Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

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diagnoses begun after a teacher raises concerns. While many tools exist to aid in the diagnosis of ADHD, their validity varies in different populations, and a reliable and valid diagnosis requires confirmation by a clinician while supplemented by standardized rating scales and input from multiple informants across various settings. The diagnosis of ADHD has been criticised as being subjective because it is not based on a biological test. The International Consensus Statement on ADHD concluded that this criticism is unfounded, on the basis that ADHD meets standard criteria for validity of a mental disorder established by Robins and Guze. They attest that the disorder is considered valid because: 1) well-trained professionals in a variety of settings and cultures agree on its presence or absence using well-defined criteria and 2) the diagnosis is useful for predicting a) additional problems the patient may have (e.g., difficulties learning in school); b) future patient outcomes (e.g., risk for future drug abuse); c) response to treatment (e.g., medications and psychological treatments); and d) features that indicate a consistent set of causes for the disorder (e.g., findings from genetics or brain imaging), and that professional associations have endorsed and published guidelines for diagnosing ADHD.

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systematic review, "recent evidence from observational and registry studies indicates that pharmacological treatment of ADHD is associated with increased achievement and decreased absenteeism at school, a reduced risk of trauma-related emergency hospital visits, reduced risks of suicide and attempted suicide, and decreased rates of substance abuse and criminality". Data also suggest that combining medication with CBT is a good idea: although CBT is substantially less effective, it can help address problems that reside after medication has been optimised. The nature and range of desirable endpoints of ADHD treatment vary among diagnostic standards for ADHD. In most studies, the efficacy of treatment is determined by reductions in symptoms. However, some studies have included subjective ratings from teachers and parents as part of their assessment of treatment efficacies.

2189:– potential alternate explanations for specific symptoms. Assessment and investigation of clinical history determines which is the most appropriate diagnosis. The DSM-5 suggests ODD, intermittent explosive disorder, and other neurodevelopmental disorders (such as stereotypic movement disorder and Tourette's disorder), in addition to specific learning disorder, intellectual developmental disorder, ASD, reactive attachment disorder, anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, bipolar disorder, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, substance use disorder, personality disorders, psychotic disorders, medication-induced symptoms, and neurocognitive disorders. Many but not all of these are also common comorbidities of ADHD. The DSM-5-TR also suggests post-traumatic stress disorder. 1109:

financial distress. A 2019 meta-analysis indicated a significant association between ADHD and suicidal spectrum behaviours (suicidal attempts, ideations, plans, and completed suicides); across the studies examined, the prevalence of suicide attempts in individuals with ADHD was 18.9%, compared to 9.3% in individuals without ADHD, and the findings were substantially replicated among studies which adjusted for other variables. However, the relationship between ADHD and suicidal spectrum behaviours remains unclear due to mixed findings across individual studies and the complicating impact of comorbid psychiatric disorders. There is no clear data on whether there is a direct relationship between ADHD and suicidality, or whether ADHD increases suicide risk through comorbidities.

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harmful, racially targeted medical practices. Medical pseudosciences, particularly those that targeted Black populations during the period of slavery in the US, lead to a distrust of medical practices within certain communities. The combination of ADHD symptoms often being regarded as misbehaviour rather than as a psychiatric condition, and the use of drugs to regulate ADHD, result in a hesitancy to trust a diagnosis of ADHD. Cases of misdiagnosis in ADHD can also occur due to stereotyping of people of color. Due to ADHD's subjectively determined symptoms, medical professionals may diagnose individuals based on stereotyped behaviour or misdiagnose due to cultural differences in symptom presentation.

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families' preferred languages,34 and linking with community resources to provide mental health education, guidance, and services to families (eg, parent training courses for parents of children with ADHD).35–39 Pediatric clinicians also may need to consider universal behavioral health screening tools for children to improve diagnostic capabilities and recognize when a child has ADHD symptoms, even if the problem is not recognized by the parent. Because the rates of diagnosis and treatment are rising in the general population of US children, a significant need remains to identify and treat African-American and Latino children who have ADHD and avoid a widening of these disparities.

686:(IQ) tests. The significance of this is controversial due to the differences between people with ADHD and the difficulty determining the influence of symptoms, such as distractibility, on lower scores rather than intellectual capacity. In studies of ADHD, higher IQs may be over-represented because many studies exclude individuals who have lower IQs despite those with ADHD scoring on average nine points lower on standardised intelligence measures. However, other studies contradict this, saying that in individuals with high intelligence, there is an increased risk of a missed ADHD diagnosis, possibly because of compensatory strategies in said individuals. 2458:(CVD) across age groups, although the study suggests further investigation is warranted for patients with preexisting CVD as well as long-term medication use. Regular monitoring has been recommended in those on long-term treatment. There are indications suggesting that stimulant therapy for children and adolescents should be stopped periodically to assess continuing need for medication, decrease possible growth delay, and reduce tolerance. Although potentially addictive at high doses, stimulants used to treat ADHD have low potential for abuse. Treatment with stimulants is either protective against substance abuse or has no effect. 2568:, are approved by the FDA and in other countries for the treatment of ADHD (effective in children and adolescents but effectiveness has still not been shown for adults). They appear to be modestly less effective than the stimulants (amphetamine and methylphenidate) and non-stimulants (atomoxetine and viloxazine) at reducing symptoms, but can be useful alternatives or used in conjunction with a stimulant. These medications act by adjusting the alpha-2a ports on the outside of noradrenergic nerve cells in the pre-frontal executive networks, so the information (electrical signal) is less confounded by noise. 447:. This requires at least six symptoms of either inattention or hyperactivity/impulsivity for those under 17 and at least five symptoms for those 17 years or older. The symptoms must be present in at least two settings (e.g., social, school, work, or home), and must directly interfere with or reduce quality of functioning. Additionally, several symptoms must have been present before age twelve. The DSM-5 's required age of onset of symptoms is 12 years. However, research indicates the age of onset should not be interpreted as a prerequisite for diagnosis given contextual exceptions. 2593:

symptoms. A 2024 systematic review and meta analysis commissioned by the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) identified seven studies on the effectiveness of physical exercise for treating ADHD symptoms. The type and amount of exercise varied widely across studies from martial arts interventions to treadmill training, to table tennis or aerobic exercise. Effects reported were not replicated, causing the authors to conclude that there is insufficient evidence that exercise intervention is an effective form of treatment for ADHD symptoms.

1607:(fMRI) studies have revealed a number of differences between ADHD and control brains. Mirroring what is known from structural findings, fMRI studies have showed evidence for a higher connectivity between subcortical and cortical regions, such as between the caudate and prefrontal cortex. The degree of hyperconnectivity between these regions correlated with the severity of inattention or hyperactivity Hemispheric lateralization processes have also been postulated as being implicated in ADHD, but empiric results showed contrasting evidence on the topic. 2688:

diagnosed. Children in North America appear to have a higher rate of ADHD than children in Africa and the Middle East; this is believed to be due to differing methods of diagnosis rather than a difference in underlying frequency. (The same publication which describes this difference also notes that the difference may be rooted in the available studies from these respective regions, as far more studies were from North America than from Africa and the Middle East.) As of 2019, it was estimated to affect 84.7 million people globally.

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to be diagnosed and 41% more likely to be treated than those born in January. Girls born in December had a diagnosis and treatment percentage increase of 70% and 77% respectively compared to those born in January. Children who were born at the last three days of a calendar year were reported to have significantly higher levels of diagnosis and treatment for ADHD than children born at the first three days of a calendar year. The studies suggest that ADHD diagnosis is prone to subjective analysis.

2510:, due to its lack of addiction liability, may be preferred in those who are at risk of recreational or compulsive stimulant use, although evidence is lacking to support its use over stimulants for this reason. Atomoxetine alleviates ADHD symptoms through norepinephrine reuptake and by indirectly increasing dopamine in the pre-frontal cortex, sharing 70-80% of the brain regions with stimulants in their produced effects. Atomoxetine has been shown to significantly improve academic performance. 2680: 20420: 19512: 16551:

those used in the treatment of younger patients, are used to treat adults with ADHD, these patients show a very robust clinical response consistent with that observed in pediatric studies. These data suggest that older patients may require a more aggressive approach in terms of dosing, based on the same target dosage ranges that have already been established – for methylphenidate, 1–1.5–2 mg/kg/day, and for D,L-amphetamine, 0.5–0.75–1 mg/kg/day....

74: 18969: 2799:) were involved in ADHD. A genetic component was identified and ADHD was acknowledged to be a persistent, long-term disorder which lasted from childhood into adulthood. ADHD was split into the current three sub-types because of a field trial completed by Lahey and colleagues and published in 1994. In 2021, global teams of scientists curated the International Consensus Statement compiling evidence-based findings about the disorder. 2425:

find certainty in the safety and high efficacy of methylphenidate for reducing ADHD symptoms, for alleviating the underlying executive functioning deficits, and for substantially reducing the adverse consequences of untreated ADHD with continuous treatment. Clinical guidelines internationally are also consistent in approving the safety and efficacy of methylphenidate and recommending it as a first-line treatment for the disorder.

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Of possible relevance in this aspect is modafanil, which has shown beneficial effects in ADHD patients and has been reported to enhance the activity of PE at TAAR1. Conversely, methylphenidate, ...showed poor efficacy at the TAAR1 receptor. In this respect it is worth noting that the enhancement of functioning at TAAR1 seen with modafanil was not a result of a direct interaction with TAAR1.

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mis-identified as the other. Additionally, traumatic events in childhood are a risk factor for ADHD; they can lead to structural brain changes and the development of ADHD behaviours. Finally, the behavioural consequences of ADHD symptoms cause a higher chance of the individual experiencing trauma (and therefore ADHD leads to a concrete diagnosis of a trauma-related disorder).

1504:, rather than any true presence of ADHD in the individual. In other cases, it may be explained by increasing academic expectations, with a diagnosis being a method for parents in some countries to get extra financial and educational support for their child. Behaviours typical of ADHD occur more commonly in children who have experienced violence and emotional abuse. 2429:

Academy of Pediatrics), and government agencies who have endorsed these guidelines (e.g., the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council). These professional groups unanimously conclude, based on the scientific evidence, that methylphenidate is safe and effective and should be considered as a first-line treatment for ADHD. The likelihood of developing

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maturation and the increasing demands for executive control as a person gets older, ADHD impairments may not fully manifest themselves until adolescence or even early adulthood. Conversely, brain maturation trajectories, potentially exhibiting diverging longitudinal trends in ADHD, may support a later improvement in executive functions after reaching adulthood.

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period. ... Only one paper examining outcomes beyond 36 months met the review criteria. ... There is high level evidence suggesting that pharmacological treatment can have a major beneficial effect on the core symptoms of ADHD (hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity) in approximately 80% of cases compared with placebo controls, in the short term.

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2020, this was 139.84 million and 366.33 million affected adults respectively. Around 15% of children with ADHD continue to meet full DSM-IV-TR criteria at 25 years of age, and 50% still experience some symptoms. As of 2010, most adults remain untreated. Many adults with ADHD without diagnosis and treatment have a disorganised life, and some use

674:. There is significant overlap in the symptomatologies of ADHD, dyslexia, and dysgraphia, and 3 in 10 people diagnosed with dyslexia experience co-occurring ADHD. Although it causes significant difficulty, many children with ADHD have an attention span equal to or greater than that of other children for tasks and subjects they find interesting. 2208:. Some symptoms that are due to anxiety disorders, personality disorder, developmental disabilities or intellectual disability or the effects of substance abuse such as intoxication and withdrawal can overlap with ADHD. These disorders can also sometimes occur along with ADHD. Medical conditions which can cause ADHD-type symptoms include: 822:. The reason for this may be an altered reward pathway in the brains of ADHD individuals, self-treatment and increased psychosocial risk factors. This makes the evaluation and treatment of ADHD more difficult, with serious substance misuse problems usually treated first due to their greater risks. Other psychiatric conditions include 1981:

childhood; a family history of ADHD also adds weight to a diagnosis. While the core symptoms of ADHD are similar in children and adults, they often present differently in adults than in children: for example, excessive physical activity seen in children may present as feelings of restlessness and constant mental activity in adults.

3564:'on line' in order to guide actions, suppression of prepotent behaviors that compete with goal-directed actions, and control of attention and thus the ability to overcome distractions. Cognitive control is impaired in several disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. ... Noradrenergic projections from the 1379:. Rare genetic variants show more relevant clinical significance as their penetrance (the chance of developing the disorder) tends to be much higher. However their usefulness as tools for diagnosis is limited as no single gene predicts ADHD. ASD shows genetic overlap with ADHD at both common and rare levels of genetic variation. 1219:

thousands of years, these genetic variants become more stable, decreasing disorder prevalence. Throughout human evolution, the EFs involved in ADHD likely provide the capacity to bind contingencies across time thereby directing behaviour toward future over immediate events so as to maximise future social consequences for humans.

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diagnosed and how readily people are willing to treat it with medications rather than a true change in incidence. With widely differing rates of diagnosis across countries, states within countries, races, and ethnicities, some suspect factors other than symptoms of ADHD are playing a role in diagnosis, such as cultural norms.

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ability to produce creative solutions which differ significantly from each other and consider the issue from multiple perspectives. Those with ADHD symptoms could be advantaged in this form of creativity as they tend to have diffuse attention, allowing rapid switching between aspects of the task under consideration; flexible

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performance in children with ADHD. Pharmacotherapy may also improve task persistence in these children. ... Previous studies suggest that a clinical approach using interventions to improve motivational processes in patients with ADHD may improve outcomes as children with ADHD transition into adolescence and adulthood.

2374:), reported ADHD symptoms (ADHD-RS-IV inattention subscale and total score), and reported quality of life (AAQoL). The magnitude of improvement in attention was nearly seven times greater than that reported in pediatric trials. The treatment was well-tolerated, with high compliance and no serious adverse events. 3635:

et al. 2002, Cacioppo & Patrick 2008, Campbell et al. 2006, Tun et al. 2012), sleep deprived (Barnes et al. 2012, Huang et al. 2007), or not physically fit (Best 2010, Chaddock et al. 2011, Hillman et al. 2008). Any of these can cause you to appear to have a disorder of EFs, such as ADHD, when you do not.

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There are various improvements in care that may help in closing this gap in diagnosis and treatment. These include actively and universally eliciting parental concerns about child behavior and academic performance (at home and school) at well-visits,32,33 providing care that is culturally relevant in

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skills to compensate for their impairments. The condition can be difficult to tell apart from other conditions, as well as from high levels of activity within the range of normal behaviour. ADHD has a negative impact on patient health-related quality of life that may be further exacerbated by, or may

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Exercise does not reduce the symptoms of ADHD. The conclusion by the International Consensus Statement is based on two meta-analyses: one of 10 studies with 300 children and the other of 15 studies and 668 participants, which showed that exercise yields no statistically significant reductions on ADHD

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recommends use for children only in severe cases, though for adults medication is a first-line treatment. Conversely, most United States guidelines recommend medications in most age groups. Medications are especially not recommended for preschool children. Underdosing of stimulants can occur, and can

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studies suggest that long-term treatment with amphetamine or methylphenidate decreases abnormalities in brain structure and function found in subjects with ADHD. A 2018 review found the greatest short-term benefit with methylphenidate in children, and amphetamines in adults. Studies and meta-analyses

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ADHD is diagnosed by an assessment of a person's behavioural and mental development, including ruling out the effects of drugs, medications, and other medical or psychiatric problems as explanations for the symptoms. ADHD diagnosis often takes into account feedback from parents and teachers with most

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ADHD arises from brain maldevelopment especially in the prefrontal executive networks that can arise either from genetic factors (different gene variants and mutations for building and regulating such networks) or from acquired disruptions to the development of these networks and regions; involved in

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Symptoms are expressed differently and more subtly as the individual ages. Hyperactivity tends to become less overt with age and turns into inner restlessness, difficulty relaxing or remaining still, talkativeness or constant mental activity in teens and adults with ADHD. Impulsivity in adulthood may

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Inattention, hyperactivity (restlessness in adults), disruptive behaviour, and impulsivity are common in ADHD. Academic difficulties are frequent, as are problems with relationships. The signs and symptoms can be difficult to define, as it is hard to draw a line at where normal levels of inattention,

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In particular, adolescents and adults are vulnerable to underdosing, and are thus at potential risk of failing to receive adequate dosage levels. As with all therapeutic agents, the efficacy and safety of stimulant medications should always guide prescribing behavior: careful dosage titration of the

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as a standard treatment in ADHD. Nevertheless, the possibility of untreated CD predisposing to ADHD-like behavior should be kept in mind. ... It is possible that in untreated patients with CD, neurologic symptoms such as chronic fatigue, inattention, pain, and headache could predispose patients

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evaluated AKL-T01 as an adjunctive treatment for children with ADHD who were either on stimulant medication or not on stimulant pharmacotherapy. Results showed improvements in ADHD-related impairment (measured by the Impairment Rating Scale) and ADHD symptoms after 4 weeks of treatment, with effects

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or medications, either alone or in combination. While there are various options of treatment to improve ADHD symptoms, medication therapies substantially improves long-term outcomes, and while completely eliminating some elevated risks such as obesity, they do come with some risks of adverse events.

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For diagnosis in an adult, having symptoms since childhood is required. Nevertheless, a proportion of adults who meet the criteria for ADHD in adulthood would not have been diagnosed with ADHD as children. Most cases of late-onset ADHD develop the disorder between the ages of 12–16 and may therefore

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control, maintaining concentration, paying attention, ignoring distractions, regulating emotions, and remembering details. People with ADHD appear to have unimpaired long-term memory, and deficits in long-term recall appear to be attributed to impairments in working memory. Due to the rates of brain

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Zinc binds at ... extracellular sites of the DAT, serving as a DAT inhibitor. In this context, controlled double-blind studies in children are of interest, which showed positive effects of zinc on symptoms of ADHD. It should be stated that at this time with zinc is not integrated in any ADHD

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Biederman J, Wigal SB, Spencer TJ, McGough JJ, Mays DA (February 2006). "A post hoc subgroup analysis of an 18-day randomized controlled trial comparing the tolerability and efficacy of mixed amphetamine salts extended release and atomoxetine in school-age girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity

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Although there is little direct evidence, changes in trace amines, in particular PE, have been identified as a possible factor for the onset of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ... Further, amphetamines, which have clinical utility in ADHD, are good ligands at trace amine receptors.

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and prefrontal cortex are the first to suffer, and suffer disproportionately, if something is not right in your life. They suffer first, and most, if you are stressed (Arnsten 1998, Liston et al. 2009, Oaten & Cheng 2005), sad (Hirt et al. 2008, von Hecker & Meiser 2005), lonely (Baumeister

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has multiple actions in the prefrontal cortex. It promotes the 'cognitive control' of behavior: the selection and successful monitoring of behavior to facilitate attainment of chosen goals. Aspects of cognitive control in which DA plays a role include working memory, the ability to hold information

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in the DSM-III (1980). In 1987, this was changed to ADHD in the DSM-III-R, and in 1994 the DSM-IV in split the diagnosis into three subtypes: ADHD inattentive type, ADHD hyperactive-impulsive type, and ADHD combined type. These terms were kept in the DSM-5 in 2013 and in the DSM-5-TR in 2022. Prior

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Studies from multiple countries have reported that children born closer to the start of the school year are more frequently diagnosed with and medicated for ADHD than their older classmates. Boys who were born in December where the school age cut-off was 31 December were shown to be 30% more likely

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that methylphenidate is safe and highly effective for treating ADHD. The same journal released a subsequent systematic review (2022) of extended-release methylphenidate for adults, concluding similar doubts about the certainty of evidence. Other recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses, however,

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Primary sleep disorders may affect attention and behaviour and the symptoms of ADHD may affect sleep. It is thus recommended that children with ADHD be regularly assessed for sleep problems. Sleepiness in children may result in symptoms ranging from the classic ones of yawning and rubbing the eyes,

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has been acting against the genetic variants for ADHD over the course of at least 45,000 years, indicating that it was not an adaptative trait in ancient times. The disorder may remain at a stable rate by the balance of genetic mutations and removal rate (natural selection) across generations; over

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can have significant behavioural overlap—in particular, motor restlessness, difficulty concentrating, distractibility, irritability/anger, emotional constriction or dysregulation, poor impulse control, and forgetfulness are common in both. This could result in trauma-related disorders or ADHD being

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The precise causes of ADHD are unknown in the majority of cases. For most people with ADHD, many genetic and environmental risk factors accumulate to cause the disorder. The environmental risks are biological and most often exert their effects in the prenatal period. However, in rare cases ADHD may

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As most treatment guidelines and prescribing information for stimulant medications relate to experience in school-aged children, prescribed doses for older patients are lacking. Emerging evidence for both methylphenidate and Adderall indicate that when weight-corrected daily doses, equipotent with

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In addition, a consensus has not been reached on the optimal diagnostic criteria for ADHD. Moreover, the benefits and long-term effects of medical and complementary therapies for this disorder continue to be debated. These gaps in knowledge hinder the ability of clinicians to effectively recognise

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children to be diagnosed or treated for ADHD, a finding that is often explained by bias among health professionals, as well as parents who may be reluctant to acknowledge that their child has ADHD. Crosscultural differences in diagnosis of ADHD can also be attributed to the long-lasting effects of

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improves task performance. Medications are the most effective treatment, and any side effects are typically mild and easy to resolve although any improvements will be reverted if medication is ceased. ADHD stimulants also improve persistence and task performance in children with ADHD. To quote one

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Based on a 2024 systematic literature review and meta analysis commissioned by the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI), rating scales based on parent report, teacher report, or self-assessment from the adolescent have high internal consistency as a diagnostic tool meaning that the

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The association of maternal smoking observed in large population studies disappears after adjusting for family history of ADHD, which indicates that the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and ADHD is due to familial or genetic factors that increase the risk for the confluence of

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supervised use of stimulants at therapeutic doses may decrease risk of experimentation with drugs to self-medicate symptoms. Second, untreated ADHD may lead to school failure, peer rejection, and subsequent association with deviant peer groups that encourage drug misuse. ... amphetamines and

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Results suggest there is moderate-to-high-level evidence that combined pharmacological and behavioral interventions, and pharmacological interventions alone can be effective in managing the core ADHD symptoms and academic performance at 14 months. However, the effect size may decrease beyond this

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Banaschewski T, Gerlach M, Becker K, Holtmann M, Döpfner M, Romanos M (July 2016). "Trust, but verify. The errors and misinterpretations in the Cochrane analysis by O. J. Storebo and colleagues on the efficacy and safety of methylphenidate for the treatment of children and adolescents with ADHD".

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Behavioral studies show altered processing of reinforcement and incentives in children with ADHD. These children respond more impulsively to rewards and choose small, immediate rewards over larger, delayed incentives. Interestingly, a high intensity of reinforcement is effective in improving task

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supplementation or decreased consumption of artificial food colouring. These benefits may be limited to children with food sensitivities or those who are simultaneously being treated with ADHD medications. This review also found that evidence does not support removing other foods from the diet to

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Some ADHD symptoms in adults differ from those seen in children. While children with ADHD may climb and run about excessively, adults may experience an inability to relax, or may talk excessively in social situations. Adults with ADHD may start relationships impulsively, display sensation-seeking

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published a systematic literature review of 28 longitudinal studies published from 2011 through 2021 of associations between digital media use by children and adolescents and later ADHD symptoms and found reciprocal associations between digital media use and ADHD symptoms (i.e. that subjects with

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ADHD symptoms arise from executive dysfunction, and emotional dysregulation is often considered a core symptom. Difficulties in self-regulation such as time management, inhibition and sustained attention may cause poor professional performance, relationship difficulties and numerous health risks,

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Treatment-emergent psychotic or manic symptoms, e.g., hallucinations, delusional thinking, or mania in children and adolescents without prior history of psychotic illness or mania can be caused by stimulants at usual doses. ... In a pooled analysis of multiple short-term, placebo controlled

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ADHD, its diagnosis, and its treatment have been controversial since the 1970s. Positions range from the view that ADHD is within the normal range of behaviour to the hypothesis that ADHD is a genetic condition. Other areas of controversy include the use of stimulant medications in children, the

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clinical synopsis, Dr Storebø and colleagues summarised their meta-review on methylphenidate for ADHD in children and adolescents. The meta-analysis raised substantial doubts about the drug's efficacy relative to a placebo. This led to a strong critical reaction from the European ADHD Guidelines

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Worldwide, it is estimated that 2.58% of adults have persistent ADHD (where the individual currently meets the criteria and there is evidence of childhood onset), and 6.76% of adults have symptomatic ADHD (meaning that they currently meet the criteria for ADHD, regardless of childhood onset). In

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Genetic factors play an important role; ADHD has a heritability rate of 70-80%. The remaining 20-30% of variance is mediated by de-novo mutations and non-shared environmental factors that provide for or produce brain injuries; there is no significant contribution of the rearing family and social

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A minority of individuals who use amphetamines develop full-blown psychosis requiring care at emergency departments or psychiatric hospitals. In such cases, symptoms of amphetamine psychosis commonly include paranoid and persecutory delusions as well as auditory and visual hallucinations in the

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ADHD is estimated to affect about 6–7% of people aged 18 and under when diagnosed via the DSM-IV criteria. When diagnosed via the ICD-10 criteria, rates in this age group are estimated around 1–2%. Rates are similar between countries and differences in rates depend mostly on how it is

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as standard ADHD treatment is not advised. A 2017 review showed that a few-foods elimination diet may help children too young to be medicated or not responding to medication, while free fatty acid supplementation or decreased eating of artificial food colouring as standard ADHD treatment is not

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Safety and efficacy data have been reviewed extensively by medical regulators (e.g., the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency), the developers of evidence-based international guidelines (e.g., the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence and the American

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This subdivision is based on presence of at least six (in children) or five (in older teenagers and adults) out of nine long-term (lasting at least six months) symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity–impulsivity, or both. To be considered, several symptoms must have appeared by the age of six to

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by their peers compared to 10–15% of non-ADHD children and adolescents. People with attention deficits are prone to having difficulty processing verbal and nonverbal language which can negatively affect social interaction. They may also drift off during conversations, miss social cues, and have

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and quantity of creative achievements, but not with the disorder of ADHD itself – i.e. it has not been found to be increased in people diagnosed with the disorder, only in people with subclinical symptoms or those that possess traits associated with the disorder. Divergent thinking is the

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has greater treatment effects than non-active controls for up to 6 months and possibly a year following treatment, and may have treatment effects comparable to active controls (controls proven to have a clinical effect) over that time period. Despite efficacy in research, there is insufficient

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used for parents to rate their child's behaviour, the Youth Self Report Form (YSR) used for children to rate their own behaviour, and the Teacher Report Form (TRF) used for teachers to rate their pupil's behaviour. Additional rating scales that have been used alone or in combination with other

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ADHD persists into adulthood in about 30–50% of cases. Those affected are likely to develop coping mechanisms as they mature, thus compensating to some extent for their previous symptoms. Children with ADHD have a higher risk of unintentional injuries. Effects of medication on functional

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are common. This led to those who presented differently as they aged having outgrown the DSM-IV criteria. The DSM-5 criteria does specifically deal with adults unlike that of DSM-IV, which does not fully take into account the differences in impairments seen in adulthood compared to childhood.

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Adults with ADHD are diagnosed under the same criteria, including that their signs must have been present by the age of six to twelve. The individual is the best source for information in diagnosis, however others may provide useful information about the individual's symptoms currently and in

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ADHD presents with reduced size, functional connectivity and activation as well as low noradrenergic and dopaminergic functioning in brain regions and networks crucial for executive functioning and self-regulation. Typically, a number of genes are involved, many of which directly affect brain

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published a systematic review of four decades of research on the relationship between children and adolescents' screen media use and ADHD-related behaviours and concluded that a statistically small relationship between children's media use and ADHD-related behaviours exists. In November 2018,

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Rates of diagnosis and treatment have increased in both the United Kingdom and the United States since the 1970s. Prior to 1970, it was rare for children to be diagnosed with ADHD, while in the 1970s rates were about 1%. This is believed to be primarily due to changes in how the condition is

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The ASEBA, BASC, CHAOS, CRS, and Vanderbilt diagnostic rating scales allow for both parents and teachers as raters in the diagnosis of childhood and adolescent ADHD. Adolescents may also self report their symptoms using self report scales from the ASEBA, SWAN, and the Dominic Interactive for

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risk across all age groups, as well as growing evidence that an ADHD diagnosis in childhood or adolescence represents a significant future suicidal risk factor. Potential causes include ADHD's association with functional impairment, negative social, educational and occupational outcomes, and

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The table "Symptoms" lists the symptoms for ADHD-I and ADHD-HI from two major classification systems. Symptoms which can be better explained by another psychiatric or medical condition which an individual has are not considered to be a symptom of ADHD for that person. In DSM-5, subtypes were

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be caused by a single event such as traumatic brain injury, exposure to biohazards during pregnancy, a major genetic mutation or extreme environmental deprivation very early in life. There is no biologically distinct adult-onset ADHD except for when ADHD occurs after traumatic brain injury.

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have been found to occur in about 20–30% of children with ADHD. Learning disabilities can include developmental speech and language disorders, and academic skills disorders. ADHD, however, is not considered a learning disability, but it very frequently causes academic difficulties.

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Cattoi B, Alpern I, Katz JS, Keepnews D, Solanto MV (April 2022). "The Adverse Health Outcomes, Economic Burden, and Public Health Implications of Unmanaged Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Call to Action Resulting from CHADD Summit, Washington, DC, October 17, 2019".

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was formerly used as a second-line treatment for ADHD but research indicates it has no significant effects in reducing ADHD symptoms. Caffeine appears to help with alertness, arousal and reaction time but not the type of inattention implicated in ADHD (sustained attention/persistence).

