
1812:Multiple exposure
1787:Lo-fi photography
1314:Color temperature
867:www.openbibart.fr
820:
733:978-0-231-88370-2
724:10.7312/eder91430
607:978-1-138-13124-8
565:978-0-412-98401-3
532:978-0-240-80998-4
473:978-0-412-01551-9
412:Wothlytype (1864)
237:Vincent Chevalier
2623:
2601:1820s in science
2567:
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2434:Print permanence
2384:Cross processing
2342:CMYK color model
2327:Color management
2280:Foveon X3 sensor
2275:Three-CCD camera
1919:Miniature faking
1877:Sabattier effect
1489:Astrophotography
1344:Zebra patterning
970:
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956:
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909:Hiroshi Yamazaki
897:
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869:. Archived from
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121:Bitumen of Judea
90:photolithography
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1964:Diagonal method
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1594:Photojournalism
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1236:Slide projector
1231:Movie projector
1110:available films
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127:and limestone (
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1471:
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1435:
1433:Red-eye effect
1430:
1425:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1408:
1403:
1398:
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1341:
1339:Exposure value
1336:
1331:
1326:
1324:Depth of focus
1321:
1319:Depth of field
1316:
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1306:
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1296:
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987:
985:
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980:
973:
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965:
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944:
943:
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928:
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917:
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844:
829:
805:
790:
761:
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704:
679:
663:
650:
621:
612:
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588:
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537:
531:
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496:
472:
454:
421:
420:
418:
415:
414:
413:
410:
404:
403:; around 1850)
394:
388:
387:, around 1835)
378:
372:
364:
361:
320:
317:
309:photochemistry
276:
273:
245:
242:
219:
216:
204:camera obscura
183:
180:
176:photoengraving
101:
98:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2628:
2617:
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2496:
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2488:
2486:
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2476:
2475:Photographers
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2395:
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2390:
2387:
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2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2369:Bleach bypass
2367:
2366:
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2362:
2356:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2337:primary color
2335:
2333:
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2329:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2322:Reversal film
2320:
2316:
2313:
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2299:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2287:Image sharing
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2256:
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2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2188:United States
2186:
2184:
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2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
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2161:
2159:
2156:
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2151:
2149:
2146:
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2139:
2136:
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2119:
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2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2047:Daguerreotype
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
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1967:
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1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1947:
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1937:
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1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1892:Stopping down
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1857:Rephotography
1855:
1853:
1850:
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1845:
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1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
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1805:
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1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1792:Long-exposure
1790:
1788:
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1778:
1775:
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1510:
1507:
1505:
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1500:
1497:
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1490:
1487:
1485:
1484:Architectural
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1443:Shutter speed
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1396:Metering mode
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1362:
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1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1309:Color balance
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1274:Angle of view
1272:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1221:Manufacturers
1219:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
993:
992:
989:
988:
986:
982:
978:
971:
966:
964:
959:
957:
952:
951:
948:
941:
938:
935:
934:
929:
926:
923:
922:
919:Other Sources
910:
906:
902:
896:
887:
873:on 2019-08-23
872:
868:
864:
857:
848:
840:
833:
826:
822:
814:
809:
801:
794:
780:on 2017-07-14
779:
775:
771:
765:
757:
751:
743:
739:
735:
729:
725:
721:
717:
716:
708:
700:
696:
692:
691:
683:
674:
672:
670:
668:
660:
654:
640:on 2019-04-19
639:
635:
631:
625:
616:
609:
603:
599:
592:
584:
580:
574:
567:
561:
557:
550:
541:
534:
528:
524:
517:
509:
508:
500:
492:
488:
482:
475:
469:
465:
458:
451:
440:on 2009-10-06
439:
435:
429:
427:
422:
411:
409:(around 1850)
408:
405:
402:
398:
395:
393:(around 1850)
392:
389:
386:
382:
379:
377:(around 1835)
376:
375:Daguerreotype
373:
371:(around 1832)
370:
367:
366:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
316:
314:
310:
307:in 1782. The
306:
305:Jean Senebier
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
285:benzene rings
282:
272:
270:
264:
260:
257:
255:
249:
241:
238:
234:
233:daguerreotype
229:
225:
215:
213:
207:
205:
201:
200:points de vue
193:
188:
179:
177:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
152:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
117:
111:
106:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
69:
65:
62:meaning "sun"
61:
57:
53:
49:
48:héliographie)
45:
39:
31:
27:
21:
2596:1820s in art
2535:Polaroid art
2429:K-14 process
2424:Instant film
2419:Gum printing
2374:C-41 process
2359:Photographic
2260:Image sensor
2255:Film scanner
2056:
1909:Sun printing
1842:Print toning
1629:space selfie
1599:Pictorialism
1529:Ethnographic
1509:Conservation
1381:Guide number
1376:Focal length
932:
904:
895:
886:
875:. Retrieved
871:the original
866:
856:
847:
838:
832:
824:
808:
799:
793:
782:. Retrieved
778:the original
773:
764:
714:
707:
689:
682:
658:
653:
642:. Retrieved
638:the original
633:
624:
615:
597:
591:
555:
549:
540:
522:
516:
506:
499:
463:
457:
448:
442:. Retrieved
438:the original
400:
384:
369:Physautotype
357:héliogravure
356:
348:
344:
341:
336:
322:
301:abietic acid
278:
268:
265:
261:
254:physautotype
252:
250:
247:
223:
221:
208:
199:
197:
172:
160:lithographic
155:
153:
149:
118:
115:
109:
94:photogravure
79:
72:photographic
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
46:(in French,
43:
42:
2611:Printmaking
2540:Stereoscopy
2404:E-6 process
2399:Dye coupler
2332:color space
2245:Digiscoping
2238:camera back
2153:Philippines
2082:Visual arts
2072:Glass plate
2057:Heliography
1956:Composition
1931:Ultraviolet
1887:Stereoscopy
1882:Slow motion
1867:Scanography
1782:Kite aerial
1722:Contre-jour
1614:Post-mortem
1604:Pornography
1584:Neues Sehen
1519:Documentary
1453:Zone System
1428:Reciprocity
1354:Film format
1284:Backscatter
1262:Terminology
1132:beauty dish
1031:rangefinder
996:light-field
977:Photography
267:his in the
178:processes.
