599:
rejects the politically motivated and groundless accusations and the destructive recommendations of the COI. It believes they are an unwarranted attack not only against
Eritrea, but also Africa and developing nations." The Commission of Inquiry (CoI) report was based on the testimony of 833 anonymous persons purported to be Eritrean. In reaction to this, a significant number of the Eritrean Diaspora population rejected the Commission of Inquiry report. 230,000 Eritreans signed Petitions against the paper and 45,000 Eritreans provided testimonies defending Eritrea, which did not appear in the report. 850 Eritreans asked to present themselves to appear in person in Geneva and give their testimonies to the UNHRC against the paper. In addition, more than 10,000 Eritrean demonstrated against the report in Geneva. Several countries also rejected the report's abrasive language, especially the US and China. At a drafting meeting, U.S. diplomat Eric Richardson said the Eritrea paper did not have "the same level of sophistication and precision" as the report on North Korea and the United States could not support the language of the text without revisions. In addition, Eritrean presidential advisor Yemane blamed Ethiopia for "some of the worst human rights abuses and massacres of its people", saying it was ironic that Ethiopia could use the council to lobby for the adoption of the resolution against Eritrea.
534:
government to make followers recant their faith: "The detainees were usually pressured under torture or ill-treatment, with the threat of indefinite detention, to sign a document agreeing to certain conditions of release, such as not to attend religious meetings. Some were reportedly forced to recant their faith and agree to rejoin the
Orthodox Church." Many of these religious prisoners were often subjected to secret trials and secret prison sentences. There has been no known reason for the "crackdown" on Evangelical churches, according to Amnesty International, "ongoing crackdown on minority religious groups was never given by the government but it appeared to be partly linked to government action against young people trying to avoid military conscription". Religious prisoners are often tortured in Eritrea. Freedom of worship is one of the top reasons thousands of Eritreans flee the country. There are thousands of Eritreans in
479:'s administration denied all basic rights to Jehovah's Witnesses. No members could receive any government assistance, or use any government services. Jehovah's Witnesses are not allowed to obtain national identification cards, without which they are not allowed to participate in the political and social sphere of Eritrea. National identification cards permit citizens to participate in everyday life, as well as in transactions with the government or any financial institution. The government began to informally allow Jehovah's Witness members to practice their faith within their home. They were still barred from practicing in any public space. Many families fled the country to seek asylum abroad due to mass persecution and imprisonment. According to Amnesty International, there are currently 250 families that have left Eritrea to seek
32:
4045:
2578:, June – August, 1998 "NOTE: This report is being reproduced, with the author's permission, by the Embassy of Eritrea, Washington DC, USA. The text is identical to the original. It has been reformatted and therefore pagination is not the same." — This website site is developed and maintained by Denden LLC and dehai.org. The site was initially developed by the Eritrean Media and Information Task Force (Badme Task Force), a volunteer group of Eritrean-Americans in the Washington Metropolitan Area.
1634:
311:
460:
1882:
1430:
1506:
674:
exposed instances of torture, abuse, and forced labor endured by
Eritrean refugees and asylum-seekers during indefinite national service. The report shed light on President Isaias Afwerki's authoritarian rule and emphasized how the national service program drives emigration, in the wake of disruptive
635:
All
Eritreans between the ages of 18 and 40 must complete a mandatory national service, which includes military service. Between 10,000 and 25,000 high-school students spend their 12th year of education in one of the countries national service camps, most notable of which is the camp near Sawa. This
683:
Eritrean government officials and NGO representatives have participated in numerous public meetings and dialogues. In these sessions they have answered questions as fundamental as, "What are human rights?", "Who determines what are human rights?", and "What should take precedence, human or communal
474:
Eritrea is one of the world's most repressive countries. In recent years, there have been increasing measures to prevent worshipers from practicing their faith. Some of the most prosecuted are
Jehovah's Witnesses, and members of Evangelical congregations. The Eritrean government has shut down their
694:
In early 2009, a new movement called
Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea aimed at bringing about dialogue between the government and opposition was formed in early 2009. The group consists of ordinary citizens and some people close to the government. The movement was launched at a two-day
662:
special rapporteur on human rights in
Eritrea, Mohamed Abdelsalam Babiker, issued a report critical of the deteriorating human rights situation in the country. Among the violations recorded, forced military conscription, arbitrary arrests, disappearances and torture were common. The report also
533:
In 2003, there was a record number of arrests made on members of
Evangelical churches. Law enforcements officials go to different religious gatherings or weddings to carry out mass arrests, "Police singled out religious weddings in homes as occasions to round up believers." It is normal for the
631:
government also deported and confiscated the private property of 77,000 Eritreans and
Ethiopians. The majority of the 77,000 Eritreans and Ethiopians of Eritrean origin were considered well off by the Ethiopian standard of living. They were deported after their belongings had been confiscated.