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The long-term effects of ADHD medication have yet to be fully determined, although stimulants are generally beneficial and safe for up to two years for children and adolescents. A 2022 meta-analysis found no statistically significant association between ADHD medications and the risk of

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Individuals with ADHD are significantly overrepresented in prison populations. Although there is no generally accepted estimate of ADHD prevalence among inmates, a 2015 meta-analysis estimated a prevalence of 25.5%, and a larger 2018 meta-analysis estimated the frequency to be 26.2%.

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Stuhec M, Munda B, Svab V, Locatelli I (June 2015). "Comparative efficacy and acceptability of atomoxetine, lisdexamfetamine, bupropion and methylphenidate in treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis with focus on bupropion".

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methylphenidate are used in low doses to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and in higher doses to treat narcolepsy (Chapter 12). Despite their clinical uses, these drugs are strongly reinforcing, and their long-term use at high doses is linked with potential addiction

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Multiple symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity that directly negatively impact occupational, academic or social functioning. Typically, these tend to be most apparent in environments with structure or which require self-control. Symptoms are generally from the following clusters:

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Stuhec M, Lukić P, Locatelli I (February 2019). "Efficacy, Acceptability, and Tolerability of Lisdexamfetamine, Mixed Amphetamine Salts, Methylphenidate, and Modafinil in the Treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis".

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or its derivatives are often first-line treatments for ADHD. About 70 per cent respond to the first stimulant tried and as few as 10 per cent respond to neither amphetamines nor methylphenidate. Stimulants may also reduce the risk of unintentional injuries in children with ADHD.

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published a meta-analysis of 9 studies with 81,234 child subjects that found a positive correlation between screen time and ADHD risk in children and that higher amounts of screen time in childhood may significantly contribute to the development of ADHD. In December 2023, the

2449:

are rare at therapeutic doses, appearing to occur in approximately 0.1% of individuals, within the first several weeks after starting amphetamine therapy. The safety of these medications in pregnancy is unclear. Symptom improvement is not sustained if medication is ceased.

2357:

persisting during a 4-week pause and further improving with an additional treatment period. Notably, the magnitude of the measured improvement was similar for children both on and off stimulants. In 2020, AKL-T01 received marketing authorization for pediatric ADHD from the

16240:

Biederman J, Melmed RD, Patel A, McBurnett K, Konow J, Lyne A, et al. (SPD503 Study Group) (January 2008). "A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of guanfacine extended release in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder".

15440: 1772:

Imaging studies of the brain do not give consistent results between individuals; thus, they are only used for research purposes and not a diagnosis. Electroencephalography is not accurate enough to make an ADHD diagnosis. A 2024 systematic review concluded that the use of

2320:

There is little high-quality research on the effectiveness of family therapy for ADHD—but the existing evidence shows that it is similar to community care, and better than placebo. ADHD-specific support groups can provide information and may help families cope with ADHD.

19320: 830:, a distinct attention disorder occurring in 30–50% of ADHD cases as a comorbidity, regardless of the presentation; a subset of cases diagnosed with ADHD-PIP have been found to have CDS instead. Individuals with ADHD are three times more likely to be diagnosed with an 3391:

Hart H, Radua J, Nakao T, Mataix-Cols D, Rubia K (February 2013). "Meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of inhibition and attention in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: exploring task-specific, stimulant medication, and age effects".

2691:

ADHD is diagnosed approximately twice as often in boys as in girls, and 1.6 times more often in men than in women, although the disorder is overlooked in girls or diagnosed in later life because their symptoms sometimes differ from diagnostic criteria. In 2014,

888:

converge on common neurochemical mechanisms that interfere with biological mechanisms also considered central in ADHD pathophysiology and treatment. This highlights the importance of close collaboration between health services to avoid clinical overshadowing.

2584:

result in a lack of response or later loss of effectiveness. This is particularly common in adolescents and adults as approved dosing is based on school-aged children, causing some practitioners to use weight-based or benefit-based off-label dosing instead.

1749:, Diagnostic Infant and Preschool Assessment (DIPA-L), Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC), Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ), Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behavior Rating Scale (SWAN). and the 13739:

Koda K, Ago Y, Cong Y, Kita Y, Takuma K, Matsuda T (July 2010). "Effects of acute and chronic administration of atomoxetine and methylphenidate on extracellular levels of noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin in the prefrontal cortex and striatum of mice".

790:

is the most common sleep disorder with behavioural therapy being the preferred treatment. Problems with sleep initiation are common among individuals with ADHD but often they will be deep sleepers and have significant difficulty getting up in the morning.

598:

Excessive motor activity; struggles to sit still, often leaving their seat; prefers to run about; in younger children, will fidget when attempting to sit still; in adolescents and adults, a sense of physical restlessness or discomfort with being quiet and

15733:

Bushe C, Day K, Reed V, Karlsdotter K, Berggren L, Pitcher A, et al. (May 2016). "A network meta-analysis of atomoxetine and osmotic release oral system methylphenidate in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adult patients".

538:

Multiple symptoms of inattention that directly negatively impact occupational, academic or social functioning. Symptoms may not be present when engaged in highly stimulating tasks with frequent rewards. Symptoms are generally from the following clusters:

635:

appear as thoughtless behaviour, impatience, irresponsible spending and sensation-seeking behaviours, while inattention may appear as becoming easily bored, difficulty with organization, remaining on task and making decisions, and sensitivity to stress.

9864:

Sonuga-Barke EJ, Brandeis D, Cortese S, Daley D, Ferrin M, Holtmann M, et al. (March 2013). "Nonpharmacological interventions for ADHD: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of dietary and psychological treatments".

6793: 10565:

an elimination diet produces a small aggregate effect but may have greater benefit among some children. Very few studies enable proper evaluation of the likelihood of response in children with ADHD who are not already preselected based on prior diet

729:(ODD) occurs in about 25% of children with an inattentive presentation and 50% of those with a combined presentation. It is characterised by angry or irritable mood, argumentative or defiant behaviour and vindictiveness which are age-inappropriate. 9963:

Burger PH, Goecke TW, Fasching PA, Moll G, Heinrich H, Beckmann MW, et al. (September 2011). "" [How does maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy affect the development of attention deficit/hyperactivity syndrome in the child].

3741:

Faraone SV, Rostain AL, Blader J, Busch B, Childress AC, Connor DF, et al. (February 2019). "Practitioner Review: Emotional dysregulation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder - implications for clinical recognition and intervention".

1769:

items within the scale are highly interrelated. The reliability of the scales between raters (i.e. their degree of agreement) however is poor to moderate making it important to include information from multiple raters to best inform a diagnosis.

1006:

published a systematic review of 29 studies including 56,650 subjects that found that ADHD symptoms were consistently associated with gaming disorder and more frequent associations between inattention and gaming disorder than other ADHD scales.

2539:, with less frequent side effects. A 2021 retrospective study showed that amantadine may serve as an effective adjunct to stimulants for ADHD–related symptoms and appears to be a safer alternative to second- or third-generation antipsychotics. 19326: 780:). Boys diagnosed with the combined ADHD subtype are more likely to have a mood disorder. Adults and children with ADHD sometimes also have bipolar disorder, which requires careful assessment to accurately diagnose and treat both conditions. 542:

Struggles to maintain focus on tasks that aren't highly stimulating/rewarding or that require continuous effort; details are often missed, and careless mistakes are frequent in school and work tasks; tasks are often abandoned before they are

2792:

method of diagnosis, and the possibility of overdiagnosis. In 2009, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence states that the current treatments and methods of diagnosis are based on the dominant view of the academic literature.

1663:

that are required to successfully select and monitor behaviours that facilitate the attainment of one's chosen goals. The executive function impairments that occur in ADHD individuals result in problems with staying organised, time keeping,

1576:

also shows thinning in individuals with ADHD compared to controls. Other brain structures in the prefrontal-striatal-cerebellar and prefrontal-striatal-thalamic circuits have also been found to differ between people with and without ADHD.

1231:

and thus arises through the accumulation of many genetic risks each having a very small effect. The siblings of children with ADHD are three to four times more likely to develop the disorder than siblings of children without the disorder.

10797:

Recent conceptualizations of ADHD have taken seriously the distributed nature of neuronal processing. Most of the candidate networks have focused on prefrontal-striatal-cerebellar circuits, although other posterior regions are also being

1860:

twelve and occur in more than one environment (e.g. at home and at school or work). The symptoms must be inappropriate for a child of that age and there must be clear evidence that they are causing impairment in multiple domains of life.

1058:

published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 87 studies with 159,425 subjects 12 years of age or younger that found a small but statistically significant correlation between screen time and ADHD symptoms in children. In April 2022,

1600:

appears smaller in individuals with ADHD compared with controls. Structural MRI studies have also revealed differences in white matter, with marked differences in inter-hemispheric asymmetry between ADHD and typically developing youths.

15961:

Mohammadi MR, Kazemi MR, Zia E, Rezazadeh SA, Tabrizi M, Akhondzadeh S (November 2010). "Amantadine versus methylphenidate in children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, double-blind trial".

2627:

advised. Chronic deficiencies of iron, magnesium and iodine may have a negative impact on ADHD symptoms. There is a small amount of evidence that lower tissue zinc levels may be associated with ADHD. In the absence of a demonstrated

2648:(e.g. reduced risk of accidents) have been found across multiple domains. Rates of smoking among those with ADHD are higher than in the general population at about 40%. About 30–50% of people diagnosed in childhood continue to have 12366:

Mohr-Jensen C, Steinhausen HC (August 2016). "A meta-analysis and systematic review of the risks associated with childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder on long-term outcome of arrests, convictions, and incarcerations".

9923:

Free fatty acid supplementation and artificial food color exclusions appear to have beneficial effects on ADHD symptoms, although the effect of the former are small and those of the latter may be limited to ADHD patients with food

1993:

as a coping mechanism. Other problems may include relationship and job difficulties, and an increased risk of criminal activities. Associated mental health problems include depression, anxiety disorders, and learning disabilities.

902:

of 82 studies that all confirmed or implied elevated accident-proneness in ADHD patients and whose data suggested that the type of accidents or injuries and overall risk changes in ADHD patients over the lifespan. In January 2014,

14915:

studies, such symptoms occurred in about 0.1% (4 patients with events out of 3482 exposed to methylphenidate or amphetamine for several weeks at usual doses) of stimulant-treated patients compared to 0 in placebo-treated patients.

5748:

Rommelse N, van der Kruijs M, Damhuis J, Hoek I, Smeets S, Antshel KM, et al. (December 2016). "An evidenced-based perspective on the validity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the context of high intelligence".

14817:

In varying percentages of trial participants, insomnia is a treatment-emergent adverse effect in triple-bead mixed amphetamine salts (40–45%), dasotraline (35–45%), lisdexamfetamine (10–19%), and extended-release methylphenidate

2317:

regulation of neurofeedback practice, leading to ineffective applications and false claims regarding innovations. Parent training may improve a number of behavioural problems including oppositional and non-compliant behaviours.

2806:

dextroamphetamine in the 1970s. The use of stimulants to treat ADHD was first described in 1937. Charles Bradley gave the children with behavioural disorders Benzedrine and found it improved academic performance and behaviour.

1492:

Research does not support popular beliefs that ADHD is caused by eating too much refined sugar, watching too much television, bad parenting, poverty or family chaos; however, they might worsen ADHD symptoms in certain people.

1122:

and self-regulation. Their reduced size, functional connectivity, and activation contribute to the pathophysiology of ADHD, as well as imbalances in the noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems that mediate these brain regions.

999:

published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 40 studies with 33,650 post-secondary student subjects that found a weak-to-moderate positive association between mobile phone addiction and impulsivity. In January 2021, the

12590:"Review of the possible relationship and hypothetical links between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the simple sleep related movement disorders, parasomnias, hypersomnias, and circadian rhythm disorders" 733:(CD) occurs in about 25% of adolescents with ADHD. It is characterised by aggression, destruction of property, deceitfulness, theft and violations of rules. Adolescents with ADHD who also have CD are more likely to develop 13700:

Schulz KP, Fan J, Bédard AC, Clerkin SM, Ivanov I, Tang CY, et al. (September 2012). "Common and unique therapeutic mechanisms of stimulant and nonstimulant treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder".

2864:

levels consistently differ between ADHD individuals and non-ADHD controls. These measurements could serve as diagnostic biomarkers for ADHD, but more research is needed to establish their diagnostic utility. Urinary and

3920:

Lee YC, Yang HJ, Chen VC, Lee WT, Teng MJ, Lin CH, et al. (1 April 2016). "Meta-analysis of quality of life in children and adolescents with ADHD: By both parent proxy-report and child self-report using PedsQL™".

4321:

Larsson H, Anckarsater H, Råstam M, Chang Z, Lichtenstein P (January 2012). "Childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder as an extreme of a continuous trait: a quantitative genetic study of 8,500 twin pairs".

1672:

ADHD has also been associated with motivational deficits in children. Children with ADHD often find it difficult to focus on long-term over short-term rewards, and exhibit impulsive behaviour for short-term rewards.

1411:

is associated with an increased risk; however, the evidence is not conclusive. Exposure to tobacco smoke during pregnancy can cause problems with central nervous system development and can increase the risk of ADHD.

14927:

Mosholder AD, Gelperin K, Hammad TA, Phelan K, Johann-Liang R (February 2009). "Hallucinations and other psychotic symptoms associated with the use of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder drugs in children".

10683:

Early results with structural MRI show thinning of the cerebral cortex in ADHD subjects compared with age-matched controls in prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex, areas involved in working memory and

19049: 19034: 19019: 1880: 1484:

are sometimes diagnosed as having ADHD, raising the possibility that a subtype of ADHD has a cause that can be understood mechanistically and treated in a novel way. The sensory overload is treatable with oral

7768: 1823:

Very few studies have been conducted on diagnosis of ADHD on children younger than 7 years of age, and those that have were found in a 2024 systematic review to be of low or insufficient strength of evidence.

1427:, and extreme neglect, abuse, or social deprivation also increase the risk as do certain infections during pregnancy, at birth, and in early childhood. These infections include, among others, various viruses ( 980: 17072:

Reports indicate that ADHD affects 2.5%–5% of adults in the general population, compared with 5%–7% of children. ... However, fewer than 20% of adults with ADHD are currently diagnosed and/or treated by

16143:

Several studies (e.g., Findling et al. 2000; Armenteros et al. 2007) have shown that antipsychotics, especially second generation agents, can be effective when used together with stimulants for aggression in

6757: 5901: 15661:

Weiss M, Tannock R, Kratochvil C, Dunn D, Velez-Borras J, Thomason C, et al. (July 2005). "A randomized, placebo-controlled study of once-daily atomoxetine in the school setting in children with ADHD".

14467:

Gerlach M, Banaschewski T, Coghill D, Rohde LA, Romanos M (March 2017). "What are the benefits of methylphenidate as a treatment for children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?".

977:

published a systematic review of 24 studies researching associations between internet gaming disorder (IGD) and various psychopathologies that found an 85% correlation between IGD and ADHD. In October 2018,

608:

A lack of forethought or consideration of consequences when making decisions or taking action, instead tending to act immediately (e.g., physically dangerous behaviours including reckless driving; impulsive

415:

ADHD represents the extreme lower end of the continuous dimensional trait (bell curve) of executive functioning and self-regulation, which is supported by twin, brain imaging and molecular genetic studies.

16660:"Diet and ADHD, Reviewing the Evidence: A Systematic Review of Meta-Analyses of Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trials Evaluating the Efficacy of Diet Interventions on the Behavior of Children with ADHD" 1849:

ADHD, predominantly inattentive presentation, presents with symptoms including being easily distracted, forgetful, daydreaming, disorganization, poor sustained attention, and difficulty completing tasks.

8271:

Koncz P, Demetrovics Z, Takacs ZK, Griffiths MD, Nagy T, Király O (2023). "The emerging evidence on the association between symptoms of ADHD and gaming disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis".

1226:

of 74%, meaning that 74% of the presence of ADHD in the population is due to genetic factors. There are multiple gene variants which each slightly increase the likelihood of a person having ADHD; it is

13298:"Practitioner Review: Current best practice in the use of parent training and other behavioural interventions in the treatment of children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" 2382:

The medications for ADHD appear to alleviate symptoms via their effects on the pre-frontal executive, striatal and related regions and networks in the brain; usually by increasing neurotransmission of

2370:

investigated the efficacy and safety of AKL-T01 in adults with ADHD. After six weeks of at-home treatment with AKL-T01, participants showed significant improvements in objective measures of attention (

14871:

presence of extreme agitation. More common (about 18%) is for frequent amphetamine users to report psychotic symptoms that are sub-clinical and that do not require high-intensity intervention ...

14051:

Basal ganglia regions like the right globus pallidus, the right putamen, and the nucleus caudatus are structurally affected in children with ADHD. These changes and alterations in limbic regions like

13923:"Meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of inhibition and attention in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: exploring task-specific, stimulant medication, and age effects" 6037:

Rubia K (June 2011). ""Cool" inferior frontostriatal dysfunction in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder versus "hot" ventromedial orbitofrontal-limbic dysfunction in conduct disorder: a review".

11021:

Damiani S, Tarchi L, Scalabrini A, Marini S, Provenzani U, Rocchetti M, et al. (April 2021). "Beneath the surface: hyper-connectivity between caudate and salience regions in ADHD fMRI at rest".

7102:

Nguyen MN, Watanabe-Galloway S, Hill JL, Siahpush M, Tibbits MK, Wichman C (June 2019). "Ecological model of school engagement and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in school-aged children".

1069:

published a meta-analysis of 14 studies comprising 2,488 subjects aged 6 to 18 years that found significantly more severe problematic internet use in subjects diagnosed with ADHD to control groups.

17368:"Females with ADHD: An expert consensus statement taking a lifespan approach providing guidance for the identification and treatment of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in girls and women" 14230:"Methylphenidate for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: Cochrane systematic review with meta-analyses and trial sequential analyses of randomised clinical trials" 18280:

Lahey BB, Applegate B, McBurnett K, Biederman J, Greenhill L, Hynd GW, et al. (November 1994). "DSM-IV field trials for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents".

1692:

of patients). These are unexpected reactions in the opposite direction as with a normal effect, or otherwise significant different reactions. These are reactions to neuroactive substances such as

404:

Although people with ADHD struggle to persist on tasks with delayed consequences, they may be able to do so on tasks they find intrinsically interesting or immediately rewarding; this is known as

1837:

As with many other psychiatric disorders, a formal diagnosis should be made by a qualified professional based on a set number of criteria. In the United States, these criteria are defined by the

15317:

Kraemer M, Uekermann J, Wiltfang J, Kis B (July 2010). "Methylphenidate-induced psychosis in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: report of 3 new cases and review of the literature".

4109:

Ayers-Glassey S, MacIntyre PD (September 2021). "Investigating emotion dysregulation and the perseveration-and flow-like characteristics of ADHD hyperfocus in Canadian undergraduate students".

19446: 15914:"Early response to SPN-812 (viloxazine extended-release) can predict efficacy outcome in pediatric subjects with ADHD: a machine learning post-hoc analysis of four randomized clinical trials" 1095:

published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 48 studies examining associations between ADHD and gaming disorder that found a statistically significant association between the disorders.

1078:

ADHD symptoms were more likely to develop problematic digital media use and that increased digital media use was associated with increased subsequent severity of ADHD symptoms). In May 2023,

2348:, an objective measure of attention and inhibitory control, compared to a control group after four weeks of at-home use. A subsequent pediatric open-label study, STARS-Adjunct, published in 1065:

published a systematic review of 11 studies where the data from all but one study suggested that heightened screen time for children is associated with attention problems. In July 2022, the

17899:

An inquiry into the nature and origin of mental derangement: comprehending a concise system of the physiology and pathology of the human mind and a history of the passions and their effects

10505: 7055:"Understanding the association between adverse childhood experiences and subsequent attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies" 3129: 6815:

Schneider M, VanOrmer J, Zlomke K (2019). "Adverse Childhood Experiences and Family Resilience Among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder".

4574: 666:

is more common in children with ADHD. Poor handwriting can be a symptom of ADHD in itself due to decreased attentiveness. When this is a pervasive problem, it may also be attributable to

562:

Six or more of the following symptoms in children, and five or more in adults, excluding situations where these symptoms are better explained by another psychiatric or medical condition:

506:

Six or more of the following symptoms in children, and five or more in adults, excluding situations where these symptoms are better explained by another psychiatric or medical condition:

15777:

Hazell PL, Kohn MR, Dickson R, Walton RJ, Granger RE, Wyk GW (November 2011). "Core ADHD symptom improvement with atomoxetine versus methylphenidate: a direct comparison meta-analysis".

13579: 16284:

Palumbo DR, Sallee FR, Pelham WE, Bukstein OG, Daviss WB, McDERMOTT MP (February 2008). "Clonidine for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: I. Efficacy and tolerability outcomes".

15873:"Comparative efficacy of methylphenidate and atomoxetine in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 15016:"The long-term outcomes of interventions for the management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials" 7145:

Miodus S, Allwood MA, Amoh N (5 January 2021). "Childhood ADHD Symptoms in Relation to Trauma Exposure and PTSD Symptoms Among College Students: Attending to and Accommodating Trauma".

2433:

for ADHD patients taking stimulants has been measured at between 11 and 45 per cent for different medications, and may be a main reason for discontinuation. Other side effects, such as

1958:

suggests that, because the boundaries between normal and abnormal behaviour are socially constructed (i.e. jointly created and validated by all members of society, and in particular by

1619:

in people with ADHD was part of the pathophysiology, but it appears the elevated numbers may be due to adaptation following exposure to stimulant medication. Current models involve the

1572:

In children with ADHD, there is a general reduction of volume in certain brain structures, with a proportionally greater decrease in the volume in the left-sided prefrontal cortex. The

10703:"New perspectives on catecholaminergic regulation of executive circuits: evidence for independent modulation of prefrontal functions by midbrain dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons" 6622: 1564: 19314: 19209: 14599:"Comparative efficacy and tolerability of medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis" 12974:"Comparative efficacy and tolerability of medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis" 2366: 459: 11981: 4136:

Barkley RA, Murphy KR (1 June 2011). "The Nature of Executive Function (EF) Deficits in Daily Life Activities in Adults with ADHD and Their Relationship to Performance on EF Tests".

4039:

Barkley RA, Murphy KR (1 June 2011). "The Nature of Executive Function (EF) Deficits in Daily Life Activities in Adults with ADHD and Their Relationship to Performance on EF Tests".

15360:

van de Loo-Neus GH, Rommelse N, Buitelaar JK (August 2011). "To stop or not to stop? How long should medication treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder be extended?".

13365:

Bjornstad G, Montgomery P (April 2005). Bjornstad GJ (ed.). "Family therapy for attention-deficit disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents".

11565:

Peterson BS, Trampush J, Brown M, Maglione M, Bolshakova M, Rozelle M, et al. (April 2024). "Tools for the Diagnosis of ADHD in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review".

3952:

Barkley RA, Fischer M (July 2019). "Hyperactive Child Syndrome and Estimated Life Expectancy at Young Adult Follow-Up: The Role of ADHD Persistence and Other Potential Predictors".

973: 20350: 6739: 5802:

Bridgett DJ, Walker ME (March 2006). "Intellectual functioning in adults with ADHD: a meta-analytic examination of full scale IQ differences between adults with and without ADHD".

9267:

Barkley RA (2004). "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and self-regulation: Taking an evolutionary perspective on executive functioning.". In Baumeister RF, Vohs KD (eds.).

2836:, allowing them to remember and use more distantly-related ideas which is associated with creativity; and impulsivity, allowing them to consider ideas which others may not have. 1962:, parents, teachers, and others), it then follows that subjective valuations and judgements determine which diagnostic criteria are used and thus, the number of people affected. 15822:"Comparative efficacy and acceptability of methylphenidate and atomoxetine in treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis" 1801: 14055:

and amygdala are more pronounced in non-treated populations and seem to diminish over time from child to adulthood. Treatment seems to have positive effects on brain structure.

10056:

de Cock M, Maas YG, van de Bor M (August 2012). "Does perinatal exposure to endocrine disruptors induce autism spectrum and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders? Review".

5504:

Sexton CC, Gelhorn HL, Bell JA, Classi PM (November 2012). "The co-occurrence of reading disorder and ADHD: epidemiology, treatment, psychosocial impact, and economic burden".

1089:

published a meta-analysis of 24 studies with 18,859 subjects with a mean age of 18.4 years that found significant associations between ADHD and problematic internet use, while

14503:

Kooij JJ, Bijlenga D, Salerno L, Jaeschke R, Bitter I, Balázs J, et al. (February 2019). "Updated European Consensus Statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD".

16885:

Bálint S, Czobor P, Mészáros A, Simon V, Bitter I (2008). "" [Neuropsychological impairments in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A literature review].

397:

collectively predisposing to a diminished quality of life and a direct average reduction in life expectancy of 13 years. ADHD is associated with other neurodevelopmental and

21882: 14783:

Wynchank D, Bijlenga D, Beekman AT, Kooij JJ, Penninx BW (October 2017). "Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Insomnia: an Update of the Literature".

13065:

Kratochvil CJ, Vaughan BS, Barker A, Corr L, Wheeler A, Madaan V (March 2009). "Review of pediatric attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder for the general psychiatrist".

6216:

Corkum P, Davidson F, Macpherson M (June 2011). "A framework for the assessment and treatment of sleep problems in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder".

20456: 11079:"Centrality and interhemispheric coordination are related to different clinical/behavioral factors in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a resting-state fMRI study" 10499:"Background Document for the Food Advisory Committee: Certified Color Additives in Food and Possible Association with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children" 7827:

de Francisco Carvalho L, Sette CP, Ferrari BL (2018). "Problematic smartphone use relationship with pathological personality traits: Systematic review and meta-analysis".

7405:

Hsu TW, Chen MH, Chu CS, Tsai SJ, Bai YM, Su TP, et al. (May 2022). "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and risk of migraine: A nationwide longitudinal study".

18114: 12672:

Peterson BS, Trampush J, Maglione M, Bolshakova M, Rozelle M, Miles J, et al. (April 2024). "Treatments for ADHD in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review".

6860:"Association between Maternal Adverse Childhood Experiences and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in the Offspring: The Mediating Role of Antepartum Health Risks" 5955: 1720:

are at least partly genetic, it may be useful in critical situations, for example before operations, to ask whether such abnormalities may also exist in family members.

7856:"Correlations between mobile phone addiction and anxiety, depression, impulsivity, and poor sleep quality among college students: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 5654:

Frazier TW, Demaree HA, Youngstrom EA (July 2004). "Meta-analysis of intellectual and neuropsychological test performance in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder".

18622:

Scassellati C, Bonvicini C, Faraone SV, Gennarelli M (October 2012). "Biomarkers and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analyses".

16554:

selected stimulant product should help to ensure that each patient with ADHD receives an adequate dose, so that the clinical benefits of therapy can be fully attained.

8882:

Cederlöf M, Ohlsson Gotby A, Larsson H, Serlachius E, Boman M, Långström N, et al. (January 2014). "Klinefelter syndrome and risk of psychosis, autism and ADHD".

2324:

Social skills training, behavioural modification, and medication may have some limited beneficial effects in peer relationships. Stable, high-quality friendships with

1852:

ADHD, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation, presents with excessive fidgeting and restlessness, hyperactivity, and difficulty waiting and remaining seated.

14326:

Hoekstra PJ, Buitelaar JK (April 2016). "Is the evidence base of methylphenidate for children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder flawed?".

650:, such as social interaction and forming and maintaining friendships. This is true for all presentations. About half of children and adolescents with ADHD experience 19557: 19337: 17537: 5893: 2764:

written in 1798. He made observations about children showing signs of being inattentive and having the "fidgets". The first clear description of ADHD is credited to

2631:(which is rare outside of developing countries), zinc supplementation is not recommended as treatment for ADHD. However, zinc supplementation may reduce the minimum 1792:

In North America and Australia, DSM-5 criteria are used for diagnosis, while European countries usually use the ICD-10. The DSM-IV criteria for diagnosis of ADHD is

18258: 14111:

Faraone SV, Biederman J, Roe C (October 2002). "Comparative efficacy of Adderall and methylphenidate in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis".

4074:

Groen Y, Priegnitz U, Fuermaier AB, Tucha L, Tucha O, Aschenbrenner S, et al. (December 2020). "Testing the relation between ADHD and hyperfocus experiences".

21081: 17669: 12810:"Systematic review of quality of life and functional outcomes in randomized placebo-controlled studies of medications for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder" 2337: 2420:

Group and individuals in the scientific community, who identified a number of flaws in the review. Since at least September 2021, there is a unanimous and global

2411:

show that amphetamine is slightly-to-modestly more effective than methylphenidate at reducing symptoms, and they are more effective pharmacotherapy for ADHD than

10099:

Abbott LC, Winzer-Serhan UH (April 2012). "Smoking during pregnancy: lessons learned from epidemiological studies and experimental studies using animal models".

8091:"Problematic use of digital media in children and adolescents with a diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder compared to controls. A meta-analysis" 5839:"Guidance for identification and treatment of individuals with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder based upon expert consensus" 1741:

measures to diagnose ADHD include the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC), Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function - Second Edition (BRIEF2),

917:

for drivers with ADHD, finding an overall relative risk estimate of 1.36 without controlling for exposure, a relative risk estimate of 1.29 when controlling for

2881:

in treatment-responsive individuals with ADHD. Lower urinary phenethylamine concentrations are associated with symptoms of inattentiveness in ADHD individuals.

1627:. ADHD psychostimulants possess treatment efficacy because they increase neurotransmitter activity in these systems. There may additionally be abnormalities in 19258: 19243: 19202: 18958: 8228:

Augner C, Vlasak T, Barth A (2023). "The relationship between problematic internet use and attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity: A meta-analysis".

