2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine

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and other public places and surrendered weapons, with the exception of those found guilty of capital crimes. It was agreed that the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission should play a leading role in assisting Ukrainian authorities and local communities in the immediate implementation of these de-escalation measures wherever they are needed most, beginning in the coming days. The U.S., EU and Russia commit to support this mission, including by providing monitors. The announced constitutional process will be inclusive, transparent and accountable. It will include the immediate establishment of a broad national dialogue, with outreach to all of Ukraine's regions and political constituencies, and allow for the consideration of public comments and proposed amendments. The participants underlined the importance of economic and financial stability in Ukraine and would be ready to discuss additional support as the above steps are implemented.

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were for an independent state but with decentralization of the power to the regions, but most felt Russia and Ukraine should share open borders without visa restrictions; 8.4% were in favour of Ukraine and Russia uniting into a single state. 15.4% said they favoured secession of their region to join the Russian Federation, and 24.8% favoured Ukraine becoming a federation. Most of those polled said they found nothing attractive about Russia, but those who did, did so for economic, and not cultural reasons. Those polled in southern and eastern Ukraine were generally split on the legitimacy of the present government and parliament, but a majority in all regions agreed that deposed president Viktor Yanukovych was not the legal president of the country. In all regions but the Donbas, pro-Euromaidan oligarch

4785: 4915: 2242:, along with local police, began joint patrols in the city of Mariupol on 15 May. These groups forced the insurgents out of the buildings that they had been occupying. A representative of Mariupol supporters of the Donetsk People's Republic, Denis Kuzmenko, was party to a deal which led to this vacation of buildings by the insurgents, but a local commander of those insurgents who had been occupying the building said that "someone is trying to sow discord among us, someone has signed something, but we will continue our fight", and that "everyone ran away". Steelworkers could be seen removing barricades from the city centre, and also cleaning up the burnt city administration building. By the morning of 16 May, 5694: 1808:

that became surrounded by anti-Maidan attackers". The windows of the bus "were smashed, and irritant gas was dispersed inside, forcing the group to exit the bus, where they were then subjected to beatings and verbal abuse". A pro-Ukrainian protester was stabbed to death during the violence. A report by the OSCE said that "police forces" failed "to take adequate measure to protect the pro-Maidan assembly", and "could be observed treating the anti-Maidan protesters in a favourable manner". After this day of violence, interviewees told the OSCE that residents of Donetsk had decided not to organize more peaceful pro-Maidan demonstrations, "out of fear for their safety".

5674: 2900: 2708: 1954: 2912: 26055: 5662: 5634: 1494: 5551: 1656: 3521: 4070: 4177: 2472: 2004: 26043: 4605: 20431: 4012: 3930: 20417: 3902: 1879: 27547: 5113: 4127: 5288:(OSCE) were sent to Ukraine after a request by the Ukrainian government, and an agreement between all member states of the OSCE, including Russia. The Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) deployed on 6 April, and has remained in Ukraine to "contribute to reducing tensions and fostering peace, stability and security". The SMM lost contact with four monitors in Donetsk Oblast on 26 May, and another four in Luhansk Oblast on 29 May. Both groups were held in captivity by separatists for a month, until being freed on 27 June and 28 June respectively. 111: 5650: 3114: 23745: 5534: 4150: 5446: 4434: 4543: 8293:"Executive Order on holding a celebratory gun salute in Moscow, Simferopol and Sevastopol" which was reported as "To celebrate the establishment of two new constituent entities in the Russian Federation – the Republic of Crimea and city of federal importance Sevastopol – the President ordered that a gun salute of 30 rounds will take place in Moscow, the Russian Federation's capital, and in Simferopol and Sevastopol on March 21, 2014 at 22.00.", Source: President of Russia official website (kremlin.ru) 1820:, the declaration was voted on by some regional legislators, however other reports say that neither the Donetsk city administration nor local district councils in city neighbourhoods delegated any representatives to the session. According to the Ukrainian government, the seizure of RSA buildings by pro-Russian forces was part of "a script" which was "written in the Russian Federation" to destabilize Ukraine, carried out by "about 1,500 radicals in each region who spoke with clear Russian accents". 5024:

GRU colonel, Igor Ivanovich Strielkov, who had been involved in agitation in the east, including his attempts to suborn Ukrainian soldiers with offers of cash. The Ukrainian Security Service put out a wanted poster for Strielkov, accusing him of a series of charges, included premeditated murder and organizing mass riots. Russia insisted that the allegations were false, and that a Streilkov did not even exist or "at least not as a Russian operative sent to Ukraine with orders to stir up trouble".

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separatist forces, with at least five government soldiers killed during the ceasefire. By July, the peace plan had fallen by the wayside and Poroshenko ended ceasefire after both sides accused each other of repeated violations. After a rocket attack that killed nineteen Ukrainian troops, Poroshenko vowed to take revenge on the separatists: "Militants will pay hundreds of their lives for each life of our servicemen. Not a single terrorist will avoid responsibility."

1477:". The same poll determined that 66% of Donetsk residents that were polled supported remaining in a unified Ukraine, while 18.2% supported joining Russia, and 4.7% supported independence. A second poll conducted from 26 to 29 March showed that 77% of residents condemned the takeover of administrative buildings, while 16% supported such actions. Furthermore, 40.8% of Donetsk citizens supported rallies for Ukraine's unity, while 26.5% supported pro-Russian rallies. 5775: 5322:, defected to Ukraine claiming that he could not longer stand the lies used by Russia to stimulate the situation in Eastern Ukraine and Dagestan, where he served earlier. On 24 July, Russian army serviceman Andrej Balabanov asked for political asylum in Ukraine stating "I finally took a decision not to take part in this war and sided with Ukraine. This is my protest against Russia's political leaders". Balabanov claimed his unit had sent "military intelligence, 2794:(OSCE) monitoring mission on 19 April, no protesters had been seen in front of the RSA building since 13 April. The Kharkiv City Appeals Court ruled on 17 April that 43 of the 65 protesters arrested by authorities following the takeover of the RSA building on 8 and 9 April would remain in custody. Sentences for another 16 were changed to house arrest. Three detainees were released on bail, whereas the three remaining had been earlier sentenced to house arrest. 3959: 27437: 26367: 19202: 2966:, and Ukrainian flags, and said that they wanted to prevent the war in the Donbas region from spreading to Kharkiv Oblast. They demanded that gatherings of separatists and communists within Kharkiv city be prohibited. An attempt was made to destroy an important bridge in the village of Hrushuvakha on 29 July. The bridge was not damaged in the attempt, but Kharkiv RSA said that there were other plots to carry out "terrorist attacks" in Kharkiv Oblast. 27484: 23457: 26031: 29103: 5803: 35: 29091: 23764: 4494: 4243: 4104: 4399: 2948:, and on pro-Russian demonstrations. Some of the people participating in this rally approached the location of the aforementioned pro-Russian demonstration. A verbal confrontation ensued, involving participants of both rallies. Police officers that had been escorting the pro-Ukrainian demonstrators dispersed the crowd. Thirty activists from both groups were temporarily detained as a result. The chief of the Kharkiv Oblast branch of the 4191: 1449:, 26–27% of those polled in southern and eastern Ukraine viewed the Euromaidan protests as a coup d'état. Only 5% of respondents in eastern Ukraine felt that Russian-speakers were 'definitely' under pressure or threat. 13% of respondents in southern Ukraine and 22% in eastern Ukraine viewed Russia's actions in Crimea as protecting Russian-speaking citizens of Ukraine, with 37% and 30% viewing them as invasion and occupation. 23494: 6891:[The Euromaidan in 2013 / 2014 was no coup organized by the US and carried out by Ukrainian faschists, as some people here in Germany want to present it with reference to the Russian media. ... There is a large number of very convincing studies from the fields of history, cultural science, social science, and political science showing that the Euromaidan was the largest democratic mass movement in Europe since 1989.] 4213: 29079: 23679: 5789: 4333: 2827: 4381: 1860:, that was supposed to restore control over the Donetsk RSA building, however, refused to storm it and remove the separatists. Turchynov offered amnesty to the separatists if they laid down their arms and surrendered, and also offered concessions that included devolution of power to regions, and the protection of the Russian language in law. Many in Donetsk expressed disapproval toward the actions of the separatists. 4446: 4299: 4265: 5247:. In the recording, the separatist said he wanted to postpone the referendum, due to the DPR's inability to control all of Donetsk Oblast. Barkashov said that he had communicated with Putin, and insisted on holding the referendum regardless of the separatist leader's concerns. He instructed the separatists to tabulate the results as 89% in favour of autonomy. Separatists stated that the recording was fake. 17954: 2809:

concurrently with the rallies. Later that day, over 7,000 residents held a rally in the same spot to support the unity and territorial integrity of Ukraine. The situation overall in Kharkiv remained calm, though police remained on high alert. A small group of riot police were seen guarding the RSA building on 25 April, though the police presence as a whole in the city appeared to be much reduced.

4864: 4685:, which stated that all sides agreed that steps should be taken to "de-escalate" the crisis. All four parties agreed that all "illegal military formations in Ukraine" must be dissolved, and that everyone occupying buildings must be disarmed and leave but that there would be an amnesty for all anti-government protesters under the agreement. These steps will be overseen by monitors from the 2553:. It was manned by about ten people in civilian clothes, including the local Orthodox priest. They stated that they set up the roadblock on 14 April to protect their village from any separatist incursions. A commander of the Ukrainian army indicated that no incidents had occurred at the roadblock so far, but that unknown armed individuals had been seen approaching it in the night. 2783:. Later in the day, Kernes declared his support for an autonomy referendum and amnesty for the arrested Kharkiv separatists. At least fifty pro-government protesters, who had been holding concurrent demonstrations, were severely beaten in attacks by pro-Russian protesters. Gunshots and grenade explosions were heard. Videos showed three people covered with blood being held on the 1314:, did not approve of the revolution, expressing their support for Russia instead. Historian William Jay Risch notes the spread of rumors aimed against new Ukrainian government spread on TV and social media by local elites and Russian state media in Donbas. Russia actively supported the separatism in Ukraine, including using its high-level actors, such as Kremlin advisers 13609: 5594: 1465:, while only 22% were in favour of joining the European Union. 37% of southerners preferred to join this customs union, while 29% were in favour of joining the EU. 90% of those polled in western Ukraine wanted to enter an economic union with EU, while only 4% favoured the customs union led by Russia. Among all the Ukrainians polled overall, 34% favoured joining the 5598: 5596: 5592: 4472:, Russian foreign minister Sergei Lavrov wrote it was the EU and US, and not Russia, that was guilty of destabilizing Ukraine ("the EU and US have been trying to compel Ukraine to make a painful choice between east and west, further aggravating internal differences") and that "Russia is doing all it can to promote early stabilisation in Ukraine". Russian president 5597: 2680:

anti-aircraft missile at themselves. The next day, the OSCE special monitoring mission said that based on "limited observation", the "strikes were the result of non-guided rockets shot from an aircraft". A CNN investigation found clear evidence that the detonations came from the air and the pattern of the craters suggested use of standard equipment on the

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opera and ballet theatre believing it was the city hall. By 8 April, the RSA building had been retaken by Ukrainian special forces, and seventy protesters had been arrested. 1,000 pro-Russian protesters returned to the RSA building on 13 April, and rallied around it, with some entering. These protesters then holed up inside the building with Kharkiv mayor

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escalation across Ukraine on 2 May, OSCE Chief Monitor Ertugrul Apakan called for "all sides to exercise maximum restraint and to avoid bloodshed and solve their differences peacefully". Apakan said "There is a need for de-escalation...the Special Monitoring Mission is here to promote this objective. We are here for the people of Ukraine".

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standoff resulted, but the police did nothing to stop the protesters. A Russian flag was raised over the building. Several other buildings, including a police station and the local prosecutor's office were later seized. Twenty separatist gunmen fired machine guns at the police station to force the officers within to surrender. President

5595: 23703: 1469:, while 44% were against joining it. In eastern Ukraine and southern Ukraine, only 14% and 11% of the respondents respectively favour joining NATO, while 67% and 52% oppose joining it. 72% of people polled in eastern Ukraine thought that the country was going in the wrong direction, compared with only 36% in western Ukraine. 4846:, killing all those on board. The next day, the Office of the President of Ukraine issued a statement that said that the ceasefire had been violated by the insurgents at least thirty-five times. President Poroshenko also said that he was considering ending the ceasefire, and Borodai said that "there has been no ceasefire". 2801:. Demonstrations continued on Freedom Square, with 500 people gathering on 21 April to elect a so-called "people's government". Worsening economic conditions in Ukraine were cited by participants as an impetus for the demonstrations. They called for the resignation of the city mayor and prosecutor as well as the return of 4285:

the government of India. India subsequently made it clear that it will not support any "unilateral measures" against Russian government. "India has never supported unilateral sanctions against any country. Therefore, we will also not support any unilateral measures by a country or a group of countries against Russia."

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territorial integrity of Ukraine, and for undermining Ukraine's democratic institutions and processes". The Russian government responded in kind with sanctions against some American and Canadian individuals. With the unrest continuing to escalate, the European Union and Canada imposed further sanctions in mid-May.