598:
The
Eritrean Foreign Ministry responded by describing the commission's report as "wild allegations" which were "totally unfounded and devoid of all merit". A statement from Eritrean presidential adviser Yemane Gebreab accused the panel of being "entirely one-sided", and indicated that "Eritrea
691:. Regional Assemblies and religious leaders also speak out continuously against the use of female cutting. They cite health concerns and individual freedom as being of primary concern when they say this. Furthermore, they implore rural peoples to cast away this ancient cultural practice.
529:
churches in Eritrea have been some of the most persecuted religious groups. For religious groups to participate and freely practice their faith they must apply for registration with the Department of Religious Affairs. The government has seized many churches and religious buildings.
1710:
The 1982 report covers the year 1981 and the first half of 1982, and the following 1984 report covers the second half of 1982 and the whole of 1983. In the interest of simplicity, these two aberrant "year and a half" reports have been split into three year-long reports through
1487:
1449:
623:. During the Struggle for Eritrean Independence, many atrocities were committed by the Ethiopian authorities against unarmed Eritrean civilians (men, women, and children). Roughly, 90,000 Eritrean civilians were killed by the Ethiopian military. During the 1998
1335:
411:
The Eritrean government has continuously dismissed the accusations as politically motivated. As an attempt at reform, Eritrean government officials and NGO representatives have participated in numerous public meetings and dialogues. A new movement called
1468:
602:
Since Eritrea's conflict with Ethiopia in 1998–2001, the nation's human rights record has come under criticism at the United Nations. Human rights violations are allegedly frequently committed by the government or on behalf of the government.
583:
report detailed allegations of extrajudicial executions, torture, indefinitely prolonged national service and forced labour, and indicated that sexual harassment, rape and prolonged sexual servitude by state officials are also widespread.
1601:
590:
cited the reports catalogue of 'a litany of human rights violations "on a scope and scale seldom witnessed elsewhere"'. The Council also asserted that these violations may amount to crimes against humanity. Barbara Lochbihler, of the
1392:
1582:
3162:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 12. Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty. New York, 15 December 1989"
1563:
2656:
1354:
3281:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11c. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. New York, 25 May 2000"
1316:
3431:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11d. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure . New York, 19 December 2011. New York, 10 December 2008"
1259:
1544:
3192:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 13. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. New York, 18 December 1990"
644:, to instill national pride, and to create a disciplined populace. Eritrea's national service requires lengthy, indefinite conscription periods, which some Eritreans leave the country in order to avoid.
3251:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict. New York, 25 May 2000"
413:
1373:
3015:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 6. Convention on the non-applicability of statutory limitations to war crimes and crimes against humanity. New York, 26 November 1968"
1851:
651:
report claimed that the Eritrean secondary education forces students into indefinite military or government jobs and many flee from the country because of this. The organization described the
3221:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 6 October 1999"
388:
have been repeatedly postponed, the judiciary is weak, and constitutional provisions protecting individual freedom have yet to be fully implemented. Some Western countries, particularly the
3851:
1238:
3898:
3894:
3340:
3250:
3430:
3401:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3a. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 10 December 2008"
3280:
3104:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 9. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. New York, 10 December 1984"
3400:
3371:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 16. International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. New York, 20 December 2006"
3220:
3132:
3370:
3310:
3191:
3161:
3103:
3073:
3044:
3014:
2984:
2955:
2926:
2896:
2867:
3045:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 7. International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid. New York, 30 November 1973"
2152:
675:
protests at a Sweden-based Eritrea-themed festival. The nation has also been accused of human rights violations in the Tigray region and implication in the Ethiopian conflict.
3890:
1278:
3341:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15a. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006"
3750:
595:
said the report detailed 'very serious human rights violations', and indicated that EU funding for development would not continue as at present without change in Eritrea.
3881:
2985:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 5. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966"
2897:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 2. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. New York, 7 March 1966"
2282:
3074:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 18 December 1979"
3877:
3868:
3859:
2633:
2358:
2194:
655:
as a conscription machine that subjects students to systematic abuse, including torture, harsh working conditions and insufficient pay to support their families.
3855:
2219:
2728:
2868:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 1. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Paris, 9 December 1948"
1525:
436:
in 1998–2001, Eritrea's human rights record has worsened. Human rights violations are frequently committed by the government or on behalf of the government.
3825:
3595:
2927:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 16 December 1966"
1924:
1823:
1801:
1297:
2681:
2839:
1838:
1694:
Note that the "Year" signifies the "Year covered". Therefore the information for the year marked 2008 is from the report published in 2009, and so on.
483:
abroad. Domestic and international human rights organizations are not allowed to function in Eritrea. The registered, census-based religions are the
3311:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006"
592:
400:
and of detaining an unknown number of people without charge for their political activism. Additionally, Eritrean citizens, both men and women, are
2956:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 4. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966"
2056:
348:
3740:
3580:
3458:
3434:
3344:
3284:
3254:
3404:
3224:
2542:
2032:
162:
3374:
3314:
3195:
3165:
3136:
2798:
2772:
2410:
3107:
3077:
3048:
3018:
2988:
2959:
2930:
2900:
2871:
3600:
2703:
1982:
452:
are limited. Those that practice "unregistered" religions, try to flee the nation, or escape military duty are arrested and put into
619:
are limited. Those who practice "unregistered" religions, try to flee the nation, or escape military duty are arrested and put into
3941:
3133:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11. Convention on the Rights of the Child. New York, 20 November 1989"
2589:
1431:
Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty
4022:
2571:
2461:
576:
located in the northeast of the country. In addition to journalists, hundreds of political and military figures were imprisoned.