2890: 2674: 13964:"Effect of psychostimulants on brain structure and function in ADHD: a qualitative literature review of magnetic resonance imaging-based neuroimaging studies" 12462: 2795:

Once neuroimaging studies were possible, studies in the 1990s provided support for the pre-existing theory that neurological differences (particularly in the

12490:

Ertürk E, Wouters S, Imeraj L, Lampo A (August 2020). "Association of ADHD and Celiac Disease: What Is the Evidence? A Systematic Review of the Literature".

9516:

Kebir O, Joober R (December 2011). "Neuropsychological endophenotypes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a review of genetic association studies".

8462: 1842: 16919:

Faraone SV, Asherson P, Banaschewski T, Biederman J, Buitelaar JK, Ramos-Quiroga JA, et al. (August 2015). "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder".

10925:"Subcortical brain volume differences in participants with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults: a cross-sectional mega-analysis" 19887: 12880: 11678: 3356:

Schoechlin C, Engel RR (August 2005). "Neuropsychological performance in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis of empirical data".

15495:. Portland, Oregon: Oregon Health & Science University. Appendix G: Black box warnings of ADHD drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. 9067: 8641:

Nikolas MA, Burt SA (February 2010). "Genetic and environmental influences on ADHD symptom dimensions of inattention and hyperactivity: a meta-analysis".

7999:"Association of Screen Time With Internalizing and Externalizing Behavior Problems in Children 12 Years or Younger: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" 2344:. The pediatric STARS-ADHD randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, controlled trial demonstrated that AKL-T01 significantly improved performance on the 1789:, in diagnosis for ADHD remains unclear; studies showed great variability, did not assess test-retest reliability, and were not independently replicable. 834:

compared to those without ADHD; conversely, individuals with eating disorders are two times more likely to have ADHD than those without eating disorders.

761:

is characterised by sudden and disproportionate outbursts of anger and co-occurs in individuals with ADHD more frequently than in the general population.

20270: 19806: 19472: 19288: 19248: 19233: 18793: 17561:"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder late birthdate effect common in both high and low prescribing international jurisdictions: a systematic review" 11430:

Modesto-Lowe V, Chaplin M, Soovajian V, Meyer A (July 2013). "Are motivation deficits underestimated in patients with ADHD? A review of the literature".

9409:"The risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy - a re-examination using a sibling design" 3698:

Retz W, Stieglitz RD, Corbisiero S, Retz-Junginger P, Rösler M (October 2012). "Emotional dysregulation in adult ADHD: What is the empirical evidence?".

2739: 2261: 18206:

Biederman J, Faraone SV, Keenan K, Knee D, Tsuang MT (July 1990). "Family-genetic and psychosocial risk factors in DSM-III attention deficit disorder".

14898: 14746:"The effects of chronic administration of stimulant and non-stimulant medications on executive functions in ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 8189:

Liu H, Chen X, Huang M, Yu X, Gan Y, Wang J, et al. (2023). "Screen time and childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis".

5964: 2980: 2292:

in ADHD. They are the recommended first-line treatment in those who have mild symptoms or who are preschool-aged. Psychological therapies used include:

850:

are also comorbid, which could in part be potentially explained by the similarity in presentation between different diagnoses. The symptoms of ADHD and

605:

Blurts out answers or comments; struggles to wait their turn in conversation, games, or activities; will interrupt or intrude on conversations or games.

15489:

McDonagh MS, Christensen V, Peterson K, Thakurta S (October 2009). "Black box warnings of ADHD drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration".

11339:

Lesch KP, Merker S, Reif A, Novak M (June 2013). "Dances with black widow spiders: dysregulation of glutamate signalling enters centre stage in ADHD".

9253: 6649:"Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome" 4697:"Traumatic brain injury and secondary attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: the effect of reward on inhibitory control" 1300:

is estimated to be responsible for about 9% of cases and when this variant is present, people are particularly responsive to stimulant medication. The

14971:

Ashton H, Gallagher P, Moore B (September 2006). "The adult psychiatrist's dilemma: psychostimulant use in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder".

9806:"Recent advances in understanding of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): how genetics are shaping our conceptualization of this disorder" 22311: 21875: 19515: 19195: 15268:"Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases Associated With Medications Used in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" 7948:"Structural and Functional Brain Abnormalities in Internet Gaming Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Comparative Meta-Analysis" 5412:

Racine MB, Majnemer A, Shevell M, Snider L (April 2008). "Handwriting performance in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)".

3544:

Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 6: Widely Projecting Systems: Monoamines, Acetylcholine, and Orexin". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.).

2606: 2580: 18062:

Faraone SV (February 2005). "The scientific foundation for understanding attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder as a valid psychiatric disorder".

10220: 2802:

In 1934, Benzedrine became the first amphetamine medication approved for use in the United States. Methylphenidate was introduced in the 1950s, and

20449: 19548: 18597: 17444:

Emond V, Joyal C, Poissant H (April 2009). "" [Structural and functional neuroanatomy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)].

12268:"Challenges in identifying and managing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults in the primary care setting: a review of the literature" 1733: 16611:"Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents" 16423: 11304:

Cortese S (September 2012). "The neurobiology and genetics of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): what every clinician should know".

10498: 9481:

Hinshaw SP (May 2018). "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Controversy, Developmental Mechanisms, and Multiple Levels of Analysis".

7448:

Salem H, Vivas D, Cao F, Kazimi IF, Teixeira AL, Zeni CP (March 2018). "ADHD is associated with migraine: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

2661:

increase the risk of, other psychiatric conditions such as anxiety and depression. Individuals with ADHD may also face misconceptions and stigma.

20310: 7903:

Dullur P, Krishnan V, Diaz AM (2021). "A systematic review on the intersection of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and gaming disorder".

14432:

Shaw P (May 2016). "Quantifying the Benefits and Risks of Methylphenidate as Treatment for Childhood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder".

13872:"Risk of unintentional injuries in children and adolescents with ADHD and the impact of ADHD medications: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 8046:

Santos RM, Mendes CG, Miranda DM, Romano-Silva MA (2022). "The Association between Screen Time and Attention in Children: A Systematic Review".

4570: 19238: 3834:"The Nature of Executive Function (EF) Deficits in Daily Life Activities in Adults with ADHD and Their Relationship to Performance on EF Tests" 2649: 1975: 17867:

Palmer ED, Finger S (May 2001). "An early description of ADHD (inattentive subtype): Dr Alexander Crichton and 'Mental restlessness' (1798)".

6487:"Distinct brain structural abnormalities in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders: A comparative meta-analysis" 6583: 2545:

is also used off-label by some clinicians due to research findings. It is effective, but modestly less than atomoxetine and methylphenidate.

1681:

Another sign of the structurally altered signal processing in the central nervous system in this group of people is the conspicuously common

881:

headaches, but have no increased risk of tension-type headaches. Children with ADHD may also experience headaches as a result of medication.

631:

Girls and women with ADHD tend to display fewer hyperactivity and impulsivity symptoms but more symptoms of inattention and distractibility.

6286:

Bendz LM, Scates AC (January 2010). "Melatonin treatment for insomnia in pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder".

1552:(cognitive control of behaviour), motivation, reward perception, and motor function; these pathways are known to play a central role in the 1024:

studies comparing subjects with IGD or ADHD to control groups that found that IGD and ADHD subjects had disorder-differentiating structural

21868: 20098: 11973: 5349: 5314: 1863:

The DSM-5 and the DSM-5-TR also provide two diagnoses for individuals who have symptoms of ADHD but do not entirely meet the requirements.

1745:, Conduct-Hyperactive-Attention Problem-Oppositional Symptom scale (CHAOS), Developmental Behavior Checklist Hyperactivity Index (DBC-HI), 1742: 1461:

may be associated with an increased prevalence of ADHD or ADHD-like symptoms, but the evidence is weak and may apply to only children with

989:

published a systematic review and meta-analysis of 5 studies that found evidence for a relationship between problematic smartphone use and

689:

Studies of adults suggest that negative differences in intelligence are not meaningful and may be explained by associated health problems.

408:(more colloquially) or perseverative responding. This mental state is often hard to disengage from and can be related to risks such as for 19130: 14013:"Meta-analysis of structural MRI studies in children and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder indicates treatment effects" 10447: 7002:

Szymanski K, Sapanski L, Conway F (1 January 2011). "Trauma and ADHD – Association or Diagnostic Confusion? A Clinical Perspective".

20442: 19875: 17279: 13612:"A Single-Arm Pivotal Trial to Assess the Efficacy of Akl-T01, a Novel Digital Intervention for Attention, in Adults Diagnosed With ADHD" 12452:"Evaluating Prescription Drugs Used to Treat: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Comparing Effectiveness, Safety, and Price" 11912: 6700: 2959: 2548:

There is little evidence on the effects of medication on social behaviours. Antipsychotics may also be used to treat aggression in ADHD.

18975: 16156:

Childress AC, Sallee FR (March 2012). "Revisiting clonidine: an innovative add-on option for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder".

9171:"Genomic analysis of the natural history of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder using Neanderthal and ancient Homo sapiens samples" 21553: 21509: 20612: 19881: 15069:

Castells X, Blanco-Silvente L, Cunill R, et al. (Cochrane Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems Group) (August 2018).

12712:

Wigal SB (2009). "Efficacy and safety limitations of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder pharmacotherapy in children and adults".

5931: 2613:

due to insufficient evidence. A 2013 meta-analysis found less than a third of children with ADHD see some improvement in symptoms with

2610: 1746: 1903:(6A05.2). However, the ICD-11 includes two residual categories for individuals who do not entirely match any of the defined subtypes: 737:

in adulthood. Brain imaging supports that CD and ADHD are separate conditions: conduct disorder was shown to reduce the size of one's

8427:"Association between suicidal spectrum behaviors and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 6364:

Picchietti MA, Picchietti DL (August 2010). "Advances in pediatric restless legs syndrome: Iron, genetics, diagnosis and treatment".

5594: 5283:

Coleman WL (August 2008). "Social competence and friendship formation in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder".

1073: 12027: 11529:"Axis I Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood or Adolescence: Attention-Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders" 2488:

has shown some efficacy in reducing the severity of ADHD in children and adolescents. It may be prescribed off-label to treat ADHD.

1845:. Based on the DSM-5 criteria published in 2013 and the DSM-5-TR criteria published in 2022, there are three presentations of ADHD: 21368: 20985: 19625: 17697: 8140:"Longitudinal associations between digital media use and ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents: a systematic literature review" 5002: 2869:

phenethylamine concentrations are lower in ADHD individuals relative to controls. The two most commonly prescribed drugs for ADHD,

2622:

results in a small overall benefit in a minority of children, such as those with allergies. A 2016 review stated that the use of a

15492:

Drug Class Review: Pharmacologic Treatments for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Final Report Update 3 [Internet]

11612: 7713:"Association between Internet Gaming Disorder or Pathological Video-Game Use and Comorbid Psychopathology: A Comprehensive Review" 873:, a neurological condition characterised by recurrent seizures. There are well established associations between ADHD and obesity, 803:. However, restless legs can simply be a part of ADHD and requires careful assessment to differentiate between the two disorders. 709:(ASD), co-occurring at a rate of 21% in those with ADHD, affects social skills, ability to communicate, behaviour, and interests. 589:

Frequently interrupts or intrudes, including into others' conversations or activities, or by using people's things without asking.

20778: 9562:

Berry MD (January 2007). "The potential of trace amines and their receptors for treating neurological and psychiatric diseases".

5928:"ADHD and Learning Disabilities: How can you help your child cope with ADHD and subsequent Learning Difficulties? There is a way" 1762: 1750: 1387:

In addition to genetics, some environmental factors might play a role in causing ADHD. Alcohol intake during pregnancy can cause

1061: 894: 16117:

Gurnani T, Ivanov I, Newcorn JH (February 2016). "Pharmacotherapy of Aggression in Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders".

12920:"Efficacy and Tolerability of Different Interventions in Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder" 571:

Frequently runs around or climbs in inappropriate situations. In adults and teenagers, this may be present only as restlessness.

21104: 19869: 18804:"Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder" 17824:

Slobodin O, Masalha R (June 2020). "Challenges in ADHD care for ethnic minority children: A review of the current literature".

16537: 16506: 14875:

Findings from one trial indicate use of antipsychotic medications effectively resolves symptoms of acute amphetamine psychosis.

10578: 18106: 15520:"Targeting the nicotinic cholinergic system to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: rationale and progress to date" 6701:"Sluggish cognitive tempo (concentration deficit disorder?): current status, future directions, and a plea to change the name" 6015: 5003:"Diagnosis and management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in primary care for school-age children and adolescents" 2652:, with 2.58% of adults estimated to have ADHD which began in childhood. In adults, hyperactivity is usually replaced by inner 964: 22226: 19921: 18773: 18725: 18252: 18186: 18046: 17991: 17907: 17273: 17244: 17144: 16717:

Konikowska K, Regulska-Ilow B, Rózańska D (2012). "The influence of components of diet on the symptoms of ADHD in children".

16376: 15469: 15170:"The challenges to demonstrating long-term effects of psychostimulant treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder" 13421: 12173: 11945: 11906: 11662: 11546: 10676: 10632: 10474: 10391: 9342: 9153: 9113: 6562: 5040: 3673: 3553: 3092: 3035: 1604: 1021: 921:, a relative risk estimate of 1.23 when controlling for exposure, and a relative risk estimate of 1.86 for ADHD drivers with 18005: 17913: 14697:"Long term methylphenidate exposure and growth in children and adolescents with ADHD. A systematic review and meta-analysis" 13488:"A novel digital intervention for actively reducing severity of paediatric ADHD (STARS-ADHD): a randomised controlled trial" 11951: 6758:"The risk of eating disorders comorbid with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 6329:

Merino-Andreu M (March 2011). "" [Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and restless legs syndrome in children].

3025: 19541: 17529: 15244: 1624: 1359:

to be used as a tool for diagnosis, more validating studies need to be performed. However, smaller studies have shown that

786:

and ADHD commonly co-exist. They can also occur as a side effect of medications used to treat ADHD. In children with ADHD,

646:

is generally understood to be a common symptom of ADHD. People with ADHD of all ages are more likely to have problems with

15496: 12858: 9941: 8373:"Long-Term Suicide Risk of Children and Adolescents With Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder-A Systematic Review" 7266:"Carbamazepine use in children and adolescents with features of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis" 2934: 1320:, including ADHD symptoms reflecting split attention. The DRD4 gene is both linked to novelty seeking and ADHD. The genes 21891: 21565: 20713: 19811: 19477: 19068: 18940: 18192: 16103: 10638: 6568: 1481: 17661: 17430: 15569:"Effects of Caffeine on Main Symptoms in Children with ADHD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials" 14745: 9408: 5699:"Rethinking Intelligence Quotient Exclusion Criteria Practices in the Study of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder" 22321: 20815: 20790: 20625: 20496: 20473: 20465: 17869: 12528:. Therefore, it is not advised to perform routine screening of CD when assessing ADHD (and vice versa) or to implement 11179:"Striatal dopamine transporter alterations in ADHD: pathophysiology or adaptation to psychostimulants? A meta-analysis" 10193:"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders and other psychiatric outcomes in very low birthweight children at 12 years" 4947: 4922: 4272: 1205: 553:

The individual may also meet the criteria for hyperactivity-impulsivity, but the inattentive symptoms are predominant.

38: 18845:

Reaser A, Prevatt F, Petscher Y, Proctor B (2007). "The learning and study strategies of college students with ADHD".

16321:"Focus: Translational Medicine: Guanfacine for the Treatment of Cognitive Disorders: A Century of Discoveries at Yale" 14696: 2702:

article. In contrast, a 2014 peer-reviewed medical literature review indicated that ADHD is underdiagnosed in adults.

2469:

as treatments for ADHD have shown favorable results; however, no nicotinic drug has been approved for ADHD treatment.

546:

Easily distracted (including by own thoughts); may not listen when spoken to; frequently appears to be lost in thought

22253: 22138: 22084: 21601: 21421: 21319: 20204: 20199: 19851: 18744: 18698: 18671: 17087:"Prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Detention Settings: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 12447: 3656:

Antshel KM, Hier BO, Barkley RA (2014). "Executive Functioning Theory and ADHD". In Goldstein S, Naglieri JA (eds.).

1293: 905: 18691:

Driven to distraction : recognizing and coping with attention deficit disorder from childhood through adulthood

16390: 14397:

Romanos M, Reif A, Banaschewski T (September 2016). "Methylphenidate for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder".

13343: 12896: 11653:

Smith BJ, Barkley RA, Shapiro CJ (2007). "Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder". In Mash EJ, Barkley RA (eds.).

2361:, becoming "the first game-based therapeutic granted marketing authorization by the FDA for any type of condition." 2275:

agonists, and sometimes antidepressants. In those who have trouble focusing on long-term rewards, a large amount of

22216: 21693: 20930: 20901: 20842: 20522: 13580:"FDA Permits Marketing of First Game-Based Digital Therapeutic to Improve Attention Function in Children with ADHD" 13151:"Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder" 12451: 3252:"The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder" 2756:. Symptoms similar to those of ADHD have been described in medical literature dating back to the 18th century. Sir 1838: 995: 827: 613:

The individual may also meet the criteria for inattention, but the hyperactive-impulsive symptoms are predominant.

230: 20275: 13870:

Ruiz-Goikoetxea M, Cortese S, Aznarez-Sanado M, Magallón S, Alvarez Zallo N, Luis EO, et al. (January 2018).

11128:"Brain lateralization and self-reported symptoms of ADHD in a population sample of adults: a dimensional approach" 8426: 3432:"Brain Imaging of the Cortex in ADHD: A Coordinated Analysis of Large-Scale Clinical and Population-Based Samples" 21985: 20935: 20730: 20655: 20370: 19534: 19497: 6952:"Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder comorbidity in a sample of veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder" 2857: 2833: 2205: 1955: 1813: 1388: 1321: 1143: 1080: 1002: 758: 734: 275: 270: 20338: 17485:

Staller J, Faraone SV (2006). "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in girls: epidemiology and management".

16838:

Krause J (April 2008). "SPECT and PET of the dopamine transporter in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder".

14873:

About 5–15% of the users who develop an amphetamine psychosis fail to recover completely (Hofmann 1983) ...

13650:"Cognition-enhancing doses of methylphenidate preferentially increase prefrontal cortex neuronal responsiveness" 12203:"The prevalence of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A global systematic review and meta-analysis" 11686: 9027: 5988:"Continuity of aggressive antisocial behavior from childhood to adulthood: The question of phenotype definition" 4645:

Faraone SV, Asherson P, Banaschewski T, Biederman J, Buitelaar JK, Ramos-Quiroga JA, et al. (August 2015).

2532: 2308:, school-based interventions, social skills training, behavioural peer intervention, organization training, and 22336: 22000: 21588: 21373: 21344: 20605: 18170:

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children, Young People and Adults

15205: 10624:

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children, Young People and Adults

7685: 6546:

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children, Young People and Adults

4880:

Faraone SV, Biederman J (July 2016). "Can Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Onset Occur in Adulthood?".

2602: 2371: 2345: 1891:, the disorder is classified as Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (code 6A05). The defined subtypes are 1215: 851: 18551:"Creativity and ADHD: A review of behavioral studies, the effect of psychostimulants and neural underpinnings" 4222:"Hyperfocus symptom and internet addiction in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder trait" 3121: 3087:(Fifth, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR) ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Publishing. February 2022. 2412: 1336:

make it an interesting candidate causative gene. Another candidate causative gene that has been identified is

21114: 20832: 20808: 20562: 20491: 20280: 14887: 10461:

Tomaska LD, Brooke-Taylor S (2014). "Food Additives – General". In Motarjemi Y, Moy GG, Todd EC (eds.).

8294: 2963: 2632: 1805: 1189: 922: 847: 726: 250: 8920:, Spencer T (November 1999). "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as a noradrenergic disorder". 2192:

Symptoms of ADHD, such as low mood and poor self-image, mood swings, and irritability, can be confused with

22331: 22241: 22079: 21939: 21777: 21314: 20847: 20692: 20517: 19467: 19166: 15871:

Rezaei G, Hosseini SA, Akbari Sari A, Olyaeemanesh A, Lotfi MH, Yassini M, et al. (10 February 2016).

12354:

likelihood that the adult with ADHD has developed coping mechanisms to compensate for his or her impairment

8736:"Intergenerational transmission of ADHD behaviors: More evidence for heritability than life history theory" 7777: 2824: 2645: 2358: 2297: 1632: 1620: 1261: 1136: 953: 823: 804: 53: 18339:

Rasmussen N (July 2006). "Making the first anti-depressant: amphetamine in American medicine, 1929-1950".

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Coker TR, Elliott MN, Toomey SL, Schwebel DC, Cuccaro P, Tortolero Emery S, et al. (September 2016).

17034:"Underdiagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adult patients: a review of the literature" 13100:

Lopez PL, Torrente FM, Ciapponi A, Lischinsky AG, Cetkovich-Bakmas M, Rojas JI, et al. (March 2018).

6251:

Tsai MH, Huang YS (May 2010). "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and sleep disorders in children".

4976: 625:

Criteria are met for both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive ADHD, with neither clearly predominating.

21912: 21022: 20820: 20502: 19833: 19492: 12533:

to ADHD-like behavior (mainly symptoms of inattentive type), which may be alleviated after GFD treatment.

10192: 9360:"Familial confounding of the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and ADHD in offspring" 8221: 7493:"Headache in ADHD as comorbidity and a side effect of medications: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 7491:

Pan PY, Jonsson U, Şahpazoğlu Çakmak SS, Häge A, Hohmann S, Nobel Norrman H, et al. (January 2022).

4408:"Epigenetics and ADHD: Reflections on Current Knowledge, Research Priorities and Translational Potential" 3250:

Faraone SV, Banaschewski T, Coghill D, Zheng Y, Biederman J, Bellgrove MA, et al. (September 2021).

2301: 2272: 1797: 1193: 945: 885: 370: 17: 21835: 18550: 15618:

Turner D (April 2006). "A review of the use of modafinil for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder".

9226:

Keller MC (December 2008). "The evolutionary persistence of genes that increase mental disorders risk".

5547:

Nicolson RI, Fawcett AJ (January 2011). "Dyslexia, dysgraphia, procedural learning and the cerebellum".

5185:"European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: The European Network Adult ADHD" 4646: 1512:

Current models of ADHD suggest that it is associated with functional impairments in some of the brain's

21927: 21772: 20687: 20189: 20176: 19845: 18914: 8819:"The heritability of clinically diagnosed attention deficit hyperactivity disorder across the lifespan" 8678:"Discovery of the first genome-wide significant risk loci for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder" 5183:

Kooij SJ, Bejerot S, Blackwell A, Caci H, Casas-Brugué M, Carpentier PJ, et al. (September 2010).

4596:

Franke B, Michelini G, Asherson P, Banaschewski T, Bilbow A, Buitelaar JK, et al. (October 2018).

2897: 2407: 2309: 1786: 1309: 1091: 949: 877:

and sleep disorders, and an association with celiac disease. Children with ADHD have a higher risk for

530:

Is frequently easily distracted by extraneous stimuli, including thoughts in adults and older teenagers

443:), symptoms must be present for six months or more to a degree that is much greater than others of the 18664:

Taking charge of adult ADHD : proven strategies to succeed at work, at home, and in relationships

16412: 13296:

Daley D, Van Der Oord S, Ferrin M, Cortese S, Danckaerts M, Doepfner M, et al. (September 2018).

11484:

Band 108, Nummer 31–32, August 2011, S. 541; author reply 541–541; author reply 542, (in German).

10291:

Millichap JG (February 2008). "Etiologic classification of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder".

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Cortese S, Adamo N, Del Giovane C, Mohr-Jensen C, Hayes AJ, Carucci S, et al. (September 2018).

14277:

Banaschewski T, Buitelaar J, Chui CS, Coghill D, Cortese S, Simonoff E, et al. (November 2016).

12972:

Cortese S, Adamo N, Del Giovane C, Mohr-Jensen C, Hayes AJ, Carucci S, et al. (September 2018).

9660:

Gizer IR, Ficks C, Waldman ID (July 2009). "Candidate gene studies of ADHD: a meta-analytic review".

1888: 1573: 1396: 1265: 1209: 1045: 777: 240: 90: 31: 17613:"Misdiagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: 'Normal behaviour' and relative maturity" 16933: 15567:

Perrotte G, Moreira MM, de Vargas Junior A, Teixeira Filho A, Castaldelli-Maia JM (September 2023).

14228:

Storebø OJ, Krogh HB, Ramstad E, Moreira-Maia CR, Holmskov M, Skoog M, et al. (November 2015).

13611: 12105:"Facts, values, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): an update on the controversies" 9169:

Esteller-Cucala P, Maceda I, Børglum AD, Demontis D, Faraone SV, Cormand B, et al. (May 2020).

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Often struggles to organise tasks and activities, to meet deadlines, and to keep belongings in order

22341: 22316: 22268: 22258: 22005: 21830: 21746: 21741: 21438: 21401: 21393: 21211: 21180: 20921: 20906: 20209: 19682: 19674: 19487: 19079: 16450:"Using stimulants for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: clinical approaches and challenges" 13820:"Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)" 13102:"Cognitive-behavioural interventions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults" 13053:

there is strong and consistent evidence that behavioral treatments are effective for treating ADHD.

9705:"Toward a better understanding of ADHD: LPHN3 gene variants and the susceptibility to develop ADHD" 9576: 3317:"The Neurocognitive Profile of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Review of Meta-Analyses" 2696:, one of the early advocates for recognition of the disorder, spoke out against overdiagnosis in a 2518:

have found that atomoxetine has comparable efficacy, equal tolerability and response rate (75%) to

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Kemper AR, Maslow GR, Hill S, Namdari B, Allen Lapointe NM, Goode AP, et al. (January 2018).

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Carucci S, Balia C, Gagliano A, Lampis A, Buitelaar JK, Danckaerts M, et al. (January 2021).

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Storebø OJ, Storm MR, Pereira Ribeiro J, Skoog M, Groth C, Callesen HE, et al. (March 2023).

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For example, pseudoephedrine and ephedrine ... have no detectable effects on the symptoms of ADHD.

13532:"Effectiveness of a digital therapeutic as adjunct to treatment with medication in pediatric ADHD" 3873:"Educational and Health Outcomes of Children Treated for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder" 1391:

which can include ADHD or symptoms like it. Children exposed to certain toxic substances, such as

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Gross MD (February 1995). "Origin of stimulant use for treatment of attention deficit disorder".

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Lal C, Strange C, Bachman D (June 2012). "Neurocognitive impairment in obstructive sleep apnea".

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Becker SP, Willcutt EG, Leopold DR, Fredrick JW, Smith ZR, Jacobson LA, et al. (June 2023).

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Systematic reviews in 2017 and 2020 found strong evidence that ADHD is associated with increased

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Spencer TJ, Brown A, Seidman LJ, Valera EM, Makris N, Lomedico A, et al. (September 2013).

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Skodzik T, Holling H, Pedersen A (February 2017). "Long-Term Memory Performance in Adult ADHD".

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Cortese S, Kelly C, Chabernaud C, Proal E, Di Martino A, Milham MP, et al. (October 2012).

7591:

Brunkhorst-Kanaan N, Libutzki B, Reif A, Larsson H, McNeill RV, Kittel-Schneider S (June 2021).

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Often appears not to be listening when spoken to, including when there is no obvious distraction

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Young S, Adamo N, Ásgeirsdóttir BB, Branney P, Beckett M, Colley W, et al. (August 2020).

16928: 15229:"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Treatment in Children and Adolescents" 11485: 11077:

Tarchi L, Damiani S, Fantoni T, Pisano T, Castellini G, Politi P, et al. (December 2022).

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Hoogman M, Muetzel R, Guimaraes JP, Shumskaya E, Mennes M, Zwiers MP, et al. (July 2019).

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Mayes R, Bagwell C, Erkulwater J (2008). "ADHD and the rise in stimulant use among children".

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Douglas PK, Gutman B, Anderson A, Larios C, Lawrence KE, Narr K, et al. (February 2018).

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Demontis D, Walters RK, Martin J, Mattheisen M, Als TD, Agerbo E, et al. (January 2019).

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Vaa T (January 2014). "ADHD and relative risk of accidents in road traffic: a meta-analysis".

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International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision

4598:"Live fast, die young? A review on the developmental trajectories of ADHD across the lifespan" 22290: 22221: 22206: 22169: 21840: 21573: 21453: 21360: 21339: 20390: 20333: 20244: 20194: 20160: 20156: 20152: 20144: 20140: 20117: 19863: 19621: 19462: 19028: 18242: 18173:. NICE Clinical Guidelines. Vol. 72. Leicester: British Psychological Society. pp. 18038: 17724:"The importance of relative standards in ADHD diagnoses: evidence based on exact birth dates" 16744:

Arnold LE, DiSilvestro RA (August 2005). "Zinc in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder".

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Several clinical trials have investigated the efficacy of digital therapeutics, particularly

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Neurobiological effects of physical exercise § Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

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Still G (1902). "Some Abnormal Psychical Conditions in Children: The Goulstonian Lectures".

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Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapters 10 and 13". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.).

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Lee SH, Ripke S, Neale BM, Faraone SV, Purcell SM, Perlis RH, et al. (September 2013).

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more likely to diagnose ADHD than is the ICD-10 criteria. ADHD is alternately classified as

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Cormier E (October 2008). "Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a review and update".

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Zhang L, Yao H, Li L, Du Rietz E, Andell P, Garcia-Argibay M, et al. (November 2022).

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Kollins SH, DeLoss DJ, Cañadas E, Lutz J, Findling RL, Keefe RS, et al. (April 2020).

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Peterson BS, Trampush J, Maglione M, Bolshakova M, Brown M, Rozelle M, et al. (2024).