5614: 25071: 2352:, a frequently broken ceasefire spanned from 20 June until the 30th. A renewed government offensive after the ceasefire broke down resulted in heavy losses for the separatists, forcing them to withdraw from northern Donetsk Oblast, including many cities that had been under their control since April, such as 2612:, introduced a curfew, a ban on political parties, and a mandate that local law enforcement officials must take an oath of allegiance to him. In a video statement, he said "In case of not following this, you will be announced traitors of people of Luhansk and wartime measures will be taken against you". 3040:; one of their demands was the dissolution of the city administration. A peaceful gathering of Ukrainian unity activists was held outside the Russian consulate in Kharkiv on 28 August. Around 400 people attended the demonstration. Participants said they were concerned about Russia's intervention in the 5493:

issued a $ 10,000 bounty for the apprehension of Russian agents. He also offered rewards for handing in weapons belonging to insurgents: $ 1,000 for each machine gun turned in to the authorities, $ 1,500 for every heavy machine gun and $ 2,000 for a grenade launcher. On 19 April he issued his first $

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rounds in one of the suspect's cars. Also allegedly found was a notebook with details of cars used by the presidential candidate and a timetable of his movements, a tablet with images of the targeted politician, as well as members of Lviv Regional Council, one former MP, photos of houses belonging to

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Baird "emphasized the need to honour the 1994 Budapest Declaration's commitment to Ukraine's territorial sovereignty and national unity." On a 1 March phone call, President Obama and Prime Minister Harper "affirmed the importance of unity within the international community in support of international

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protesters said they had not made such a declaration. Unlike in Kharkiv, Donetsk, and Luhansk, pro-Russian protesters in Odesa said they wanted Odesa to be an autonomous region within Ukraine, rather than to join Russia. On 28 October, the SBU said they had foiled a plot to create a People's Republic

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As these demands were not met, 2,000 to 3,000 protestors stormed the Luhansk RSA building on 29 April. Previously, only the SBU building had been targeted. The building was unprotected on the exterior, but a group of riot police confronted the protesters in an inner courtyard of the building. A brief

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On Sunday, 6 April, pro-Russian protesters held a rally in Donetsk pushing for a referendum on independence. A group of 1,000 protestors broke away from the crowd and stormed the RSA building, with the police offering little resistance. They then occupied the building and raised the Russian flag over

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appeared in a leaked Skype video conference with Kateryna Gubareva, the wife of Donetsk-based separatist Pavel Gubarev. In the call, he reassured her of Moscow's support and further actions that should be taken by the movement. He also stated all presidential nominees should be considered 'traitors'

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Ukrainian intelligence claims that it had a dossier on more than forty Russian military intelligence, or GRU, operatives arrested so far on Ukrainian soil and the weapons and ammunition seized after being transported across the border from Russia. The file was said to describe the role of an alleged

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announced a fifteen-point plan for peace on 20 June. The plan called for a week-long ceasefire, starting on 20 June, for the separatists to vacate the buildings they've occupied, for decentralization of power from the central government in Kyiv, and for the protection of Russian-language rights. The

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said on 30 April: "I would like to say frankly that at the moment the security structures are unable to swiftly take the situation in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions back under control", and that security forces "tasked with the protection of citizens" were "helpless". On 7 April an "anti-terrorist"

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and Russian president Vladimir Putin held a phone conversation where both men stated that the Crimean referendum constituted a case of people exercising their right to self-determination via the free expression of will. At the same time, the presidents highlighted the importance of commitment to the

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said on 28 June that about 200 policemen had been fired since March for having been "in violation of the law", with many of them having "separatist views". He also said that police intervention on 22 June had managed to "prevent slaughter", and that both Euromaidan and Anti-Maidan activists had been

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In the poll, 22% of those in southern Ukraine, and 26% of those in eastern Ukraine, supported the idea of federalization for the country; 69% of southerners and 53% of easterners supported Ukraine remaining as a unitary state; and only 2% of southerners and 4% of easterners supported separatism. 59%

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Der Euromaidan im Jahr 2013 / 2014 war kein von den USA organisierter und von ukrainischen Faschisten durchgeführter Putsch, wie dies einige hier in Deutschland mit Verweis auf die russischen Medien darstellen wollen. ... Es gibt eine große Zahl von sehr überzeugenden, geschichts-, kultur-, sozial-

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On 5 April, the SBU arrested a group of 15 people in Luhansk, along with 300 machine guns, one anti-tank grenade launcher, five pistols, petrol bombs and a large amount of smooth-bore guns and other weapons. "The group planned to seize power in Luhansk on April 10 by intimidating of civilians using

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which he would not "disclose as we are filmed by cameras". Kurginyan admitted that Russia had initially sent "4th category weapons", but since 3 June had supplied equipment that was fully functional. He also said one of his goals whilst in Donetsk was to ensure that military support from Russia was

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As part of an OSCE initiative to solving the crisis in Ukraine, national unity talks were held in Kyiv, starting from 14 May. Separatists from Donetsk and Luhansk were not represented, as the Ukrainian government said that "those armed people who are trying to wage a war on their own country, those

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stated that Russia has legitimate interests in Crimea and called for "sustained diplomatic efforts" and "constructive dialogue" to resolve the crisis. However, the National Security Advisor is not a part of the Cabinet of India and, as such, Menon's statement was not an official statement issued by

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said that Russia's actions in Ukraine were "not the kind ... of a friend and neighbour and I think Russia should back off". The Prime Minister told the Australian House of Representatives on 3 March that "Russia should back off, it should withdraw its forces from Ukraine and people of Ukraine ought

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The anti-Maidan protesters were later overwhelmed by the much larger group of Ukrainian unity protesters, forcing them to retreat to and occupy the Trade Unions House. From the building, militants on the roof shot at, tossed rocks and petrol bombs at the protesters below, who responded in kind with

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Demonstrations by "opponents of Ukrainian unity" with Russian and Soviet flags were held in front of the Russian and Polish consulates in Kharkiv city on 26 May. These demonstrators initiated petitions that they said were signed by 1,500 people from Kharkiv, which called on the EU and Russia not to

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Government buildings in Luhansk have been occupied multiple times. A peaceful pro-Maidan demonstration on Heroes Square, outside the Luhansk city administration building, was attacked by anti-Maidan counter-demonstrators on 9 March. The attackers then stormed the building, and occupied it, but were

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Members of the Vostok battalion, the pro-Russian insurgent group that fought Ukrainian forces at the airport, took control over the Donetsk RSA building on 28 May, and removed the leaders of the Donetsk People's Republic. Participants in the action said that it was an "emergency measure" to halt "a

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monitors observed that the city administration building, SBU building, and police station in Sloviansk remained heavily fortified by armed groups of men with masks and automatic weapons. The city remained quiet, with no protests occurring. However, the monitors believed that the city remained under

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The separatists declared that if an extraordinary session was not held by officials, announcing a referendum to join Russia, they would declare unilateral control by forming a "People's Mandate" at noon on 7 April, and dismiss all elected council members and MPs. The people who voted within the RSA

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protesters in Donetsk. A large group of anti-Maidan protesters broke through a police cordon and began to attack a smaller pro-Maidan demonstration. In interviews with OSCE monitors, bystanders described how a group of around thirty pro-Maidan protesters "were forced to seek shelter in a police bus

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to be illegitimate. Most of those polled in southern and eastern Ukraine believed that the disarmament and disbandment of illegal radical groups is crucial to preserving national unity. 19.1% of those polled in southern and eastern Ukraine believed that Ukraine should be an independent state, 45.2%

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All illegal armed groups must be disarmed; all illegally seized buildings must be returned to legitimate owners; all illegally occupied streets, squares and other public places in Ukrainian cities and towns must be vacated. Amnesty will be granted to protesters and to those who have left buildings

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Oleg Bakhtiyarov, for allegedly planning to storm Ukraine's parliament and Cabinet of Ministers buildings in Kyiv by force. Bakhtiyarov, working under the guise of a civil society activist in Kyiv, had allegedly recruited some 200 people, paying them each $ 500, to assist in storming the buildings

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On 12 April a saboteur known as "K" was arrested by the SBU in Kharkiv. He had been tasked with organizing riots and capturing administrative buildings. Later, 70 were arrested between the border of Poltava and Kharkiv. The men were travelling on a bus and found in possession of explosives, petrol

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as one of the signatories. He said: "The counterterrorist operation will go on regardless of any decisions by any subversive or terrorist groups in the Donetsk region." Parubiy also said: "The key tactic of Russian saboteurs is: Capture a building, station an armed garrison there and have a picket

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monitors with the Special Monitoring Mission in Ukraine met with a representative of the Donetsk People's Republic on 21 June to discuss the peace plan. The representative said that the Republic would reject the ceasefire, and said that the primary demands of the government of the Donetsk People's

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stated that the EU "deplores" what it called Russia's decision to use military action in Ukraine, describing it as an "unwarranted escalation of tensions." She called on "all sides to decrease the tensions immediately through dialogue, in full respect of Ukrainian and international law." She added

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More peaceful rallies were held in the morning on 23 April, with both anti-government and pro-government demonstrations held in Kharkiv city centre. Each rally was attended by around 400 people. Around 150 anti-government protesters gathered outside the city council building on Constitution Square

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A rally outside the SBU building to elect a 'people's government' in Luhansk occurred on 21 April. At the rally, protesters called for an 11 May referendum on the status of Luhansk Oblast with three options: be part of a Ukrainian Federation, join the Russian Federation or remain part of a unitary

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Masked men with guns seized government buildings in the capital of Ukraine's Crimea region on Thursday, barricading themselves inside and raising the Russian flag after mysterious overnight raids that appeared to be the work of militant Russian nationalists who want this volatile Black Sea region

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On 29 April the SBU arrested Spartak Holovachov and Yuri Apukhtin, leader of the Great Rus' organization in Kharkiv. Authorities claimed they were organized from abroad to plan riots in the city on 9 May, and upon searching their headquarters found guns, grenades, ammunition, cash, and separatist

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agreed upon by Ukraine, the Russian Federation, the United States and the European Union aiming at de-escalating the situation and leading the way out of the challenging situation". Burkhalter asked for involved parties "to resolve the crisis in Ukraine through inclusive dialogue". In response to

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Kharkiv returned to relative calm by 30 April, no rallies having been observed there by OSCE monitors. A minor demonstration by about four-hundred separatists was held in Freedom Square on 4 May. A notably increased police presence remained in and around Freedom Square. On the same day, a planned

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was seen parked outside the RSA building on 8 May, along with men in military gear and assault rifles. Whilst speaking to OSCE monitors, the Deputy Governor of Luhansk Oblast said that the "security situation in the region is deteriorating due to activities of the separatists and criminal gangs".

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monitoring mission reported that the situation in Luhansk on 23 April was 'stable', and that the area around the occupied SBU building was 'quiet'. The monitors met with representatives of a non-governmental organization that said they had been held captive for six hours within the building on 21

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to two Russian citizens at a session of the city council on 6 August. This concerned some people in the city, causing about one-hundred people to protest outside city administration building. Police restrained the protesters, who attempted to force their way into the building. Protesters and the

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Pro-Russian protesters stormed and occupied the RSA building on 6 April. The next day, protesters in the occupied RSA building unilaterally declared independence from Ukraine as the "Kharkiv People's Republic". Doubts arose about the local origin of the protesters after they initially stormed an

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on 19 May. In response to this call, cars gathered in front of the Donetsk RSA building and continually honked their horns. OSCE monitors said that some elderly people threw stones and water bottles at the cars as they passed by the RSA. Another group of thirty people outside the RSA chanted the

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Russian and Ukrainian sources differed greatly in the way they portrayed the pro-Russian demonstrators. Militants who took over government buildings in the Donetsk Oblast were consistently labeled as "separatists" and "terrorists" by the Ukrainian government and the western media, whilst Russian

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Mariya Koleda was arrested on 9 April 2014, and allegedly performed Russian intelligence agency tasks to destabilize the situation in the southern regions of Ukraine. On 7 April, she allegedly took part in fights at the Mykolaiv Oblast Regional State Administration building using a firearm, and

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office in Odesa was attacked by pro-Russian protesters. They demanded the release of their "comrades" who had participated in the clashes. The police complied, resulting in the freeing of 67 of those arrested. By 5 May, the situation in Odesa had calmed, though the atmosphere remained extremely

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Several hundred protesters that had gathered outside the occupied SBU building proclaimed the "Luhansk People's Republic" on 27 April. They demanded that Ukrainian government provide amnesty for all protesters, enshrine Russian as an official language, and hold a referendum on the status of the

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on the status of Donetsk Oblast was held on 11 May. According to representatives of the Donetsk People's Republic, 89% voted in favour of self-rule, and 10% voted against. Turnout was said to be 75%. OSCE monitors did not observe the referendum, as the situation in Donetsk after the skirmish in

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A poll conducted by the Donetsk Institute of Social Research and Policy Analysis analysed the identities of Donetsk inhabitants. While support for separatism was low, just over a third of polled Donetsk inhabitants identified themselves as "citizens of Ukraine". More preferred "Russian-speaking

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with only Yanukovych considered legitimate. He also said that separatists should "act in a radical way" and Moscow will later support civil war in Ukraine, saying "The Kremlin is determined to fight for the independence of South-east Ukraine." Following the video's release, a member of Dugin's

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Despite this, Poroshenko extended the ceasefire by three days from its planned ending on 27 June. In response to this action, protesters in Kyiv took the streets in large numbers to demand that the ceasefire be cancelled. The ceasefire had little actual impact on clashes between government and

4454:– The Russian Foreign Ministry stated in an 8 April 2014 statement on its official website "We are calling for the immediate cessation of any military preparations, which could lead to civil war". The ministry alleged that what it called "American experts from the private military organization 4370:, and requested that they be released. Burkhalter emphasized that the detention of the unarmed military inspectors was "unacceptable and that the safety of all international observers in the country must be guaranteed and ensured". This incident, he said, "goes against the spirit of the recent 2762:

Demonstrations by pro-Russian and pro-Ukrainian activists in Kharkiv continued throughout the month of March. These included pro-Russian gatherings of up to 5,000 people. Despite this, the city remained relatively calm until 15 March, when two people were killed in a shootout between Ukrainian

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Explosions struck the RSA building in Luhansk on 2 June, killing eight people, and wounding twenty-eight. Russian media reported that the explosions were caused by an airstrike by Ukrainian government forces. Ukrainian government officials denied this, and said that the insurgents had fired an

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Oleg Bakhtiyarov was arrested for, in part, recruiting rioters for US$ 500 each to assist in the storming of government buildings. On 13 April, the Internal Affairs Ministry stated that recruiters were found to be paying $ 500 to take part in the attacks, and roughly $ 40 to occupy buildings.

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Another Kyiv International Institute of Sociology poll the following April, of all of the oblasts of southern and eastern Ukraine except Crimea (which had already been annexed by Russia by that point) found majority opposition to secession from Ukraine and annexation by Russia in all of these

5709: 2512:(SBU) local headquarters was occupied on 6 April, along with the SBU's armoury of over 300 machine guns. Pro-Russian activists discussed plans for a "Luhansk Parliamentary Republic" on 8 April 2014. 1,500 were involved in the building's occupation. The occupiers referred to themselves as the 2024:

on an OSCE military verification mission in Ukraine, who had been travelling into the city on a bus, along with the bus driver and five accompanying Ukrainian soldiers. The journalists were being held at the occupied SBU building. Access to the city remained unrestricted despite the supposed

4054:– As of February 2015, the status of Novorossiya was unclear. Former DPR prime minister Alexander Borodai said on 1 January 2015 that "there is no Novorossiya", and that the proposed confederation was a "dream that was not brought to life". However, the Parliament of Novorossiya, chaired by 2600:

responded to the loss of the buildings by demanding the immediate resignation of police chiefs in Donetsk and Luhansk. By 2 May, however, pro-Russian protesters occupying the city council and the television centre had left, and the prosecutors office was freed following negotiations between

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Russian individuals and companies that they said were related to the crisis. Announcing the first sanctions, the United States described some individuals targeted by sanctions, among them former Ukrainian president Yanukovych, as "threatening the peace, security, stability, sovereignty, or

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was directing pro-Russian protests in the region. On Monday, 7 July, the governments of the United States and France urged Russian president Vladimir Putin to put pressure on pro-Russian insurgents in Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts, and to hold dialogue to reach a ceasefire with the Ukrainian

5039:. A few names of the killed volunteers were established—Sergey Zhdanovich (Сергей Жданович), Yuri Abrosimov (Юрий Абросимов), Aleksey Yurin (Алексей Юрин), Alexandr Efremov (Александр Ефремов), Evgeny Korolenko (Евгений Короленко). The bodies were transported to a Russian military base in 2178:

on 9 May, when government troops launched an attack on a police station in the city, resulting in the killing of at least twenty people. These were described by the Ukrainian government as "militants" and "terrorists", though some local residents said that they were unarmed protestors.