266:
2164:
1507:
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography
4032:
4010:
3517:
253:
249:
321:
1411:
233:
2362:
2249:
4182:
3990:
155:
3489:
580:
175:
2641:
4218:
2436:
194:
2227:
4383:
4187:
4165:
3954:
3615:
2491:
758:
484:
341:
64:
2569:
Mass expulsion from Ethiopia: Report on the Deportation of Eritreans and Ethiopians of Eritrean origin from Ethiopia
2077:
1950:
4438:
4418:
4015:
1662:
564:
also are restricted. Besides political opposition, the media were also the target of the regime. In 2001, thirteen
4146:
76:
2308:
2136:
466:, an Eritrean singer, who has written of her experiences at the hands of the State, courtesy of Church in Chains
4433:
4075:
3907:
1652:
1488:
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict
1203:
397:
199:
3485:
1736:
4236:
4080:
3655:
1450:
International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
365:
4428:
4136:
4000:
3934:
3765:
3755:
3560:
1672:
1657:
334:
226:
4141:
2616:
416:, which aimed at bringing about dialogue between the government and opposition, was formed in early 2009.
4423:
3770:
3660:
3590:
1647:
130:
94:
2385:
4302:
4282:
4005:
3830:
3715:
3700:
3685:
3640:
3575:
3510:
2333:
616:
449:
433:
125:
1336:
Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity
4095:
4065:
3705:
1898:
1846:
688:
525:
until 2002 when the government outlawed worship and assembly outside the 'registered' denominations.
1784:
4337:
3805:
3780:
3630:
3625:
3605:
3570:
3555:
1469:
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
518:
135:
3476:
4324:
4312:
4175:
4170:
4126:
4044:
3927:
3790:
3760:
3745:
3730:
3720:
3710:
3675:
3670:
3565:
3540:
3467:
1762:
401:
43:
2517:
711:
Freedom in the World 2022 report, scoring 1/40 on political rights and 2/60 on civil liberties.
4213:
4158:
3800:
3795:
3735:
3690:
3650:
3545:
3526:
1667:
624:
514:
279:
271:
2823:
2546:
2040:
3775:
3725:
3680:
3665:
3645:
3635:
3610:
3550:
3503:
3462:
2802:
2776:
495:
471:
393:
206:
120:
1602:
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure
4347:
4332:
4246:
4131:
4085:
4070:
4053:
3785:
3695:
3585:
720:
652:
385:
373:
239:
146:
2682:"Young Eritreans Would Rather Risk Death at Sea Than Let Their Leaders Take Their Freedom"
2109:
1986:
475:
churches, and persecuted many members of the congregations. After independence, President
8:
4357:
4287:
4114:
4100:
3995:
2729:"UN Investigator: Eritreans Experienced Torture, Sexual Violence During National Service"
1902:
1677:
640:
from Ethiopia, as a precautionary means to be protected against any threats on Eritrea's
612:
561:
557:
445:
22:
1393:
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
521:(other than the Eritrean Lutheran Church). All denominations of Christianity were given
4376:
4260:
4241:
4201:
4090:
3962:
3480:
2469:
1772:
1583:
Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
648:
522:
369:
182:
2568:
2011:
1564:
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance
509:. All other religions are persecuted, including other denominations of Islam, such as
4352:
4342:
4223:
1891:
1817:
604:
569:
553:
491:
437:
261:
31:
1839:"UPR – 18th Session – Eritrea – Human Rights Concern Eritrea–Stakeholder Submission"
1355:
International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid
4392:
4307:
4297:
4292:
4272:
3975:
1317:
First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
745:
4277:
3985:
2575:
2257:
2140:
1260:
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
750:
671:
573:
499:
480:
425:
381:
2754:
667:. Eritrean refugees in Ethiopian camps have been kidnapped and forced to fight.