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Biederman J (June 2005). "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a selective overview".

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Biederman J (June 2005). "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a selective overview".

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in 1902 during a series of lectures he gave to the Royal College of Physicians of London.

2522:

in children and adolescents. In adults, efficacy and discontinuation rates are equivalent.

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environment. Very rarely, ADHD can also be the result of abnormalities in the chromosomes.

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Scattered minds : a new look at the origins and healing of attention deficit disorder

17559:

Whitely M, Raven M, Timimi S, Jureidini J, Phillimore J, Leo J, et al. (April 2019).

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Faraone SV, Gomeni R, Hull JT, Busse GD, Melyan Z, O'Neal W, et al. (February 2021).

12854: 10015:(Review. Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural. Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.). 9494: 5590: 3486:

Brown TE (October 2008). "ADD/ADHD and Impaired Executive Function in Clinical Practice".

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12404:"Annual Research Review: Does late-onset attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder exist?" 9141: 9101: 7990: 7820: 5837:

Young S, Hollingdale J, Absoud M, Bolton P, Branney P, Colley W, et al. (May 2020).

5006: 4789:"Premorbid Prevalence of ADHD and Development of Secondary ADHD After Closed Head Injury" 4359:"Genetic relationship between five psychiatric disorders estimated from genome-wide SNPs" 2442: 2289: 2156: 1966:, a supporter of this theory, has argued that ADHD was "invented and then given a name". 1648: 1532:

project to diverse regions of the brain and govern a variety of cognitive processes. The

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has put in place regulatory measures based on these concerns. In a minority of children,

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more broadly. Conduct disorder involves more impairment in motivation control than ADHD.

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hyperactivity, and impulsivity end and significant levels requiring interventions begin.

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Wolraich ML, Hagan JF, Allan C, Chan E, Davison D, Earls M, et al. (October 2019).

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Drug Class Review: Pharmacologic Treatments for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

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Brown TE (March 2009). "ADD/ADHD and impaired executive function in clinical practice".

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but methylphenidate has comparable efficacy to non-stimulants such as atomoxetine. In a

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allows the clinician to describe why the individual does not meet the criteria, whereas

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Walitza S, Drechsler R, Ball J (August 2012). "" [The school child with ADHD].

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The terminology used to describe the condition has changed over time and has included:

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Kessler S (January 1996). "Drug therapy in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder".

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Dobie C, Donald WB, Hanson M, Heim C, Huxsahl J, Karasov R, et al. (March 2012).

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Gerring JP, Brady KD, Chen A, Vasa R, Grados M, Bandeen-Roche KJ, et al. (1998).

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Fleming M, Fitton CA, Steiner MF, McLay JS, Clark D, King A, et al. (July 2017).

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Possible positive traits of ADHD are a new avenue of research, and therefore limited.

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is about as effective as atomoxetine and methylphenidate but with fewer side effects.

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and Henrik Larsson that found an average heritability estimate of 0.74. Additionally,

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Harrington KM, Miller MW, Wolf EJ, Reardon AF, Ryabchenko KA, Ofrat S (August 2012).

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Rainer Laufkötter, Berthold Langguth, Monika Johann, Peter Eichhammer, Göran Hajak:

11459: 11411: 11368: 11352: 10627:. NICE Clinical Guidelines. Vol. 72. Leicester: British Psychological Society. 10589: 10443: 10363: 10320: 10128: 10085: 9545: 8953: 8627: 8570: 8442: 7609: 7592: 7560: 7543: 7131: 6967: 6789: 6756:

Nazar BP, Bernardes C, Peachey G, Sergeant J, Mattos P, Treasure J (December 2016).

6618: 6145: 6085:"Understanding attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder from childhood to adulthood" 6066: 5762: 5683: 5576: 4773: 4613: 3981: 3405: 3268: 22121: 22106: 22074: 21494: 21448: 21416: 21264: 21242: 21207: 20970: 20852: 20803: 20750: 20725: 20720: 20677: 20665: 20544: 20512: 20486: 20164: 20092: 20051: 19600: 19380: 19152: 18854: 18815: 18631: 18573: 18565: 18499: 18440: 18403: 18395: 18348: 18289: 18215: 18137: 18071: 17979: 17944: 17878: 17833: 17792: 17784: 17743: 17739: 17735: 17632: 17624: 17580: 17572: 17494: 17453: 17389: 17379: 17314: 17303:"The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis" 17190: 17182: 17108: 17098: 17053: 17045: 17001: 16993: 16958: 16938: 16847: 16810: 16802: 16761: 16753: 16689: 16679: 16630: 16622: 16575: 16529: 16498: 16469: 16461: 16332: 16293: 16250: 16212: 16204: 16165: 16126: 16064: 16026: 16018: 15971: 15930: 15925: 15913: 15884: 15843: 15833: 15786: 15743: 15707: 15671: 15627: 15590: 15580: 15539: 15531: 15416: 15369: 15326: 15289: 15279: 15181: 15130: 15090: 15086: 15082: 15037: 15027: 14980: 14937: 14851: 14847: 14843: 14792: 14757: 14716: 14708: 14667: 14659: 14618: 14610: 14569: 14565: 14561: 14520: 14512: 14477: 14441: 14406: 14371: 14335: 14298: 14290: 14249: 14241: 14175: 14167: 14120: 14077: 14024: 13983: 13975: 13934: 13893: 13883: 13839: 13835: 13831: 13789: 13749: 13710: 13669: 13665: 13661: 13623: 13551: 13543: 13499: 13458: 13450: 13374: 13370: 13317: 13309: 13268: 13260: 13219: 13211: 13200:"Sustained effects of neurofeedback in ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 13170: 13162: 13121: 13117: 13113: 13074: 13034: 12993: 12985: 12941: 12931: 12829: 12821: 12771: 12721: 12681: 12646: 12609: 12601: 12588:

Walters AS, Silvestri R, Zucconi M, Chandrashekariah R, Konofal E (December 2008).

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and then given a name, for example attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

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González-Bueso V, Santamaría JJ, Fernández D, Merino L, Montero E, Ribas J (2018).

7657: 7649: 7604: 7555: 7514: 7504: 7477: 7457: 7414: 7377: 7367: 7326: 7318: 7277: 7236: 7226: 7154: 7111: 7074: 7066: 7011: 6971: 6963: 6916: 6879: 6871: 6824: 6769: 6735: 6715: 6668: 6660: 6598: 6584:"Association Between Insecure Attachment and ADHD: Environmental Mediating Factors" 6506: 6498: 6457: 6447: 6408: 6373: 6338: 6295: 6260: 6225: 6188: 6180: 6141: 6104: 6096: 6050: 6046: 5999: 5860: 5850: 5811: 5788: 5766: 5758: 5720: 5710: 5663: 5628: 5556: 5513: 5476: 5468: 5421: 5384: 5255: 5247: 5206: 5196: 5134: 5114: 5077: 5069: 4889: 4849: 4841: 4800: 4753: 4716: 4708: 4681: 4661: 4617: 4609: 4535: 4476: 4468: 4427: 4419: 4378: 4370: 4331: 4287: 4243: 4233: 4220:

Ishii S, Takagi S, Kobayashi N, Jitoku D, Sugihara G, Takahashi H (16 March 2023).

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Difficulties managing anger are more common in children with ADHD as are delays in

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discarded and reclassified as presentations of the disorder that change over time.

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National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

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ADHD Nation: Children, Doctors, Big Pharma, and the Making of an American Epidemic

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behaviour, and be short-tempered. Addictive behaviour such as substance abuse and

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Coghill DR, Banaschewski T, Soutullo C, Cottingham MG, Zuddas A (November 2017).

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Up till now, there is no conclusive evidence for a relationship between ADHD and

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Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment

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Eirich R, McArthur BA, Anhorn C, McGuinness C, Christakis DA, Madigan S (2022).

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Cannon Homaei S, Barone H, Kleppe R, Betari N, Reif A, Haavik J (January 2022).

6377: 5632: 4508: 3665: 2679: 1881:

International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems

725:

ADHD is often comorbid with disruptive, impulse control, and conduct disorders.

173:

In most cases at least some ADHD symptoms and impairments onset prior to age 12.

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Soa--Ch'ongsonyon Chongsin Uihak = Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry

13627: 13547: 11717: 11317: 11094: 11034: 10989: 10774: 10622: 10620: 9585: 9194: 8156: 6864:

Soa--Ch'ongsonyon Chongsin Uihak = Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry

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The ADHD Explosion: Myths, Medication, Money, and Today's Push for Performance

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Morrow K, Choi S, Young K, Haidar M, Boduch C, Bourgeois JA (September 2021).

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Some non-psychiatric conditions are also comorbidities of ADHD. This includes

682:

Certain studies have found that people with ADHD tend to have lower scores on

583:

Often answers a question before it is finished, or finishes people's sentences

577:

Frequently seems to be "on the go" or appears uncomfortable when not in motion

22305: 22191: 22181: 21689: 21640: 20958: 20530: 20385: 20102: 19784: 19753: 19713: 19273: 18874: 18866: 18783: 18519: 18511: 18452: 18301: 17837: 17662:"Problems of overdiagnosis and overprescribing in ADHD: are they legitimate?" 17418: 17328: 17103: 16851: 15838: 15790: 15747: 15631: 15585: 15566: 15420: 14984: 14081: 12936: 12859:"CC BY 4.0 Deed | Attribution 4.0 International | Creative Commons" 12685: 12503: 12234: 12226: 12070: 11767: 11578: 11443: 11395: 11204: 11144: 10840: 10719: 10484: 9886: 7847: 7322: 7166: 7158: 7031: 7023: 6928: 6907:

Ford JD, Connor DF (1 June 2009). "ADHD and post-traumatic stress disorder".

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ADHD, combined presentation, is a combination of the first two presentations.

1705: 1458: 1337: 1329: 1297: 1041: 910: 769: 742: 738: 647: 643: 401:

as well as non-psychiatric disorders, which can cause additional impairment.

294: 147: 93:, which regulate the executive functions necessary for human self-regulation. 86: 19043: 18754: 18293: 17882: 16997: 16757: 15455: 15453: 15071:"Amphetamines for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults" 14410: 13869: 12283: 10009:"Lead and PCBs as risk factors for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder" 9358:

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8198: 8106: 7871: 7794: 7372: 5201: 3833: 3333: 3316: 3171: 2504:, are approved by the FDA and in other countries for the treatment of ADHD. 1556:

of ADHD. Larger models of ADHD with additional pathways have been proposed.

826:, characterised by a severe inability to appropriately relate socially, and 702:

In children, ADHD occurs with other disorders about two-thirds of the time.

568:

Frequently has trouble sitting still during dinner, class, in meetings, etc.

524:

Is frequently reluctant to engage in tasks which require sustained attention

518:

Frequently does not finish following instructions, failing to complete tasks

22285: 22278: 22273: 22017: 21543: 21324: 20876: 18890: 18829: 18643: 18585: 18535: 18468: 18444: 18417: 18360: 18352: 18317: 18149: 18083: 17845: 17806: 17788: 17757: 17646: 17628: 17594: 17506: 17465: 17403: 17352: 17344: 17204: 17122: 17067: 17015: 16950: 16898: 16859: 16824: 16775: 16730: 16703: 16644: 16626: 16483: 16346: 16305: 16262: 16254: 16226: 16177: 16138: 16099: 16076: 16040: 15983: 15939: 15898: 15857: 15798: 15755: 15719: 15683: 15639: 15604: 15553: 15428: 15381: 15338: 15303: 15240: 15193: 15142: 15104: 15051: 14992: 14949: 14941: 14865: 14804: 14769: 14730: 14681: 14632: 14583: 14534: 14489: 14453: 14445: 14418: 14383: 14347: 14312: 14294: 14263: 14189: 14132: 14089: 14038: 13997: 13948: 13907: 13853: 13801: 13761: 13722: 13683: 13565: 13513: 13472: 13382: 13331: 13282: 13233: 13184: 13135: 13086: 13048: 13007: 12955: 12843: 12783: 12733: 12693: 12658: 12623: 12566: 12511: 12429: 12388: 12349: 12301: 12252: 12140: 12089: 12023: 11873: 11835: 11786: 11735: 11632: 11624: 11586: 11451: 11403: 11360: 11325: 11290: 11236: 11228: 11163: 11112: 11052: 11007: 10958: 10909: 10874: 10856: 10792: 10738: 10671:(2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 266, 315, 318–323. 10560: 10465:. Vol. 3 (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. pp. 10435: 10427: 10355: 10312: 10304: 10277: 10177: 10120: 10077: 10042: 9985: 9977: 9910: 9902: 9841: 9787: 9738: 9681: 9646: 9628: 9593: 9537: 9502: 9467: 9432: 9393: 9319: 9212: 9055: 9009: 8945: 8903: 8862: 8803: 8721: 8662: 8619: 8562: 8527: 8509: 8450: 8408: 8354: 8319:"Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and suicide: A systematic review" 8303: 8249: 8206: 8175: 8124: 8067: 8032: 7983: 7924: 7889: 7813: 7748: 7729: 7671: 7618: 7569: 7528: 7469: 7426: 7391: 7340: 7250: 7123: 7088: 7053:

Zhang N, Gao M, Yu J, Zhang Q, Wang W, Zhou C, et al. (October 2022).

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Long Y, Pan N, Ji S, Qin K, Chen Y, Zhang X, et al. (September 2022).

6471: 6420: 6385: 6350: 6307: 6272: 6237: 6202: 6153: 6118: 6058: 6011: 5874: 5823: 5780: 5734: 5675: 5640: 5568: 5525: 5490: 5433: 5398: 5296: 5269: 5220: 5126: 5091: 4977:"Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults: What You Need to Know" 4942: 4940: 4901: 4863: 4765: 4730: 4673: 4631: 4490: 4441: 4392: 4343: 4257: 4206: 4095: 4017: 3973: 3938: 3906: 3812: 3763: 3719: 3626: 3507: 3465: 3413: 3377: 3342: 3295: 3189: 2958: 2878: 2866: 2796: 2765: 2635:

of amphetamine when it is used with amphetamine for the treatment of ADHD.

2092: 2064: 1963: 1782: 1709: 1537: 1474: 1435: 1404: 1345: 1223: 1164: 1156: 1025: 206:

Based on impairing symptoms after other possible causes have been ruled out

134: 18503: 18476: 18325: 18227: 16587: 16130: 14171: 12650: 12324:"Adult ADHD: Diagnosis, Differential Diagnosis, and Medication Management" 12218: 12121: 10216: 9769: 7291: 6875: 4814: 1328:

show strong genetic associations with ADHD. CDH13's association with ASD,

22231: 21528: 21259: 20990: 20740: 20405: 20380: 19949: 19930: 19763: 19748: 19743: 19728: 19654: 19649: 19584: 19526: 19401: 19364: 19283: 19278: 19136: 17049: 16942: 16465: 16366: 15450: 13979: 13297: 11212: 10817:"Toward systems neuroscience of ADHD: a meta-analysis of 55 fMRI studies" 10759:"Large-scale brain systems in ADHD: beyond the prefrontal-striatal model" 8335: 7662: 7307:"Adult ADHD and Comorbid Somatic Disease: A Systematic Literature Review" 7305:

Instanes JT, Klungsøyr K, Halmøy A, Fasmer OB, Haavik J (February 2018).

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Cortex; A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior

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The left prefrontal cortex, shown here in blue, is often affected in ADHD

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Singh I (December 2008). "Beyond polemics: science and ethics of ADHD".

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functioning and neurotransmission. Those involved with dopamine include

799:

has been found to be more common in those with ADHD and is often due to

22164: 22034: 22022: 21975: 21932: 21845: 21538: 21443: 21144: 20869: 20864: 20660: 20577: 20555: 20550: 20345: 20300: 19779: 19758: 19738: 19733: 19695: 19664: 19641: 19576: 19407: 19161: 18858: 18577: 17576: 16658:

Pelsser LM, Frankena K, Toorman J, Rodrigues Pereira R (January 2017).

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Kiely B, Adesman A (June 2015). "What we do not know about ADHD… yet".

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A 2021 review reported that several neurometabolic disorders caused by

768:

have been found to occur more commonly in the ADHD population, as have

750: 671: 622:

Meet the criteria for both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive ADHD.

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List of investigational attention deficit hyperactivity disorder drugs

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ADHD in Adulthood: A Guide to Current Theory, Diagnosis, and Treatment

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Polanczyk G, de Lima MS, Horta BL, Biederman J, Rohde LA (June 2007).

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Krain AL, Castellanos FX (August 2006). "Brain development and ADHD".

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Often loses things; is forgetful and disorganised in daily activities.

533:

Often forgets daily activities, or is forgetful while completing them.

485: 389:

that are excessive and pervasive, impairing in multiple contexts, and

21798: 21730: 21548: 21007: 20745: 20670: 20395: 20355: 19857: 19723: 19718: 19690: 19659: 19427: 19417: 19268: 19147: 19101: 18621: 15975: 15870: 14823: 14547: 12807: 9357: 8816: 8654: 7946:

Gao X, Zhang M, Yang Z, Wen M, Huang H, Zheng R, et al. (2021).

5985: 4457:"Development of ADHD: Etiology, Heterogeneity, and Early Life Course" 3697: 3156:"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: legal and ethical aspects" 2713:

Despite showing a higher frequency of symptoms associated with ADHD,

2565: 2542: 2485: 2479: 2193: 2135: 2068: 2053: 1959: 1774: 1660: 1628: 1581: 1376: 1349: 1341: 1317: 1037: 792: 342: 18399: 18384:"Evolution of stimulants to treat ADHD: transdermal methylphenidate" 16918: 15169: 14830:

Shoptaw SJ, Kao U, Ling W (January 2009). Shoptaw SJ, Ali R (eds.).

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Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry

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Septier M, Stordeur C, Zhang J, Delorme R, Cortese S (August 2019).

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Werling AM, Kuzhippallil S, Emery S, Walitza S, Drechsler R (2022).

7590: 5236:"Social functioning difficulties in ADHD: association with PDD risk" 4793:

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry

4644: 4374: 2367:

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry

1926:(as defined by ICD-10) is present, the condition was referred to as 1453:

Some studies suggest that in a small number of children, artificial

44:"ADD", "ADHD", and "Hyperactive" redirect here. For other uses, see 22133: 21533: 21203: 21170: 21096: 20572: 20285: 19988: 19821: 19368: 19293: 19217: 19175: 15488: 15462:

Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience

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Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.).

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Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience

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to regulate cognitive control. ... it has not been shown that

3546:

Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience

3082: 2470: 2462: 2430: 2387: 2059: 1999: 1701: 1697: 1585: 1545: 1517: 1454: 1413: 1305: 1049: 878: 870: 787: 667: 512:

Often has difficulty maintaining focus on one task or play activity

440: 73: 19106: 18808:

Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

18624:

Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

18208:

Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

18001: 17565:

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines

17262:"Ch. 25: Epidemiology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder" 17032:

Ginsberg Y, Quintero J, Anand E, Casillas M, Upadhyaya HP (2014).

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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: diagnosis and management

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Hart H, Radua J, Nakao T, Mataix-Cols D, Rubia K (February 2013).

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Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines

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Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines

11610: 10197:

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines

9613:"Trace amine-associated receptors as emerging therapeutic targets" 9413:

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines

9364:

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines

7270:

Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

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Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

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Carpenter Rich E, Loo SK, Yang M, Dang J, Smalley SL (July 2009).

5058:"Changes in the Definition of ADHD in DSM-5: Subtle but Important" 4324:

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines

3744:

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines

2535:

was shown to induce similar improvements in children treated with

1450:

later develop ADHD and about 5% of cases are due to brain damage.

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NIMH Pages About Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

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Patrick KS, Straughn AB, Perkins JS, González MA (January 2009).

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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

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on when to use medications vary by country. The United Kingdom's

1732:

The most commonly used rating scales for diagnosing ADHD are the

1676: 1597: 1524:. The dopamine and norepinephrine pathways that originate in the 1439: 1428: 1372: 1105: 1029: 974:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

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from the original on 13 January 2016 – via NCBI Bookshelf.

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from the original on 13 January 2016 – via NCBI Bookshelf.

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from the original on 13 January 2016 – via NCBI Bookshelf.

3429: 1871:

is used where the clinician chooses not to describe the reason.

1496:

In some cases, an inappropriate diagnosis of ADHD may reflect a

495: 22101: 21251: 21066: 19125: 19038: 19023: 17773:"Racial and Ethnic Disparities in ADHD Diagnosis and Treatment" 16716: 14466: 14227: 13246: 13197: 13099: 12201:

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Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications

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Timeline of ADHD diagnostic criteria, prevalence, and treatment

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end of a continuum where males are overrepresented at the tails

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Thapar A, Cooper M, Jefferies R, Stergiakouli E (March 2012).

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Larsson H, Chang Z, D'Onofrio BM, Lichtenstein P (July 2014).

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Bellani M, Moretti A, Perlini C, Brambilla P (December 2011).

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ADHD arises from a core deficit in executive functions (e.g.,

1615:

Previously, it had been suggested that the elevated number of

1316:. The DRD4–7R mutation results in a wide range of behavioural 705:

Other neurodevelopmental conditions are common comorbidities.

586:

Often struggles to wait their turn, including waiting in lines

21688: 21029: 20088: 18934: 17031: 16239: 15068: 14926: 12853:

Text was copied from this source, which is available under a

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Percentage of people 4–17 ever diagnosed in the US as of 2011

2446: 2340:'s video game-based digital therapeutic AKL-T01, marketed as 2098: 1757:

Adolescents-Revised (DIA-R). Self-rating scales, such as the

1273: 1253: 795:

is sometimes used in children who have sleep onset insomnia.

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ADHD arises from maldevelopment in brain regions such as the

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Dietary modifications are not recommended as of 2019 by the

1399:, may develop problems which resemble ADHD. Exposure to the 21202: 17558: 16283: 16089: 15960: 15316: 14743: 14645: 13247:

Enriquez-Geppert S, Smit D, Pimenta MG, Arns M (May 2019).

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In addition to pediatric populations, a 2023 study in the

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Talks too much; struggles to quietly engage in activities.

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Parent Disruptive Behavior Disorder Ratings Scale (DBDRS)

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Often cannot quietly engage in leisure activities or play

18163:

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Wolters Kluwer Health. 5633:10.1024/0040-5930/a000316 5390:10.1017/S2045796011000527 4846:10.1038/s41380-018-0070-0 4540:10.1007/s12618-009-0006-3 4150:10.1007/s10862-011-9217-x 4053:10.1007/s10862-011-9217-x 4010:10.1177/10870547211036754 3850:10.1007/s10862-011-9217-x 3500:10.1007/s11920-008-0065-7 3370:10.1016/j.acn.2005.04.005 2848:have noted that platelet 2773:minimal brain dysfunction 2296:input, behavior therapy, 2026: 2023: 2020: 1969: 1889:World Health Organization 1611:Neurotransmitter pathways 1574:posterior parietal cortex 1397:polychlorinated biphenyls 1367:neurotransmission or the 1183:evolutionary psychiatrist 1112: 1046:anterior cingulate cortex 837: 778:major depressive disorder 716:Intellectual disabilities 698:Psychiatric comorbidities 494: 484: 460:predominantly inattentive 352: 303: 284: 241:major depressive disorder 210: 200: 177: 169: 120: 97: 91:anterior cingulate cortex 80: 71: 66: 22269:Suicide and the Internet 22259:Social media and suicide 22006:Media naturalness theory 21831:Impulse-control disorder 21747:Schizoaffective disorder 21742:Brief reactive psychosis 21439:Mass psychogenic illness 21402:Body dysmorphic disorder 21181:Post-concussion syndrome 20791:Emotional and behavioral 19984:Mixed amphetamine salts 19488:Sluggish cognitive tempo 18388:Human Psychopharmacology 17838:10.1177/1363461520902885 17826:Transcultural Psychiatry 17104:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00331 16852:10.1586/14737175.8.4.611 16568:Southern Medical Journal 15964:Human Psychopharmacology 15839:10.1186/1471-244X-11-176 15791:10.1177/1087054710379737 15748:10.1177/0269881116636105 15632:10.1586/14737175.6.4.455 15586:10.3390/brainsci13091304 15421:10.1177/1087054714548035 14985:10.1177/0269881106061710 14082:10.1177/1060028018795703 13578: 12937:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00229 12686:10.1542/peds.2024-065787 12504:10.1177/1087054715611493 12207:Journal of Global Health 12071:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00049 11768:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00871 11579:10.1542/peds.2024-065854 11444:10.3810/pgm.2013.07.2677 11396:10.1177/1087054713510561 11145:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01418 10720:10.3389/fncir.2014.00053 7323:10.1177/1087054716669589 7159:10.1177/1063426620982624 6956:Comprehensive Psychiatry 6603:10.1177/1087054713501079 6491:Translational Psychiatry 6101:10.3810/pgm.2010.09.2206 5816:10.1037/1040-3590.18.1.1 5804:Psychological Assessment 5716:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00794 5518:10.1177/0022219411407772 5457:"Developmental dyslexia" 5426:10.1177/0883073807309244 5252:10.1177/1359104508100890 4292:10.1108/JFP-01-2022-0005 3966:10.1177/1087054718816164 3262:. Elsevier BV: 789–818. 2816:Possible positive traits 2161:decreased need for sleep 1909:presentation unspecified 1514:neurotransmitter systems 1332:, bipolar disorder, and 1190:male-to-female sex ratio 1188:has argued that the 5:1 1044:(including the OFC, the 707:Autism spectrum disorder 377:occasioning symptoms of 246:autism spectrum disorder 22090:Social anxiety disorder 21923:Online problem gambling 21768:Childhood schizophrenia 21120:Frontotemporal dementia 21077:High-functioning autism 20894:Intellectual disability 20401:Substituted amphetamine 19589:Mixed amphetamine salts 19299:Emotional dysregulation 18802:Pliszka S (July 2007). 18294:10.1176/ajp.151.11.1673 17883:10.1111/1475-3588.00324 17419:"ADHD: a women's issue" 17233:Oxford University Press 17091:Frontiers in Psychiatry 16998:10.1196/annals.1441.016 16758:10.1089/cap.2005.15.619 14411:10.1001/jama.2016.10279 13437:Mikami AY (June 2010). 12924:Frontiers in Psychiatry 12284:10.4088/PCC.10r00951pur 12058:Frontiers in Psychiatry 11974:"Adult ADHD: Diagnosis" 11755:Frontiers in Psychiatry 11132:Frontiers in Psychology 8377:Frontiers in Psychiatry 8199:10.1515/reveh-2022-0262 8107:10.1556/2006.2022.00007 7952:Frontiers in Psychiatry 7872:10.1556/2006.2020.00057 7795:10.1073/pnas.1611611114 7373:10.3390/children9060781 7189:"Is It ADHD or Trauma?" 5703:Frontiers in Psychology 5202:10.1186/1471-244X-10-67 4226:Frontiers in Psychiatry 3172:10.1136/adc.2004.064576 2596: 2250:Obstructive sleep apnea 2097:occasional feelings of 2052:difficulty maintaining 1950:Social construct theory 1914:In the tenth revision ( 1538:norepinephrine pathways 1018:voxel-based morphometry 1013:Frontiers in Psychiatry 812:substance use disorders 640:emotional dysregulation 580:Often talks excessively 387:emotional dysregulation 261:intellectual disability 219:Individual without ADHD 162:impaired working memory 153:emotional dysregulation 22247:Television consumption 22202:Evolution of cognition 22127:Body image disturbance 22068:psychiatric conditions 21996:Engineering psychology 21918:Internet sex addiction 21899:Proposed or recognised 21285:Specific social phobia 21176:Organic brain syndrome 21018:Melancholic depression 20779:Childhood and learning 19266:Major characteristics: 18445:10.1176/ajp.152.2.298b 17789:10.1542/peds.2016-0407 16627:10.1542/peds.2019-2528 16255:10.1542/peds.2006-3695 15168:Hazell P (July 2011). 14942:10.1542/peds.2008-0185 14603:The Lancet. Psychiatry 14446:10.1001/jama.2016.3427 14295:10.1136/eb-2016-102461 12978:The Lancet. Psychiatry 11625:10.23970/ahrqepccer267 10929:The Lancet. Psychiatry 10428:10.1542/peds.2011-2199 10305:10.1542/peds.2007-1332 9978:10.1055/s-0031-1273360 9968:(Review) (in German). 9629:10.1124/mol.109.055970 9617:Molecular Pharmacology 8823:Psychological Medicine 8510:10.1126/sciadv.aba1551 7730:10.3390/ijerph15040668 7497:Psychological Medicine 5621:Therapeutische Umschau 4177:Psychological Research 2735: 2684: 2456:cardiovascular disease 2338:Akili Interactive Labs 2277:positive reinforcement 2187:differential diagnoses 2011:Differential diagnosis 1716:. Since the causes of 1659:), which are a set of 1569: 1526:ventral tegmental area 1448:traumatic brain injury 1159:estimate of ADHD from 801:iron deficiency anemia 797:Restless legs syndrome 212:Differential diagnosis 194:traumatic brain injury 37:. For other uses, see 22337:Learning disabilities 22291:Texting while driving 22222:Promotion of anorexia 22207:Evolutionary mismatch 22170:Criticism of Facebook 21901:diagnostic categories 21841:Psychomotor agitation 21631:and substance-related 21574:Postpartum depression 21454:Somatization disorder 21340:Acute stress reaction 21105:AIDS dementia complex 20568:Elimination disorders 20391:Recreational drug use 20334:Motivational salience 20329:-Methylphenethylamine 20276:Amphetamine psychosis 20245:4-Hydroxynorephedrine 20128:competitive inhibitor 20108:Tooltip messenger RNA 19864:Serotonin transporter 19622:Serdexmethylphenidate 19463:Delayed gratification 19361:(Focalin, Focalin XR) 18630:(10): 1003–1019.e20. 18504:10.1176/ajp.155.7.968 17962:Millichap JG (2010). 17423:Monitor on Psychology 16887:Psychiatria Hungarica 16666:(Systematic Review). 16131:10.1089/cap.2015.0167 15700:Clinical Therapeutics 14172:10.5765/jkacap.210034 13654:Biological Psychiatry 13308:(9). Wiley: 932–947. 12651:10.1378/chest.11-2214 12219:10.7189/jogh.11.04009 12122:10.1186/1753-2000-3-1 11432:Postgraduate Medicine 9936:CDC (16 March 2016). 9448:Biological Psychiatry 8922:Biological Psychiatry 8543:Biological Psychiatry 7911:. Elsevier: 212–222. 7648:. Elsevier: 415–425. 7603:. Elsevier: 582–591. 7313:(Systematic Review). 6876:10.5765/jkacap.200041 6331:Revista de Neurologia 6134:Revue Médicale Suisse 6089:Postgraduate Medicine 6039:Biological Psychiatry 3593:"Executive functions" 3334:10.1093/arclin/acx055 2775:in the DSM-I (1952), 2733: 2682: 2332:Digital interventions 2290:behavioural therapies 2284:Behavioural therapies 1944:hyperkinetic syndrome 1920:hyperkinetic disorder 1901:combined presentation 1818:neurological disorder 1718:paradoxical reactions 1617:dopamine transporters 1567: 1540:which project to the 1361:genetic polymorphisms 1144:Biological Psychiatry 1120:executive functioning 711:Learning disabilities 684:intelligence quotient 434:fifth edition of the 375:executive dysfunction 143:executive dysfunction 50:ADHD (disambiguation) 22160:Behavioral modernity 22155:Behavioral addiction 21981:Cognitive ergonomics 21966:Digital anthropology 21959:Disciplines involved 21950:Video game addiction 21945:Television addiction 21836:Klüver–Bucy syndrome 21666:Substance dependence 21579:Postpartum psychosis 21125:Huntington's disease 20907:Lujan–Fryns syndrome 20756:Personality disorder 20474:Emotional/behavioral 20240:4-Hydroxyamphetamine 20081:Biomolecular targets 19828:Dopamine transporter 19773:Miscellaneous/others 19259:Epidemiology of ADHD 18353:10.1093/jhmas/jrj039 17896:Crichton A (1976) . 17629:10.1093/pch/20.4.200 17143:. 13 February 2017. 17050:10.4088/PCC.13r01600 16943:10.1038/nrdp.2015.20 16873:treatment algorithm. 16466:10.4088/PCC.12f01472 13980:10.4088/JCP.12r08287 13536:npj Digital Medicine 12180:Mental diseases are 11683:MerckMedicus Modules 10978:NeuroImage. Clinical 9290:Molecular Psychiatry 8976:Molecular Psychiatry 8590:Molecular Psychiatry 8336:10.5498/wjp.v7.i1.44 8280:. Elsevier: 102343. 7193:Child Mind Institute 6337:(Suppl 1): S85–S95. 4834:Molecular Psychiatry 4666:10.1038/nrdp.2015.20 2852:expression, urinary 2786:minimal brain damage 2422:scientific consensus 2354:npj Digital Medicine 2021:Depression disorder 1987:non-prescribed drugs 1865:Other Specified ADHD 1779:electroencephalogram 1683:paradoxical reaction 1498:dysfunctional family 1377:stimulant medication 1363:in genes related to 1194:epidemiology of ADHD 1174:Molecular Psychiatry 1034:orbitofrontal cortex 958:Video game addiction 747:orbitofrontal cortex 46:ADD (disambiguation) 22332:Attention disorders 22212:Fear of missing out 21716:Delusional disorder 21661:Stimulant psychosis 21651:Physical dependence 21505:Rumination syndrome 21407:Conversion disorder 21384:Psychogenic amnesia 21234:with depressed mood 21232:Adjustment disorder 21135:Parkinson's disease 21110:Alzheimer's disease 21003:Atypical depression 20839:Social functioning 20714:Munchausen syndrome 20709:Factitious disorder 20296:Executive functions 20134:Carbonic anhydrases 19626:+dexmethylphenidate 18739:. Canada: Vintage. 17260:Faraone SV (2011). 16990:2008NYASA1141..131M 16676:2017PLoSO..1269277P 15918:Psychiatry Research 15033:10.2147/PRBM.S49114 14505:European Psychiatry 14204:"Ole Jakob Storebø" 12278:(6): PCC.10r00951. 10025:10.1289/ehp.0901852 9770:10.1093/scan/nsp049 9335:Abnormal Psychology 9187:2020NatSR..10.8622E 8502:2020SciA....6.1551B 7786:2018PNAS..115.9875B 7354:Gaur S (May 2022). 6453:10.2147/NSS.S163074 5900:. 20 October 2017. 5591:"Dyslexia and ADHD" 5467:(9830): 1997–2007. 5285:Adolescent Medicine 4507:Barkley RA (2011). 2962:(17 October 2020). 2811:Research directions 2443:Stimulant psychosis 2172:in depressive state 2157:grandiose delusions 2017: 1918:), the symptoms of 1781:(EEG) markers, and 1661:cognitive processes 1649:attentional control 1487:potassium gluconate 1028:alterations in the 971:In April 2018, the 720:Tourette's syndrome 678:IQ test performance 478: 462:(ADHD-PI or ADHD-I) 337:alpha-2a agonists ( 21908:Computer addiction 21735:schizophrenia-like 21379:Dissociative fugue 20828:Movement disorders 20508:Social functioning 20503:Separation anxiety 20339:Incentive salience 20233:Active metabolites 19617:Dexmethylphenidate 19483:Low arousal theory 19359:Dexmethylphenidate 19244:ADHD controversies 19117:External resources 18859:10.1002/pits.20252 18762:Schwarz A (2016). 18241:Barkley R (2006). 17660:Connor DF (2011). 17577:10.1111/jcpp.12991 17534:The New York Times 14756:(105703): 105703. 14652:Psychopharmacology 13794:10.1002/jclp.20122 13314:10.1111/jcpp.12825 12720:(Suppl 1): 21–31. 12606:10.5664/jcsm.27356 12421:10.1111/jcpp.13020 12052:Steinau S (2013). 10595:on 24 October 2009 9425:10.1111/jcpp.12478 9376:10.1111/jcpp.12124 9175:Scientific Reports 8236:. Elsevier: 1–12. 7841:10.5817/CP2018-3-5 7419:10.1111/head.14306 7232:10.2147/NDT.S81549 7059:Brain and Behavior 6401:Revue Neurologique 6140:(297): 1219–1222. 5031:Ramsay JR (2007). 4919:"Facts About ADHD" 4123:10.1037/cns0000299 3925:. 51–52: 160–172. 3756:10.1111/jcpp.12899 3712:10.1586/ern.12.109 3591:Diamond A (2013). 2979:(10258). Table 1. 2834:associative memory 2829:divergent thinking 2758:Alexander Crichton 2736: 2685: 2516:systematic reviews 2467:nicotinic agonists 2439:emotional lability 2116:low tolerance for 2073:low tolerance for 2015: 1653:inhibitory control 1570: 1550:executive function 1502:educational system 1463:food sensitivities 1236:smoking and ADHD. 1141:In November 1999, 1071:In December 2022, 915:traffic collisions 476: 424:Signs and symptoms 410:internet addiction 22299: 22298: 21971:Digital sociology 21858: 21857: 21854: 21853: 21811: 21810: 21807: 21806: 21679: 21678: 21614: 21613: 21610: 21609: 21466: 21465: 21462: 21461: 21355: 21354: 21193: 21192: 21189: 21188: 21150:Vascular dementia 21072:Asperger syndrome 21038: 21037: 20948: 20947: 20944: 20943: 20882:Tourette syndrome 20768: 20767: 20764: 20763: 20588: 20587: 20537:Tourette syndrome 20432: 20431: 20228: 20227: 20073:Neuropharmacology 20068: 20067: 20024:Dextroamphetamine 19897: 19896: 19597:Dextroamphetamine 19561:pharmacotherapies 19524: 19523: 19375:Dextroamphetamine 19289:Dopamine Dressing 19185: 19184: 18775:978-1-5011-0591-3 18727:978-0-19-979055-5 18288:(11): 1673–1685. 18254:978-1-60623-750-2 18188:978-1-85433-471-8 18048:978-0-8018-6822-1 17993:978-1-4419-1396-8 17909:978-0-404-08212-3 17666:Psychiatric Times 17275:978-0-470-97740-8 17246:978-0-19-960561-3 17175:Neurotherapeutics 16378:978-1-4731-2830-9 15530:(12): 1103–1113. 15471:978-0-07-148127-4 15272:JAMA Network Open 14658:(10): 2667–2691. 14440:(18): 1953–1955. 14246:10.1136/bmj.h5203 13423:978-1-4381-2703-3 12901:Psychiatric Times 12820:(11): 1283–1307. 12498:(10): 1371–1376. 12175:978-0-275-97196-0 11947:978-1-58562-057-9 11908:978-0-387-71798-2 11664:978-1-59385-493-5 11548:978-1-58562-416-4 11488:, PMID 21886668, 10827:(10): 1038–1055. 10678:978-0-07-148127-4 10634:978-1-85433-471-8 10476:978-0-12-378613-5 10393:978-0-674-03163-0 10348:10.1586/ern.12.15 10019:(12): 1654–1667. 9454:(11): 1215–1220. 9344:978-0-07-803538-8 9155:978-1-118-75580-8 9115:978-0-471-26403-3 8829:(10): 2223–2229. 8549:(11): 1215–1220. 7071:10.1002/brb3.2748 6774:10.1002/eat.22643 6768:(12): 1045–1057. 6564:978-1-85433-471-8 6300:10.1345/aph.1M365 5074:10.2217/npy.13.59 5042:978-0-415-95501-0 4758:10.1586/ern.12.15 4608:(10): 1059–1088. 3706:(10): 1241–1251. 3675:978-1-4614-8106-5 3555:978-0-07-148127-4 3094:978-0-89042-575-6 3037:978-0-89042-555-8 2850:monoamine oxidase 2825:may be associated 2650:ADHD in adulthood 2558:alpha-2a agonists 2552:Alpha-2a agonists 2294:psychoeducational 2234:drug interactions 2185:The DSM provides 2183: 2182: 2153:excessive talking 2079:thoughts of death 2027:Bipolar disorder 2024:Anxiety disorder 1759:ADHD rating scale 1542:prefrontal cortex 1534:dopamine pathways 1480:Individuals with 1409:dialkyl phosphate 1365:catecholaminergic 1357:genetic variation 1216:Natural selection 1202:Simon Baron-Cohen 1186:Randolph M. Nesse 1151:by psychiatrists 1149:literature review 900:systematic review 766:Anxiety disorders 755:prefrontal cortex 722:are also common. 629: 628: 432:According to the 381:, hyperactivity, 373:characterised by 360: 359: 256:learning disorder 202:Diagnostic method 83:prefrontal cortex 61:Medical condition 33:Attention Deficit 16:(Redirected from 22349: 22122:Anorexia nervosa 22107:Bipolar disorder 22075:Anxiety disorder 21885: 21878: 21871: 21862: 21861: 21817: 21816: 21706: 21705: 21685: 21684: 21620: 21619: 21495:Anorexia nervosa 21483: 21482: 21472: 21471: 21449:Psychogenic pain 21417:Globus pharyngis 21265:Childhood phobia 21248: 21247: 21220: 21219: 21199: 21198: 21055: 21054: 21044: 21043: 20954: 20953: 20853:Selective mutism 20804:Conduct disorder 20787: 20786: 20774: 20773: 20751:Trichotillomania 20726:Gender dysphoria 20721:Fear of intimacy 20678:Sexual anhedonia 20646: 20645: 20635: 20634: 20622:Mental disorders 20615: 20608: 20601: 20592: 20591: 20545:Speech disorders 20513:Selective mutism 20487:Conduct disorder 20459: 20452: 20445: 20436: 20435: 20422: 20421: 20259:Related articles 20165:enzyme activator 20109: 20105: 20077: 20076: 20052:Lisdexamfetamine 19995:Adderall XR 19970:Dyanavel XR 19965: 19946: 19945: 19924: 19917: 19910: 19901: 19900: 19794:Related articles 19640: 19601:Lisdexamfetamine 19575: 19571: 19560: 19551: 19544: 19537: 19528: 19527: 19514: 19513: 19440:Investigational: 19381:Lisdexamfetamine 19212: 19205: 19198: 19189: 19188: 19003: 19002: 18997: 18989: 18988: 18987: 18980: 18972: 18971: 18970: 18963: 18955: 18954: 18953: 18943: 18927: 18926: 18925: 18918: 18894: 18841: 18823: 18798: 18787: 18758: 18731: 18712: 18685: 18648: 18647: 18619: 18613: 18612: 18610: 18608: 18602: 18555: 18546: 18540: 18539: 18487: 18481: 18480: 18428: 18422: 18421: 18411: 18379: 18373: 18372: 18336: 18330: 18329: 18277: 18271: 18270: 18268: 18266: 18238: 18232: 18231: 18203: 18197: 18196: 18160: 18154: 18153: 18125: 18119: 18118: 18102: 18096: 18095: 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e20192528. 16606: 16600: 16599: 16563: 16557: 16556: 16547: 16545: 16525: 16519: 16518: 16516: 16514: 16494: 16488: 16487: 16477: 16445: 16439: 16438: 16436: 16434: 16428: 16417: 16409: 16403: 16402: 16400: 16398: 16362: 16351: 16350: 16340: 16316: 16310: 16309: 16281: 16275: 16274: 16237: 16231: 16230: 16220: 16188: 16182: 16181: 16153: 16147: 16146: 16114: 16108: 16107: 16087: 16081: 16080: 16051: 16045: 16044: 16034: 16002: 15996: 15995: 15976:10.1002/hup.1154 15970:(7–8): 560–565. 15958: 15952: 15951: 15933: 15909: 15903: 15902: 15892: 15868: 15862: 15861: 15851: 15841: 15817: 15811: 15810: 15774: 15768: 15767: 15730: 15724: 15723: 15694: 15688: 15687: 15658: 15652: 15651: 15615: 15609: 15608: 15598: 15588: 15564: 15558: 15557: 15547: 15515: 15509: 15508: 15506: 15504: 15486: 15480: 15479: 15457: 15448: 15447: 15445: 15400: 15394: 15393: 15357: 15351: 15350: 15314: 15308: 15307: 15297: 15287: 15278:(11): e2243597. 15263: 15257: 15256: 15254: 15252: 15224: 15218: 15217: 15215: 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13527: 13518: 13517: 13507: 13498:(4): e168–e178. 13483: 13477: 13476: 13466: 13434: 13428: 13427: 13401: 13395: 13394: 13362: 13356: 13355: 13353: 13351: 13325: 13293: 13287: 13286: 13276: 13244: 13238: 13237: 13227: 13195: 13189: 13188: 13178: 13146: 13140: 13139: 13129: 13097: 13091: 13090: 13062: 13056: 13055: 13042: 13018: 13012: 13011: 13001: 12969: 12960: 12959: 12949: 12939: 12915: 12909: 12908: 12892: 12886: 12884: 12878: 12870: 12868: 12866: 12852: 12847: 12837: 12805: 12796: 12795: 12759: 12746: 12745: 12709: 12698: 12697: 12669: 12663: 12662: 12645:(6): 1601–1610. 12634: 12628: 12627: 12617: 12585: 12579: 12578: 12542: 12536: 12535: 12531: 12527: 12487: 12478: 12477: 12475: 12473: 12467: 12456: 12444:Consumer Reports 12440: 12434: 12433: 12423: 12399: 12393: 12392: 12363: 12357: 12356: 12343: 12319: 12306: 12305: 12295: 12263: 12257: 12256: 12246: 12198: 12187: 12186: 12154:Szasz T (2001). 12151: 12145: 12144: 12134: 12124: 12100: 12094: 12093: 12083: 12073: 12049: 12043: 12042: 12040: 12038: 12032: 12009: 12000: 11994: 11993: 11991: 11989: 11970: 11964: 11963: 11961: 11959: 11931: 11925: 11924: 11922: 11920: 11892: 11886: 11885: 11849: 11840: 11839: 11829: 11797: 11791: 11790: 11780: 11770: 11746: 11740: 11739: 11729: 11697: 11691: 11690: 11675: 11669: 11668: 11650: 11644: 11643: 11641: 11639: 11608: 11591: 11590: 11562: 11553: 11552: 11524: 11518: 11503: 11497: 11474: 11468: 11467: 11427: 11416: 11415: 11379: 11373: 11372: 11336: 11330: 11329: 11301: 11295: 11294: 11284: 11252: 11241: 11240: 11198: 11174: 11168: 11167: 11157: 11147: 11123: 11117: 11116: 11106: 11089:(6): 2526–2542. 11074: 11065: 11064: 11046: 11018: 11012: 11011: 11001: 10969: 10963: 10962: 10952: 10920: 10914: 10913: 10885: 10879: 10878: 10868: 10812: 10801: 10800: 10786: 10754: 10743: 10742: 10732: 10722: 10698: 10687: 10686: 10664: 10643: 10642: 10618: 10605: 10604: 10602: 10600: 10594: 10583: 10575: 10569: 10568: 10554: 10522: 10513: 10512: 10510: 10503: 10495: 10489: 10488: 10458: 10452: 10451: 10407: 10398: 10397: 10379: 10368: 10367: 10331: 10325: 10324: 10299:(2): e358–e365. 10288: 10282: 10281: 10271: 10239: 10233: 10232: 10230: 10228: 10188: 10182: 10181: 10171: 10139: 10133: 10132: 10096: 10090: 10089: 10058:Acta Paediatrica 10053: 10047: 10046: 10036: 10004: 9998: 9997: 9960: 9954: 9953: 9951: 9949: 9933: 9927: 9926: 9924:sensitivities... 9861: 9846: 9845: 9835: 9825: 9801: 9792: 9791: 9781: 9764:(2–3): 188–193. 9749: 9743: 9742: 9732: 9700: 9694: 9693: 9657: 9651: 9650: 9640: 9608: 9602: 9601: 9579: 9559: 9550: 9549: 9513: 9507: 9506: 9478: 9472: 9471: 9443: 9437: 9436: 9404: 9398: 9397: 9387: 9355: 9349: 9348: 9330: 9324: 9323: 9313: 9281: 9275: 9274: 9264: 9258: 9257: 9251: 9243: 9223: 9217: 9216: 9206: 9166: 9160: 9159: 9148:. p. 1019. 9140:(2nd ed.). 9126: 9120: 9119: 9100:(1st ed.). 9086: 9080: 9079: 9077: 9075: 9020: 9014: 9013: 9003: 8964: 8958: 8957: 8914: 8908: 8907: 8879: 8873: 8867: 8866: 8856: 8846: 8814: 8808: 8807: 8797: 8765: 8752: 8751: 8749: 8747: 8732: 8726: 8725: 8715: 8705: 8673: 8667: 8666: 8655:10.1037/a0018010 8638: 8632: 8631: 8613: 8581: 8575: 8574: 8538: 8532: 8531: 8521: 8496:(40): eaba1551. 8490:Science Advances 8481: 8475: 8474: 8472: 8470: 8422: 8413: 8412: 8402: 8392: 8368: 8359: 8358: 8348: 8338: 8314: 8308: 8307: 8297: 8268: 8262: 8261: 8225: 8219: 8218: 8186: 8180: 8179: 8169: 8159: 8135: 8129: 8128: 8118: 8086: 8080: 8079: 8043: 8037: 8036: 8026: 7994: 7988: 7987: 7977: 7967: 7943: 7937: 7936: 7900: 7894: 7893: 7883: 7851: 7845: 7844: 7824: 7818: 7817: 7807: 7797: 7759: 7753: 7752: 7742: 7732: 7723:(4). MDPI: 668. 7708: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7697: 7682: 7676: 7675: 7665: 7637: 7631: 7630: 7612: 7588: 7582: 7581: 7563: 7539: 7533: 7532: 7522: 7512: 7488: 7482: 7481: 7445: 7439: 7438: 7402: 7396: 7395: 7385: 7375: 7366:(6). MDPI: 781. 7351: 7345: 7344: 7334: 7302: 7296: 7295: 7285: 7261: 7255: 7254: 7244: 7234: 7210: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7199: 7185: 7179: 7178: 7142: 7136: 7135: 7099: 7093: 7092: 7082: 7050: 7044: 7043: 6999: 6990: 6989: 6979: 6947: 6941: 6940: 6904: 6898: 6897: 6887: 6855: 6849: 6848: 6812: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6801: 6753: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6705: 6699:(January 2014). 6693: 6687: 6686: 6676: 6644: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6633: 6627: 6588: 6579: 6573: 6572: 6536: 6525: 6524: 6514: 6482: 6476: 6475: 6465: 6455: 6431: 6425: 6424: 6407:(8–9): 701–721. 6396: 6390: 6389: 6361: 6355: 6354: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6283: 6277: 6276: 6248: 6242: 6241: 6213: 6207: 6206: 6196: 6164: 6158: 6157: 6129: 6123: 6122: 6112: 6080: 6071: 6070: 6034: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6023: 5983: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5972: 5958: 5950: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5923: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5890: 5879: 5878: 5868: 5858: 5834: 5828: 5827: 5799: 5793: 5792: 5774: 5745: 5739: 5738: 5728: 5718: 5694: 5688: 5687: 5651: 5645: 5644: 5616: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5587: 5581: 5580: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5501: 5495: 5494: 5484: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5392: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5338: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5291:(2): 278–99, x. 5280: 5274: 5273: 5263: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5214: 5204: 5180: 5139: 5138: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5085: 5053: 5047: 5046: 5028: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5014: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4973: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4954:. September 2023 4944: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4915: 4906: 4905: 4877: 4868: 4867: 4857: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4808: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4724: 4692: 4686: 4685: 4651: 4642: 4636: 4635: 4625: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4567: 4552: 4551: 4523: 4517: 4516: 4504: 4495: 4494: 4484: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4435: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4386: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4277: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4251: 4241: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4200: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4071: 4065: 4064: 4036: 4030: 4029: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3900: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3806: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3695: 3686: 3680: 3679: 3653: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3620: 3588: 3579: 3578: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3541: 3520: 3519: 3483: 3470: 3469: 3459: 3427: 3418: 3417: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3336: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3289: 3271: 3247: 3194: 3193: 3183: 3151: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3118: 3107: 3106: 3079: 3042: 3041: 3022: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2985: 2968: 2956: 2947: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2922: 2844:Reviews of ADHD 2624:gluten-free diet 2620:elimination diet 2350:Nature Portfolio 2222:hearing deficits 2214:seizure disorder 2204:as well as with 2202:bipolar disorder 2107:being hyperalert 2082:unexplained pain 2018: 2014: 1924:conduct disorder 1869:Unspecified ADHD 1795: 1736:and include the 1696:at the dentist, 1694:local anesthetic 1691: 1688: 1433:varicella zoster 1425:low birth weight 1314:adenylyl cyclase 1222:ADHD has a high 1212:as an analogue. 