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A new counter-offensive by government forces on Sloviansk during the early morning of 2 May resulted in the downing of two government helicopters, and casualties on both sides. As a result, Ukrainian forces gained control of all separatist checkpoints, and of half the city. President

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vowed to launch a major counter-terrorism operation against separatist movements in the country's eastern regions. Later that day, the SBU office in Donetsk was retaken by SBU Alpha Group. The Ukrainian special forces unit led by the Ukrainian vice prime minister for law enforcement,

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Rival demonstrations by supporters and opponents of a unitary Ukrainian state occurred on 27 April in Kharkiv city. This resulted in clashes between around 400 opponents and 500 to 600 supporters of the Ukrainian government. Police attempts to quell the unrest were not successful.

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to Kharkiv to take part in the storming of the RSA building. Russian activist organizations confirmed that they sent Russians to "peacefully protest" in Kharkiv. Police regained control of the building by evening on the same day, and replaced the Russian flag with that of Ukraine.

2045:. They were taken to the occupied city hall, questioned, and then released after a letter sent by the mission's office in Kyiv confirmed the credentials of the monitors. A large pro-government rally in Donetsk city marched in protest against the violence in Donetsk Oblast, and the 2978:

police negotiated, and eventually five protestors were allowed into the city administration to voice their grievances. Kharkiv remained calm for the next few days, until 10 August. On that day, about 150 people gathered outside the city administration and demanded an end to the

2108: 3135: 24075: 3139: 3137: 3133: 2891:, a former governor of Kharkiv Oblast and potential Ukrainian presidential candidate, said "You want to know my opinion, they were shooting not at Kernes, but at Kharkiv", and said that the shooting was an attempt to destabilize what was otherwise a relatively calm region. 2128:

starting 5 May. Posters plastered on the occupied city administration building read "OSCE get out" or "OSCE you cheat". As part of the counter-offensive, government forces recaptured the building on 7 May, but then left it, allowing the separatists to quickly re-occupy it.

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and had stockpiled petrol bombs and various tools to carry out the provocation. Bakhtiyarov allegedly also arranged, with some Russian TV channels, to film the incident, which would then have been blamed on Ukrainian radicals. Russian writer and the founder of the banned

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voted to demand that the Russian language be given official language status. They also demanded the stopping of the persecution of former Berkut officers, the disarming of Maidan self-defence units, and the banning of a number of far-right political organizations, like

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about 'guerrilla struggle' and using firearms to capture buildings. Topaz was re-arrested as he set up another interview with Russia's Life News channel. He received an eight-years prison sentence in January 2018, but was released in September with credit for time

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to send Russian peacekeeping forces to the region. The group has been banned in Ukraine since 2007. The group's leader, Andrei Purgin, had been arrested weeks prior on charges of separatism. The political leader of the state was the self-declared People's Governor

1710:

and by the United Nations General Assembly as a violation of the Ukrainian constitution and international law. On 17 March, the Crimean Parliament declared independence from Ukraine and asked to join the Russian Federation. On 18 March, Russia and Crimea signed a

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About sixty people gathered on Kulikovo Field to commemorate the 2 May fire on 13 July. The demonstration was peaceful. Another demonstration on the field on the same day drew about 120 people. They chanted "Donbas, we are with you", in reference to the ongoing

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and the organization "South-East". "South-East" itself was banned on 20 August, because it was deemed to be "a threat to the sovereignty of Ukraine and the security of its people" by a Kharkiv court. About 500 people marched on 23 August in commemoration of the

2545:, and demonstrations have continued. Those occupying the SBU building told OSCE monitors on 20 April that they would demobilize once occupied buildings in Kyiv were vacated by Euromaidan supporters. The monitors also encountered a roadblock near the village of 1264:, including legislative reform, protecting human rights, and releasing political prisoners. In response, Russia started pressuring Ukraine in August 2013 by applying customs regulations on imports from the country, which culminated on 14 August 2013 with the 5305:

stated that numerous Ukrainian military and security personnel joined the separatists, alongside Ukrainian military equipment. A report by the Internal Affairs Ministry said that over 17,000 policemen had defected to insurgents in eastern Ukraine by 23 May.

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signed an order to dismantle the statue. In late October, Governor Baluta admitted that he thought that the majority of the city's residents had not wanted the statue removed, but said "there was hardly any protest afterward either, which is quite telling".

2944:. The demonstrators voiced the same concerns about the Ukrainian government's military operations in the East, protesting against Ukraine's efforts to combat separatist insurgents in Donetsk Oblast. Concurrently, around 1,000 people rallied for a ban on the 5035:, and one indicated that he was formerly a policeman in Chechnya and was in Donetsk to serve the Russian Federation. Russian and Ukraininan media published numerous reports on bodies of separatists being transported secretly back to Russia, usually through 1357:(KIIS) from 8–18 February 2014 assessed support for union with Russia throughout Ukraine. It found that, overall, 12% of those polled favoured union with Russia. 68.0% said that Ukraine should remain independent and maintain friendly relations with Russia. 26749: 4555:

condemned the violence that occurred in Eastern Ukraine over the weekend of 14–16 March and urged all parties "to refrain from violence and to commit themselves to de-escalation and inclusive national dialogue in the pursuit of a political and diplomatic

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on 3 May. On the same day, protesters in the city of Donetsk stormed and occupied the chairman of the regional government's private business office and the SBU building, smashing windows and ransacking files as an act of revenge for the clashes in Odesa.

3077:

From early November until mid-December, Kharkiv was struck by seven non-lethal bomb blasts. Targets of these attacks included a rock pub known for raising money for Ukrainian forces, a hospital for Ukrainian forces, a military recruiting centre, and a

5725: 23538: 2654:" on 22 May. OSCE monitors said that around 70% of "shops, cafés and banks" were closed in Luhansk city centre. Those shops that were still open were said to be sold out of some necessities, and fuel was not available. Police were entirely absent. 24946: 23759: 21572: 20456: 16818: 2739:. Several taxi drivers defended the monument, injuring several of the protesters. By the next day, several thousand pro-Russian protesters had gathered in the square to protect the statue. They set up a perimeter fence around it. Then governor of 656: 24941: 24931: 23740: 13019: 11904:

A woman holds a placard reading 'Kharkiv loves Crimea' while Pro-Ukrainian activists sing the state anthem during a rally in the center of the eastern Ukrainian city of Kharkiv on 6 March 2014, as they protest against the Russian aggression in

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Opposition to secession from Ukraine and annexation by Russia (the combined percentage for the people opting for the options of "Rather, no" and "Certainly, no, I don't") had these percentages in various southern and eastern Ukrainian oblasts:

24951: 18895: 5741: 5165:", was stopped by Russian police, and is faced with a trial for alleged assistance in the murder of two Russian journalists. Being finally allowed to see the Ukrainian consul, Savchenko said that she was transported to Russia against her will. 2032:

were distributed on 26 April, notifying citizens of a referendum on the question of whether or not they supported the proclamation of "state sovereignty" by the Republic to be held on 11 May. In the morning on the next day, two members of the

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stated "The public parading of the OSCE observers and Ukrainian security forces as prisoners is revolting and blatantly hurts the dignity of the victims". Steinmeier also said: "Only when the guns fall silent, only on the basis of a robust

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paramilitaries, along with others from Russia, fought Ukrainian forces during the battle. According to Artur Gasparian, a member of the insurgent unit that had been holding the airport, the majority of the separatists' losses were due to

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The mood remained tense in Luhansk on 14 April. During the morning, up to 300 persons were observed at the entrance of the SBU building. There has been no indication that pro-Russian demonstrators in Luhansk would enact the terms of the

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had been a rallying point for pro-Russian protesters earlier in the year. By this time, the crowd had reached 5,000 people. The statue of Lenin was pulled down by the pro-Ukrainian demonstrators at 22:40, shortly after oblast governor

1190:

and pro-Russian groups took place across other parts of eastern and southern Ukraine. Local separatists, some directed and financed by the Russian security services, took advantage of the situation and occupied government buildings in

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Crucially, Mariupol, Kharkiv and Odessa all remained firmly under Ukrainian government control, which meant that the actual DPR and LPR lands were not especially big at all, even if they held the major cities of Donetsk and Luhansk.

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that: "The unity, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine must be respected at all times and by all sides. Any violation of these principles is unacceptable. More than ever, restraint and sense of responsibility are needed."

16536: 21500: 5633: 3975:. These two entities, which together comprise the whole of the geographic Crimea, functioned as separate administrative units within Ukraine. They united for the purpose of declaring independence as the "Republic of Crimea". After 3051:

One of the largest gatherings of supporters of Ukrainian unity in many months took place in Kharkiv on 28 September. At about 14:30, a diverse crowd of 2,000 people met in front of the Opera House. The demonstration was led by the

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region. A counter-protest was also held, with about 300 people voicing their support for the government military opposition, calling for the dissolution of the city administration, and the dismissal of the mayor. About one-hundred

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On 1 May, border guards arrested a Russian citizen for planning separatist provocations in Luhansk. The man was allegedly a member of the neo-Nazi skinhead group 'Slavs' and had several swastika tattoos as well as a Nazi-branded

23781: 23154: 21495: 17148:[Around 17 thousand policemen in Donbas in Eastern Ukraine recently joined the separatist side, Public Safety Department of Ukrainian Interior Ministry chief Wolodymyr Hryniak declared] (in Polish). Gazeta. 24 May 2014. 4167:, which was to be chaired by Russia. On March 3, the House of Commons passed a unanimous motion condemning Russia's intervention in Crimea. Harper called Russia's actions an "invasion and occupation" and Baird compared them to 1480:

In another research poll conducted 8–16 April by KIIS, a vast majority disapproved of the seizure of administrative buildings by protesters. Over 50% of those polled in southern and eastern Ukraine considered acting President

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from 8 April, and gained control of the city council, prosecutor's office, and police station by 27 April. The regional administration announced its support for a referendum, and granted the governorship to separatist leader

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said on 25 December that Odesa and Kharkiv had become "cities which are being used to escalate tensions" in Ukraine. Shkiryak said that he suspected that these cities were singled out because of their "geographic position".

2019:

out of this town'. The Ukrainian government then stated on 25 April that it would 'fully blockade the city of Sloviansk', and continue with the 'anti-terror' operation. Amid the increasing tensions, separatists in Sloviansk

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confessed to shooting and wounding three people. "She also reported on the preparation of two subversive groups (7 persons from Kherson and 6 people from Nova Kakhovka) to participate in riots in Donetsk," reports the SSU.

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Republic were "withdrawal of Ukrainian forces from Donbas", and recognition of the Republic. However, after initial peace talks between the separatists, Ukrainian and Russian officials, and the OSCE in Donetsk on 23 June,

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Ukraine. Around 1,500 participants were observed at the peak of the rally. The leaders of the rally said that they were not separatists, and sought a peaceful solution, which would allow Luhansk to remain within Ukraine.

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petrol bombs of their own. The building then caught fire. In total, 43 people died during the clashes. Thirty-one died whilst trapped in the burning Trade Unions House. Police said at least three people were shot dead.

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Protester against the Russian government holding an image portraying Vladimir Putin and Dmitri Medvedev as Nazis with a swastika made of colours of the Ribbon of Saint George and a Russian coat of arms in the centre,

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page that 314 "active separatists" had been arrested in Kharkiv since 6 April. Another protest by about 300 Ukrainian unity activists took place on 22 July. They gathered outside the RSA building with European Union,

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Ukrainian army blockade, with separatist barricades manned by fewer people then on previous days. Local residents said that the separatist administration in Sloviansk provided no administrative services to citizens.

16971: 4058:, continued to function as an office for political advancement, and was involved in the coordination of humanitarian assistance on 2 February 2015. The armed forces of the two People's Republics are combined in the 3236:, was attacked by about 300 anti-Maidan militants with batons and helmets. Both sides clashed in the streets of central Odesa, building barricades, throwing petrol bombs, and firing automatic weapons at each other. 16769: 15988: 7024:. Central European University Press. pp. 20–26 - "We now know that Kremlin advisors Vladislav Surkov and Sergei Glazyev had directed efforts to coordinate and organize these protests at the beginning of ...". 2394:, but RT did not carry the story. Days later on 12 April, a group of 150 people supported armed militants outside the police station in Sloviansk who were hostile to journalists, telling them to "go back to Kyiv." 24331: 21294: 17780: 12887: 25066: 21289: 21279: 10705: 9090: 4702:

who are with arms in their hands trying to dictate their will, or rather the will of another country, we will use legal procedures against them and they will face justice". The OSCE said that Russian president

16346: 4185:– China said "We respect the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine". A spokesman restated China's belief of non-interference in the internal affairs of other states and urged dialogue. 2206:

said that "all Ukrainian military troops in the region would be considered occupying forces". In response to the perceived weakness of the Ukrainian army, some Ukrainians who opposed the insurgents formed the

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Demonstrations similar to the one that took place on 26 May continued throughout the month of June. One such demonstration took place on 22 June, with 800–900 people gathering on the 73rd anniversary of the

23202: 21545: 21299: 19276: 4084: 1003: 17696:И.Коломойский заплатил первое вознаграждение за диверсанта – Д.Тымчук. Информационное агентство Украинские Национальные Новости (УНН). Все онлайн новости дня в Украине за сегодня – самые свежие, последние 2000:

heavy surveillance, both by people in uniforms and masks, but also by many persons in civilian clothing. One resident said that people in Sloviansk were afraid to discuss their opinions of the occupiers.

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Odesa was struck by six bomb blasts in December 2014, one of which killed one person (the injuries sustained by the victim indicated that he had dealt with explosives). Internal Affairs Ministry advisor

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law, and the future of Ukraine and its democracy." Harper condemned Russia's military intervention in Ukraine; he announced that Canada had both recalled its ambassador to Russia and withdrawn from the

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is also to be revised in a process that is "inclusive, transparent and accountable". The agreement put on hold additional economic sanctions against Russia by the United States and the European Union.

3911:– This was proclaimed by protestors on 7 April, with calls for Russia to send "peacekeepers" into Ukraine. Gunmen from Russia seized the interior ministry headquarters and two other police stations in 17203: 23228: 21269: 20070: 18875: 15776: 3963: 1961:

By 16 April, the 'anti-terror' operation being conducted by the Ukrainian government in Donetsk Oblast had hit some stumbling blocks. Protesters seized Ukrainian armoured vehicles in Kramatorsk, and

14636: 26259: 24118: 21666: 21304: 17146:"Około 17 tys. milicjantów w Donbasie na wschodzie Ukrainy przeszło w ostatnim czasie na stronę separatystów – oświadczył szef departamentu bezpieczeństwa publicznego MSW Ukrainy Wołodymyr Hryniak" 8228: 5468:

On 23 October, Ukraine arrested a man that they claimed was a high-level Russian intelligence agent who had been co-ordinating separatist activity and had organized the protest of several hundred

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on 17 August. One of the speakers at the protest said that the best way to fight corruption was to create a "local regional government", as they said this would eliminate the need to "bribe the

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There were a number of attacks on members of the press by members of the separatists in Donetsk. On 10 April, protesters outside the Donetsk RSA attacked Belarusian journalists for speaking the

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in Kyiv stated that: "People at anti-Maidan stand for money only. The government uses these hirelings to provoke resistance. They won't be sacrificing anything". Russian leader of the extremist

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On 3 April 2014, one man was arrested and eight more were put under house arrest on suspicion of involvement in the riots in Donetsk on 13 March, which led to the murder of Dmitry Cherniavsky.