428:
in which national legislative elections have been repeatedly postponed, and its
4397:
4228:
3426:
3396:
3366:
3336:
3306:
3276:
3246:
3216:
3187:
3157:
3128:
3099:
3069:
3040:
3010:
2980:
2951:
2922:
2892:
2863:
2495:
1639:
1243:
777:
659:
568:
were imprisoned because of their support for dissident ministers. Among them,
476:
315:
100:
69:
1545:
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
4412:
3471:
2835:
1886:
724:
708:
463:
405:
389:
2059:. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011. U.S. State Department
637:
586:
429:
2799:"Religious leaders of Northern Red Sea region condemn female circumcision"
1374:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
3980:
3495:
641:
526:
4027:
608:
565:
510:
488:
441:
2657:"Young African Migrants, Enticed by Smugglers, End Up Mired in Libya"
2386:"[Video] Eritrean Demonstration in UN Geneva (June 21, 2016)"
2195:"Eritrea human rights abuses may be crimes against humanity, says UN"
2133:
2411:"Video: Thousands of Eritreans Demonstrate in Geneva Against the UN"
2309:"Thousands of Diaspora Eritreans Rally Against COI Report in Geneva"
1239:
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
3919:
1925:"'It's just slavery': Eritrean conscripts wait in vain for freedom"
664:
535:
404:
into the military with an indefinite length of service and used as
2462:"Eritrea escapes U.N. Security Council referral over human rights"
2078:"Eritrea's human rights record comes under fire at United Nations"
3950:
1885:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
377:
3970:
1737:"Report of the commission of inquiry on human rights in Eritrea"
719:
The following is a chart of Eritrea's ratings since 1993 in the
459:
696:
620:
547:
543:
453:
3486:
Report of the commission of inquiry on human rights in Eritrea
2704:"UN Report: Human Rights Situation in Eritrea Dips to New Low"
2612:
2610:
1702:
As of 24 May (Independence Day) in 1993; 1 January thereafter.
1279:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
372:
as among the worst in the world, particularly with regards to
2437:"OHCHR | UN Inquiry finds crimes against humanity in Eritrea"
628:
539:
506:
503:
2607:
636:
national service was implemented after Eritrea gained its
432:
record is considered among the worst in the world. Since
2220:"Human rights: EU 'should put more pressure on Eritrea'"
663:
involved Eritrea's involvement in the armed conflict in
2773:"Anseba Religious leaders condemn female circumcision"
2634:"Professor to lecture on African refugees of Eritrea"
2359:"Thousands of Eritreans protest UN report - Hot 91.1"
1526:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
2250:"Eritrea: Asmara Lashes Out at UN's 'Vile Slanders'"
1629:
1298:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
1831:
707:Eritrea was considered "not free" according to the
513:, and other denominations of Christianity, such as
670:On August 7, 2023, a U.N. report by investigator
4410:
2075:
1822:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
593:European Parliament Subcommittee on Human Rights
2543:"A critical look into the Ethiopian elections"
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
699:, after previous attempts at dialogue failed.
3935:
3511:
2834:
2277:
2275:
556:and the press are severely constrained while
342:
1804:. Archived from the original on 24 July 2008
2840:"Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012"
2654:
2587:
2095:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2052:
2050:
3942:
3928:
3525:
3518:
3504:
3425:
3395:
3365:
3335:
3305:
3275:
3245:
3215:
3186:
3156:
3127:
3098:
3068:
3039:
3009:
2979:
2950:
2921:
2891:
2862:
2334:"Thousands of Eritreans protest UN report"
2272:
2027:
2025:
727:. A rating of 1 is "free"; 7, "not free".
349:
335:
2306:
1983:"Public Dialogue Human Rights in Eritrea"
1197:
414:Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea
2188:
2186:
2062:
2047:
1977:
1975:
687:In 2007, the Eritrean government banned
458:
2824:Freedom House Freedom in the World 2022
2022:
2005:
2003:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
714:
4411:
3419:
3329:
3269:
3239:
2828:
2212:
1755:
3923:
3499:
3389:
3359:
3299:
3209:
3180:
3150:
3121:
2192:
2183:
2009:
1972:
1412:Convention on the Rights of the Child
3949:
3092:
3062:
3033:
3003:
2973:
2944:
2915:
2885:
2856:
2747:
2655:Kirkpatrick, David D. (5 May 2015).
2076:Associated Press (25 October 2013).
2000:
1951:"HUMAN RIGHTS AND ERITREA'S REALITY"
1876:
1874:
1872:
1857:from the original on 5 February 2021
1796:
1794:
1722:
3490:United Nations Human Rights Council
2684:. Human Rights Watch. 9 August 2019
2581:
2127:
1204:international human rights treaties
13:
2801:. 9 September 2006. Archived from
2755:"Eritrea bans female circumcision"
2012:"Eritrea group seeks human rights"
14:
4450:
3452:
2518:"HRW World Report 1999: Ethiopia"
2383:
2010:Plaut, Martin (11 January 2009).
1869:
1791:
485:Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church
4043:
3826:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
3596:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3468:Freedom in the World 2012 Report
2775:. 31 August 2006. Archived from
2594:D+C, development and cooperation
2110:"Eritrea: Religious Persecution"
1880:
1663:Refoulement of Eritrean refugees
1632:
702:
434:Eritrea's conflict with Ethiopia
364:are viewed, as of the 2020s, by
309:
30:
2817:
2791:
2765:
2721:
2696:
2674:
2648:
2626:
2588:Diglel Fadi (8 February 2018).