1169:adoption studies 1153:Joseph Biederman 927:conduct disorder 919:publication bias 774:bipolar disorder 731:Conduct disorder 660:speech, language 652:social rejection 497: 491: 487: 479: 475: 399:mental disorders 326:non-stimulants ( 266:anxiety disorder 236:conduct disorder 226:bipolar disorder 76: 64: 63: 21: 22357: 22356: 22352: 22351: 22350: 22348: 22347: 22346: 22342:Methylphenidate 22317:1987 neologisms 22302: 22301: 22300: 22295: 22143: 22117:Eating disorder 22067: 22061: 22011:Neuroergonomics 21991:Cyberpsychology 21954: 21900: 21894: 21889: 21859: 21850: 21822: 21803: 21787: 21756: 21734: 21725: 21700: 21675: 21632: 21629:substance abuse 21606: 21583: 21560: 21514: 21500:Bulimia nervosa 21477: 21458: 21434:Hypochondriasis 21429:False pregnancy 21412:Ganser syndrome 21394:Somatic symptom 21388: 21351: 21303: 21292:Specific phobia 21237: 21214: 21185: 21159: 21091: 21087:Savant syndrome 21059:Autism spectrum 21049: 21034: 20962: 20940: 20919: 20913: 20888: 20781: 20760: 20736:Dermatillomania 20697: 20683:Sexual anorexia 20640: 20629: 20619: 20589: 20584: 20468: 20463: 20433: 20428: 20410: 20321:Methylphenidate 20316:Methamphetamine 20291:Doping in sport 20271:ADHD management 20254: 20224: 20170: 20114:5-HT1A receptor 20107: 20064: 20046: 20018: 20012:Levoamphetamine 20006: 19980:Evekeo ODT 19963: 19958:Adzenys ER 19942:pharmaceuticals 19941: 19939: 19933: 19928: 19898: 19893: 19789: 19768: 19706:Antidepressants 19700: 19681: 19678: 19669: 19637: 19631: 19612:Methylphenidate 19607:Methamphetamine 19593:Levoamphetamine 19573: 19563: 19555: 19525: 19520: 19502: 19451: 19387:Methamphetamine 19353:Methylphenidate 19332: 19303: 19249:ADHD management 19234:History of ADHD 19222: 19216: 19186: 19181: 19180: 19112: 19111: 19014: 19000: 18990: 18985: 18983: 18973: 18968: 18966: 18956: 18951: 18949: 18946: 18942:sister projects 18939:at Knowledge's 18933: 18923: 18921: 18913: 18902: 18897: 18776: 18747: 18735:Mate G (1999). 18728: 18701: 18674: 18657: 18655:Further reading 18652: 18651: 18620: 18616: 18606: 18604: 18600: 18553: 18547: 18543: 18488: 18484: 18429: 18425: 18400:10.1002/hup.992 18380: 18376: 18337: 18333: 18278: 18274: 18264: 18262: 18255: 18239: 18235: 18204: 18200: 18189: 18161: 18157: 18126: 18122: 18103: 18099: 18060: 18056: 18049: 18025: 18021: 18011: 18009: 17994: 17960: 17956: 17933: 17929: 17919: 17917: 17910: 17894: 17890: 17865: 17861: 17822: 17818: 17769: 17765: 17720: 17716: 17706: 17704: 17700: 17693: 17689: 17688: 17677: 17658: 17654: 17609: 17602: 17557: 17553: 17543: 17541: 17526: 17522: 17483: 17479: 17473: 17442: 17438: 17415: 17411: 17364: 17360: 17299: 17295: 17285: 17283: 17276: 17258: 17254: 17247: 17219: 17212: 17167: 17160: 17150: 17148: 17135: 17134: 17130: 17083: 17079: 17030: 17023: 16970: 16966: 16934:10.1.1.497.1346 16917: 16913: 16883: 16879: 16836: 16832: 16787: 16783: 16742: 16738: 16715: 16711: 16670:(1): e0169277. 16656: 16652: 16607: 16603: 16564: 16560: 16552: 16543: 16541: 16526: 16522: 16512: 16510: 16495: 16491: 16446: 16442: 16432: 16430: 16426: 16415: 16411: 16410: 16406: 16396: 16394: 16379: 16363: 16354: 16317: 16313: 16282: 16278: 16238: 16234: 16189: 16185: 16154: 16150: 16115: 16111: 16088: 16084: 16052: 16048: 16003: 15999: 15959: 15955: 15910: 15906: 15869: 15865: 15818: 15814: 15775: 15771: 15731: 15727: 15695: 15691: 15659: 15655: 15616: 15612: 15565: 15561: 15516: 15512: 15502: 15500: 15487: 15483: 15472: 15458: 15451: 15443: 15401: 15397: 15358: 15354: 15315: 15311: 15264: 15260: 15250: 15248: 15225: 15221: 15211: 15209: 15166: 15162: 15156:and treat ADHD. 15119: 15112: 15081:(8): CD007813. 15067: 15063: 15012: 15008: 14969: 14965: 14925: 14921: 14907: 14905: 14901: 14890: 14886: 14885: 14881: 14874: 14872: 14842:(1): CD003026. 14828: 14824: 14781: 14777: 14742: 14738: 14693: 14689: 14644: 14640: 14595: 14591: 14560:(2): CD012857. 14546: 14542: 14501: 14497: 14465: 14461: 14430: 14426: 14395: 14391: 14359: 14355: 14324: 14320: 14275: 14271: 14226: 14222: 14212: 14210: 14202: 14201: 14197: 14152: 14148: 14109: 14105: 14065: 14061: 14009: 14005: 13960: 13956: 13927:JAMA Psychiatry 13919: 13915: 13868: 13861: 13830:(3): CD009885. 13816: 13812: 13778: 13769: 13737: 13730: 13698: 13691: 13646: 13642: 13632: 13630: 13608: 13599: 13589: 13587: 13577: 13573: 13528: 13521: 13484: 13480: 13435: 13431: 13424: 13402: 13398: 13369:(2): CD005042. 13363: 13359: 13349: 13347: 13294: 13290: 13245: 13241: 13196: 13192: 13147: 13143: 13112:(3): CD010840. 13098: 13094: 13063: 13059: 13019: 13015: 12970: 12963: 12916: 12912: 12893: 12889: 12872: 12871: 12864: 12862: 12857: 12806: 12799: 12760: 12749: 12710: 12701: 12670: 12666: 12635: 12631: 12586: 12582: 12543: 12539: 12488: 12481: 12471: 12469: 12465: 12454: 12441: 12437: 12400: 12396: 12364: 12360: 12320: 12309: 12264: 12260: 12199: 12190: 12176: 12152: 12148: 12101: 12097: 12050: 12046: 12036: 12034: 12030: 12007: 12001: 11997: 11987: 11985: 11972: 11971: 11967: 11957: 11955: 11948: 11932: 11928: 11918: 11916: 11909: 11893: 11889: 11866:10.1038/nrn2514 11860:(12): 957–964. 11850: 11843: 11798: 11794: 11747: 11743: 11698: 11694: 11677: 11676: 11672: 11665: 11651: 11647: 11637: 11635: 11609: 11594: 11563: 11556: 11549: 11525: 11521: 11504: 11500: 11475: 11471: 11428: 11419: 11380: 11376: 11337: 11333: 11302: 11298: 11253: 11244: 11175: 11171: 11124: 11120: 11075: 11068: 11019: 11015: 10970: 10966: 10921: 10917: 10886: 10882: 10813: 10804: 10755: 10746: 10699: 10690: 10679: 10665: 10646: 10635: 10619: 10608: 10598: 10596: 10592: 10581: 10577: 10576: 10572: 10523: 10516: 10508: 10501: 10497: 10496: 10492: 10477: 10459: 10455: 10408: 10401: 10394: 10380: 10371: 10332: 10328: 10289: 10285: 10240: 10236: 10226: 10224: 10189: 10185: 10154:(10): 913–929. 10140: 10136: 10097: 10093: 10054: 10050: 10005: 10001: 9961: 9957: 9947: 9945: 9934: 9930: 9862: 9849: 9802: 9795: 9750: 9746: 9701: 9697: 9658: 9654: 9609: 9605: 9560: 9553: 9514: 9510: 9479: 9475: 9444: 9440: 9405: 9401: 9356: 9352: 9345: 9331: 9327: 9282: 9278: 9265: 9261: 9245: 9244: 9224: 9220: 9167: 9163: 9156: 9127: 9123: 9116: 9108:. p. 918. 9087: 9083: 9073: 9071: 9021: 9017: 8984:Nature Research 8965: 8961: 8915: 8911: 8880: 8876: 8870: 8815: 8811: 8766: 8755: 8745: 8743: 8734: 8733: 8729: 8682:Nature Genetics 8674: 8670: 8639: 8635: 8582: 8578: 8539: 8535: 8482: 8478: 8468: 8466: 8423: 8416: 8369: 8362: 8315: 8311: 8269: 8265: 8226: 8222: 8187: 8183: 8136: 8132: 8087: 8083: 8044: 8040: 8003:JAMA Psychiatry 7995: 7991: 7944: 7940: 7901: 7897: 7852: 7848: 7825: 7821: 7760: 7756: 7709: 7705: 7695: 7693: 7684: 7683: 7679: 7638: 7634: 7589: 7585: 7540: 7536: 7489: 7485: 7446: 7442: 7403: 7399: 7352: 7348: 7303: 7299: 7262: 7258: 7211: 7207: 7197: 7195: 7187: 7186: 7182: 7143: 7139: 7100: 7096: 7051: 7047: 7000: 6993: 6948: 6944: 6905: 6901: 6856: 6852: 6813: 6809: 6799: 6797: 6754: 6750: 6742: 6703: 6694: 6690: 6645: 6641: 6631: 6629: 6625: 6586: 6580: 6576: 6565: 6537: 6528: 6483: 6479: 6432: 6428: 6397: 6393: 6362: 6358: 6327: 6323: 6284: 6280: 6249: 6245: 6214: 6210: 6165: 6161: 6130: 6126: 6081: 6074: 6035: 6031: 6021: 6019: 5984: 5980: 5970: 5968: 5951: 5947: 5937: 5935: 5924: 5917: 5907: 5905: 5894:"ADHD Symptoms" 5892: 5891: 5882: 5835: 5831: 5800: 5796: 5746: 5742: 5695: 5691: 5656:Neuropsychology 5652: 5648: 5617: 5610: 5600: 5598: 5589: 5588: 5584: 5545: 5541: 5502: 5498: 5453: 5449: 5410: 5406: 5369: 5365: 5355: 5353: 5340: 5339: 5330: 5320: 5318: 5309: 5308: 5304: 5281: 5277: 5232: 5228: 5181: 5142: 5103: 5099: 5062:Neuropsychiatry 5054: 5050: 5043: 5029: 5022: 5012: 5010: 5009:on 1 March 2013 4999: 4995: 4985: 4983: 4975: 4974: 4967: 4957: 4955: 4946: 4945: 4938: 4928: 4926: 4917: 4916: 4909: 4882:JAMA Psychiatry 4878: 4871: 4826: 4822: 4785: 4781: 4742: 4738: 4693: 4689: 4649: 4643: 4639: 4594: 4590: 4580: 4578: 4569: 4568: 4555: 4524: 4520: 4505: 4498: 4453: 4449: 4404: 4400: 4375:10.1038/ng.2711 4363:Nature Genetics 4355: 4351: 4319: 4315: 4275: 4269: 4265: 4218: 4214: 4169: 4165: 4134: 4130: 4107: 4103: 4072: 4068: 4037: 4033: 3993: 3989: 3950: 3946: 3918: 3914: 3877:JAMA Pediatrics 3869: 3865: 3830: 3826: 3820: 3775: 3771: 3739: 3735: 3696: 3689: 3683: 3676: 3654: 3641: 3589: 3582: 3556: 3542: 3523: 3484: 3473: 3428: 3421: 3394:JAMA Psychiatry 3389: 3385: 3354: 3350: 3313: 3309: 3303: 3248: 3197: 3152: 3145: 3135: 3133: 3120: 3119: 3110: 3095: 3081: 3080: 3045: 3038: 3024: 3023: 3000: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2966: 2957: 2950: 2940: 2938: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2906:Self-medication 2887: 2875:methylphenidate 2842: 2818: 2813: 2742: 2728: 2677: 2671: 2646:quality of life 2644:impairment and 2641: 2629:zinc deficiency 2615:free fatty acid 2599: 2590: 2574: 2537:methylphenidate 2520:methylphenidate 2494: 2476:Pseudoephedrine 2399:Methylphenidate 2396: 2380: 2334: 2286: 2264: 2258: 2226:hepatic disease 2210:hyperthyroidism 2144:racing thoughts 2036:low self-esteem 2013: 1978: 1972: 1952: 1877: 1835: 1830: 1793: 1726: 1689: 1679: 1666:procrastination 1645: 1613: 1562: 1560:Brain structure 1554:pathophysiology 1530:locus coeruleus 1510: 1508:Pathophysiology 1421:premature birth 1401:organophosphate 1385: 1371:complex of the 1179:Stephen Faraone 1139: 1133: 1115: 1102: 1097: 1096: 1055:JAMA Psychiatry 1042:rewards circuit 1020:studies and 59 987:Cyberpsychology 968: 960: 938: 867: 861: 859:Non-psychiatric 840: 832:eating disorder 784:Sleep disorders 700: 695: 680: 453: 426: 348: 317:methylphenidate 299: 280: 165: 116: 62: 57: 42: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 22355: 22345: 22344: 22339: 22334: 22329: 22324: 22319: 22314: 22297: 22296: 22294: 22293: 22288: 22283: 22282: 22281: 22271: 22266: 22261: 22256: 22251: 22250: 22249: 22244: 22239: 22237:Binge-watching 22229: 22224: 22219: 22214: 22209: 22204: 22199: 22197:Digital zombie 22194: 22189: 22187:Cyberpathology 22184: 22179: 22178: 22177: 22167: 22162: 22157: 22151: 22149: 22148:Related topics 22145: 22144: 22142: 22141: 22136: 22131: 22130: 22129: 22124: 22114: 22109: 22104: 22099: 22094: 22093: 22092: 22087: 22082: 22071: 22069: 22063: 22062: 22060: 22059: 22058: 22057: 22052: 22047: 22042: 22032: 22031: 22030: 22020: 22015: 22014: 22013: 22008: 22003: 21998: 21993: 21988: 21983: 21973: 21968: 21962: 21960: 21956: 21955: 21953: 21952: 21947: 21942: 21937: 21936: 21935: 21925: 21920: 21915: 21910: 21904: 21902: 21896: 21895: 21888: 21887: 21880: 21873: 21865: 21856: 21855: 21852: 21851: 21849: 21848: 21843: 21838: 21833: 21827: 21824: 21823: 21813: 21812: 21809: 21808: 21805: 21804: 21802: 21801: 21795: 21793: 21789: 21788: 21786: 21785: 21780: 21775: 21770: 21764: 21762: 21758: 21757: 21755: 21754: 21749: 21744: 21738: 21736: 21727: 21726: 21724: 21723: 21718: 21712: 21710: 21702: 21701: 21681: 21680: 21677: 21676: 21674: 21673: 21668: 21663: 21658: 21656:Rebound effect 21653: 21648: 21643: 21637: 21634: 21633: 21616: 21615: 21612: 21611: 21608: 21607: 21605: 21604: 21599: 21597:Hypersexuality 21593: 21591: 21585: 21584: 21582: 21581: 21576: 21570: 21568: 21562: 21561: 21559: 21558: 21557: 21556: 21551: 21546: 21536: 21531: 21525: 21523: 21516: 21515: 21513: 21512: 21507: 21502: 21497: 21491: 21489: 21479: 21478: 21468: 21467: 21464: 21463: 21460: 21459: 21457: 21456: 21451: 21446: 21441: 21436: 21431: 21426: 21425: 21424: 21419: 21414: 21404: 21398: 21396: 21390: 21389: 21387: 21386: 21381: 21376: 21371: 21365: 21363: 21357: 21356: 21353: 21352: 21350: 21349: 21348: 21347: 21342: 21332: 21330:Panic disorder 21327: 21322: 21317: 21311: 21309: 21305: 21304: 21302: 21301: 21300: 21299: 21297:Claustrophobia 21289: 21288: 21287: 21282: 21280:Anthropophobia 21272: 21270:Social anxiety 21267: 21262: 21256: 21254: 21245: 21239: 21238: 21236: 21235: 21228: 21226: 21216: 21215: 21195: 21194: 21191: 21190: 21187: 21186: 21184: 21183: 21178: 21173: 21167: 21165: 21161: 21160: 21158: 21157: 21152: 21147: 21142: 21140:Pick's disease 21137: 21132: 21127: 21122: 21117: 21112: 21107: 21101: 21099: 21093: 21092: 21090: 21089: 21084: 21079: 21074: 21069: 21063: 21061: 21051: 21050: 21040: 21039: 21036: 21035: 21033: 21032: 21027: 21026: 21025: 21020: 21015: 21010: 21005: 20995: 20994: 20993: 20988: 20983: 20978: 20967: 20964: 20963: 20950: 20949: 20946: 20945: 20942: 20941: 20939: 20938: 20933: 20927: 20925: 20915: 20914: 20912: 20911: 20910: 20909: 20898: 20896: 20890: 20889: 20887: 20886: 20885: 20884: 20874: 20873: 20872: 20867: 20857: 20856: 20855: 20850: 20845: 20837: 20836: 20835: 20825: 20824: 20823: 20813: 20812: 20811: 20801: 20795: 20793: 20783: 20782: 20770: 20769: 20766: 20765: 20762: 20761: 20759: 20758: 20753: 20748: 20743: 20738: 20733: 20728: 20723: 20718: 20717: 20716: 20705: 20703: 20699: 20698: 20696: 20695: 20690: 20685: 20680: 20675: 20674: 20673: 20668: 20658: 20652: 20650: 20642: 20641: 20631: 20630: 20626:Classification 20618: 20617: 20610: 20603: 20595: 20586: 20585: 20583: 20582: 20581: 20580: 20575: 20565: 20560: 20559: 20558: 20553: 20541: 20540: 20539: 20527: 20526: 20525: 20520: 20515: 20505: 20500: 20494: 20489: 20484: 20478: 20476: 20470: 20469: 20462: 20461: 20454: 20447: 20439: 20430: 20429: 20427: 20426: 20415: 20412: 20411: 20409: 20408: 20403: 20398: 20393: 20388: 20383: 20378: 20376:Phenethylamine 20373: 20368: 20363: 20361:Norepinephrine 20358: 20353: 20348: 20343: 20342: 20341: 20331: 20323: 20318: 20313: 20308: 20303: 20298: 20293: 20288: 20283: 20278: 20273: 20268: 20262: 20260: 20256: 20255: 20253: 20252: 20247: 20242: 20236: 20234: 20230: 20229: 20226: 20225: 20223: 20222: 20217: 20212: 20207: 20202: 20197: 20192: 20187: 20181: 20179: 20172: 20171: 20169: 20168: 20131: 20121: 20116:(low affinity 20111: 20096: 20085: 20083: 20074: 20070: 20069: 20066: 20065: 20063: 20062: 20056: 20054: 20048: 20047: 20045: 20044: 20039: 20034: 20028: 20026: 20020: 20019: 20016: 20014: 20008: 20007: 20005: 20004: 20003: 20002: 19997: 19992: 19982: 19977: 19972: 19967: 19964:Adzenys XR-ODT 19960: 19954: 19952: 19943: 19938:Main articles 19935: 19934: 19927: 19926: 19919: 19912: 19904: 19895: 19894: 19892: 19891: 19885: 19879: 19873: 19867: 19861: 19855: 19849: 19843: 19840:Norepinephrine 19837: 19831: 19825: 19819: 19814: 19809: 19804: 19797: 19795: 19791: 19790: 19788: 19787: 19782: 19776: 19774: 19770: 19769: 19767: 19766: 19761: 19756: 19751: 19746: 19741: 19736: 19731: 19726: 19721: 19716: 19710: 19708: 19702: 19701: 19699: 19698: 19693: 19687: 19685: 19676: 19671: 19670: 19668: 19667: 19662: 19657: 19652: 19646: 19644: 19633: 19632: 19630: 19629: 19619: 19614: 19609: 19604: 19581: 19579: 19565: 19564: 19554: 19553: 19546: 19539: 19531: 19522: 19521: 19519: 19518: 19507: 19504: 19503: 19501: 19500: 19495: 19490: 19485: 19480: 19475: 19470: 19465: 19459: 19457: 19453: 19452: 19450: 19449: 19443: 19442: 19436: 19435: 19425: 19415: 19405: 19398: 19397: 19395:Non-stimulant: 19391: 19390: 19384: 19378: 19372: 19362: 19356: 19349: 19348: 19342: 19340: 19334: 19333: 19331: 19330: 19324: 19318: 19311: 19309: 19305: 19304: 19302: 19301: 19296: 19291: 19286: 19281: 19276: 19271: 19262: 19261: 19256: 19251: 19246: 19241: 19239:ADHD in adults 19236: 19230: 19228: 19224: 19223: 19215: 19214: 19207: 19200: 19192: 19183: 19182: 19179: 19178: 19169: 19158: 19144: 19133: 19121: 19120: 19118: 19114: 19113: 19110: 19109: 19098: 19087: 19076: 19065: 19046: 19031: 19015: 19010: 19009: 19007: 19006:Classification 18999: 18998: 18981: 18979:from Wikiquote 18964: 18935: 18932: 18931: 18911: 18910: 18901: 18900:External links 18898: 18896: 18895: 18842: 18814:(7): 894–921. 18799: 18788: 18774: 18759: 18745: 18732: 18726: 18713: 18699: 18686: 18672: 18658: 18656: 18653: 18650: 18649: 18614: 18541: 18482: 18439:(2): 298–299. 18423: 18374: 18347:(3): 288–323. 18331: 18272: 18253: 18233: 18214:(4): 526–533. 18198: 18187: 18155: 18136:(5): 345–357. 18120: 18097: 18054: 18047: 18019: 17992: 17954: 17927: 17908: 17888: 17859: 17832:(3): 468–483. 17816: 17763: 17734:(5): 641–656. 17714: 17675: 17652: 17623:(4): 200–202. 17600: 17571:(4): 380–391. 17551: 17520: 17493:(2): 107–123. 17477: 17471: 17452:(2): 107–114. 17436: 17409: 17372:BMC Psychiatry 17358: 17313:(6): 942–948. 17293: 17274: 17252: 17245: 17210: 17181:(3): 490–499. 17158: 17128: 17077: 17073:psychiatrists. 17021: 16984:(1): 131–147. 16964: 16911: 16906:2008-18348-001 16877: 16846:(4): 611–625. 16830: 16801:(4): 883–897. 16781: 16752:(4): 619–627. 16736: 16725:(2): 127–134. 16709: 16650: 16601: 16558: 16520: 16489: 16440: 16404: 16377: 16352: 16311: 16292:(2): 180–188. 16276: 16249:(1): e73–e84. 16232: 16183: 16164:(3): 207–217. 16158:Drugs of Today 16148: 16109: 16082: 16046: 16017:(5): 566–570. 15997: 15953: 15904: 15863: 15826:BMC Psychiatry 15812: 15785:(8): 674–683. 15769: 15742:(5): 444–458. 15725: 15706:(2): 280–293. 15689: 15670:(7): 647–655. 15653: 15626:(4): 455–468. 15610: 15573:Brain Sciences 15559: 15510: 15481: 15470: 15449: 15415:(7): 551–568. 15395: 15368:(8): 584–599. 15352: 15325:(4): 204–206. 15309: 15258: 15219: 15180:(4): 286–290. 15160: 15129:(3): 395–404. 15110: 15061: 15006: 14979:(5): 602–610. 14963: 14936:(2): 611–616. 14919: 14879: 14822: 14775: 14736: 14687: 14638: 14609:(9): 727–738. 14589: 14540: 14495: 14459: 14424: 14405:(9): 994–995. 14389: 14370:(4): 307–314. 14353: 14334:(4): 339–340. 14318: 14269: 14220: 14195: 14146: 14119:(5): 468–473. 14103: 14076:(2): 121–133. 14059: 14023:(2): 114–126. 14003: 13974:(9): 902–917. 13954: 13933:(2): 185–198. 13913: 13859: 13810: 13788:(5): 589–606. 13767: 13748:(1): 259–270. 13728: 13709:(9): 952–961. 13689: 13660:(7): 626–635. 13640: 13597: 13571: 13519: 13478: 13449:(2): 181–198. 13429: 13422: 13396: 13357: 13288: 13239: 13190: 13161:(4): 527–551. 13141: 13092: 13057: 13033:(2): 129–140. 13013: 12984:(9): 727–738. 12961: 12910: 12887: 12797: 12770:(3): 151–166. 12747: 12699: 12664: 12629: 12600:(6): 591–600. 12580: 12553:(5): 439–444. 12537: 12479: 12459:Best Buy Drugs 12450:(March 2012). 12435: 12414:(4): 333–352. 12394: 12358: 12307: 12258: 12188: 12174: 12146: 12095: 12044: 12018:(9): 571–574. 11995: 11965: 11946: 11926: 11907: 11887: 11841: 11792: 11741: 11712:(2): 101–106. 11692: 11689:on 1 May 2010. 11670: 11663: 11645: 11592: 11554: 11547: 11519: 11498: 11469: 11417: 11390:(4): 267–283. 11374: 11347:(6): 479–491. 11331: 11312:(5): 422–433. 11296: 11267:(2): 262–274. 11242: 11189:(3): 264–272. 11169: 11118: 11066: 11029:(4): 619–631. 11013: 10964: 10935:(4): 310–319. 10915: 10896:(4): 433–444. 10880: 10802: 10744: 10688: 10677: 10644: 10633: 10606: 10570: 10537:(4): 937–953. 10514: 10490: 10475: 10453: 10422:(2): 330–337. 10399: 10392: 10369: 10342:(4): 475–483. 10326: 10283: 10254:(3): 260–265. 10234: 10203:(8): 931–941. 10183: 10134: 10107:(4): 279–303. 10091: 10064:(8): 811–818. 10048: 9999: 9972:(9): 500–506. 9955: 9928: 9873:(3): 275–289. 9847: 9793: 9744: 9715:(3): 139–147. 9695: 9662:Human Genetics 9652: 9623:(2): 229–235. 9603: 9577:10.1.1.329.563 9551: 9524:(8): 583–594. 9508: 9489:(1): 291–316. 9473: 9438: 9419:(4): 532–537. 9399: 9350: 9343: 9325: 9276: 9259: 9234:(6): 395–399. 9218: 9161: 9154: 9121: 9114: 9081: 9015: 8959: 8909: 8890:(1): 128–130. 8874: 8868: 8809: 8753: 8727: 8668: 8633: 8596:(4): 562–575. 8576: 8533: 8476: 8414: 8360: 8309: 8263: 8220: 8193:. De Gruyter. 8181: 8130: 8081: 8038: 7989: 7938: 7895: 7846: 7819: 7754: 7703: 7677: 7632: 7583: 7534: 7483: 7440: 7413:(5): 634–641. 7397: 7346: 7317:(3): 203–228. 7297: 7276:(3): 352–358. 7256: 7205: 7180: 7153:(3): 187–196. 7137: 7110:(6): 795–805. 7094: 7065:(10): e32748. 7045: 6991: 6962:(6): 679–690. 6942: 6899: 6850: 6823:(8): 573–580. 6807: 6748: 6714:(1): 117–125. 6688: 6659:(6): 629–645. 6639: 6597:(2): 187–196. 6574: 6563: 6526: 6477: 6426: 6391: 6372:(7): 643–651. 6366:Sleep Medicine 6356: 6333:(in Spanish). 6321: 6294:(1): 185–191. 6278: 6259:(3): 615–632. 6243: 6224:(3): 667–683. 6208: 6179:(4): 280–285. 6159: 6124: 6072: 6029: 5998:(4): 224–234. 5978: 5945: 5915: 5880: 5829: 5794: 5740: 5689: 5662:(3): 543–555. 5646: 5627:(8): 467–473. 5608: 5582: 5555:(1): 117–127. 5539: 5512:(6): 538–564. 5496: 5447: 5420:(4): 399–406. 5404: 5383:(4): 311–315. 5363: 5328: 5302: 5275: 5246:(3): 329–344. 5226: 5189:BMC Psychiatry 5140: 5113:(3): 143–154. 5097: 5068:(5): 455–458. 5048: 5041: 5020: 4993: 4965: 4936: 4907: 4888:(7): 655–656. 4869: 4840:(4): 562–575. 4820: 4799:(6): 647–654. 4779: 4752:(4): 475–483. 4736: 4707:(7): 805–819. 4687: 4637: 4588: 4553: 4518: 4496: 4467:(1): 559–583. 4447: 4418:(6): 581–606. 4398: 4369:(9): 984–994. 4349: 4313: 4286:(3): 185–200. 4263: 4212: 4163: 4144:(2): 137–158. 4128: 4117:(2): 234–251. 4101: 4066: 4047:(2): 137–158. 4031: 4004:(6): 807–808. 3987: 3960:(9): 907–923. 3944: 3912: 3883:(7): e170691. 3863: 3844:(2): 137–158. 3824: 3818: 3789:(3): 276–293. 3769: 3750:(2): 133–150. 3733: 3687: 3681: 3674: 3639: 3580: 3554: 3521: 3494:(5): 407–411. 3471: 3442:(7): 531–542. 3419: 3400:(2): 185–198. 3383: 3364:(6): 727–744. 3348: 3327:(2): 143–157. 3307: 3301: 3195: 3166:(2): 192–194. 