25704: 24961: 20087: 9282: 4427:, stated on a social networking website that "upon the U.S. request, Romania has closed its airspace for my plane. Ukraine doesn't allow me to pass through again. Next time I'll fly on board 9257:"Russian forces operating in two Donetsk cities, Ukraine minister says :: Daily News :: Research :: Concorde Capital. IPO, M&A, research, sales and trading. IPO в Украине" 6711: 25218: 25137: 4574:

stated (on 7 April 2014) that he thought the conflict in Kharkiv, Donetsk, Luhansk, and Mariupol was a carefully orchestrated campaign with Russian support. Assistant US Secretary of State

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usually stationed near Moscow, were operating on Ukrainian territory in the cities of Kramatorsk and Sloviansk. On 16 April, the number of Russian special forces troops was said to be 450.

12171: 2770: 20324: 19461: 18327: 16261: 14411: 13512:"В Керчи митингующие сорвали украинский флаг и мэрии и повесили российский : Новости УНИАН (In Kerch protesters tore down Ukrainian flag at the mayor's office and hung Russian flag)" 8168: 2504:. In the event that the authorities failed to comply with the demands, the Oblast administration reserved the "right to ask for help from the brotherly people of the Russian Federation". 15231: 2754:

over the building. Some of the protesters were Russian citizens who had travelled to Kharkiv from Russia. According to the local media, 2,000 Russians were brought by buses with Russian

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on 12 June. Putin also said: "What are the so-called European values? Maintaining the coup, the armed seizure of power and the suppression of dissent with the help of the armed forces?"

15795: 14094: 13439: 10306: 10283:[Mariupol metallurgists, the city authorities, the public of Mariupol and the leader of the DPR signed a Memorandum on order and security]. metinvestholding.com. Archived from 10077: 5673: 5661: 23262: 19296: 11370: 5082:) noted that "there continue to be fighters and arms coming across the border from Russia to Ukraine in recent days and weeks, and we don't see any efforts to turn it off by Russia". 3280:

People's Republic". According to the security service the separatist network behind it also wanted to set up a "Odesa People's Republic", "Porto-Franko" and other breakaway entities.

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on 10 May 2014. Kernes was known as a staunch opponent of the Euromaidan. However, he had also stated that he did not support the pro-Russian insurgency, and backed a united Ukraine.

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did not result in the end of the government building occupations in Donetsk Oblast. Two pro-Russian groups in Mariupol said that they 'felt betrayed' by the action taken in Geneva. A

1617:

they wore. Starting in the Russian media, the wave of unrest came to be referred to in Russia and Russian controlled parts of Ukraine as the "Russian Spring", a reference to both the

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Despite a crackdown on political opponents in 2011–12 (including the arrest and imprisonment of two popular pro-European leaders and including a tightening of personal freedoms), the

459: 9256: 25088: 23272: 17658: 14867: 10033: 6501: 14440:В Запорожье прошел митинг против вмешательства России. ФОТОрепортаж – Запорожье, Крым, ОГА, Россия, Украина, Агрессия России против Украины (02.03.14 18:29) « Политика Украины 14009: 7746:

of 5 May, invited experts repeatedly claimed involvement by the United States... Furthermore, alleged outside intervention was implied when Ukraine was referred to as a "hostage" (

7350: 7130: 2113:. Serious fighting resulted in the recapture of the occupied buildings in Kramatorsk by government forces, and at least ten separatists were said to have been killed in Andriivka. 27831: 26250: 24762: 24483: 23245: 23131: 22770: 22760: 8845: 8693: 1037: 3876: 2063: 1719:

was ratified and the establishment of two new constituent entities in the Russian Federation was marked by a 30 gun salute under an executive order of the Russian President. The

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made a speech to the defenders of the statue, saying that the statue was "a symbol of our city... we will leave it here and we will defend it". Local police kept Euromaidan and

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Kramatorsk was reoccupied by militants on 4 May, and Sloviansk saw renewed fighting on 5 May, resulting in the deaths of four Ukrainian soldiers. Fierce fighting took place in

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by Nikolai Varsegov, who accused her of being a sniper and mass killer. In July, the Russian government officials said that Savchenko had "illegally crossed Russian border as

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on 2 April 2014, suspected of plotting to take several Ukrainians hostage, including a presidential candidate. Police allegedly found a 200-gram TNT block, detonator, and 16

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sharp rise in looting and crime, as well as disorder within leadership". They were seen clearing barricades and rubbish left by those previously in control of the building.

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journalists could find no trace of the insurgents in Mariupol city centre. On 16 May, however, it seemed that separatists were not banished from the city, as reporters from

2103: 1341:. Ukraine's police and border guards denied entry to more than 8,200 Russians between 4 and 25 March 2014. On 27 March 2014, National Security and Defence Council Secretary 1241:. Order was restored in these regions with the cooperation of the local civil authorities, though pro-Russian disturbances, such as bombings, continued throughout the year. 24296: 15979: 14915: 6583: 25127: 23143: 23090: 21316: 19231: 18803: 6394: 5908: 2903:

Pro-Russian signs around the statue bearing the words "Against vandalism", "Fascists, don't test the patience of Kharkiv citizens!", "Caution! Fascism is set free!" and "

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protesters apart until 1 March. On that day, pro-Russian activists stormed the RSA building, assaulted the Euromaidan activists who had been occupying it, and raised the

26184: 24826: 24671: 24438: 24374: 22725: 22329: 22296: 13044: 12895: 11733: 1747: 1253:, Russia launched a decade-long effort to restore its political influence in Ukraine by playing on existing domestic fault lines and undermining the central government. 1054: 1010: 8956: 7204: 6567: 25194: 21259: 19486: 5693: 25556: 17372: 14266: 11947: 5882: 2588:

region. They issued an ultimatum that stated that if Kyiv did not meet their demands by 14:00 on 29 April, they would launch an insurgency in tandem with that of the

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Kelly, Lidia; Polityuk, Pavel; de Carbonnel, Alissa; Heritage, Timothy; Grey, Stephen; Graff, Peter; Kushch, Lina; Apps, Peter (1 March 2014). Lyon, Alistair (ed.).

5846: 4287: 2724: 2336: 2222: 1758: 438: 313: 16724: 10966: 5043:. Some of the families were able to get the bodies secretly returned to them. Most of the killed had past military experience. According to the journalists Russian 25274: 23533: 22023: 19348: 17557: 15612: 13820: 5362: 5155:. After being captured in June, the separatists published a video of her interrogation, and held her hostage. Savchenko was the subject of a number of articles in 2267:

slogan "Akhmetov is an enemy of the people" while holding banners that said "Akhmetov is a thief and is a supporter of fascism" and "Are you a slave to Akhmetov?"

2252:

said that about a hundred pro-Russian activists gathered on the steps of the city administration building, and that the separatist flag continued to fly over it.

27472: 26477: 26157: 25714: 25177: 25149: 25034: 24399: 24160: 23596: 22780: 22462: 21373: 19224: 17540: 17013: 16756: 16467: 13253: 11903: 10771: 9579: 1716: 1712: 51: 16235: 14369: 8098: 7286: 27888: 26291: 25709: 25597: 24921: 24525: 24090: 23662: 23085: 20065: 20050: 19286: 19162: 18870: 18020: 17498: 15388:"NATO - News: Doorstep statement by the NATO Secretary General before the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and the NATO-Ukraine Commission, 02-Mar.-2014" 14480: 12819: 10745: 4623: 2763:

nationalists and pro-Russian activists. On the next day, pro-Russian activists broke into a Ukrainian cultural centre in Kharkiv, removed books written in the

443: 14610: 13283: 12225:[50 people injured after anti-Maidan attack on Euromaidan rally in Kharkiv : UNIAN News]. Ukrainian Independent Information Agency. 14 April 2014 12093: 6593: 28066: 27534: 25642: 25638: 23910: 23791: 23126: 21411: 21383: 21351: 21205: 19323: 19291: 18823: 12062: 982: 804: 17341: 16451: 15773: 11894: 6635: 5239:(SBU) released an audio recording on 5 May that they said was a phone call between a Donetsk separatist leader and the leader of the far-right paramilitary 27754: 25588: 24731: 22730: 19137: 18992: 17943: 17206:[Elections in Ukraine. MFA of Ukraine: Vehicles with armed men penetrated into Ukraine from Russia] (in Polish). rmf24. 24 May 2014. Archived from 13984: 12550: 11059: 9174: 8488: 8432: 5550: 5285: 5270:, and three tanks, that he knew had been supplied to the separatists by Russia. He also said he saw new, fully functional weapons unloaded at locations in 4686: 4359: 2791: 1731: 1563: 17409: 15300: 13511: 8236: 8121: 7816: 5027:

CNN presented a video from a large separatist rally held in a central Donetsk city square around lunchtime on 26 May. Lorries in the square carried armed

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said "The scale of Russian hypocrisy is breathtaking...Russia's synthetic indignation over Ukraine's proportionate and measured actions convinces no one".

3919:, and starting a military conflict on 12 April. Russian nationalists and Eurasianists gained control of the organization, and hastily organized an 11 May 2011:

On 24 April, Ukrainian forces made a series of 'probing attacks' into Sloviansk against the insurgents. The self-proclaimed separatist mayor of the city,

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in 1938. Canada suspended all military cooperation with Russia, and asked Russian military servicemen (at least nine) to leave its territory in 24 hours.

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as President. However, later that day, Ukrainian special forces retook the building, thereby ending the control the protesters had had over the building.

1791: 26318: 25593: 13854: 9713: 8141: 1706:, which had an official turnout of 83 per cent and resulted in a 96% affirmative vote but has been condemned by European Union, American, Ukrainian and 28366: 28061: 27529: 27345: 26137: 25122: 24968: 24148: 24143: 24138: 24133: 24128: 24123: 23710: 22765: 22257: 21449: 21388: 20503: 19167: 19157: 18972: 18779: 18046: 17985: 17926: 16934: 13228: 1634: 975: 17528: 16695: 14644: 14134: 13697: 13489: 12837: 10774:[Separatists in Donetsk region pelted local newspaper with Molotov cocktails : News from UNIAN]. Ukrainian Independent Information Agency 4259:

living in western Ukraine "must be granted dual citizenship, must enjoy all of the community rights and must be granted the opportunity for autonomy".

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Mariupol was said to be "volatile", forcing them to restrict their operations in the region. After the results were announced, leader of the Republic

25633: 25520: 25012: 23828: 23628: 22013: 21416: 21311: 19318: 19281: 19101: 18910: 17678: 16484: 14158:Митинги в Краматорске: "унитарии" создали живой коридор, а "федералисты" сожгли флаг Евросоюза (фото, видео) | Восточный проект – новости Краматорска 10876: 10639: 10321: 4951: 3265: 2837: 1724: 1183: 606: 27450: 17708: 12115: 9286: 7681: 7530: 7406: 7313: 4710:

said that the separatists should be included in the talks. Separatists from Kharkiv were indeed invited to attend, but they refused to participate.

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told OSCE monitors on 23 July that the "underlying tensions" of the 2 May clashes remained in the city, and that he feared for the city's security.

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protest group later swore that they made no such declaration, and the leaders of the group said they had only heard about it through the media. The

25551: 24383: 23881: 22945: 21490: 21331: 18987: 18249: 16598: 6719: 1283: 1049: 1017: 16711: 15657: 14506: 13776: 13231:[Bloody clashes in Odesa took the lives of 43 people, 25 are in serious condition - News of Ukraine on 1 + 1 - TSN.ua]. tsn.ua. 3 May 2014 11660: 8811: 25719: 24886: 24866: 24443: 24155: 23934: 23323: 23168: 22745: 22214: 21567: 20724: 20331: 20055: 16010: 15894: 15559: 15287: 14996: 14395: 13806: 10591: 10103: 4983: 4168: 1912:

Seizures of police stations and other government buildings by armed separatist groups also occurred in other cities in Donetsk Oblast, including

1516:. 93% of westerners and 70% of easterners polled said that they wanted Ukraine to remain united. Despite international criticism of the 16 March 1462: 16510: 16269: 14408: 14068: 10971:[Luhansk SBU building is being held by 1,500 armed separatists - journalist : News UNIAN]. Ukrainian Independent Information Agency 3288:

The charts below show the locations, dates, and attendance rate of pro-Russian protests in Ukraine, and also of pro-Ukrainian counter-protests.

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und politikwissenschaftlichen Studien dazu, dass der Euromaidan die größte demokratische Massenbewegung Europas seit dem Jahr 1989 gewesen ist.

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around, mostly Communists, who would provide a human shield." Parubiy resigned as National Security and Defence Council chief on 7 August 2014.

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Decentralization of power (through the election of executive committees, protection of Russian language; draft amendments to the Constitution).

3984: 3087: 2309:, and Ukrainian government forces. Around fifty insurgents were killed in the fighting, which resulted in their losing control of the airport. 1650: 1509: 1172: 1024: 469: 259: 16428: 13457: 12016: 11864: 7980: 6843: 5494:

10,000 payout for the capture of a Russian saboteur. Media reported that least one billboard existed with the following text: "$ 10,000 for a

27622: 26403: 26271: 26132: 24703: 24636: 24040: 23942: 23776: 23233: 22689: 22618: 20314: 19065: 18982: 18657: 15117: 14320: 14104: 14045: 13443: 10827: 10081: 8984: 7071: 6990: 2883:, was shot in the back while cycling on 28 April 2014. He was said to be in "grave, but stable" condition, but later recovered, according to 2098:

said that many separatists were "killed, injured and arrested". In the early morning on the next day, the counter-offensive then targeted to

1699: 1094: 996: 306: 16678: 9771:"After release of abducted inspectors and Ukrainian hosts, Swiss CiO calls for enhancing cooperation and efforts towards political solution" 7097: 1520:, 91% of the Crimeans polled thought that the vote was free and fair, and 88% said that the Ukrainian government should accept the results. 1269: 29184: 29169: 27511: 27014: 26510: 25105: 24533: 23194: 22990: 20102: 20060: 19404: 18930: 13176: 12862: 10233: 9454:"As Ukraine continues its anti-terrorist operation, American leaders consider providing lethal aid, prepare additional sanctions on Russia" 9427: 9260: 9009:[Donbas News :: Turchynov ready to release separatists without crime if they lay down their arms]. Novosti.dn.ua. 9 March 2014 7458: 6178: 4140:

to be able to determine their future themselves" with the Australian Government cancelling a planned visit to Russia by the Trade Minister

4091: 2546: 17610: 13868: 10924: 10206: 7941: 7357: 29129: 29006: 27465: 26240: 26213: 25182: 25049: 24576: 24003: 23976: 23005: 22860: 22713: 21336: 21321: 21254: 20967: 20962: 20957: 18947: 18835: 17695: 17251: 17162:[Ukrainian Ministry of Internal Affairs: 17 thousand Ukrainian police in Donbas betrayed Ukraine] (in Polish). tvn24. 24 May 2014 13202: 12679: 8940: 7629: 5862: 5473: 5461:

On 22 April, Ukraine's director of Ukraine's national security service announced that they had arrested three alleged Russian GRU agents.