2561:
2535:
2510:
2484:
2454:
2429:
2403:
2377:
2351:
2326:
2300:
2242:
2157:
2146:
723:reports, published annually by
398:arbitrary arrest and detentions
2256:. 10 June 2015. Archived from
2226:. 23 June 2015. Archived from
1943:
1917:
1706:
1698:
1690:
1653:Freedom of religion in Eritrea
386:national legislative elections
366:non-governmental organisations
1:
2468:. 1 July 2016. Archived from
1985:. 1 June 2006. Archived from
1715:
1217:
738:
572:died on January 11, 2007, in
560:, association, movement, and
550:and the West seeking asylum.
4023:Djiboutian–Eritrean conflict
2590:"Thousands flee every month"
2165:"10 Most Censored Countries"
1673:Human Rights Concern Eritrea
1658:Human trafficking in Eritrea
1599:
1580:
1561:
1542:
1523:
1504:
1485:
1466:
1447:
1428:
1409:
1390:
1371:
1352:
1333:
1314:
1295:
1276:
1257:
1236:
1173:
1156:
1139:
1122:
1105:
1088:
1071:
1054:
1037:
1020:
1003:
986:
969:
952:
935:
918:
901:
884:
867:
850:
833:
816:
799:
782:
763:
7:
2617:National service in Eritrea
1648:Freedom of press in Eritrea
1625:
419:
234:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
10:
4455:
2307:TesfaNews (21 June 2016).
2193:Jones, Sam (8 June 2015).
1892:"Country Profile: Eritrea"
1828:. Grassroots International
1174:
1157:
1140:
1123:
1106:
1089:
1072:
1055:
1038:
1021:
1004:
987:
970:
953:
936:
919:
902:
885:
868:
851:
834:
817:
800:
783:
764:
678:
4370:
4323:
4268:
4259:
4209:
4200:
4122:
4113:
4061:
4052:
4041:
3961:
3839:
3814:
3533:
1899:Federal Research Division
1847:Universal Periodic Review
689:female genital mutilation
653:Eritrean education system
3581:Central African Republic
3459:2023 Human rights report
2153:Reporters sans Frontiers
1683:
519:Protestant denominations
176:Administrative divisions
4439:Human rights by country
4419:Human rights in Eritrea
3527:Human rights in Africa
2574:29 January 2020 at the
1764:Eritrea: Events of 2009
1212:International treaties
362:Human rights in Eritrea
4166:International rankings
4006:Eritrean–Ethiopian War
2254:AllAfrica news website
2139:9 October 2015 at the
1668:LGBT rights in Eritrea
1198:International treaties
625:Eritrean-Ethiopian War
517:and any of the myriad
467:
280:Foreign aid to Eritrea
250:Diplomatic missions of
4434:Government of Eritrea
3741:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
3601:Republic of the Congo
3463:Amnesty International
2114:Amnesty International
1202:Eritrea's stances on
496:Roman Catholic Church
472:Amnesty International
462:
394:government of Eritrea
2933:on 17 September 2012
2805:on 30 September 2007
2779:on 30 September 2007
2644:on 23 November 2014.
2498:on 11 September 2007
2043:on 11 February 2006.
721:Freedom in the World
715:Historical situation
579:In 2015, a 500-page
402:forcibly conscripted
374:freedom of the press
240:Osman Saleh Mohammed
4429:Politics of Eritrea
4001:War of Independence
3816:States with limited
3492:Report, 8 June 2015
3287:on 13 December 2013
3139:on 11 February 2014
2962:on 1 September 2010
2903:on 11 February 2011
2549:on 29 November 2006
2171:. 10 September 2019
2033:"World Report 2006"
1989:on 8 September 2006
1903:Library of Congress
1678:Politics of Eritrea
733:Historical ratings
558:freedom of assembly
515:Jehovah's Witnesses
494:denomination), the
23:Politics of Eritrea
4424:Society of Eritrea
4237:Telecommunications
3481:Human Rights Watch
3347:on 13 January 2016
3168:on 20 October 2012
3110:on 8 November 2010
3021:on 20 October 2012
2991:on 21 October 2012
2874:on 20 October 2012
2661:The New York Times
2134:CSW-USA on Eritrea
2037:Human Rights Watch
1960:. E Smart Campaign
1767:. 20 January 2010.