129:lithography
86:photoresist
44:Heliography
2585:Categories
2530:Lomography
2361:processing
2310:Print film
2226:comparison
2193:Uzbekistan
2143:Luxembourg
2103:Bangladesh
2052:Dufaycolor
2032:Box camera
1989:Simplicity
1946:Zoom burst
1941:Xerography
1936:Vignetting
1926:Time-lapse
1914:Tilt–shift
1807:Mordançage
1797:Luminogram
1762:Holography
1757:High-speed
1737:Fill flash
1717:Burst mode
1695:Techniques
1676:Vernacular
1671:Underwater
1666:Toy camera
1646:Still life
1574:Monochrome
1564:High-speed
1514:Cloudscape
1504:Conceptual
1406:Photograph
1391:Lens flare
1371:Film speed
1253:Zone plate
1199:wide-angle
1184:long-focus
901:heliotrope
877:2019-08-23
841:: 350–362.
784:2022-08-06
742:1104874591
699:1075124933
644:2019-08-23
444:2009-09-29
417:References
333:heliotrope
329:heliograph
2480:Norwegian
2444:Stop bath
2389:Developer
2017:Ambrotype
1979:Lead room
1902:Slit-scan
1837:Photogram
1832:Panoramic
1742:Fireworks
1727:Cyanotype
1569:Landscape
1214:telephoto
1162:reflector
1157:monolight
1152:lens hood
1137:cucoloris
1073:safelight
984:Equipment
750:cite book
397:Ferrotype
391:Ambrotype
385:Talbotype
339:the sun.
325:geography
297:colophony
275:Chemistry
137:petroleum
100:Invention
2559:Category
2265:CMOS APS
2163:Slovenia
2091:Regional
2037:Calotype
1974:Headroom
1852:Redscale
1767:Infrared
1712:Brenizer
1686:Wildlife
1609:Portrait
1554:Forensic
1544:Fine-art
1479:Aircraft
1469:Abstract
1349:F-number
1329:Exposure
1304:Clipping
1279:Aperture
1147:hot shoe
1068:enlarger
1063:Darkroom
802:: 53–63.
573:citation
481:citation
381:Calotype
349:héliogr.
289:nitrogen
283:(linked
228:negative
164:intaglio
145:aquatint
54:(Greek:
2570:Outline
2506:Related
2198:Vietnam
2183:Ukraine
2118:Denmark
2098:Albania
2077:Tintype
2004:History
1969:Framing
1862:Rollout
1827:Panning
1777:Kirlian
1681:Wedding
1559:Glamour
1539:Fashion
1524:Eclipse
1494:Banquet
1416:Albumen
1226:Monopod
1204:fisheye
1172:softbox
1021:pinhole
1011:instant
1001:digital
401:tintype
345:héliog.
293:sulphur
141:etching
26:a scene
2568:
2557:
2490:street
2485:Polish
2178:Turkey
2173:Taiwan
2158:Serbia
2148:Norway
2123:Greece
2108:Canada
1702:Afocal
1661:Street
1641:Sports
1624:Selfie
1579:Nature
1534:Erotic
1499:Candid
1474:Aerial
1462:Genres
1364:medium
1241:Tripod
1209:swivel
1122:Filter
1100:holder
1095:format
991:Camera
813:French
740:
730:
697:
604:
562:
529:
470:
450:later.
383:(also
353:French
168:relief
125:pewter
52:helios
30:camera
2495:women
2453:Lists
2409:Fixer
2292:Pixel
2221:D-SLR
2168:Sudan
2138:Korea
2133:Japan
2128:India
2113:China
1897:Strip
1822:Night
1802:Macro
1707:Bokeh
1651:Stock
1619:Ruins
1359:large
1189:prime
1167:snoot
1127:Flash
1105:stock
1080:Drone
1041:still
1026:press
1016:phone
1006:field
355:word
299:, or
56:ἥλιος
50:from
2518:film
2233:MILC
1732:ETTR
1589:Nude
1549:Fire
1448:Sync
1246:head
1194:zoom
1179:Lens
1142:gobo
1090:base
1085:Film
1056:view
756:link
738:OCLC
728:ISBN
695:OCLC
602:ISBN
583:link
579:link
560:ISBN
527:ISBN
491:link
487:link
468:ISBN
291:and
143:and
135:and
92:and
66:and
2270:CCD
1051:toy
1046:TLR
1036:SLR
720:doi
347:or
166:or
2587::
903::
865:.
815::
772:.
752:}}
748:{{
736:.
726:.
718:.
666:^
632:.
575:}}
571:{{
483:}}
479:{{
447:.
425:^
337:of
162:,
96:.
969:e
962:t
955:v
911:.
880:.
827:”
821:”
787:.
758:)
744:.
722::
701:.
647:.
585:)
493:)
399:(
256:,
64:,
60:,
58:)
40:.
32:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