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increased. He repeated the claims of constant flow of military support provided by "Russian community" into the conflict zone on 13 July.

2928:. They also voiced opposition to the Ukrainian government's military operations against pro-Russian separatists in Donetsk Oblast. Mayor 2049:

on 28 April. The rally was swiftly and violently broken up by separatists armed with baseball bats, iron rods, firecrackers and shields.

790: 17: 17184:[Ukrainian Ministry of Internal Affairs: 17 thousand Ukrainian police in Donbas betrayed Ukraine]. wiadomosci.wp.pl. 24 May 2014 16562: 15924: 15843: 15821: 15022: 11585:

Latest news from the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine (SMM), based on information received until 18:00 hrs, 2 June (Kyiv time)

8853: 7098:"Донецькими сепаратистами виявилися колишні зеки і гастролери з Криму Більше читайте тут (Separatists in Donetsk were former prisoners)" 5365:. On 7 April, he escaped house arrest after cutting off his monitoring bracelet, and later gave interviews to the Russian channel state 25044: 25007: 24686: 24188: 24183: 24082: 22955: 22665: 22472: 22109: 21513: 21403: 20077: 19394: 19096: 19070: 18977: 18890: 18818: 16391: 14282: 13074: 12767:"Latest from OSCE Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) to Ukraine based on information received as of 18:00 (Kyiv time), 28 September 2014" 5173: 1575: 1209:

Eventually, Kharkiv, Odesa, and most parts of Donbas including Mariupol remained under Ukrainian government control. Russia-controlled

800: 448: 24708: 17119: 15490: 14667: 14439: 13925: 12301: 11607: 9036: 8918: 5301:

Throughout the conflict, there were reports of both police and military either deserting their posts or defecting to the separatists.

45: 26301: 26235: 25144: 24851: 24394: 23917: 23667: 23080: 23055: 22970: 22512: 22391: 22369: 21341: 21198: 19527: 18900: 17921: 17145: 15387: 11535: 10280: 7046: 5963: 3939:– This is the successor to the failed Luhansk Parliamentary Republic, proclaimed on 27 April. Activists occupied the SBU building in 2136:

was closed to all traffic. The regional television broadcasting centre remained occupied by about thirty camouflaged insurgents with

1354: 1136:, demonstrations by Russian-backed, pro-Russian, and anti-government groups (as well as pro-government demonstrations) took place in 989: 17270: 15577: 12582:"Latest from OSCE Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) to Ukraine based on information received as of 18:00 (Kyiv time), 11 August 2014" 12050: 10509: 8701: 8519: 7548: 2727:

the Kharkiv regional state administration (RSA) building. Later that day, several thousand pro-Ukrainian protesters tried to topple

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was parked outside building, along with barricades made of sandbags and tyres. A similar presence was observed at the RSA building.

29149: 28182: 27747: 26554: 26266: 25159: 24736: 24018: 23110: 23030: 22835: 22577: 21506: 21443: 21393: 20947: 20304: 19842: 18997: 18967: 18905: 18307: 15318: 12823: 12666: 11689: 11019: 10879:[The Luhansk regional council threatens to disarm the Maidan with the hands of "brotherly" Russia]. Gazeta.ua. 2 March 2014 8196: 6875: 1074: 1064: 576: 299: 26668: 20513: 15468: 15069: 14947: 13358: 13101: 13020:"7 years with no answers. What is lacking in the investigations of the events in odesa on 2 May 2014? | United Nations in Ukraine" 10408: 4817:

offered some support for the plan, but called for Poroshenko to bring the separatists into negotiations. Russian Foreign Minister

2684:, a ground-attack fighter, and the Su-27—both combat aircraft operated by Ukraine. Analysis by RadioLiberty also concluded that " 28943: 28531: 25093: 24213: 24208: 24203: 23786: 22740: 22477: 22413: 22342: 22164: 22124: 21485: 21465: 21426: 21326: 20396: 20005: 19832: 19358: 19091: 18920: 17471: 16770:

Parubiy says anti-terrorist operation will continue as separatists in Luhansk, Donetsk reject Putin's call to postpone referendum

14766: 13132:[Pro-Ukrainian activists liquidated separatist camp in Odesa : UNIAN News]. Ukrainian Independent Information Agency 6944: 4367: 4222: 2848: 2021: 1230: 1109: 775: 416: 12632: 12604:"Latest from OSCE Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) to Ukraine based on information received by 18:00 (Kyiv time), 7 August 2014" 12244: 11755: 11378: 10281:"Мариупольские металлурги, городская власть, общественность Мариуполя и лидер ДНР подписали Меморандум о порядке и безопасности" 4074:) remained in widespread usage. On 20 May 2015, the separatist leaders announced the termination of the confederation "project". 28624: 28376: 27995: 27458: 27089: 26338: 26328: 26223: 23886: 23754: 22530: 22446: 22398: 22364: 22264: 20901: 20366: 20251: 20092: 19654: 19333: 19086: 19012: 18494: 16144: 12343:"Latest news from the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine (SMM), based on information received until 18:00 hrs, 17 June" 11956: 9605: 5323: 3244: 2949: 1845: 1817: 1691: 1660: 770: 641: 486: 48:

to the territories the unrests took place. Unrests were only occurring in Crimea, Donetsk, Luhansk, Mariupol, Kharkiv and Odesa

16472:[One of the leaders of the Kharkiv separatists has had his detention prolonged] (in Russian). Status Quo. 27 May 2015. 13649: 13052: 12711:"Latest from the Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine, based on information received as of 18:00 (Kyiv time), 29 August 2014" 11730: 11211: 10993: 1206:

in early March 2014. The Ukrainian government was able to quickly quell this unrest, and removed the separatists by 10 March.

29224: 29159: 29154: 27488: 26677: 26492: 26467: 26092: 25330: 23866: 23851: 23846: 23771: 23045: 22795: 22790: 22750: 22550: 22507: 22381: 22129: 22056: 21005: 19152: 18935: 18133: 14464: 13186: 12787: 12662: 11839: 10854: 10185:"Latest from the Special Monitoring Mission in Ukraine – based on information received from 18:00, 9 May until 18:00, 11 May" 9792: 8962: 7871: 7029: 6433: 6404: 6351: 6318: 6285: 5680: 5068: 4578:

said that the United States had no doubt that Russians were behind the takeovers of government buildings in eastern Ukraine.

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rally by pro-Ukrainian unity groups was cancelled due to concerns about potential clashes in the wake of the Odesa disaster.

2384:, and not Russian; Ukrainian journalists were forced to speak Russian to avoid angering pro-Russian protesters. According to 1168: 411: 25024: 16183: 14973: 12796: 7924: 7487: 6458: 6376: 6160: 5225: 28631: 27804: 27039: 27024: 26370: 26174: 24978: 24841: 23796: 23687: 23318: 23138: 22985: 22497: 22492: 22159: 22099: 22075: 21557: 21433: 21421: 21378: 21191: 20735: 20160: 20155: 20150: 20145: 20140: 20135: 20130: 20125: 20120: 18915: 18700: 18244: 18234: 18108: 17938: 17916: 17873: 15701: 14262: 12529:"Latest from OSCE Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) to Ukraine based on information received as of 18:00 hrs, 6 August 2014" 11885: 6110:"Motivations of Pro-Russian and Pro-Ukrainian Combatants in the Context of the Russian Military Intervention in the Donbas" 6015: 5857: 2925: 2401:

on fire. The editor had been receiving anonymous threats from the separatists. On 19 April, the offices of local newspaper

2117: 2012: 1727:

by 100 to 11 votes declaring that the referendum was invalid and that the incorporation of Crimea into Russia was illegal.

1032: 728: 723: 718: 713: 703: 693: 683: 668: 374: 28031: 18332: 15193: 13698:"UN security council in emergency meeting after Russian parliament approves use of military against Ukraine- live updates" 12838:"UN security council in emergency meeting after Russian parliament approves use of military against Ukraine- live updates" 11152: 9169: 29164: 28562: 28351: 28329: 27740: 27649: 27584: 27516: 27059: 26445: 25246: 24593: 24045: 23040: 23035: 22935: 22755: 22269: 22169: 22144: 22066: 21767: 21646: 20493: 20361: 20241: 20082: 19476: 19172: 17980: 17829: 17499:З України видворено російського неонациста-"чорносотенця", який готував диверсію в Одесі – Новини України на 1+1 – ТСН.ua 16728: 16650: 16621: 15509: 14178:"Новости Донбасса :: 1 тысяча человек митингует в поддержку единства Украины. На них напали сепаратисты (обновлено)" 11501: 10440:"Latest news from the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) to Ukraine based on information received until 26 May, 18:00" 10353:"Latest news from the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) to Ukraine based on information received until 22 May, 18:00" 9845: 5361:

activist Ignat Kramskoy (nicknamed "Topaz") was placed under house arrest on 29 March for his alleged involvement in the

5255: 4727: 4583: 2488: 2038: 1218: 765: 750: 740: 61: 17159: 15761: 15543: 15340: 14815: 13828: 13629: 10063: 1156:. The unrest, which was supported by the Russian military and intelligence services, belongs to the early stages of the 28494: 28441: 28403: 28270: 28101: 27371: 27331: 27099: 26896: 26559: 26333: 26323: 26313: 26087: 24995: 24603: 23817: 23426: 23105: 22915: 22875: 22855: 22815: 22628: 22582: 22119: 22114: 22071: 22051: 21888: 21641: 21249: 20654: 20543: 19871: 19764: 18754: 18359: 18317: 18186: 4455: 4059: 3163:

Rolling demonstrations continued, and on 3 March 2014, 200–500 demonstrators with Russian flags attempted to seize the

3033: 2620: 1707: 1605:". Russian news broadcasts also featured claims of foreign involvement on the side of the Ukrainian government. In the 1466: 1446: 1069: 960: 907: 329: 17017: 16952: 16093: 15421:"Swiss OSCE Chair calls for release of abducted military inspectors, OSCE working at all levels for setting them free" 14893: 13257: 12041: 7750:) in the Politika issue of 14 May, or when it was claimed that Ukraine had been supported by foreign specialists in 6967: 6523: 6475: 4784: 4034:

in the region. They found a munitions cache, and arrested members of an alleged separatist group. They also said that

1835:", would take place "no later than 11 May 2014." Additionally, the group's leaders have appealed to Russian President 28687: 28511: 28255: 28074: 27480: 26921: 26564: 26396: 26179: 25654: 25288: 24983: 24856: 24786: 24311: 23513: 23328: 22940: 22870: 22703: 22545: 22535: 22357: 22337: 22242: 22104: 21819: 20789: 20578: 20196: 19429: 19409: 19363: 19111: 18650: 14951: 14373: 13541: 12865:[Protesters under the flags of Russia storm the Odesa Regional State Administration]. Gazeta.ua. 3 March 2014 11470: 9402:"Latest from the Special Monitoring Mission in Ukraine – based on information received up until 23 April 2014, 19:00" 8496: 8106: 7728: 6129: 5428: 4963: 4274: 2866: 1265: 902: 571: 501: 80: 17354: 13338:"Latest from the Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) in Ukraine based on information received until 18:00 hrs, 14 July" 12476:"Latest from the Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) in Ukraine based on information received until 18:00 hrs, 23 July" 12369: 11965: 10749: 10706:"Armed pro-Russian separatists launch coordinated attacks in Donetsk Oblast, seize buildings and set up checkpoints" 8786: 8406: 6692: 6616: 6488: 5643:, Donestk Oblast, on 23 May 2014, shells on road from fighting between Ukrainian forces and pro-Russian separatists. 4914: 3205:

on 20 April. The anti-Maidan leaders insisted that they aimed not at secession, but at the establishment of a wider

1812:

it while the people outside chanted "Russia, Russia". 100 people proceeded to barricade themselves in the building.

1329:

from across the border who came to support the efforts of pro-Russian activists in Ukraine. Donetsk oblast governor

28487: 27644: 27069: 26966: 26911: 26487: 26462: 26455: 26122: 24358: 24063: 23806: 22643: 22154: 22149: 22061: 22041: 21834: 20568: 20256: 20211: 19539: 19522: 19353: 19303: 19142: 17970: 13613: 10594:[The first day of the resumption of the ATO: losses, prisoners, new weapons]. News.liga.net. 7 January 2014 9091:"Armed pro-Russian extremists launch coordinated attacks in Donetsk Oblast, seize buildings and set up checkpoints" 8169:"Vladimir Putin admits for first time Russian troops took over Crimea, refuses to rule out intervention in Donetsk" 7837: 6601: 5051:) in Rostov were actively recruiting volunteers for Donbas among former soldiers, especially with specific skills ( 1965:

in Sloviansk. During the night of 16 April, about 300 pro-Russian protesters attacked a Ukrainian military unit in

1089: 875: 646: 596: 521: 17627: 17586: 17317: 16379: 14177: 13155: 12059: 11319: 8462: 7923:

Kofman, Michael; Migacheva, Katya; Nichiporuk, Brian; Radin, Andrew; Tkacheva, Olesya; Oberholtzer, Jenny (2017).

6457:

Kofman, Michael; Migacheva, Katya; Nichiporuk, Brian; Radin, Andrew; Tkacheva, Olesya; Oberholtzer, Jenny (2017).

6375:

Kofman, Michael; Migacheva, Katya; Nichiporuk, Brian; Radin, Andrew; Tkacheva, Olesya; Oberholtzer, Jenny (2017).

6159:

Kofman, Michael; Migacheva, Katya; Nichiporuk, Brian; Radin, Andrew; Tkacheva, Olesya; Oberholtzer, Jenny (2017).

1897:

On 12 April, a group of masked militants, formed in Crimea and led by former officer of Russian security services

1296:, which removed Yanukovych from power following a majority vote in the Verkhovna Rada and led to the dismissal of 28794: 28260: 28049: 28043: 28037: 27594: 27589: 27579: 27546: 27506: 27004: 26427: 24255: 23856: 23841: 23836: 23396: 22920: 22895: 22660: 22139: 22134: 22046: 21772: 21530: 20206: 19050: 18850: 18845: 18705: 18680: 18620: 17833: 16447: 13362: 12920:[Activists in Odesa stormed the building of the Regional Council] (in Russian). LifeNews.ru. 3 March 2014 12054: 12045: 11718: 9366: 9108: 7793: 6673: 4993:(leader of the banned 'South-East' organization; Apukhtin is in detention and his trail started late May 2015 in 3000: 2624:

Members of the OSCE special monitoring mission were later stopped at an 'illegal' checkpoint near the village of

2616: 2302: 1995:

The situation remained tense on 23 April, with occupation of government buildings ongoing throughout the region.

1824: 1720: 1180: 955: 591: 426: 379: 349: 23474: 16920: 16782: 14816:"Armenia hails Crimea referendum. The Armenian President Serzh Sargsyan spoke on the phone with President Putin" 14301:В Кривом Роге, Сумах и Полтаве также проходят многотысячные митинги против российской агрессии – Новости / ФРАЗА 13229:"Криваві сутички в Одесі забрали життя 43 осіб, 25 перебувають у тяжкому стані – Новини України на 1+1 – ТСН.ua" 8879: 8731: 8715:

Donetsk City Council urges leaders of protests held in city to hold talks, lay down arms immediately – statement

5377:

On 25 April, the SBU announced it had arrested two Ukrainian military members recruited by Russian intelligence.