658:In June 2022, the
649:Human Rights Watch
523:freedom of worship
468:
370:Human Rights Watch
316:Eritrea portal
4406:
4405:
4366:
4365:
4353:List of Eritreans
4255:
4254:
4196:
4195:
4183:Political parties
4137:Foreign relations
4109:
4108:
4016:2018 peace summit
3917:
3916:
3843:other territories
3616:Equatorial Guinea
3477:World Report 2012
3437:on 25 August 2012
3377:on 21 August 2012
3317:on 19 August 2012
3198:on 25 August 2012
3080:on 23 August 2012
2567:Natalie S. Klein
1931:. 11 October 2018
1623:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1190:
605:Freedom of speech
570:Fesshaye Yohannes
554:Freedom of speech
492:Oriental Orthodox
438:Freedom of speech
359:
358:
267:Visa requirements
227:Foreign relations
156:Political parties
95:National Assembly
4446:
4386:
4379:
4283:Independence Day
4266:
4265:
4232:
4207:
4206:
4120:
4119:
4059:
4058:
4047:
3976:Kingdom of Aksum
3944:
3937:
3930:
3921:
3920:
3904:
3903:(United Kingdom)
3899:Tristan da Cunha
3895:Ascension Island
3887:
3874:
3865:
3841:Dependencies and
3534:Sovereign states
3520:
3513:
3506:
3497:
3496:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3433:. Archived from
3423:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3403:. Archived from
3393:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3373:. Archived from
3363:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3343:. Archived from
3333:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3313:. Archived from
3303:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3283:. Archived from
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3257:on 25 April 2016
3253:. Archived from
3243:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3223:. Archived from
3213:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3194:. Archived from
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3164:. Archived from
3154:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3135:. Archived from
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3106:. Archived from
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3076:. Archived from
3066:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3047:. Archived from
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3017:. Archived from
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2987:. Archived from
2977:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2958:. Archived from
2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2929:. Archived from
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2899:. Archived from
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2870:. Archived from
2860:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2844:
2832:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2640:. Archived from
2638:The Daily Beacon
2630:
2624:
2614:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2585:
2579:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2545:. Archived from
2539:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2494:. Archived from
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2361:. Archived from
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2279:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2190:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2161:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2106:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2073:
2060:
2054:
2045:
2044:
2039:. Archived from
2029:
2020:
2019:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1979:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1955:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1905:. September 2005
1896:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1856:
1850:. 5 March 2014.
1843:
1835:
1829:
1827:
1821:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1798:
1789:
1788:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1768:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1733:
1709:
1701:
1693:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1218:
1209:
1208:
1206:are as follows:
746:Political Rights
739:
730:
729:
351:
344:
337:
314:
313:
312:
214:
190:
131:Community Courts
51:
34:
18:
17:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4389:
4382:
4375:
4362:
4319:
4303:Public holidays
4251:
4230:
4192:
4105:
4048:
4039:
4011:border conflict
3986:Italian Eritrea
3971:Kingdom of DĘżmt
3957:
3948:
3918:
3913:
3912:
3902:
3885:
3872:
3863:
3844:
3842:
3835:
3819:
3817:
3810:
3529:
3524:
3455:
3450:
3449:
3440:
3438:
3424:
3420:
3410:
3408:
3407:on 18 July 2012
3394:
3390:
3380:
3378:
3364:
3360:
3350:
3348:
3334:
3330:
3320:
3318:
3304:
3300:
3290:
3288:
3274:
3270:
3260:
3258:
3244:
3240:
3230:
3228:
3214:
3210:
3201:
3199:
3185:
3181:
3171:
3169:
3155:
3151:
3142:
3140:
3126:
3122:
3113:
3111:
3097:
3093:
3083:
3081:
3067:
3063:
3054:
3052:
3051:on 18 July 2012
3038:
3034:
3024:
3022:
3008:
3004:
2994:
2992:
2978:
2974:
2965:
2963:
2949:
2945:
2936:
2934:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2904:
2890:
2886:
2877:
2875:
2861:
2857:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2833:
2829:
2822:
2818:
2808:
2806:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2782:
2780:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2761:. 4 April 2007.
2753:
2752:
2748:
2738:
2736:
2735:. 8 August 2023
2727:
2726:
2722:
2712:
2710:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2687:
2685:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2665:
2663:
2653:
2649:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2615:
2608:
2598:
2596:
2586:
2582:
2576:Wayback Machine
2566:
2562:
2552:
2550:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2526:
2524:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2499:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2475:
2473:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2445:
2443:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2420:
2418:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2394:
2392:
2382:
2378:
2368:
2366:
2365:on 6 April 2017
2357:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2315:
2305:
2301:
2291:
2289:
2281:
2280:
2273:
2263:
2261:
2260:on 11 June 2015
2248:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2231:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2203:
2201:
2191:
2184:
2174:
2172:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2147:
2141:Wayback Machine
2132:
2128:
2118:
2116:
2108:
2107:
2096:
2086:
2084:
2074:
2063:
2055:
2048:
2031:
2030:
2023:
2008:
2001:
1992:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1973:
1963:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1908:
1906:
1894:
1890:
1881:
1879:
1870:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1815:
1814:
1807:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1792:
1780:
1779:
1770:
1769:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1746:
1744:
1735:
1734:
1723:
1718:
1686:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1606:United Nations
1587:United Nations
1568:United Nations
1549:United Nations
1530:United Nations
1511:United Nations
1492:United Nations
1473:United Nations
1454:United Nations
1435:United Nations
1416:United Nations
1397:United Nations