3143: 3108: 3093: 3043: 3036: 2998: 2948: 2916: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2909: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2894: 2893: 2886: 2883: 2862:phenethylamine 2860:, and urinary 2854:norepinephrine 2841: 2838: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2788:in the 1930s. 2738:Main article: 2727: 2724: 2699:New York Times 2673:Main article: 2670: 2667: 2640: 2637: 2633:effective dose 2598: 2595: 2589: 2586: 2573: 2570: 2493: 2492:Non-stimulants 2490: 2395: 2392: 2384:norepinephrine 2379: 2376: 2333: 2330: 2306:family therapy 2285: 2282: 2260:Main article: 2257: 2254: 2238:celiac disease 2181: 2180: 2179: 2178: 2169: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2154: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2138: 2129:in manic state 2125: 2124: 2123: 2120: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2084: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2071: 2062: 2056: 2050: 2049:sleep problems 2047: 2042: 2039: 2038:or unhappiness 2029: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2012: 2009: 1974:Main article: 1971: 1968: 1951: 1948: 1899:(6A05.1); and 1876: 1873: 1857: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1828:Classification 1826: 1725: 1722: 1678: 1675: 1657:working memory 1644: 1641: 1612: 1609: 1605:Functional MRI 1561: 1558: 1522:norepinephrine 1509: 1506: 1467:European Union 1444:enterovirus 71 1384: 1381: 1312:that inhibits 1132: 1129: 1114: 1111: 1101: 1098: 1010:In July 2021, 969: 961: 937: 934: 892:In June 2021, 860: 857: 839: 836: 770:mood disorders 699: 696: 694: 691: 679: 676: 627: 626: 623: 620: 616: 615: 611: 610: 606: 603: 600: 592: 591: 590: 587: 584: 581: 578: 575: 572: 569: 566: 560: 556: 555: 551: 550: 547: 544: 536: 535: 534: 531: 528: 525: 522: 519: 516: 513: 510: 504: 500: 499: 493: 483: 482:Presentations 470: 469: 466: 463: 452: 449: 425: 422: 358: 357: 354: 350: 349: 347: 346: 335: 324: 313:CNS stimulants 309: 307: 301: 300: 298: 297: 292: 288: 286: 282: 281: 279: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 220: 216: 214: 208: 207: 204: 198: 197: 179: 175: 174: 171: 167: 166: 164: 163: 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 137: 132: 126: 124: 118: 117: 115: 114: 109: 103: 101: 95: 94: 78: 77: 69: 68: 60: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 22354: 22343: 22340: 22338: 22335: 22333: 22330: 22328: 22325: 22323: 22320: 22318: 22315: 22313: 22310: 22309: 22307: 22292: 22289: 22287: 22284: 22280: 22277: 22276: 22275: 22272: 22270: 22267: 22265: 22262: 22260: 22257: 22255: 22252: 22248: 22245: 22243: 22240: 22238: 22235: 22234: 22233: 22230: 22228: 22225: 22223: 22220: 22218: 22215: 22213: 22210: 22208: 22205: 22203: 22200: 22198: 22195: 22193: 22192:Digital detox 22190: 22188: 22185: 22183: 22182:Cyberbullying 22180: 22176: 22173: 22172: 22171: 22168: 22166: 22163: 22161: 22158: 22156: 22153: 22152: 22150: 22146: 22140: 22137: 22135: 22132: 22128: 22125: 22123: 22120: 22119: 22118: 22115: 22113: 22110: 22108: 22105: 22103: 22100: 22098: 22095: 22091: 22088: 22086: 22083: 22081: 22078: 22077: 22076: 22073: 22072: 22070: 22064: 22056: 22053: 22051: 22048: 22046: 22043: 22041: 22038: 22037: 22036: 22033: 22029: 22026: 22025: 22024: 22021: 22019: 22016: 22012: 22009: 22007: 22004: 22002: 21999: 21997: 21994: 21992: 21989: 21987: 21984: 21982: 21979: 21978: 21977: 21974: 21972: 21969: 21967: 21964: 21963: 21961: 21957: 21951: 21948: 21946: 21943: 21941: 21938: 21934: 21931: 21930: 21929: 21926: 21924: 21921: 21919: 21916: 21914: 21911: 21909: 21906: 21905: 21903: 21897: 21893: 21886: 21881: 21879: 21874: 21872: 21867: 21866: 21863: 21847: 21844: 21842: 21839: 21837: 21834: 21832: 21829: 21828: 21825: 21818: 21814: 21800: 21797: 21796: 21794: 21790: 21784: 21781: 21779: 21776: 21774: 21771: 21769: 21766: 21765: 21763: 21761:Schizophrenia 21759: 21753: 21750: 21748: 21745: 21743: 21740: 21739: 21737: 21732: 21728: 21722: 21719: 21717: 21714: 21713: 21711: 21707: 21703: 21699: 21695: 21691: 21690:Schizophrenia 21686: 21682: 21672: 21669: 21667: 21664: 21662: 21659: 21657: 21654: 21652: 21649: 21647: 21644: 21642: 21641:Drug overdose 21639: 21638: 21635: 21630: 21626: 21621: 21617: 21603: 21600: 21598: 21595: 21594: 21592: 21590: 21589:Sexual desire 21586: 21580: 21577: 21575: 21572: 21571: 21569: 21567: 21563: 21555: 21552: 21550: 21547: 21545: 21542: 21541: 21540: 21537: 21535: 21532: 21530: 21527: 21526: 21524: 21522: 21517: 21511: 21508: 21506: 21503: 21501: 21498: 21496: 21493: 21492: 21490: 21488: 21484: 21480: 21473: 21469: 21455: 21452: 21450: 21447: 21445: 21442: 21440: 21437: 21435: 21432: 21430: 21427: 21423: 21420: 21418: 21415: 21413: 21410: 21409: 21408: 21405: 21403: 21400: 21399: 21397: 21395: 21391: 21385: 21382: 21380: 21377: 21375: 21372: 21370: 21367: 21366: 21364: 21362: 21358: 21346: 21343: 21341: 21338: 21337: 21336: 21333: 21331: 21328: 21326: 21323: 21321: 21318: 21316: 21313: 21312: 21310: 21306: 21298: 21295: 21294: 21293: 21290: 21286: 21283: 21281: 21278: 21277: 21276: 21275:Social phobia 21273: 21271: 21268: 21266: 21263: 21261: 21258: 21257: 21255: 21253: 21249: 21246: 21244: 21240: 21233: 21230: 21229: 21227: 21225: 21221: 21217: 21213: 21210:-related and 21209: 21205: 21200: 21196: 21182: 21179: 21177: 21174: 21172: 21169: 21168: 21166: 21162: 21156: 21153: 21151: 21148: 21146: 21143: 21141: 21138: 21136: 21133: 21131: 21128: 21126: 21123: 21121: 21118: 21116: 21113: 21111: 21108: 21106: 21103: 21102: 21100: 21098: 21094: 21088: 21085: 21083: 21080: 21078: 21075: 21073: 21070: 21068: 21065: 21064: 21062: 21060: 21056: 21052: 21045: 21041: 21031: 21028: 21024: 21021: 21019: 21016: 21014: 21011: 21009: 21006: 21004: 21001: 21000: 20999: 20996: 20992: 20989: 20987: 20984: 20982: 20979: 20977: 20974: 20973: 20972: 20969: 20968: 20965: 20960: 20955: 20951: 20937: 20934: 20932: 20929: 20928: 20926: 20923: 20916: 20908: 20905: 20904: 20903: 20900: 20899: 20897: 20895: 20891: 20883: 20880: 20879: 20878: 20875: 20871: 20868: 20866: 20863: 20862: 20861: 20858: 20854: 20851: 20849: 20846: 20844: 20841: 20840: 20838: 20834: 20831: 20830: 20829: 20826: 20822: 20819: 20818: 20817: 20814: 20810: 20807: 20806: 20805: 20802: 20800: 20797: 20796: 20794: 20792: 20788: 20784: 20780: 20775: 20771: 20757: 20754: 20752: 20749: 20747: 20744: 20742: 20739: 20737: 20734: 20732: 20729: 20727: 20724: 20722: 20719: 20715: 20712: 20711: 20710: 20707: 20706: 20704: 20700: 20694: 20691: 20689: 20686: 20684: 20681: 20679: 20676: 20672: 20669: 20667: 20664: 20663: 20662: 20659: 20657: 20654: 20653: 20651: 20647: 20643: 20636: 20632: 20627: 20623: 20616: 20611: 20609: 20604: 20602: 20597: 20596: 20593: 20579: 20576: 20574: 20571: 20570: 20569: 20566: 20564: 20561: 20557: 20554: 20552: 20549: 20548: 20547: 20546: 20542: 20538: 20535: 20534: 20533: 20532: 20531:Tic disorders 20528: 20524: 20521: 20519: 20516: 20514: 20511: 20510: 20509: 20506: 20504: 20501: 20498: 20495: 20493: 20490: 20488: 20485: 20483: 20480: 20479: 20477: 20475: 20471: 20467: 20460: 20455: 20453: 20448: 20446: 20441: 20440: 20437: 20425: 20417: 20416: 20413: 20407: 20404: 20402: 20399: 20397: 20394: 20392: 20389: 20387: 20386:Phenylacetone 20384: 20382: 20379: 20377: 20374: 20372: 20369: 20367: 20364: 20362: 20359: 20357: 20354: 20352: 20349: 20347: 20344: 20340: 20337: 20336: 20335: 20332: 20330: 20328: 20324: 20322: 20319: 20317: 20314: 20312: 20309: 20307: 20304: 20302: 20299: 20297: 20294: 20292: 20289: 20287: 20284: 20282: 20279: 20277: 20274: 20272: 20269: 20267: 20264: 20263: 20261: 20257: 20251: 20248: 20246: 20243: 20241: 20238: 20237: 20235: 20231: 20221: 20218: 20216: 20213: 20211: 20208: 20206: 20203: 20201: 20198: 20196: 20193: 20191: 20188: 20186: 20183: 20182: 20180: 20178: 20173: 20166: 20162: 20158: 20154: 20150: 20146: 20142: 20138: 20135: 20132: 20129: 20125: 20122: 20119: 20115: 20112: 20106: 20100: 20097: 20094: 20090: 20087: 20086: 20084: 20082: 20078: 20075: 20071: 20061: 20058: 20057: 20055: 20053: 20049: 20043: 20040: 20038: 20035: 20033: 20030: 20029: 20027: 20025: 20021: 20015: 20013: 20009: 20001: 19998: 19996: 19993: 19991: 19990: 19986: 19985: 19983: 19981: 19978: 19976: 19973: 19971: 19968: 19966: 19961: 19959: 19956: 19955: 19953: 19951: 19947: 19944: 19936: 19932: 19925: 19920: 19918: 19913: 19911: 19906: 19905: 19902: 19889: 19886: 19883: 19880: 19877: 19874: 19871: 19868: 19865: 19862: 19859: 19856: 19853: 19850: 19847: 19844: 19841: 19838: 19835: 19832: 19829: 19826: 19823: 19820: 19818: 19815: 19813: 19810: 19808: 19805: 19802: 19799: 19798: 19796: 19792: 19786: 19785:Carbamazepine 19783: 19781: 19778: 19777: 19775: 19771: 19765: 19762: 19760: 19757: 19755: 19754:Nortriptyline 19752: 19750: 19747: 19745: 19742: 19740: 19737: 19735: 19732: 19730: 19727: 19725: 19722: 19720: 19717: 19715: 19714:Amitriptyline 19712: 19711: 19709: 19707: 19703: 19697: 19694: 19692: 19689: 19688: 19686: 19684: 19680: 19679:-adrenoceptor 19672: 19666: 19663: 19661: 19658: 19656: 19653: 19651: 19648: 19647: 19645: 19643: 19636:Non-classical 19634: 19627: 19623: 19620: 19618: 19615: 19613: 19610: 19608: 19605: 19602: 19598: 19594: 19590: 19586: 19583: 19582: 19580: 19578: 19572: 19566: 19562: 19552: 19547: 19545: 19540: 19538: 19533: 19532: 19529: 19517: 19509: 19508: 19505: 19499: 19496: 19494: 19491: 19489: 19486: 19484: 19481: 19479: 19476: 19474: 19471: 19469: 19466: 19464: 19461: 19460: 19458: 19454: 19448: 19445: 19444: 19441: 19438: 19437: 19433: 19429: 19426: 19423: 19419: 19416: 19413: 19409: 19406: 19403: 19400: 19399: 19396: 19393: 19392: 19388: 19385: 19382: 19379: 19376: 19373: 19370: 19366: 19363: 19360: 19357: 19354: 19351: 19350: 19347: 19344: 19343: 19341: 19339: 19335: 19328: 19325: 19322: 19319: 19316: 19313: 19312: 19310: 19306: 19300: 19297: 19295: 19292: 19290: 19287: 19285: 19282: 19280: 19277: 19275: 19274:Hyperactivity 19272: 19270: 19267: 19264: 19263: 19260: 19257: 19255: 19254:ADHD coaching 19252: 19250: 19247: 19245: 19242: 19240: 19237: 19235: 19232: 19231: 19229: 19227:Main articles 19225: 19220: 19213: 19208: 19206: 19201: 19199: 19194: 19193: 19190: 19177: 19173: 19170: 19168: 19164: 19163: 19159: 19157: 19154: 19150: 19149: 19145: 19143: 19139: 19138: 19134: 19132: 19128: 19127: 19123: 19122: 19119: 19115: 19108: 19104: 19103: 19099: 19097: 19093: 19092: 19088: 19086: 19082: 19081: 19077: 19075: 19071: 19070: 19066: 19064: 19060: 19056: 19055: 19051: 19047: 19045: 19041: 19040: 19036: 19032: 19030: 19026: 19025: 19021: 19017: 19016: 19013: 19008: 19004: 18996:from Wikidata 18995: 18994: 18982: 18978: 18977: 18965: 18961: 18960: 18948: 18947: 18944: 18938: 18930: 18920: 18919: 18916: 18908: 18904: 18903: 18892: 18888: 18884: 18880: 18876: 18872: 18868: 18864: 18860: 18856: 18852: 18848: 18843: 18839: 18835: 18831: 18827: 18822: 18817: 18813: 18809: 18805: 18800: 18796: 18795: 18789: 18785: 18781: 18777: 18771: 18767: 18766: 18760: 18756: 18752: 18748: 18746:9780676972597 18742: 18738: 18733: 18729: 18723: 18719: 18714: 18710: 18706: 18702: 18700:9780307743152 18696: 18692: 18687: 18683: 18679: 18675: 18673:9781462547524 18669: 18665: 18660: 18659: 18645: 18641: 18637: 18633: 18629: 18625: 18618: 18599: 18595: 18591: 18587: 18583: 18579: 18575: 18571: 18567: 18563: 18559: 18552: 18545: 18537: 18533: 18529: 18525: 18521: 18517: 18513: 18509: 18505: 18501: 18497: 18493: 18486: 18478: 18474: 18470: 18466: 18462: 18458: 18454: 18450: 18446: 18442: 18438: 18434: 18427: 18419: 18415: 18410: 18405: 18401: 18397: 18393: 18389: 18385: 18378: 18370: 18366: 18362: 18358: 18354: 18350: 18346: 18342: 18335: 18327: 18323: 18319: 18315: 18311: 18307: 18303: 18299: 18295: 18291: 18287: 18283: 18276: 18260: 18256: 18250: 18246: 18245: 18237: 18229: 18225: 18221: 18217: 18213: 18209: 18202: 18194: 18190: 18184: 18180: 18176: 18172: 18171: 18166: 18159: 18151: 18147: 18143: 18139: 18135: 18131: 18124: 18116: 18112: 18108: 18101: 18093: 18089: 18085: 18081: 18077: 18073: 18069: 18065: 18058: 18050: 18044: 18040: 18036: 18035: 18030: 18023: 18007: 18003: 17999: 17995: 17989: 17985: 17981: 17977: 17973: 17969: 17965: 17958: 17950: 17946: 17943:: 1008–1012. 17942: 17938: 17931: 17915: 17911: 17905: 17901: 17900: 17892: 17884: 17880: 17876: 17872: 17871: 17863: 17855: 17851: 17847: 17843: 17839: 17835: 17831: 17827: 17820: 17813: 17808: 17804: 17799: 17794: 17790: 17786: 17782: 17778: 17774: 17767: 17759: 17755: 17750: 17745: 17741: 17737: 17733: 17729: 17725: 17718: 17699: 17692: 17686: 17684: 17682: 17680: 17671: 17667: 17663: 17656: 17648: 17644: 17639: 17634: 17630: 17626: 17622: 17618: 17614: 17607: 17605: 17596: 17592: 17587: 17582: 17578: 17574: 17570: 17566: 17562: 17555: 17539: 17535: 17531: 17524: 17516: 17512: 17508: 17504: 17500: 17496: 17492: 17488: 17481: 17475: 17467: 17463: 17459: 17455: 17451: 17448:(in French). 17447: 17440: 17432: 17428: 17424: 17420: 17413: 17405: 17401: 17396: 17391: 17386: 17381: 17377: 17373: 17369: 17362: 17354: 17350: 17346: 17342: 17338: 17334: 17330: 17326: 17321: 17316: 17312: 17308: 17304: 17297: 17281: 17277: 17271: 17267: 17263: 17256: 17248: 17242: 17238: 17234: 17230: 17229: 17224: 17217: 17215: 17206: 17202: 17197: 17192: 17188: 17184: 17180: 17176: 17172: 17165: 17163: 17146: 17142: 17138: 17132: 17124: 17120: 17115: 17110: 17105: 17100: 17096: 17092: 17088: 17081: 17074: 17069: 17065: 17060: 17055: 17051: 17047: 17043: 17039: 17035: 17028: 17026: 17017: 17013: 17008: 17003: 16999: 16995: 16991: 16987: 16983: 16979: 16975: 16968: 16960: 16956: 16952: 16948: 16944: 16940: 16935: 16930: 16926: 16922: 16915: 16907: 16904: 16900: 16896: 16892: 16888: 16881: 16874: 16869: 16865: 16861: 16857: 16853: 16849: 16845: 16841: 16834: 16826: 16822: 16817: 16812: 16808: 16804: 16800: 16796: 16792: 16785: 16777: 16773: 16768: 16763: 16759: 16755: 16751: 16747: 16740: 16732: 16728: 16724: 16720: 16713: 16705: 16701: 16696: 16691: 16686: 16681: 16677: 16673: 16669: 16665: 16661: 16654: 16646: 16642: 16637: 16632: 16628: 16624: 16620: 16616: 16612: 16605: 16597: 16593: 16589: 16585: 16581: 16577: 16573: 16569: 16562: 16555: 16539: 16535: 16531: 16524: 16508: 16504: 16500: 16493: 16485: 16481: 16476: 16471: 16467: 16463: 16459: 16455: 16451: 16444: 16425: 16421: 16414: 16408: 16392: 16388: 16384: 16380: 16374: 16370: 16369: 16361: 16359: 16357: 16348: 16344: 16339: 16334: 16330: 16326: 16322: 16315: 16307: 16303: 16299: 16295: 16291: 16287: 16280: 16272: 16268: 16264: 16260: 16256: 16252: 16248: 16244: 16236: 16228: 16224: 16219: 16214: 16210: 16206: 16202: 16198: 16194: 16187: 16179: 16175: 16171: 16167: 16163: 16159: 16152: 16145: 16140: 16136: 16132: 16128: 16124: 16120: 16113: 16105: 16101: 16097: 16093: 16086: 16078: 16074: 16070: 16066: 16062: 16058: 16050: 16042: 16038: 16033: 16028: 16024: 16020: 16016: 16012: 16008: 16001: 15993: 15989: 15985: 15981: 15977: 15973: 15969: 15965: 15957: 15949: 15945: 15941: 15937: 15932: 15927: 15923: 15919: 15915: 15908: 15900: 15896: 15891: 15886: 15882: 15878: 15874: 15867: 15859: 15855: 15850: 15845: 15840: 15835: 15831: 15827: 15823: 15816: 15808: 15804: 15800: 15796: 15792: 15788: 15784: 15780: 15773: 15765: 15761: 15757: 15753: 15749: 15745: 15741: 15737: 15729: 15721: 15717: 15713: 15709: 15705: 15701: 15693: 15685: 15681: 15677: 15673: 15669: 15665: 15657: 15649: 15645: 15641: 15637: 15633: 15629: 15625: 15621: 15614: 15606: 15602: 15597: 15592: 15587: 15582: 15578: 15574: 15570: 15563: 15555: 15551: 15546: 15541: 15537: 15533: 15529: 15525: 15521: 15514: 15498: 15494: 15493: 15485: 15478: 15473: 15467: 15463: 15456: 15454: 15442: 15438: 15434: 15430: 15426: 15422: 15418: 15414: 15410: 15406: 15399: 15391: 15387: 15383: 15379: 15375: 15371: 15367: 15363: 15356: 15348: 15344: 15340: 15336: 15332: 15328: 15324: 15320: 15313: 15305: 15301: 15296: 15291: 15286: 15281: 15277: 15273: 15269: 15262: 15246: 15242: 15238: 15234: 15230: 15223: 15207: 15203: 15199: 15195: 15191: 15187: 15183: 15179: 15175: 15171: 15164: 15157: 15152: 15148: 15144: 15140: 15136: 15132: 15128: 15124: 15117: 15115: 15106: 15102: 15097: 15092: 15088: 15084: 15080: 15076: 15072: 15065: 15058: 15053: 15049: 15044: 15039: 15034: 15029: 15025: 15021: 15017: 15010: 15002: 14998: 14994: 14990: 14986: 14982: 14978: 14974: 14967: 14959: 14955: 14951: 14947: 14943: 14939: 14935: 14931: 14923: 14916: 14900: 14896: 14889: 14883: 14876: 14867: 14863: 14858: 14853: 14849: 14845: 14841: 14837: 14833: 14826: 14819: 14814: 14810: 14806: 14802: 14798: 14794: 14790: 14786: 14779: 14771: 14767: 14763: 14759: 14755: 14751: 14747: 14740: 14732: 14728: 14723: 14718: 14714: 14710: 14706: 14702: 14698: 14691: 14683: 14679: 14674: 14669: 14665: 14661: 14657: 14653: 14649: 14642: 14634: 14630: 14625: 14620: 14616: 14612: 14608: 14604: 14600: 14593: 14585: 14581: 14576: 14571: 14567: 14563: 14559: 14555: 14551: 14544: 14536: 14532: 14527: 14522: 14518: 14514: 14510: 14506: 14499: 14491: 14487: 14483: 14479: 14475: 14471: 14463: 14455: 14451: 14447: 14443: 14439: 14435: 14428: 14420: 14416: 14412: 14408: 14404: 14400: 14393: 14385: 14381: 14377: 14373: 14369: 14365: 14357: 14349: 14345: 14341: 14337: 14333: 14329: 14322: 14314: 14310: 14305: 14300: 14296: 14292: 14288: 14284: 14280: 14273: 14265: 14261: 14256: 14251: 14247: 14243: 14239: 14235: 14231: 14224: 14209: 14205: 14199: 14191: 14187: 14182: 14177: 14173: 14169: 14165: 14161: 14157: 14150: 14142: 14138: 14134: 14130: 14126: 14122: 14118: 14114: 14107: 14099: 14095: 14091: 14087: 14083: 14079: 14075: 14071: 14063: 14056: 14048: 14044: 14040: 14036: 14031: 14026: 14022: 14018: 14014: 14007: 13999: 13995: 13990: 13985: 13981: 13977: 13973: 13969: 13965: 13958: 13950: 13946: 13941: 13936: 13932: 13928: 13924: 13917: 13909: 13905: 13900: 13895: 13890: 13885: 13881: 13877: 13873: 13866: 13864: 13855: 13851: 13846: 13841: 13837: 13833: 13829: 13825: 13821: 13814: 13807: 13803: 13799: 13795: 13791: 13787: 13783: 13776: 13774: 13772: 13763: 13759: 13755: 13751: 13747: 13743: 13735: 13733: 13724: 13720: 13716: 13712: 13708: 13704: 13696: 13694: 13685: 13681: 13676: 13671: 13667: 13663: 13659: 13655: 13651: 13644: 13629: 13625: 13621: 13617: 13613: 13606: 13604: 13602: 13585: 13581: 13575: 13567: 13563: 13558: 13553: 13549: 13545: 13541: 13537: 13533: 13526: 13524: 13515: 13511: 13506: 13501: 13497: 13493: 13489: 13482: 13474: 13470: 13465: 13460: 13456: 13452: 13448: 13444: 13440: 13433: 13425: 13419: 13415: 13411: 13407: 13400: 13392: 13388: 13384: 13380: 13376: 13372: 13368: 13361: 13345: 13341: 13337: 13333: 13329: 13324: 13319: 13315: 13311: 13307: 13303: 13299: 13292: 13284: 13280: 13275: 13270: 13266: 13262: 13258: 13254: 13250: 13243: 13235: 13231: 13226: 13221: 13217: 13213: 13209: 13205: 13201: 13194: 13186: 13182: 13177: 13172: 13168: 13164: 13160: 13156: 13152: 13145: 13137: 13133: 13128: 13123: 13119: 13115: 13111: 13107: 13103: 13096: 13088: 13084: 13080: 13076: 13072: 13068: 13061: 13054: 13050: 13046: 13041: 13036: 13032: 13028: 13024: 13017: 13009: 13005: 13000: 12995: 12991: 12987: 12983: 12979: 12975: 12968: 12966: 12957: 12953: 12948: 12943: 12938: 12933: 12929: 12925: 12921: 12914: 12906: 12902: 12898: 12891: 12882: 12876: 12860: 12856: 12851: 12845: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12827: 12823: 12819: 12815: 12811: 12804: 12802: 12793: 12789: 12785: 12781: 12777: 12773: 12769: 12765: 12758: 12756: 12754: 12752: 12743: 12739: 12735: 12731: 12727: 12723: 12719: 12715: 12708: 12706: 12704: 12695: 12691: 12687: 12683: 12679: 12675: 12668: 12660: 12656: 12652: 12648: 12644: 12640: 12633: 12625: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12607: 12603: 12599: 12595: 12591: 12584: 12576: 12572: 12568: 12564: 12560: 12556: 12552: 12548: 12541: 12534: 12521: 12517: 12513: 12509: 12505: 12501: 12497: 12493: 12486: 12484: 12464: 12460: 12453: 12449: 12445: 12439: 12431: 12427: 12422: 12417: 12413: 12409: 12405: 12398: 12390: 12386: 12382: 12378: 12374: 12370: 12362: 12355: 12351: 12347: 12342: 12337: 12333: 12329: 12325: 12318: 12316: 12314: 12312: 12303: 12299: 12294: 12289: 12285: 12281: 12277: 12273: 12269: 12262: 12254: 12250: 12245: 12240: 12236: 12232: 12228: 12224: 12220: 12216: 12212: 12208: 12204: 12197: 12195: 12193: 12185: 12183: 12177: 12171: 12167: 12163: 12162: 12157: 12150: 12142: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12114: 12110: 12106: 12099: 12091: 12087: 12082: 12077: 12072: 12067: 12063: 12059: 12055: 12048: 12029: 12025: 12021: 12017: 12013: 12006: 11999: 11983: 11979: 11975: 11969: 11953: 11949: 11943: 11939: 11938: 11930: 11914: 11910: 11904: 11900: 11899: 11891: 11883: 11879: 11875: 11871: 11867: 11863: 11859: 11855: 11848: 11846: 11837: 11833: 11828: 11823: 11819: 11815: 11811: 11807: 11803: 11796: 11788: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11760: 11756: 11752: 11745: 11737: 11733: 11728: 11723: 11719: 11715: 11711: 11707: 11703: 11696: 11688: 11684: 11680: 11674: 11666: 11660: 11656: 11649: 11634: 11630: 11626: 11622: 11618: 11614: 11607: 11605: 11603: 11601: 11599: 11597: 11588: 11584: 11580: 11576: 11572: 11568: 11561: 11559: 11550: 11544: 11540: 11536: 11535: 11530: 11523: 11516: 11512: 11508: 11502: 11495: 11491: 11487: 11483: 11479: 11473: 11466: 11461: 11457: 11453: 11449: 11445: 11441: 11437: 11433: 11426: 11424: 11422: 11413: 11409: 11405: 11401: 11397: 11393: 11389: 11385: 11378: 11370: 11366: 11362: 11358: 11354: 11350: 11346: 11342: 11335: 11327: 11323: 11319: 11315: 11311: 11307: 11300: 11292: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11274: 11270: 11266: 11262: 11258: 11251: 11249: 11247: 11238: 11234: 11230: 11226: 11222: 11218: 11214: 11213:11577/2482784 11210: 11206: 11202: 11197: 11192: 11188: 11184: 11180: 11173: 11165: 11161: 11156: 11151: 11146: 11141: 11137: 11133: 11129: 11122: 11114: 11110: 11105: 11100: 11096: 11092: 11088: 11084: 11080: 11073: 11071: 11062: 11058: 11054: 11050: 11045: 11040: 11036: 11032: 11028: 11024: 11017: 11009: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10991: 10987: 10983: 10979: 10975: 10968: 10960: 10956: 10951: 10946: 10942: 10938: 10934: 10930: 10926: 10919: 10911: 10907: 10903: 10899: 10895: 10891: 10884: 10876: 10872: 10867: 10862: 10858: 10854: 10850: 10846: 10842: 10838: 10834: 10830: 10826: 10822: 10818: 10811: 10809: 10807: 10799: 10794: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10776: 10772: 10768: 10764: 10760: 10753: 10751: 10749: 10740: 10736: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10712: 10708: 10704: 10697: 10695: 10693: 10685: 10680: 10674: 10670: 10663: 10661: 10659: 10657: 10655: 10653: 10651: 10649: 10640: 10636: 10630: 10626: 10625: 10617: 10615: 10613: 10611: 10591: 10587: 10580: 10574: 10567: 10562: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10544: 10540: 10536: 10532: 10528: 10521: 10519: 10507: 10500: 10494: 10486: 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8973: 8969: 8963: 8955: 8951: 8947: 8943: 8939: 8935: 8932:: 1234–1242. 8931: 8927: 8923: 8919: 8913: 8905: 8901: 8897: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8878: 8872: 8864: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8836: 8832: 8828: 8824: 8820: 8813: 8805: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8787: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8764: 8762: 8760: 8758: 8741: 8740:europepmc.org 8737: 8731: 8723: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8695: 8691: 8687: 8683: 8679: 8672: 8664: 8660: 8656: 8652: 8648: 8644: 8637: 8629: 8625: 8621: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8603: 8599: 8595: 8591: 8587: 8580: 8572: 8568: 8564: 8560: 8556: 8552: 8548: 8544: 8537: 8529: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8480: 8464: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8421: 8419: 8410: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8367: 8365: 8356: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8320: 8313: 8305: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8279: 8275: 8267: 8259: 8255: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8239: 8235: 8231: 8224: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8192: 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Webmd.com. 5312: 5306: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5279: 5271: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5230: 5222: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5101: 5093: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5052: 5044: 5038: 5034: 5027: 5025: 5008: 5004: 4997: 4982: 4978: 4972: 4970: 4953: 4949: 4943: 4941: 4924: 4920: 4914: 4912: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4876: 4874: 4865: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4824: 4816: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4783: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4740: 4732: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4691: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4648: 4641: 4633: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4592: 4576: 4572: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4522: 4514: 4510: 4503: 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3003: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2973: 2965: 2961: 2955: 2953: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2921: 2917: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2896: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2888: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2837: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2808: 2805: 2800: 2798: 2797:frontal lobes 2793: 2789: 2787: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2741: 2732: 2723: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2701: 2700: 2695: 2694:Keith Conners 2689: 2681: 2676: 2666: 2662: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2594: 2585: 2582: 2578: 2569: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2528: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2512:Meta-analyses 2509: 2505: 2503: 2499: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2457: 2451: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2426: 2423: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2400: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2368: 2362: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2329: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2315: 2314:Neurofeedback 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2281: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2263: 2253: 2251: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2218:lead toxicity 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2188: 2176: 2175: 2174: 2173: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2140:hyperactivity 2139: 2137: 2133: 2132: 2131: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2087: 2086: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2033: 2032: 2031: 2030: 2019: 2008: 2004: 2001: 1995: 1992: 1988: 1982: 1977: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1825: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1770: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1706:antihistamine 1703: 1699: 1695: 1690: 10–20% 1684: 1674: 1670: 1667: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1633:glutamatergic 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1575: 1566: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1459:preservatives 1456: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1415: 1410: 1406: 1403:insecticides 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1330:schizophrenia 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1298:latrophilin 3 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1237: 1233: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1217: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1175: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1145: 1138: 1128: 1124: 1121: 1110: 1107: 1094: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1082: 1076: 1075: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1063: 1057: 1056: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1014: 1008: 1005: 1004: 998: 997: 992: 988: 983: 982: 976: 975: 966: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 933: 931: 930:comorbidities 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 911:meta-analysis 908: 907: 901: 897: 896: 890: 887: 882: 880: 876: 872: 866: 856: 853: 849: 845: 835: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 808: 806: 802: 798: 794: 789: 785: 781: 779: 775: 771: 767: 762: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 743:limbic system 740: 736: 732: 728: 723: 721: 717: 712: 708: 703: 693:Comorbidities 690: 687: 685: 675: 673: 669: 665: 661: 656: 653: 649: 648:social skills 645: 644:mood lability 641: 636: 632: 624: 621: 618: 617: 614: 607: 604: 601: 597: 596: 593: 588: 585: 582: 579: 576: 573: 570: 567: 564: 563: 561: 558: 557: 554: 548: 545: 541: 540: 537: 532: 529: 526: 523: 520: 517: 514: 511: 508: 507: 505: 502: 501: 481: 480: 474: 467: 464: 461: 458: 457: 456: 451:Presentations 448: 446: 442: 438: 437: 430: 421: 417: 413: 411: 407: 402: 400: 394: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 355: 351: 344: 340: 339:guanfacine XR 336: 333: 329: 325: 322: 318: 314: 311: 310: 308: 306: 302: 296: 295:psychotherapy 293: 290: 289: 287: 283: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 221: 218: 217: 215: 213: 209: 205: 203: 199: 195: 191: 190:environmental 187: 183: 180: 176: 172: 168: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 148:disinhibition 146: 144: 141: 139:hyperactivity 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 127: 125: 123: 119: 113: 110: 108: 105: 104: 102: 100: 96: 92: 88: 87:basal ganglia 84: 79: 75: 70: 65: 59: 55: 51: 47: 40: 36: 34: 19: 22286:Technostress 22279:Technophobia 22274:Technophilia 22096: 22050:Evolutionary 22028:Evolutionary 22018:Neuroscience 21721:Folie à deux 21646:Intoxication 21627:substances, 21625:Psychoactive 21544:Night terror 21361:Dissociative 21325:Panic attack 20877:Tic disorder 20798: 20567: 20543: 20529: 20507: 20481: 20326: 20265: 20250:Norephedrine 20177:transporters 20093:full agonist 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studies 1157:heritability 1147:published a 1142: 1140: 1125: 1116: 1103: 1100:Suicide risk 1090: 1086: 1079: 1072: 1066: 1060: 1053: 1011: 1009: 1001: 994: 986: 979: 972: 970: 909:published a 904: 898:published a 893: 891: 883: 868: 841: 809: 782: 772:(especially 763: 724: 704: 701: 688: 681: 657: 637: 633: 630: 612: 552: 503:Inattention 471: 454: 435: 431: 427: 418: 414: 403: 395: 366: 362: 361: 343:clonidine XR 184:(inherited, 135:carelessness 58: 32: 22327:Amphetamine 22232:Screen time 21694:schizotypal 21529:Hypersomnia 21519:Nonorganic 21260:Agoraphobia 20991:Cyclothymia 20986:Bipolar NOS 20961:(affective) 20833:Stereotypic 20741:Kleptomania 20406:Trace amine 20381:Phentermine 19950:Amphetamine 19931:Amphetamine 19764:Venlafaxine 19749:Moclobemide 19744:Milnacipran 19729:Desipramine 19655:Atomoxetine 19650:Armodafinil 19585:Amphetamine 19432:(off-label) 19422:(off-label) 19412:(off-label) 19404:(Strattera) 19402:Atomoxetine 19365:Amphetamine 19346:Stimulants: 19338:Medications 19284:Infodumping 19279:Impulsivity 19137:MedlinePlus 18578:1874/409179 18394:(1): 1–17. 