5143:) is a Ukrainian ex-paratrooper, and a helicopter navigator, who was captured by the separatists as a member of 2797:

Kharkiv remained calm over the weekend of 19–20 April, though a small, peaceful pro-Russian protest was held on

2452:, was captured by unidentified people in uniform in Sloviansk, and released after four days. British journalist 29229: 29179: 28854: 28844: 28319: 27809: 27654: 26926: 26891: 26169: 25987: 25469: 24861: 24608: 24478: 24235: 23623: 23618: 23613: 23353: 23020: 22960: 22800: 22655: 21829: 21366: 21010: 20299: 19629: 19368: 19313: 19177: 18952: 18128: 18123: 18113: 18010: 11982: 10259:"Latest from the Special Monitoring Mission in Ukraine – based on information received until 18:00 hrs, 14 May" 8043: 6902: 6810: 6310:

Russian 'hybrid warfare' and the annexation of Crimea : the modern application of Soviet political warfare

4316: 3976: 3949: 3920: 3065: 2637: 2198: 2188: 2152: 1703: 1517: 1176: 511: 15527: 11262:"Latest from the Special Monitoring Mission in Ukraine – based on information received up until 29 April 2014" 11234:"Latest from the Special Monitoring Mission in Ukraine – based on information received up until 28 April 2014" 9551:"Latest from the Special Monitoring Mission in Ukraine – based on information received up until 27 April 2014" 9516:"Latest from the Special Monitoring Mission in Ukraine – based on information received up until 25 April 2014" 8888:

In Donetsk Gubarov was known as a neo-Nazi and as a member of the fascist organization Russian National Unity.

6916: 28692: 28521: 28314: 27084: 26999: 26941: 26343: 26286: 26127: 26117: 24538: 24473: 23876: 23443: 23060: 22930: 22805: 22613: 22608: 22572: 22304: 22247: 21866: 21755: 21631: 20386: 20346: 20112: 20097: 19662: 19439: 19182: 18925: 18796: 18509: 18322: 18075: 17975: 16366: 15745: 15361: 14342: 13280:"Официально: на Куликовом поле погиб 31 человек, на Греческой – четверо (осторожно, фото) • Таймер" 12223:"После нападения антимайдановцев на митинг Евромайдана в Харькове пострадало 50 человек : Новости УНИАН" 8330:"ITAR-TASS: Russia – Lavrov: West 'twisted arms' of 50 countries to get support for Ukraine resolution in UN" 8304: 5172:

oversaw the government military operation against pro-Russian separatists in eastern Ukraine. As part of the

5148: 3968: 3253: 3041: 3024: 2979: 2331: 2306: 2133: 1365: 1226: 1104: 1084: 1079: 939: 865: 537: 265: 16184:"Peaceful plan of the President of Ukraine on the settlement of the situation in eastern regions of Ukraine" 15194:"Außenminister Steinmeier zur Lage in Slawjansk (Foreign Minister Steinmeier on the situation in Sloviansk)" 10534: 9662: 8440: 4885: 4419:, Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Government and one of the senior Russian officials sanctioned by the 2844: 56: 29209: 29199: 29174: 28806: 28764: 28738: 28602: 28592: 28516: 28361: 28346: 28175: 28139: 27936: 27930: 27846: 27826: 27716: 27440: 27231: 27161: 27029: 26976: 26901: 26834: 26771: 26707: 26633: 26576: 26389: 26307: 26054: 26042: 25056: 25039: 24846: 24646: 24453: 24448: 24433: 24198: 23645: 23010: 22980: 22845: 22502: 22487: 22482: 22274: 22237: 22209: 21636: 21626: 20981: 20436: 20422: 19399: 19205: 19127: 19035: 19027: 18643: 18196: 18000: 17750:

Bowen, Andrew (2017). "Coercive Diplomacy and the Donbas: Explaining Russian Strategy in Eastern Ukraine".

17373:"Among the "locals", who took over the buildings of Slovyansk and Kramatorsk there were Cossacks of Russia" 16023: 12247:[7,000 Kharkiv residents came to the prayer rally for Ukraine]. ICTV. 23 April 2014. Archived from 11948:

Ukraine crisis: Two dead in shootout in eastern city of Kharkiv as tensions rise ahead of Crimea referendum

11790: 11448:"Latest from the Special Monitoring Mission in Ukraine – based on information received up until 7 May 2014" 11426:"Latest from the Special Monitoring Mission in Ukraine – based on information received up until 8 May 2014" 9953:"Latest from the Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine – based on information received up until 6 May 2014" 9926:"Latest from the Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine – based on information received up until 5 May 2014" 8901: 7232: 5229: 5184: 5064: 4835: 4512: 4508: 3935: 3907: 2669: 2661: 2589: 2574: 2282: 2274: 2192: 2160: 2029: 1947: 1775: 1763: 1268:

halting goods coming from Ukraine. This prompted politicians and others to view the move as the start of a

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a Ukrainian boycott of Russian goods started as a reaction to the export trade blockade by Russia in 2013.

28716: 28499: 28423: 28121: 27960: 27918: 27912: 27721: 27310: 26856: 26598: 26450: 25872: 25295: 25260: 24767: 24713: 24620: 24260: 24033: 23550: 23545: 23416: 23391: 23100: 22810: 22279: 21214: 20988: 20923: 20889: 20450: 20319: 20309: 20032: 19998: 19466: 19434: 19328: 19132: 18830: 18504: 17727: 13853:[In Odessa, pro-Russian activists attacked supporters of Euromaidan] (in Russian). Archived from 11929: 7321: 7156: 6067: 5836: 5335: 5236: 5120: 4481: 4371: 4312: 4226: 4069: 4050: 3996: 3958: 3273: 3202: 3083: 2565:

April, and that about 100 men in unmarked uniforms with machine guns were present inside it at the time.

2542: 2509: 1981: 1785: 784: 745: 17032:"Terrorists of DNR admitted that Russia delivers them the weapon and equipment, but complain of quality" 15955: 12888:"В Одессе накалились страсти: противники киевской власти осадили ОГА. К ним вышел Скорик (фоторепортаж)" 12401:"Latest from the Special Monitoring Mission in Ukraine based on information received until 23 June 2014" 12370:"Latest from the Special Monitoring Mission in Ukraine based on information received until 22 June 2014" 12007: 11714: 10968:Здание луганской СБУ удерживают полторы тысячи вооруженных сепаратистов – журналист : Новости УНИАН 7410: 4019:– The Kharkiv People's Republic was proclaimed on 7 April by protesters occupying the RSA building with 2936:. The city administration provided buses for around 1,000 people who came to greet him upon his return. 1909:

labelled the gunmen "terrorists", and swore to use the Ukrainian special forces to retake the building.

1260:(Ukrainian parliament) agreed in early 2013 to work towards fulfilling the requirements for joining the 29069: 28938: 28771: 28677: 28636: 28526: 28341: 28080: 27954: 27605: 27317: 27064: 27044: 26623: 26618: 26152: 26147: 25302: 25083: 24831: 24757: 24503: 24306: 24240: 23469: 23376: 23359: 23333: 23288: 23163: 22885: 22880: 22840: 22219: 21656: 21585: 21356: 20884: 20799: 20226: 20221: 19821: 19784: 19471: 19424: 19338: 19017: 18957: 18726: 18690: 18499: 18092: 18082: 17911: 17234: 13784: 11400: 10772:"Сепаратисты на Донетчине забросали редакцию местной газеты "коктейлями Молотова" : Новости УНИАН" 9283:"Ukraina: Zidentyfikowano ludzi, którzy pojawili się w Słowiańsku i Kramatorsku. To żołnierze rosyjscy" 9007:"Новости Донбасса :: Турчинов готов освободить сепаратистов без криминала, если они сложат оружие" 8025: 5195:(perceived by some experts as the ultranationalist and neo-Nazi political groups), is commander of the 4159: 3980: 3028: 2945: 2899: 2755: 2728: 2707: 1586: 760: 616: 581: 364: 173: 23479: 16417:«Народный мэр» Мариуполя Дмитрий Кузьменко задержан сотрудниками СБУ | 0629.com.ua – Новости Мариуполя 10078:"Disputed accounts of Mariupol violence in 'battle for southeast Ukraine' | euronews, world news" 9824:"Latest from the Special Monitoring Mission in Ukraine – based on information received up until 4 May" 8269: 8068: 4431:". Rogozin's statements have irritated the authorities in Bucharest that catalogued them as a threat. 28504: 28477: 27799: 26961: 26946: 26296: 26142: 25852: 25649: 25441: 25061: 25002: 24821: 24544: 24353: 24053: 23984: 23801: 23735: 23025: 22905: 22850: 22825: 22587: 22199: 22194: 22081: 21933: 21923: 21700: 21651: 21470: 20906: 20605: 20381: 20281: 20191: 19864: 19837: 19055: 18302: 13584:"У Луганську мітингарі-русофіли змусили нового губернатора піти у відставку – ЗМІ; Українська правда" 8577: 7774: 7432: 5851: 5469: 3079: 2884: 2497: 2453: 2167:

referred to Putin's words "hot air", and vowed that the counter-offensive in Donetsk would continue.

2058: 1974: 1906: 919: 823: 818: 698: 566: 546: 506: 431: 14428:В Запорожье прошел митинг против вмешательства России (ФОТО, ОБНОВЛЕНО) | 061.ua – Новости Запорожья 13821:"Трагедия 2 мая: противники договаривались о мирном демонтаже палаточного городка на Куликовом поле" 11630: 10461: 9714:"Two Ukrainian soldiers, one insurgent killed in Sloviansk fighting; one protester killed in Odessa" 4097:

Various international entities warned all sides to reduce tensions in Eastern and Southern Ukraine.

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station stairs, and separatists coming up to them, kicking them and shouting "they are not humans!"

1953: 1730:

Around 3,000 people had fled Crimea by April 1, and 80% of them were Crimean Tatars. Teams from the

1538:

During the Euromaidan revolution there were widespread reports that pro-Yanukovych and pro-Russian '

29139: 28768: 28309: 28265: 27948: 27894: 27388: 27338: 27324: 27034: 26936: 26102: 25017: 24781: 24468: 24409: 24225: 23871: 23715: 23381: 23348: 23173: 23095: 22965: 22910: 22900: 22820: 22592: 22314: 22232: 22031: 21799: 21784: 20600: 20351: 20271: 19624: 19373: 19343: 18489: 18281: 18181: 18118: 17995: 17866: 17342:СБУ задержала Топаза и депортировала из Украины журналистов российского канала : Новости УНИАН 15873:"ITAR-TASS: World – Russia not to leave US, Canadian sanctions without response — Foreign Ministry" 13956:[Supporters of the Federation and the Russian language in Zaporizhzhia took to the march]. 12372:(Press release). Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 23 June 2014. Archived from 10681:[Donetsk separatists attack Belarusian and Russian journalists - media; Ukrainian Pravda]. 5716: 5700: 5640: 5413: 5402: 5388: 5188: 4764: mi) long buffer zone on the Ukrainian-Russian border. Withdrawal of illegal armed formations. 4311:

accused Putin of having committed "an unacceptable violation". On 19 March, during a speech in the

4035: 3988: 3057: 2992: 2798: 2736: 2444:, his whereabouts are unknown, but allegedly he has been held in detention by separatist forces in 1297: 1059: 855: 845: 678: 516: 20341: 10679:"Донецькі сепаратисти нападають на білоруських та російських журналістів – ЗМІ; Українська правда" 8906:

Pavel Gubarev, a former member of the neo-Nazi, Russian chauvinist Russian National Unity movement

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The barricade outside Donetsk RSA featuring anti-western slogans some of which read (in Russian):

1292:

soon developed into the largest democratic mass movement in Europe since 1989, culminating in the

29134: 28978: 28821: 28789: 28758: 28597: 28567: 28451: 28168: 28007: 27942: 27876: 27779: 26951: 26628: 26245: 25501: 25406: 24973: 24811: 24796: 24564: 24301: 24250: 23811: 23518: 23421: 22309: 22189: 21898: 21883: 21824: 21438: 20942: 20937: 20216: 19854: 19849: 19649: 19634: 19557: 19419: 19216: 18962: 18256: 16787: 16586: 14637:"Ex-prime minister of unrecognised Donetsk republic: There's no 'Novorossiya', but a false start" 14118:У Херсоні сепаратистів зібралося вдесятеро менше, ніж противників референдуму | Українська правда 6878:

Philosophische Fakultät Institut für Osteuropäische Geschichte und Landeskunde. 19-20 minutes in

5841: 5667:

Percentage of people with Russian as their native language according to 2001 census (in regions).

5408:

Negrienko was arrested earlier in March 2014 for attempting to recruit Ukrainian police officers.

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to try to negotiate an end to the crisis in Ukraine. The meeting produced a document, called the

4529:– In response to the Russian government's declared outrage over a Ukrainian counter-offensive on 4229: 3020: 897: 870: 601: 17410:СБУ задержала двух граждан Украины, которые работали на российскую разведку : Новости УНИАН 13387:

Interior minister's advisor says Kharkiv, Odesa explosions aim at escalating tensions in Ukraine

12684:[About 500 people were marching through the center of Kharkiv (updated, photo, video)]. 9060:Командующий самообороной Славянска Игорь Стрелков: Задержанные наблюдатели – кадровые разведчики 7967: 7131:"SBU detains Russian provocateur believed to have planned raid on parliament, cabinet buildings" 6193: 5020:

estimates that at least 2,000 Russian intelligence officials were operating in eastern Ukraine.

3232:

A week later, on 2 May, a rally by about 2,000 pro-government demonstrators, including football

2463:

criticized the Ukrainian government for "the serial arrests of Russian journalists in Ukraine".

2226:

Insurgent emplacement in Donetsk, also showing a road sign that points to major conflict areas:

29214: 29204: 29013: 28849: 28799: 28019: 27841: 27711: 27568: 27221: 27079: 27074: 26956: 26844: 26735: 26348: 26097: 24426: 24280: 24265: 23561: 23411: 23386: 22670: 21876: 21750: 21078: 20756: 19991: 19912: 19007: 18176: 15658:"Турчинов объявил о начале антитеррористической операции на юго-востоке Украины; Страна; Вести" 6896: 5816: 5624: 5398:

Anton Rayevsky was arrested in Odesa and then deported for inciting ethnic hatred and violence.

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was broken by an attack upon a separatist checkpoint in Sloviansk, further inflaming tensions.

1977:

said that troops were forced to open fire, resulting in the killing of three of the attackers.