1378:United Nations
1359:United Nations
1340:United Nations
1321:United Nations
1302:United Nations
1283:United Nations
1264:United Nations
1200:
1187:Isaias Afwerki
1170:Isaias Afwerki
1153:Isaias Afwerki
1136:Isaias Afwerki
1119:Isaias Afwerki
1102:Isaias Afwerki
1085:Isaias Afwerki
1068:Isaias Afwerki
1051:Isaias Afwerki
1034:Isaias Afwerki
1017:Isaias Afwerki
1000:Isaias Afwerki
983:Isaias Afwerki
966:Isaias Afwerki
949:Isaias Afwerki
932:Isaias Afwerki
915:Isaias Afwerki
898:Isaias Afwerki
881:Isaias Afwerki
864:Isaias Afwerki
847:Isaias Afwerki
830:Isaias Afwerki
813:Isaias Afwerki
796:Isaias Afwerki
751:Civil Liberties
717:
705:
681:
672:Mohamed Babiker
647:An August 2019
574:Eiraeiro prison
500:Lutheran Church
426:one-party state
422:
382:one-party state
368:(NGOs) such as
355:
326:
322:Other countries
310:
308:
303:
302:
293:
285:
284:
276:
258:
246:
229:
219:
218:
208:
184:
178:
168:
167:
158:
141:
140:
126:Regional Courts
116:
108:
107:
90:
82:
81:
60:
45:
25:
12:
11:
5:
4452:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4388:
4387:
4380:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4329:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4269:
4263:
4257:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4210:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4168:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4123:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4062:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4025:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3967:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3947:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3924:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3908:Western Sahara
3905:
3888:
3875:
3866:
3852:Canary Islands
3848:
3847:
3845:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3822:
3820:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
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3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3530:
3523:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3483:
3474:
3465:
3454:
3453:External links
3451:
3448:
3447:
3427:United Nations
3418:
3397:United Nations
3388:
3367:United Nations
3358:
3337:United Nations
3328:
3307:United Nations
3298:
3277:United Nations
3268:
3247:United Nations
3238:
3227:on 20 May 2011
3217:United Nations
3208:
3188:United Nations
3179:
3158:United Nations
3149:
3129:United Nations
3120:
3100:United Nations
3091:
3070:United Nations
3061:
3041:United Nations
3032:
3011:United Nations
3002:
2981:United Nations
2972:
2952:United Nations
2943:
2923:United Nations
2914:
2893:United Nations
2884:
2864:United Nations
2855:
2827:
2816:
2790:
2764:
2746:
2720:
2695:
2673:
2647:
2625:
2623:. 10 March 201
2606:
2580:
2560:
2534:
2509:
2483:
2472:on 2 July 2016
2453:
2428:
2417:. 21 June 2016
2402:
2376:
2350:
2325:
2299:
2287:www.i24news.tv
2271:
2241:
2230:on 4 July 2015
2224:Deutsche Welle
2211:
2182:
2156:
2145:
2126:
2094:
2061:
2046:
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1999:
1971:
1942:
1916:
1868:
1830:
1790:
1754:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1711:interpolation.
1703:
1695:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1640:Eritrea portal
1627:
1624:
1621:
1620:
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1598:
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695:conference in
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477:Isaias Afwerki
421:
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357:
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339:
331:
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1743:. 8 June 2015
1742:
1741:UNHRC website
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470:According to
465:
464:Helen Berhane
461:
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455:
451:
447:
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435:
431:
427:
424:Eritrea is a
417:
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406:forced labour
403:
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390:United States
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44:Constitution
42:
41:
38:
37:
33:
29:
28:
24:
20:
19:
16:
4325:Demographics
4176:Conscription
4154:Human rights
4153:
4127:Constitution
3991:World War II
3891:Saint Helena
3862:
3766:South Africa
3756:Sierra Leone
3620:
3561:Burkina Faso
3439:. Retrieved
3435:the original
3421:
3409:. Retrieved
3405:the original
3391:
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3361:
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2901:the original
2887:
2876:. Retrieved
2872:the original
2858:
2846:. Retrieved
2830:
2819:
2809:10 September
2807:. Retrieved
2803:the original
2793:
2783:10 September
2781:. Retrieved
2777:the original
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2737:. Retrieved
2732:
2723:
2711:. Retrieved
2707:
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2676:
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2660:
2650:
2642:the original
2637:
2628:
2620:
2597:. Retrieved
2593:
2583:
2563:
2551:. Retrieved
2547:the original
2537:
2525:. Retrieved
2521:
2512:
2500:. Retrieved
2496:the original
2492:"Case Study"
2486:
2474:. Retrieved
2470:the original
2465:
2456:
2444:. Retrieved
2440:
2431:
2419:. Retrieved
2415:EastAFRO.com
2414:
2405:
2393:. Retrieved
2389:
2379:
2367:. Retrieved
2363:the original
2353:
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2337:
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2316:. Retrieved
2312:
2302:
2290:. Retrieved
2286:
2262:. Retrieved
2258:the original
2253:
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2228:the original
2223:
2214:
2202:. Retrieved
2199:The Guardian
2198:
2173:. Retrieved
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2129:
2117:. Retrieved
2113:
2085:. Retrieved
2082:The Guardian
2081:
2041:the original
2036:
2015:
1991:. Retrieved
1987:the original
1962:. Retrieved
1957:
1945:
1933:. Retrieved
1929:The Guardian
1928:
1919:
1907:. Retrieved
1859:. Retrieved
1845:
1833:
1806:. Retrieved
1763:
1757:
1745:. Retrieved
1740:
1707:
1699:
1691:
1201:
861:Partly Free
844:Partly Free
827:Partly Free
810:Partly Free
718:
706:
693:
686:
682:
669:
657:
646:
638:independence
634:
601:
597:
587:The Guardian
585:
578:
552:
532:
469:
430:human rights
423:
410:
361:
360:
298:Human rights
297:
210:
186:
48:not enforced
47:
15:
4214:Agriculture
4076:Earthquakes
4033:Involvement
3981:Medri Bahri
3818:recognition
3771:South Sudan
3661:Ivory Coast
2599:27 February
2553:19 February
2522:www.hrw.org
2502:3 September
1781:|work=
1227:Introduced
642:sovereignty
617:association
566:journalists
527:Evangelical
498:, Eritrean
450:association
272:Visa policy
207:Subregions
89:Legislature
4413:Categories
4288:Literature
4231:(currency)
4142:Government
4028:Tigray War
3996:Civil wars
3873:(Portugal)
3831:Somaliland
3751:Seychelles
3716:Mozambique
3701:Mauritania
3686:Madagascar
3641:The Gambia
3576:Cape Verde
3441:2012-08-29
3202:2012-08-29
3143:2012-08-29
3114:2012-08-29
3055:2012-08-29
2966:2012-08-29
2937:2012-08-29
2878:2012-08-29
2087:30 October
1993:2006-09-10
1935:10 October
1909:5 November
1861:7 February
1808:25 October
1716:References
684:rights?".