18165:"Diagnosis" 18070:(1): 1–10. 17544:26 February 17446:L'Encephale 17235:. pp. 16063:: 149–159. 16011:Proceedings 15698:disorder". 15579:(9): 1304. 14908:30 December 14707:: 509–525. 14526:10651/51910 13899:10171/45012 13350:21 November 11812:(11): 498. 10984:: 744–752. 9570:(1): 3–19. 9181:(1): 8622. 9142:Hoboken, NJ 9102:Hoboken, NJ 9042:: 248–254. 8986:: 562–575. 8918:Biederman J 8844:10616/41709 8703:10023/20827 8649:(1): 1–17. 8530:. eaba1551. 8437:: 109–118. 7696:16 February 7554:: 838–856. 7225:: 287–296. 6632:22 November 6446:: 453–480. 6022:22 November 5938:15 November 5810:(1): 1–14. 5772:2066/163023 4232:: 1127777. 4183:(1): 1–19. 3603:: 135–168. 2931:Hey Sigmund 2871:amphetamine 2804:enantiopure 2508:Atomoxetine 2498:atomoxetine 2413:α2-agonists 2403:amphetamine 2342:EndeavourRx 2326:non-deviant 2242:head injury 2230:sleep apnea 2198:cyclothymia 2113:tire easily 1804:along with 1714:painkillers 1637:cholinergic 1594:hippocampus 1383:Environment 991:impulsivity 942:Screen time 664:handwriting 609:decisions). 383:impulsivity 379:inattention 328:atomoxetine 321:amphetamine 170:Usual onset 158:impulsivity 130:Inattention 18:Hyperactive 22306:Categories 22165:Body image 22112:Depression 22066:Associated 22035:Psychology 22023:Psychiatry 21976:Ergonomics 21933:Nomophobia 21846:Stereotypy 21709:Delusional 21698:delusional 21671:Withdrawal 21539:Parasomnia 21444:Nosophobia 21224:Adjustment 21212:somatoform 21145:Sundowning 20998:Depression 20981:Bipolar II 20870:Stuttering 20865:Cluttering 20661:Paraphilia 20578:Encopresis 20556:Cluttering 20551:Stuttering 20346:Narcolepsy 20301:Formetorex 20175:Inhibited 19780:Amantadine 19759:Reboxetine 19739:Imipramine 19734:Duloxetine 19696:Guanfacine 19665:Viloxazine 19642:stimulants 19577:stimulants 19420:(Catapres 19414:, Intuniv) 19408:Guanfacine 19162:Patient UK 19091:DiseasesDB 18976:Quotations 18709:1200786886 18682:1251741330 18498:(7): 968. 18002:2009938108 17920:17 January 17777:Pediatrics 17378:(1): 404. 17286:1 February 16923:(Review). 16767:1811/51593 16615:Pediatrics 16433:4 February 16387:1126668845 16243:Pediatrics 15924:: 113664. 15832:(1): 176. 15503:17 January 15251:7 November 14930:Pediatrics 14476:(1): 1–3. 12865:22 October 12674:Pediatrics 12494:(Review). 12328:Psychiatry 11958:2 November 11919:1 February 11567:Pediatrics 10684:attention. 10599:13 October 10586:WHO Europe 10533:(Review). 10416:Pediatrics 10338:(Review). 10295:(Review). 10293:Pediatrics 10103:(Review). 8968:Faraone SV 8746:12 January 8469:7 December 8383:: 557909. 6800:26 October 6697:Barkley RA 6497:(1): 368. 5356:2 November 5321:17 January 5195:(67): 67. 5013:10 October 4082:: 103789. 3103:1288423302 2972:The Lancet 2941:27 January 2912:References 2856:, urinary 2846:biomarkers 2577:Guidelines 2572:Guidelines 2562:guanfacine 2533:Amantadine 2527:viloxazine 2502:viloxazine 2465:and other 2394:Stimulants 2378:Medication 2268:counseling 2256:Management 2149:aggression 2134:excessive 2058:change in 1960:physicians 1895:(6A05.0); 1775:biomarkers 1639:pathways. 1500:or a poor 1334:depression 1318:phenotypes 1206:suggestion 1135:See also: 1026:neuroimage 940:See also: 863:See also: 751:cerebellum 672:dysgraphia 543:completed. 406:hyperfocus 332:viloxazine 305:Medication 291:Medication 112:pediatrics 107:Psychiatry 22045:Cognitive 21799:Catatonia 21731:Psychosis 21566:Postnatal 21549:Nightmare 21155:Wandering 21008:Dysthymia 20976:Bipolar I 20931:Pervasive 20746:Pyromania 20671:Voyeurism 20666:Fetishism 20396:Serotonin 20356:Nootropic 20037:ProCentra 20032:Dexedrine 19858:Serotonin 19724:Buspirone 19719:Bupropion 19691:Clonidine 19660:Modafinil 19428:Bupropion 19424:, Kapvay) 19418:Clonidine 19389:(Desoxyn) 19383:(Vyvanse) 19367:(Evekeo, 19323:(ADHD-HI) 19308:Sub-types 19269:Attention 19148:eMedicine 19107:406506008 19102:SNOMED CT 18875:0033-3085 18867:1520-6807 18784:951612166 18607:28 August 18594:222142805 18564:: 66–85. 18520:0002-953X 18512:1535-7228 18453:1535-7228 18302:1535-7228 18092:143646869 17854:214768588 17487:CNS Drugs 17429:(2): 28. 17329:1535-7228 16929:CiteSeerX 16927:: 15020. 16397:9 January 15948:230716405 15524:CNS Drugs 15026:: 87–99. 14240:: h5203. 13882:: 63–71. 13542:(1): 58. 12714:CNS Drugs 12375:: 32–42. 12235:751737736 12227:2047-2986 11882:205504587 11205:1535-7228 11061:218540328 10841:1535-7228 10798:proposed. 10566:response. 10485:865335120 9994:140766296 9887:1535-7228 9572:CiteSeerX 8780:(4): 18. 8459:162184004 8411:. 557909. 8258:264190691 8215:258591184 8076:248228233 7933:229687229 7627:231885131 7578:243983688 7435:248553863 7175:234159064 7167:1063-4266 7040:144348893 7032:1528-9168 7024:1940-9214 6937:145508751 6929:1943-457X 6845:198193637 6316:207263711 5757:: 21–47. 5442:206546871 4986:2 January 4958:2 January 4660:: 15020. 4548:1943-457X 4308:258330884 4300:2050-8794 4158:1573-3505 4061:1573-3505 4026:238218526 3858:1573-3505 3728:207221320 3516:146463279 3278:0149-7634 2990:7 January 2715:non-White 2639:Prognosis 2609:, or the 2566:clonidine 2543:Bupropion 2486:Modafinil 2480:ephedrine 2194:dysthymia 2136:happiness 2069:hostility 2054:attention 1887:) by the 1794:3–4 times 1724:Diagnosis 1582:accumbens 1475:allergies 1455:food dyes 1350:phenotype 1342:zebrafish 1229:polygenic 1038:precuneus 793:Melatonin 741:lobe and 619:Combined 498:symptoms 492:symptoms 477:Symptoms 353:Frequency 285:Treatment 99:Specialty 22134:Insomnia 22040:Clinical 21534:Insomnia 21204:Neurotic 21171:Delirium 21097:Dementia 20936:Specific 20573:Enuresis 20424:Category 20286:Dopamine 20110:inducer) 19989:Adderall 19822:Dopamine 19683:agonists 19516:Category 19434:, Zyban) 19369:Adderall 19329:(ADHD-C) 19317:(ADHD-I) 19294:Stimming 19153:med/3103 18929:medicine 18883:64009353 18830:17581453 18755:48795973 18644:23021477 18598:Archived 18586:33035524 18528:22024537 18461:22024537 18418:19051222 18369:24974454 18361:16492800 18310:22024537 18259:Archived 18193:Archived 18150:18804015 18115:Archived 18084:15756510 18006:Archived 17914:Archived 17846:32233772 17807:27553219 17758:20638739 17707:2 August 17698:Archived 17670:Archived 17647:26038639 17595:30317644 17538:Archived 17515:25835322 17507:16478287 17466:19393378 17431:Archived 17404:32787804 17353:17541055 17337:22024537 17280:Archived 17205:22976615 17151:31 March 17145:Archived 17123:30116206 17068:25317367 17016:18991955 16951:27189265 16899:19129549 16868:24589993 16860:18416663 16825:25220092 16776:16190793 16731:22928358 16704:28121994 16664:PLOS ONE 16645:31570648 16596:12798818 16538:Archived 16534:Medscape 16507:Archived 16503:Medscape 16484:23930227 16424:Archived 16391:Archived 16347:22461743 16306:18182963 16271:25551406 16263:18166547 16227:26585576 16178:22462040 16139:26881859 16104:Archived 16100:22420008 16077:25813457 16041:34456474 15992:30677758 15984:21312290 15940:33418457 15899:27390695 15858:22074258 15807:43503227 15799:20837981 15756:27005307 15720:16678649 15684:15968233 15648:24293088 15640:16623645 15605:37759905 15596:10526204 15554:25349138 15497:Archived 15441:Archived 15437:19949563 15429:25253684 15390:30068561 15382:21530185 15347:34956456 15339:20571380 15304:36416824 15245:Archived 15241:29558081 15206:Archived 15202:21998152 15194:21519262 15151:39004402 15143:25888152 15105:30091808 15052:24082796 15001:32073083 14993:16478756 14958:22391693 14950:19171629 14899:Archived 14866:19160215 14813:38064951 14805:29086065 14770:38718988 14731:33080250 14682:34436651 14633:30097390 14584:35201607 14535:30453134 14490:28168407 14454:27163984 14419:27599342 14384:27270192 14348:27021055 14313:27935807 14304:10699535 14264:26608309 14190:35418800 14141:19726926 14133:12352269 14098:52019992 14090:30117329 14047:25954331 14039:22118249 13998:24107764 13949:23247506 13908:29162520 13854:36971690 13845:10042435 13802:15723384 13762:20403082 13723:22945622 13684:18585681 13633:22 April 13590:19 April 13566:33772095 13514:33334505 13473:20490677 13391:27339381 13383:15846741 13344:Archived 13340:31044370 13332:29083042 13283:31139966 13234:29445867 13185:24245813 13136:29566425 13087:19248915 13049:19131150 13008:30097390 12956:29180967 12875:cite web 12844:28429134 12792:18481191 12784:18569037 12742:11340058 12734:19621975 12694:38523592 12659:22670023 12624:19110891 12575:23624443 12567:18803919 12520:33989148 12512:26825336 12472:12 April 12463:Archived 12430:30843223 12389:27390061 12350:20963192 12302:21494335 12253:33692893 12182:invented 12141:19152690 12115:(1): 1. 12090:23755024 12028:Archived 12024:21991721 11988:17 April 11982:Archived 11952:Archived 11913:Archived 11874:19020513 11836:25234074 11787:33192633 11736:24648820 11633:38657097 11587:38523599 11460:24817804 11452:23933893 11412:27070077 11404:24232170 11369:14701654 11361:22939004 11326:22306277 11291:21596055 11237:22294258 11221:22024537 11164:26441789 11138:: 1418. 11113:35859076 11053:32385695 11008:29876263 10959:28219628 10910:16480802 10875:22983386 10849:22024537 10793:22169776 10739:24904299 10639:Archived 10561:25220094 10506:Archived 10448:Archived 10444:14925322 10436:22232312 10364:35718630 10356:22449218 10321:24339363 10313:18245408 10278:21903599 10227:22 March 10221:Archived 10178:25241028 10129:38886526 10121:22394313 10086:41748237 10078:22458970 10043:20829149 9986:21739408 9948:17 April 9942:Archived 9911:23360949 9895:22024537 9842:31824658 9816:: 2060. 9788:20019071 9739:21432600 9682:19506906 9647:19389919 9594:18473983 9546:21383749 9538:21409419 9503:29220204 9468:15949990 9433:26511313 9394:25359172 9320:29892054 9213:32451437 9130:Nesse RM 9090:Nesse RM 9068:Archived 9056:12039606 9040:Elsevier 9010:29892054 8954:45497168 8946:10560028 8930:Elsevier 8904:24139812 8863:24107258 8804:32108282 8722:30478444 8663:20141238 8628:47016805 8620:29892054 8571:23671547 8563:15949990 8528:32998893 8463:Archived 8451:31129238 8409:33408650 8355:28401048 8304:37883910 8250:37866293 8207:37163581 8176:36562860 8167:11272698 8125:35567763 8068:35430923 8033:35293954 7984:34276447 7925:33360866 7890:32903205 7814:30275318 7769:PNAS USA 7749:29614059 7672:24238842 7619:33582234 7570:34774900 7529:34635194 7470:28905127 7427:35524451 7407:Headache 7392:35740718 7360:Children 7341:27664125 7251:26929624 7198:18 April 7132:53263217 7124:30390147 7089:36068993 6986:22305866 6894:33424239 6837:31335581 6794:Archived 6790:38002526 6782:27859581 6740:Archived 6728:24234590 6683:36007816 6623:Archived 6619:23564305 6611:24062279 6569:Archived 6521:36068207 6472:30588139 6421:18656214 6386:20620105 6351:21365608 6308:20028959 6273:20451036 6238:21600348 6203:21483267 6154:21717696 6119:20861593 6067:14987165 6059:21094938 6016:Archived 6012:19428109 5965:Archived 5961:Uptodate 5932:Archived 5902:Archived 5875:32448170 5824:16594807 5781:27590827 5735:27303350 5684:17628705 5676:15291732 5641:22851461 5595:Archived 5577:32228208 5569:19818437 5526:21757683 5491:22513218 5434:18401033 5399:22201208 5350:Archived 5315:Archived 5297:18822833 5270:19515751 5221:20815868 5127:11911007 5092:24644516 4929:20 March 4923:Archived 4902:27191055 4864:29892054 4774:35718630 4766:22449218 4731:21598155 4674:27189265 4632:30195575 4581:17 April 4575:Archived 4491:34368774 4442:35933504 4393:23933821 4344:21923806 4258:37009127 4249:10061009 4207:31541305 4096:33126147 4018:34585995 3982:54472439 3974:30526189 3939:26829402 3907:28459927 3813:24480998 3764:29624671 3720:23082740 3627:23020641 3508:18803914 3466:31014101 3414:23247506 3378:15953706 3343:29106438 3296:33549739 3190:16428370 3130:Archived 2981:Archived 2935:Archived 2885:See also 2588:Exercise 2471:Caffeine 2463:nicotine 2431:insomnia 2417:Cochrane 2388:dopamine 2060:appetite 2000:gambling 1785:such as 1761:and the 1702:caffeine 1698:sedative 1623:and the 1586:amygdala 1546:striatum 1518:dopamine 1419:Extreme 1414:Nicotine 1306:dopamine 1208:for the 1131:Genetics 1050:striatum 981:PNAS USA 879:migraine 871:epilepsy 820:cannabis 788:insomnia 739:temporal 668:dyslexia 490:DSM-5-TR 445:same age 441:DSM-5-TR 122:Symptoms 22264:Spaving 21243:Anxiety 21082:PDD-NOS 20971:Bipolar 20624: ( 20366:Obesity 20220:SLC22A5 20215:SLC22A3 20060:Vyvanse 20042:Zenzedi 20000:Mydayis 19890:(SNDRI) 19410:(Tenex 19176:Q181923 19172:Scholia 19156:ped/177 19085:D001289 18891:1763062 18536:1480183 18477:7840374 18469:1480183 18409:2629554 18326:7943460 18318:1480183 18265:19 July 18228:2387786 17798:5684883 17749:2933294 17638:4443828 17586:7379308 17395:7422602 17345:1480183 17196:3441936 17114:6084240 17097:: 331. 17059:4195639 17007:2758663 16986:Bibcode 16959:7171541 16903:PsycNET 16816:4170184 16695:5266211 16672:Bibcode 16636:7067282 16588:8545689 16475:3733520 16338:3313539 16218:4706844 16032:8366930 15890:4898838 15883:: 325. 15849:3229459 15545:4487649 15295:9685490 15212:19 July 15096:6513464 15043:3785407 14857:7004251 14673:8455398 14624:6109107 14575:8869321 14255:4659414 14213:19 July 14181:8984208 13989:3801446 13675:2603602 13557:7997870 13464:2921569 13274:6538574 13225:6404655 13176:4025987 13127:6494390 12999:6109107 12947:5694170 12930:: 229. 12835:5656703 12615:2603539 12341:2957278 12293:3067998 12244:7916320 12132:2637252 12081:3667245 11827:4633088 11778:7477352 11761:: 871. 11727:3950532 11638:22 June 11494:3163785 11282:3353150 11229:1480183 11155:4585266 11104:9712307 10999:5988460 10950:5933934 10866:3879048 10857:1480183 10784:3272832 10730:4033238 10552:4322780 10269:3927422 10217:9413793 10169:4186967 10034:3002184 9903:1480183 9833:6896240 9779:2894686 9730:3280610 9638:2713119 9385:4217138 9311:6477889 9204:7248073 9183:Bibcode 9136:(ed.). 9134:Buss DM 9096:(ed.). 9094:Buss DM 9064:8098723 9001:6477889 8854:4071160 8795:7046577 8713:6481311 8611:6477889 8519:7527218 8498:Bibcode 8400:7779592 8346:5371172 8116:9295226 8024:8928099 7975:8281314 7881:8943681 7805:6176582 7782:Bibcode 7740:5923710 7520:8711104 7478:3949012 7383:9221618 7332:5987989 7292:8714324 7242:4755462 7080:9575611 6977:6519447 6885:7788667 6736:8287560 6674:9943858 6512:9448791 6463:6299464 6194:3435098 6110:3724232 5866:7247165 5789:6698847 5726:4886698 5709:: 794. 5482:3465717 5261:2827258 5212:2942810 5135:8076914 5083:3955126 4855:6477889 4815:9628085 4722:3184364 4682:7171541 4623:6379245 4482:8336725 4433:7613776 4384:3800159 4198:7851038 3898:6583483 3804:4282137 3618:4084861 3457:6879185 3287:8328933 3181:2082674 2726:History 2045:fatigue 1991:alcohol 1841:in the 1708:, weak 1598:putamen 1590:caudate 1440:rubella 1429:measles 1423:, very 1373:synapse 1192:in the 1106:suicide 1030:putamen 925:and/or 816:alcohol 369:) is a 186:de novo 182:Genetic 35:(album) 22102:Autism 22055:Social 21487:Eating 21335:Stress 21252:Phobia 21208:stress 21067:Autism 20860:Speech 20649:Sexual 20159:, and 20126:(weak 20118:ligand 19975:Evekeo 19884:(NDRI) 19878:(SNRI) 19872:(SSRI) 19866:(SERT) 19860:(5-HT) 19803:(ADHD) 19221:(ADHD) 19142:001551 19126:Curlie 19074:143465 19063:314.01 19059:314.00 18915:Portal 18889: 18881: 18873: 18865: 18838:602465 18836: 18828: 18782: 18772: 18753: 18743: 18724: 18707: 18697: 18680: 18670: 18642: 18592: 18584: 18534: 18526: 18518: 18510: 18475: 18467: 18459: 18451: 18416: 18406: 18367: 18359: 18324: 18316: 18308: 18300: 18251: 18226: 18185: 18148: 18090: 18082: 18045: 18000: 17990: 17937:Lancet 17906: 17852: 17844: 17805: 17795: 17756: 17746: 17645: 17635: 17593: 17583: 17513: 17505: 17464: 17402: 17392: 17351: 17343: 17335: 17327: 17272: 17243: 17203: 17193: 17121: 17111: 17066: 17056: 17014: 17004: 16957: 16949: 16931: 16897: 16866: 16858: 16823: 16813: 16774: 16729: 16702: 16692: 16643: 16633: 16594: 16586: 16482: 16472: 16385: 16375: 16345: 16335: 16304: 16269: 16261: 16225: 16215: 16176: 16137: 16098: 16075: 16039: 16029: 15990: 15982: 15946: 15938: 15897: 15887: 15856: 15846: 15805: 15797: 15764:104938 15762: 15754: 15718: 15682: 15646: 15638: 15603: 15593: 15552: 15542: 15468: 15435: 15427: 15388: 15380: 15345: 15337: 15302: 15292: 15239: 15200: 15192: 15149: 15141: 15103: 15093: 15050: 15040: 14999: 14991: 14956: 14948: 14864: 14854: 14818:(11%). 14811: 14803: 14768: 14729: 14680: 14670: 14631: 14621: 14582: 14572: 14533: 14488: 14452: 14417: 14382: 14346: 14311: 14301: 14262: 14252: 14188: 14178: 14139: 14131: 14096: 14088: 14045: 14037: 13996: 13986: 13947: 13906: 13852: 13842: 13800: 13760: 13721: 13682: 13672: 13564: 13554: 13512: 13471: 13461: 13420: 13389: 13381: 13338: 13330: 13281: 13271: 13232: 13222: 13183: 13173: 13134: 13124: 13085: 13047: 13006: 12996: 12954: 12944: 12842: 12832: 12790: 12782: 12740: 12732: 12692: 12657: 12622: 12612: 12573: 12565: 12518: 12510: 12428: 12387: 12348: 12338: 12300: 12290: 12251: 12241: 12233: 12225: 12172: 12139: 12129: 12088: 12078: 12064:: 49. 12037:23 May 12022: 11944: 11905: 11880: 11872: 11834: 11824: 11785: 11775: 11734: 11724: 11661: 11631: 11585: 11545: 11492: 11458: 11450: 11410: 11402: 11367: 11359: 11324: 11289: 11279: 11235: 11227: 11219: 11203: 11162: 11152: 11111: 11101: 11059: 11051: 11006: 10996: 10957: 10947: 10908: 10873: 10863: 10855: 10847: 10839: 10791: 10781: 10737: 10727: 10713:: 53. 10675: 10631: 10559: 10549: 10483: 10473: 10442: 10434: 10390: 10362: 10354: 10319: 10311: 10276: 10266: 10215: 10176: 10166: 10127: 10119: 10084: 10076: 10041: 10031: 9992: 9984: 9919:434310 9917: 9909: 9901: 9893: 9885: 9840: 9830: 9786: 9776: 9737: 9727: 9690:166017 9688: 9680: 9645: 9635: 9592: 9574: 9544: 9536: 9501: 9466: 9431: 9392: 9382: 9341: 9318: 9308: 9211: 9201: 9152: 9112: 9074:9 July 9062: 9054: 9008: 8998: 8952: 8944: 8902: 8861: 8851: 8802: 8792: 8742:. 2022 8720: 8710: 8661: 8626: 8618: 8608: 8569: 8561: 8526: 8516: 8457: 8449: 8407: 8397: 8353: 8343: 8302: 8256: 8248: 8213: 8205: 8174: 8164: 8123: 8113: 8074: 8066: 8031: 8021: 7982: 7972: 7931: 7923: 7888: 7878: 7812: 7802: 7776:(40). 7747: 7737: 7690:nhs.uk 7670: 7625: 7617: 7576: 7568: 7527: 7517: 7476: 7468: 7433: 7425: 7390: 7380: 7339: 7329: 7290: 7249: 7239: 7173: 7165: 7130: 7122: 7087: 7077: 7038: 7030: 7022: 6984: 6974: 6935: 6927: 6892: 6882: 6843: 6835: 6788: 6780: 6734: 6726: 6681: 6671: 6617: 6609: 6561: 6519: 6509: 6470: 6460: 6419: 6384: 6349: 6314: 6306: 6271: 6236: 6201: 6191: 6152: 6117: 6107: 6065: 6057: 6010: 5908:15 May 5898:nhs.uk 5873: 5863: 5822: 5787: 5779: 5733: 5723: 5682: 5674: 5639: 5601:19 May 5575: 5567: 5534:385238 5532: 5524: 5489: 5479: 5461:Lancet 5440: 5432: 5397: 5295: 5268: 5258: 5219: 5209: 5133: 5125: 5090: 5080: 5039: 4900: 4862: 4852: 4813: 4772: 4764: 4729: 4719: 4680: 4672: 4630: 4620: 4546: 4489: 4479: 4440: 4430: 4391: 4381: 4342: 4306: 4298: 4256: 4246: 4205: 4195: 4156: 4094: 4059: 4024: 4016: 3980: 3972: 3937: 3905: 3895: 3856: 3811: 3801: 3762: 3726: 3718: 3672: 3625: 3615: 3552: 3514: 3506: 3464: 3454: 3412: 3376: 3341: 3294: 3284: 3276: 3188: 3178: 3101: 3091: 3034: 2658:coping 2605:, the 2240:, and 2118:stress 2075:stress 1970:Adults 1916:ICD-10 1885:ICD-11 1812:, and 1655:, and 1596:, and 1465:. The 1338:ADGRL3 1292:, and 1286:ADRA2A 1282:GRIN2A 1278:SNAP25 1264:, and 1165:family 1113:Causes 1048:, and 956:, and 875:asthma 846:, and 844:trauma 842:ADHD, 838:Trauma 599:still. 496:ICD-11 178:Causes 52:, and 21792:Other 21521:sleep 21308:Other 21164:Other 21030:Mania 20702:Other 20499:(EBD) 20306:ΔFosB 20210:EAAT3 20205:VMAT2 20200:VMAT1 20161:hCA14 20157:hCA13 20153:hCA12 20145:hCA5B 20141:hCA5A 20089:TAAR1 19854:(NRI) 19848:(NET) 19836:(DRI) 19830:(DAT) 18959:Media 18863:eISSN 18834:S2CID 18601:(PDF) 18590:S2CID 18554:(PDF) 18508:eISSN 18449:eISSN 18365:S2CID 18298:eISSN 18175:116–7 18088:S2CID 18012:8 May 17850:S2CID 17701:(PDF) 17694:(PDF) 17511:S2CID 17325:eISSN 17044:(3). 16955:S2CID 16864:S2CID 16592:S2CID 16544:8 May 16513:8 May 16460:(2). 16427:(PDF) 16416:(PDF) 16267:S2CID 15988:S2CID 15944:S2CID 15803:S2CID 15760:S2CID 15644:S2CID 15444:(PDF) 15433:S2CID 15386:S2CID 15343:S2CID 15198:S2CID 15147:S2CID 14997:S2CID 14954:S2CID 14902:(PDF) 14891:(PDF) 14809:S2CID 14137:S2CID 14094:S2CID 14043:S2CID 13387:S2CID 13336:S2CID 12788:S2CID 12738:S2CID 12680:(4). 12639:Chest 12571:S2CID 12516:S2CID 12466:(PDF) 12461:: 2. 12455:(PDF) 12223:eISSN 12031:(PDF) 12008:(PDF) 11878:S2CID 11573:(4). 11456:S2CID 11408:S2CID 11365:S2CID 11201:eISSN 11057:S2CID 10837:eISSN 10593:(PDF) 10582:(PDF) 10509:(PDF) 10502:(PDF) 10469:–54. 10440:S2CID 10360:S2CID 10317:S2CID 10125:S2CID 10082:S2CID 9990:S2CID 9915:S2CID 9883:eISSN 9686:S2CID 9542:S2CID 9146:Wiley 9106:Wiley 9060:S2CID 9038:(6). 8982:(4). 8950:S2CID 8928:(9). 8624:S2CID 8567:S2CID 8455:S2CID 8254:S2CID 8211:S2CID 8072:S2CID 7929:S2CID 7623:S2CID 7574:S2CID 7474:S2CID 7431:S2CID 7171:S2CID 7128:S2CID 7036:S2CID 7020:eISSN 6933:S2CID 6841:S2CID 6786:S2CID 6743:(PDF) 6732:S2CID 6704:(PDF) 6626:(PDF) 6615:S2CID 6587:(PDF) 6551:18–26 6312:S2CID 6063:S2CID 5785:S2CID 5680:S2CID 5573:S2CID 5530:S2CID 5438:S2CID 5131:S2CID 4770:S2CID 4678:S2CID 4650:(PDF) 4304:S2CID 4276:(PDF) 4022:S2CID 3978:S2CID 3724:S2CID 3512:S2CID 3136:8 May 2984:(PDF) 2967:(PDF) 2719:White 2447:mania 2099:panic 1800:or a 1635:, or 1369:SNARE 1340:. In 1326:CDH13 1322:GFOD1 1274:HTR1B 1254:TAAR1 486:DSM-5 21696:and 21345:PTSD 20959:Mood 20799:ADHD 20482:ADHD 20266:ADHD 20195:SERT 20149:hCA7 20137:hCA4 20104:mRNA 20099:CART 19940:and 19842:(NE) 19824:(DA) 19559:ADHD 19096:6158 19080:MeSH 19069:OMIM 19054:9-CM 19029:6A05 18993:Data 18887:OCLC 18879:LCCN 18871:ISSN 18826:PMID 18780:OCLC 18770:ISBN 18751:OCLC 18741:ISBN 18722:ISBN 18705:OCLC 18695:ISBN 18678:OCLC 18668:ISBN 18640:PMID 18609:2023 18582:PMID 18532:OCLC 18524:LCCN 18516:ISSN 18473:PMID 18465:OCLC 18457:LCCN 18414:PMID 18357:PMID 18322:PMID 18314:OCLC 18306:LCCN 18267:2022 18249:ISBN 18224:PMID 18183:ISBN 18146:PMID 18080:PMID 18043:ISBN 18014:2022 17998:LCCN 17988:ISBN 17922:2014 17904:ISBN 17842:PMID 17803:PMID 17754:PMID 17709:2013 17643:PMID 17591:PMID 17546:2015 17503:PMID 17462:PMID 17400:PMID 17349:PMID 17341:OCLC 17333:LCCN 17288:2016 17270:ISBN 17241:ISBN 17201:PMID 17153:2020 17119:PMID 17064:PMID 17012:PMID 16982:1141 16947:PMID 16895:PMID 16856:PMID 16821:PMID 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