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Support for a union between Russia and Ukraine was found to be much higher in certain oblasts:

1099: 26839: 24326: 17423:"Затримані організатори заворушень у Харкові, їх інструктували за кордоном; Українська правда" 16626:[Your husband went under fire voluntarily] (in Russian). Novaya Gazeta. Archived from 15143:"Statement by EU High Representative Catherine Ashton on the developments in Ukraine's Crimea" 15142: 14071:[Fb: about 7 thousand people came out in support of the unity of Ukraine in Kharkiv]. 12141:"Kharkiv settles down, while pro-Russian separatists still hold buildings in Luhansk, Donetsk" 11810:"Kharkiv regional administration building stormed on March 1 by Russian 'tourists' - activist" 10657:"Chairperson-in-Office welcomes Minsk agreement, assures President Poroshenko of OSCE support" 6346:. North Charleston, South Carolina: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 252. 4838:, said that his forces would hold to the ceasefire. Soon after this statement, separatists in 2688:". Heavy fighting in the region continued over the following months, until the signing of the 1655: 28953: 28816: 28733: 28587: 28391: 28144: 28091: 27924: 27900: 27856: 27794: 27706: 27666: 27617: 27267: 27166: 27094: 26866: 26588: 25448: 25399: 25267: 25239: 24801: 24681: 24613: 24588: 24513: 24488: 23861: 23720: 23591: 23581: 23293: 23250: 22975: 22830: 22540: 22374: 22224: 21943: 21760: 21710: 21671: 20993: 20719: 20558: 20508: 20356: 20276: 19496: 19040: 18808: 18715: 18087: 18025: 17886: 17811: 16040: 10659:(Press release). Bern: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 5 September 2014 7866:. North Charleston, South Carolina: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 90. 5766: 5044: 4484:

celebration on 24 August, despite the fact that Poroshenko had sent his regards to Putin for

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were behind the attacks, and had intended to destabilize the otherwise calm city of Kharkiv.

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International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic

20371: 12322: 7900:[IMF promises to present a program for Ukraine no later than the beginning of May]. 7508:[The separatists are paid $ 500 for the assault – the source; Ukrainian truth and]. 5330:" into Ukraine to help the separatists. He went on to claim his unit had been "continuously 2608:

announced the formation of a "South-Eastern Army" to march on Kyiv. Bolotov also declared a

29189: 28948: 28901: 28811: 28728: 28702: 28614: 28607: 28577: 28465: 28299: 28282: 28250: 27972: 27836: 27816: 27784: 27236: 27049: 26881: 26781: 26692: 26539: 26472: 26107: 26035: 25907: 25545: 25337: 25316: 24698: 24341: 24193: 23730: 23725: 23484: 23343: 22995: 22890: 22735: 22036: 21938: 21903: 21893: 21839: 21794: 21745: 21740: 20583: 20483: 20376: 20261: 20246: 20186: 19639: 19106: 18570: 18156: 18151: 17851: 12807: 5157: 5101: 4930:(Russian security officer, leader of the armed group of Russian soldiers seizing Slavyansk) 4615: 4604: 4462:, had joined Ukrainian forces preparing for the crackdown in eastern Ukraine. In a 7 April 2941: 2597: 2534: 2116:

All of the international military monitors who had been held in Sloviansk were released by

2016: 1873: 1767: 1614: 1547: 1311: 1276: 1130: 880: 651: 636: 626: 556: 238: 17659:

Alleged Russian intelligence agent caught outside Kyiv claiming to be FSB general (PHOTOS)

15423:(Press release). Bern: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 27 April 2014 15391: 14046:"У Донецьку близько 7 тисяч людей вийшли на мітинг за єдність України – Політика – ТСН.ua" 10828:"How A British Blogger Became An Unlikely Star Of The Ukraine Conflict — And Russia Today" 10284: 2420:

on 23 April, after previously harassing newspaper staff and labeling them members of the '

1217:

were formed and took control of Donetsk and Luhansk. In the second phase from April 2014,

8: 29144: 29018: 28826: 28753: 28748: 28550: 28536: 28398: 28096: 28001: 27966: 27763: 27688: 27201: 27136: 26931: 26776: 26702: 26687: 26682: 26432: 26412: 25867: 25847: 25699: 25664: 25487: 25413: 25392: 25225: 24775: 24463: 24270: 24100: 23371: 23015: 23000: 21988: 21973: 21735: 21725: 21661: 21606: 21601: 21224: 21038: 20976: 20894: 20694: 20669: 20659: 20391: 20176: 20026: 19892: 19769: 19456: 19444: 19257: 18742: 18737: 18685: 18666: 18514: 18415: 18239: 18053: 17859: 17267: 16880: 16712:

Known Russian Fascist Aleksandr Dugin Instructs Ukrainian Separatists | Voices of Ukraine

16351: 14787: 14013: 13130:"В Одессе проукраинские активисты ликвидировали лагерь сепаратистов : Новости УНИАН" 11934: 10925:"There's Violence on the Streets of Ukraine—and in Parliament A news roundup for April 8" 8387:(Press release). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 20 May 2014 7186:"News – the views and opinions of South-Eastern regions residents of Ukraine: April 2014" 5831: 5620: 5502:

no such billboards existed and the photo media referred to "was faked for the Internet."

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Restoration of central television and radio broadcasting in Donetsk and Luhansk regions.

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monitoring mission in Ukraine later confirmed that the situation in Odesa remained calm.

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The disputed referendum on the status of Luhansk Oblast was held on 11 May. According to

2471: 2381: 2248: 2095: 1937: 1905:, a city in the northern part of the Donetsk Oblast. Ukrainian Internal Affairs Minister 1852: 1746:. The number of refugees, primarily Crimean Tatars, continued to rise, and by 20 May the 1680: 1543: 1505: 1482: 1389: 1157: 929: 561: 359: 323: 102: 17513: 13749: 13723: 13423:

Ukrainian MP was in 2015 set to take lead of "Bessarabian People's Republic" – SBU chief

12769:(Press release). Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 29 September 2014 7601:"Human Rights Assessment Mission in Ukraine: Human Rights and Minority Rights Situation" 7157:"HOW RELATIONS BETWEEN UKRAINE AND RUSSIA SHOULD LOOK LIKE? PUBLIC OPINION POLL RESULTS" 5909:"Activity of Regions Party, Communist Party, Yanukovych's portraits banned in Drohobych" 3520: 3156:. Police reported that 5,000 participated in a pro-Russian demonstration in the city of 1878: 1713:

treaty of accession of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol into the Russian Federation

1508:

surveyed opinions in Ukraine on the subject of the unrest. The poll was taken after the

29042: 29001: 28933: 28836: 28781: 28697: 28672: 28650: 28446: 28371: 28200: 28149: 27978: 27882: 27676: 27600: 27365: 27196: 26653: 26613: 26281: 26007: 26002: 25917: 25623: 25568: 25427: 25115: 24656: 24598: 24220: 23996: 23989: 22650: 22003: 21998: 21978: 21953: 21948: 21913: 21871: 21861: 21809: 21730: 21480: 21048: 20820: 20709: 20266: 20236: 20231: 20201: 20181: 19774: 19743: 19060: 18786: 18575: 18005: 17767: 17204:"Wybory na Ukrainie. MSZ Ukrainy: Z Rosji przedostały się pojazdy z uzbrojonymi ludźmi" 16823: 15448:(Press release). Kyiv: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 2 May 2014 14222: 11917: 11664: 10488: 9773:(Press release). Bern: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 3 May 2014 7895: 7765: 7569: 7185: 6746: 6714:[On a set of measures to involve Ukraine in the Eurasian integration process]. 6247: 6135: 6090: 5136: 4649: 3257: 3220:

was thrown from a passing car at a joint police-Maidan self-defence checkpoint outside

3103: 2764: 2609: 2460: 2227: 1962: 1869: 1832: 1781: 1513: 1238: 1203: 934: 912: 833: 673: 631: 621: 611: 586: 551: 271: 25573: 17330:Топаз рассказал, почему сепаратисты начали говорить на украинском : Новости УНИАН 16537:"Pro-Russian separatists block monitors from buildings in east Ukraine, diplomats say" 14916:"Readout of President Obama's calls with President Hollande and Prime Minister Harper" 14136:Мы за мир!", – в Кировограде состоялось шествие за территориальную целостность Украины 12200:[Kernes promised to help release the detained separatists; Ukrainian Pravda]. 7287:"Total of 77 percent of citizens in Donetsk condemn administrative buildings takeover" 6934: 6801: 6792: 6584:

Russia sets off trade war to prevent Ukraine from signing agreement with EU, says UDAR

6551: 5232:

were fighting against pro-Russian separatists in Ukraine for the Ukrainian government.

4776:

Liberation of illegally seized administrative premises in Donetsk and Luhansk regions.

1221:

seized government buildings across Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts, together known as the

28876: 28871: 28859: 28743: 28682: 28662: 28381: 28292: 28025: 27906: 27870: 27611: 27574: 27423: 27408: 27181: 27176: 27171: 26811: 26658: 26012: 25922: 25912: 25902: 25816: 25786: 25771: 25766: 25751: 25741: 25659: 25508: 24881: 24651: 24275: 24095: 23608: 23603: 23464: 22925: 22347: 22008: 21983: 21968: 21908: 21854: 21849: 21814: 21720: 21715: 21168: 21148: 21043: 20928: 20714: 20689: 20528: 20336: 19943: 19897: 19389: 18695: 18555: 18445: 18395: 18216: 18191: 17931: 17800: 17771: 17286: 17268:Арестован подозреваемый в убийстве на митинге в Донецке 13 марта – Донецк.comments.ua 16845: 16836: 16757:"Савченко подтвердила консулу, что ее насильно вывезли в Россию - с мешком на голове" 16004: 14720: 14460: 14389: 14247:У Луганську, Одесі та Кривому Розі мітингували за єдність України | Українська правда 14223:"В Николаеве проходит многотысячный митинг против агрессии Путина; Украинская правда" 13800: 13537: 13386: 13182: 12890:[In Odesa inflame passions: opponents of the Kyiv authorities besieged RSA]. 12791: 12713:(Press release). Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 30 August 2014 12584:(Press release). Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 12 August 2014 12551:"Russia This Week: Zhirinovsky Threatens to 'Wipe Out' Poland, Baltics (4–10 August)" 12497: 12248: 11951: 11126: 10097: 8875: 8714: 8646:Сепаратисты выставили ультиматум: референдум о вхождении Донецкой области в состав РФ 7877: 7867: 7724: 7531:"Landik accused in pogroms in Luhansk 'tourists of Putin' and former city government" 7025: 6439: 6429: 6400: 6357: 6347: 6324: 6314: 6281: 6270:

Russia’s Bitter Path to Modernity : A History of the Soviet and Post-Soviet Eras

6251: 6239: 6139: 6125: 5989: 5052: 5017: 4988: 4831: 4579: 4363: 4277: 2802: 2525: 2259: 2231: 2171: 2164: 1901:, captured the executive committee building, the police department and SBU office in 1743: 1672: 1279: 1250: 1133: 924: 890: 885: 850: 369: 110: 17598: 17575:СБУ затримала російську шпигунку, яка організовувала диверсантів | Українська правда 17483: 17422: 17397: 17385: 17301: 16742: 16599:"Фотографии из телефона подстреленного в Донецке "кадыровца" - работника МВД России" 16141:

East Ukraine's Kharkov region to hold independence referendum - movement "Southeast"

15679: 14582: 14554: 14246: 14202: 14117: 12965: 12939: 12606:(Press release). Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 8 August 2014 12531:(Press release). Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 7 August 2014 12453: 12425: 12197: 11348: 11264:(Press release). Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 30 April 2014 10678: 10377: 7505: 7382: 6568:

Ukraine's Employers Federation: Russia's customs service halts all Ukrainian imports

6094: 5439: 5104:(Oleg Bakhtiyarov) was arrested on 31 March for planning terrorist acts in Ukraine. 4825:." Poroshenko previously refused to enter into negotiations with armed separatists. 2704:, and the regional state administration building there was occupied multiple times. 29051: 29023: 28968: 28963: 28958: 28777: 28287: 28275: 28013: 27864: 27771: 27562: 27272: 27241: 27226: 27156: 27146: 27141: 26871: 26524: 26218: 26112: 26059: 25997: 25982: 25972: 25962: 25821: 25811: 25801: 25776: 25746: 25378: 25371: 25309: 24806: 24349:

Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion

24023: 23922: 23406: 23364: 23255: 22352: 21562: 21158: 21133: 21103: 21063: 21033: 21000: 20916: 20810: 20804: 20784: 20772: 20750: 20634: 20573: 20548: 20523: 19953: 19779: 19738: 19723: 19713: 19682: 18615: 18519: 18420: 18405: 18390: 18286: 17792: 17759: 17574: 17486: 17448:"Проросійські екстремісти готували на 9 травня у Харкові вибухи; Українська правда" 17447: 17305: 17074:(Press release). Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 6 April 2014 16849: 16840: 13583: 13406: 13390: 13340:(Press release). Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 15 July 2014 12820:

SBU: Russian special services target Kharkiv, Odesa, situation difficult to control

12478:(Press release). Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 24 July 2014 12457: 12403:(Press release). Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 24 June 2014 12345:(Press release). Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 18 June 2014 12270: 12120: 12020: 11773: 10949: 8824: 8718: 8629: 8622: 7716: 7565:"Source: Donetsk and Luhansk separatists driven by people of Akhmetov and Yefremov" 6939: 6826: 6805: 6796: 6776: 6767: 6758: 6555: 6273: 6231: 6117: 6082: 5684: 5251: 5132: 5112: 4973: 4733: 4534: 4477: 4390: 4203: 3224:

on 25 April, injuring seven people, and causing heightened tensions in the region.

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and owner of Metinvest, called for non-violent protests against the separatists in

2243: 2208: 2076: 1555: 1487: 1326: 1315: 198: 22403: 17763: 16972:"Ukraine's rebels say they are seeking a mandate, not independence, in referendum" 16656: 16627: 15702:"Ukraine: Ban 'deeply concerned' Crimea vote will worsen complex, tense situation" 13671: 13482:"Ukraine: Pro-Russian protesters storm buildings in cities close to Russia border" 11843: 10442:(Press release). Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 27 May 2014 10355:(Press release). Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 23 May 2014 10261:(Press release). Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 14 May 2014 10187:(Press release). Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 12 May 2014 6265: 6235: 6086: 5883:"Party of Regions, Communist Party banned in Ivano-Frankivsk and Ternopil regions" 1581:

media and officials referred to the protesters as "supporters of federalization".