489:miaphysite
254:in Eritrea
238:Minister:
200:Assemblies
121:High Court
99:Chairman:
4348:Languages
4333:Education
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4219:Companies
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4132:Elections
4086:Provinces
4081:Mountains
4071:Districts
4054:Geography
3706:Mauritius
3411:29 August
3381:29 August
3351:29 August
3321:29 August
3291:29 August
3261:29 August
3231:29 August
3172:29 August
3084:29 August
3025:29 August
2995:29 August
2907:29 August
2848:22 August
2739:15 August
2621:Economist
2313:TesfaNews
2283:"i24NEWS"
1802:"Eritrea"
1783:ignored (
1773:cite book
1233:Ratified
1184:Not Free
1167:Not Free
1150:Not Free
1133:Not Free
1116:Not Free
1099:Not Free
1082:Not Free
1065:Not Free
1048:Not Free
1031:Not Free
1014:Not Free
997:Not Free
980:Not Free
963:Not Free
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929:Not Free
912:Not Free
895:Not Free
878:Not Free
793:Not Free
774:Not Free
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3886:(France)
3880: /
3858: /
3854: /
3806:Zimbabwe
3781:Tanzania
3631:Ethiopia
3626:Eswatini
3606:Djibouti
3571:Cameroon
3556:Botswana
2838:(2012).
2759:BBC News
2733:VOA NEWS
2688:9 August
2572:Archived
2338:SBS News
2137:Archived
2119:23 March
2016:BBC News
1852:Archived
1818:cite web
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3963:History
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3882:RĂ©union
3878:Mayotte
3869:Madeira
3864:(Spain)
3860:Melilla
3791:Tunisia
3761:Somalia
3746:Senegal
3731:Nigeria
3721:Namibia
3711:Morocco
3676:Liberia
3671:Lesotho
3621:Eritrea
3591:Comoros
3566:Burundi
3541:Algeria
2713:14 June
2527:17 June
2476:17 June
2466:Reuters
2446:17 June
2421:17 June
2395:17 June
2384:Admin.
2369:11 July
2343:17 June
2318:17 June
2292:17 June
2264:24 June
2175:30 July
2169:cpj.org
2057:Eritrea
1964:12 June
1958:E Smart
1230:Signed
1221:Treaty
755:Status
679:Reforms
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3884:
3871:
3801:Zambia
3796:Uganda
3736:Rwanda
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3651:Guinea
3546:Angola
2390:Madote
2234:4 July
2204:8 June
1889::
1747:9 June
697:London
627:, the
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615:, and
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3776:Sudan
3726:Niger
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3646:Ghana
3636:Gabon
3611:Egypt
3551:Benin
3479:, by
3470:, by
3461:, by
2843:(XLS)
2666:6 May
1954:(PDF)
1895:(PDF)
1855:(PDF)
1842:(PDF)
1684:Notes
1609:2011
1590:2008
1571:2006
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1520:2005
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1457:1990
1438:1989
1425:1994
1422:1993
1419:1989
1400:1984
1387:1995
1381:1979
1362:1973
1343:1968
1324:1966
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1248:1948
1175:2017
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835:1997
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765:1993
742:Year
629:EPRDF
609:press
581:UNHRC
540:Sudan
507:Islam
504:Sunni
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380:is a
187:Zobas
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3786:Togo
3696:Mali
3586:Chad
3413:2012
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2690:2019
2668:2015
2601:2018
2555:2007
2529:2019
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2266:2015
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2177:2023
2121:2022
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1966:2013
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1911:2020
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1749:2015
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