1542:' protesters were paid for their support. Oleksiy Haran, a political scientist at 29219: 28928: 28866: 28572: 28324: 27277: 27206: 27186: 27151: 26861: 26482: 26200: 25952: 25942: 25892: 25887: 25882: 25877: 25806: 25791: 25781: 25761: 25726: 25578: 25455: 25187: 24569: 24458: 24230: 24011: 23586: 23436: 23431: 22418: 22386: 21963: 21958: 21844: 21804: 21455: 21153: 21108: 21098: 21088: 21083: 20952: 20842: 20815: 20794: 20762: 20649: 20629: 20533: 20518: 19963: 19922: 19759: 19733: 19703: 19644: 18590: 18585: 18206: 18201: 17732: 17274: 17093: 16862: 16699: 16455: 16436: 16429:Боротьбисты в Одессе вышли под управление СБУ с требованием освободить Давидченко 16320: 16291: 16187: 16186:(Press release). Office of the President of Ukraine. 20 June 2014. Archived from 16115: 16074: 15780: 15749: 15726: 15631: 15595: 15286:"However, when questioned, national security adviser Shivshankar Menon said..." ( 15218: 15167: 15076: 14415: 14307: 14270: 14164: 13633: 13377: 13308: 12803: 12737: 12066: 12032: 11873: 11737: 11669: 11557: 11450:(Press release). Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 9 May 2014 11428:(Press release). Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 9 May 2014 11290: 10613: 10565: 10211: 10124: 10003: 9974: 9955:(Press release). Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 8 May 2014 9928:(Press release). Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 7 May 2014 9896: 9867: 9826:(Press release). Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 6 May 2014 9744: 9687: 9636: 9482: 9340: 9311: 9230: 9204: 9134: 8667: 8546: 8281: 8257: 8229:"Voter turnout at pseudo-referendum in Crimea was maximum 30-40 percent - Mejlis" 8215: 8203: 8002: 7600: 7233:"In Eastern Ukraine, a One-Building, Pro-Russia Realm Persists Despite Criticism" 6277: 5934: 5780: 5499: 5490: 5267: 5217: 5144: 5096: 4969: 4919: 4800:

Coordination of governors with representatives of the Donbas before the elections

4586:, characterized the militants as terrorists. On 30 April, John Kerry stated that 4575: 4458:" disguised as soldiers, as well as militants from the Ukrainian far-right group 3945: 3206: 3113: 2970: 2929: 2888: 2880: 2780: 2743: 2647: 2605: 2550: 2437: 1940:

launched a full-scale 'anti-terror' military operation to reclaim the buildings.

1735: 1606: 1229:. To suppress this insurgency, the Ukrainian government began what it called an " 860: 194: 17529:

Alexander Dugin: The Crazy Ideologue of the New Russian Empire – The Daily Beast

16743:"Москва "зробила" з української льотчиці Надії Савченко "біженку" і "терориста"" 15796:"Phone taps show Kremlin directed pro-Russian thugs in Ukraine, John Kerry says" 15560:

Ukraine crisis escalates as pro-Russia activists declare independence in Donetsk

12198:"Кернес пообіцяв допомогти звільнити затриманих сепаратистів; Українська правда" 11791:

Kharkiv, Ukraine's second largest city, divided over Russia's invasion of Crimea

10994:"East Ukraine protesters joined by miners on the barricades | The Observer" 8624:Донецькі сепаратисти готуються сформувати "народну облраду" та приєднатися до РФ 6219: 5445: 5420:

described Bakhtiyarov as: "a good guy, a psychiatrist, a commando, a vet of the

4252: 1702:. During this time, the question of joining the Russian Federation was put to a 1613:" was used for the pro-Russian demonstrators and militants, in reference to the 1233:" (ATO), sending in the armed forces to quell the unrest. Unrest in Kharkiv and 291: 29107: 29095: 29056: 28991: 28881: 28619: 28582: 28334: 28304: 28245: 27789: 27282: 27216: 27211: 27191: 27131: 27126: 26849: 26663: 26549: 26544: 26529: 26047: 25992: 25947: 25937: 25897: 25857: 25842: 25826: 25756: 25617: 25462: 24871: 24836: 24557: 24552: 24421: 24316: 23693: 23401: 22865: 21993: 21128: 21093: 21073: 21068: 21053: 20778: 20745: 20679: 20674: 20624: 19948: 19902: 19859: 19826: 19698: 19677: 19546: 19501: 19414: 18610: 18595: 18580: 18565: 18460: 18450: 18430: 18425: 18410: 18400: 18291: 18211: 18171: 16560: 15929: 15774:

Q&A with US Amb. Geoffrey Pyatt: Ukraine Crisis Escalates as War Fears Grow

14920: 9179: 8694:"The Donetsk city council asks citizens not to participate in unlawful actions" 7708: 6502:"Parliament passes statement on Ukraine's aspirations for European integration" 5821: 5808: 5732: 5605: 5417: 5221: 5196: 5169: 5124: 5028: 5013: 5009: 5005: 4814: 4789: 4703: 4674: 4629: 4548: 4526: 4473: 4420: 4416: 4353: 4196: 4164: 3912: 3543: 3313: 3061: 3053: 2740: 2732: 2701: 2689: 2673: 2492: 2417: 2369: 2361: 2298: 2255: 2203: 2156: 2148: 1857: 1836: 1828: 1734:(OSCE) assisted internally displaced persons who have resettled from Crimea in 1695: 1684: 1594: 1590: 1559: 1395: 1377: 1371: 1342: 1319: 1261: 1257: 1200: 1196: 1192: 838: 21183: 17817: 17558:"SBU detains 2 Russians suspected of plotting to abduct Ukrainian politicians" 17228: 17046: 16993: 16347:

Ukraine president vows revenge after 19 soldiers killed in rebel rocket attack

11914:

Russia supporters in eastern Ukraine pose challenges to pro-Western government

11371:"Pro-Russian Rebels Leave Prosecutor's Office, TV Centre in Ukraine's Luhansk" 8833:

require the release of its leader Paul Gubarev and other detained separatists;

7720: 6865: 6443: 6328: 4433: 3174:

An 'Odesa People's Republic' was allegedly proclaimed by an internet group in

2604:

The next day, however, separatist leader and self-proclaimed mayor of Luhansk

2301:

to refer to modern eastern and southern Ukraine. A few days later, on 26 May,

1452: 29123: 29083: 28418: 28116: 27701: 27262: 26994: 26971: 26906: 26876: 26791: 26786: 26725: 26571: 26437: 26208: 25967: 25957: 25927: 25862: 25796: 25736: 25731: 25628: 25563: 25539: 25494: 25434: 25323: 23969: 21552: 21138: 21123: 21113: 20831: 20740: 20704: 20639: 20014: 19968: 19958: 19927: 19789: 19718: 19708: 19667: 19601: 19449: 18791: 18560: 18455: 18372: 18297: 18070: 17804: 17781:"Welcome to Surkov's Theater: Russian Political Technology in the Donbas War" 16404: 16392:СБУ задержала заместителя донецкого сепаратиста Губарева : Новости УНИАН 14819: 14771: 13626: 11889: 11471:"Results show 96.2 percent support for self-rule in east Ukraine region: RIA" 11020:"Military assaults against pro-Russian occupiers rumoured in eastern Ukraine" 9663:"+Live updates on Ukraine's spreading unrest+ | DW.DE | 02.05.2014" 7881: 7535: 6361: 6243: 5794: 5259: 5213: 5177: 5040: 4933: 4818: 4718: 4707: 4666: 4611: 4567: 4463: 4424: 4113: 4085:

International reactions to the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation

4020: 2784: 2665: 2658: 2579: 2368:. Heavy fighting continued in the following months, until the signing of the 2344:

Fighting continued through the month of June. As part of Ukrainian president

2315: 2278: 2271: 1989: 1943: 1841: 1618: 1582: 1330: 530: 19983: 17838: 16448:"The people's governor" Kharitonov was detained in Lugansk | Новости Украины 14409:На улице в Сумах протестовать против России вышли 10 тысяч людей | УКРИНФОРМ 14370:"Crimean Tatar protesters protest in Simferopol | euronews, world news" 14203:У Кривому Розі мітинг за єдність України зібрав 10 тисяч | Українська правда 10409:"Ukraine says it controls Donetsk airport after fighting leaves dozens dead" 6793:

Eased Russian customs rules to save Ukraine $ 1.5 bln in 2014, says minister

6712:"О комплексе мер по вовлечению Украины в евразийский интеграционный процесс" 6552:

Eased Russian customs rules to save Ukraine $ 1.5 bln in 2014, says minister

6109: 4368:

detention of military inspectors from OSCE participating states in Sloviansk

3167:

building. They demanded that a referendum on the establishment of an "Odesa

2953:

trying to "destabilize the situation". Furthermore, Kharkiv Oblast governor

2340:

Vostok Battalion members dismantling the barricade at Donetsk RSA on 3 June.

28055: 27524: 26719: 26697: 26228: 25977: 25604: 25583: 25385: 24816: 24791: 24641: 24581: 24165: 23528: 22633: 21475: 21118: 21058: 21015: 20911: 20852: 20847: 20729: 20595: 20590: 20488: 19917: 19907: 19876: 19672: 19481: 19045: 18600: 18534: 18529: 18435: 18367: 18347: 18161: 17230:Сотрудник ФСБ Илья Богданов перешёл на сторону Украины и раскрыл секреты РФ 16262:"Poroshenko spells out peace plan but Ukraine truce fails to stop fighting" 16236:"Lavrov criticizes absence of negotiations clause in Poroshenko peace plan" 16098: 15617: 15582: 15564: 13160: 12086:"Pro-Russia activists declare establishment of 'Kharkiv people's republic'" 11908: 8761:"Regional legislators proclaim industrial centre Donetsk People's Republic" 8732:"Protests in eastern Ukraine aimed at bringing in Russian troops, warns PM" 6861: 6737: 6308: 6121: 5331: 5315: 4889: 4468: 4459: 4308: 3798: 3478: 3217: 3198: 3175: 3164: 3153: 3045: 2751: 2681: 2425: 2421: 2391: 2216: 2212: 1970: 1383: 1270:

trade war against Ukraine to prevent Ukraine from signing a trade agreement

1234: 25610: 17541:

The Other Russia concerned about fate of two activists arrested in Ukraine

16655:[Cargo 200. Continued] (in Russian). Novaya Gazeta. Archived from 16469:Одному из лидеров харьковских сепаратистов продлили содержание под стражей 14028:"At a rally for the unity of Ukraine in Donetsk came five thousand people" 13869:"Russia puts military on high alert as Crimea protests leave one man dead" 13203:"Dozens killed by smoke as Ukraine moves closer to civil war | World" 12060:

Russia warns Ukraine to avoid ‘civil war’ as Kyiv moves against protesters

12051:

Ukraine Authorities Clear Kharkiv Building, Arrest Scores Of 'Separatists'

9058: 7942:"Russia puts military on high alert as Crimea protests leave one man dead" 7351:"Despite Concerns about Governance, Ukrainians Want to Remain One Country" 6802:

Russia to lift restrictions on Ukrainian pipe imports – Ukrainian ministry

6742: 6220:"The Donbas in 2014: Explaining Civil Conflict Perhaps, but not Civil War" 4393:

said that the events in Ukraine "have the features of a situation of war".

2932:

returned to Kharkiv city on 16 June, after receiving medical treatment in

1163:

During its first phase in February–March 2014, the Ukrainian territory of

28230: 27413: 26886: 26796: 26766: 26731: 26519: 26515: 26276: 25932: 25420: 25253: 24876: 24691: 24676: 24404: 21591: 21163: 21143: 20699: 20684: 19794: 19728: 19596: 18605: 17990: 17287:

SBU exposes armed group plotting armed seizure of power in Luhansk region

15445: 14722:В ростовскую больницу из Донецка доставлена раненная при обстреле девушка 13337: 12766: 12710: 12681:Около 500 человек идут маршем по центру Харькова (дополнено, фото, видео) 12603: 12581: 12528: 12475: 12400: 12373: 12342: 11609:

Air attack on pro-Russian separatists in Luhansk kills 8, stuns residents

11583: 11447: 11425: 11401:"Amid continued defiance, Ukrainian official vows: 'We are not stopping'" 11261: 11233: 11097: 11054: 10439: 10352: 10258: 10184: 9952: 9925: 9823: 9550: 9515: 9401: 8358: 7682:"Demands That Jews Register in Eastern Ukraine Are Denounced, and Denied" 5826: 5435: 5358: 5319: 5075: 4927: 4744:

Amnesty for those who laid down weapons and didn't commit serious crimes.

4641: 4552: 4141: 4136: 4055: 4029:– This republic was declared by an internet group on 16 April, but local 3210: 3190: 3070: 3027:. A Kharkiv court decision banned a planned 23 August joint rally of the 2988: 2954: 2747: 2651: 2643: 2211:", modeled on the Ukrainian partisan groups that fought against both the 1898: 1804: 1622: 1598: 1539: 1529: 1187: 161: 26426: 17796: 15544:

Russia warns of civil war if Ukraine uses force to quell eastern revolts

14069:"Fb: в поддержку единства Украины в Харькове вышли около 7 тыс. человек" 13254:"Ukraine Chaos Spreads to Odessa as 38 Killed in Fire Related to Unrest" 12172:"Kharkiv city government building infiltrated by pro-Russian protesters" 12008:

Pro-Russian demonstrators burn books, storm buildings in eastern Ukraine

10877:"Облсовет Луганская угрожает разоружить Майдан руками "братской" России" 9580:"One City Falls to Pro-Russian Militants; in Another, the Mayor Is Shot" 8385:"UNHCR says internal displacement affects some 10,000 people in Ukraine" 8329: 8099:"Armed men seize two airports in Ukraine's Crimea, Yanukovich reappears" 7506:"Сепаратистам платять 500 доларів за штурм – джерело; Українська правда" 7433:"Pro-government protesters: 'We will stay here until EuroMaidan leaves'" 5774: 5655:

Regions inhabited by significant Russian populations in Ukraine in 2001.

5031:

paramilitaries. Two told a CNN team they were from the Chechen capital,

4773:

Establishment of units for joint patrolling in the structure of the MIA.

4201:

High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy

3276:

claims that in April 2015 it prevented the proclamation of a so-called "

2037:

special monitoring mission were held by a group of unarmed men from the

1762:

Pro-Russian protest in Donetsk, 6 April 2014. Pictured are flags of the

1675:

on 22 February 2014, various protests and counter-protests were held in

28996: 28986: 28921: 28386: 28235: 28220: 28087: 27639: 27257: 27019: 26916: 26534: 25029: 21460: 19534: 19517: 19491: 18813: 18710: 18539: 18342: 17882: 17637: 16140: 15872: 15049:"Canada suspends military activity with Russia 'effective immediately'" 14532: 14481:"Pro-Russian Separatists in Donetsk Begin Organizing May 11 Referendum" 14181: 14027: 13898:[Politicians: the defence of Sevastopol begins in Simferopol]. 13895: 13558:"В Херсоне прошел пророссийский митинг (In Kherson, pro-Russian rally)" 13403:

Bomb Explosion in Odessa Could Have Targeted Ukraine Army Charity Point

12075: 11185: 11127:"Luhansk prosecutors launch probes into federalization support rallies" 9006: 8760: 8644: 8602: 7258: 6654: 6396:

Russia's Road to War with Ukraine: Invasion amidst the ashes of empires

6016:"Pro-Russia protesters occupy regional government in Ukraine's Donetsk" 5990:"Kharkiv regional council demands official status for Russian language" 5489:

In April 2014 international billionaire and governor of Dnipropetrovsk

4809:

Restoration of industrial objects and objects of social infrastructure.

4571: 4485: 4323:

must start cooperating to solve the crisis and prevent a return to the

4118: 4030: 3972: 3768: 3753: 3648: 3633: 3618: 3603: 3463: 3448: 3277: 3194: 3179: 3012: 3008: 2904: 2720: 2365: 2357: 2286: 2132:

Occupied buildings in Donetsk had been heavily fortified by 6 May, and

2099: 2072: 2042: 1933: 1921: 1917: 1497: 1304: 1288: 1122: 384: 233: 188: 165: 52:

Talk:2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine#Misleading image in the infobox

27732: 26669: 26381: 18635: 17120:"Ukraine's government has lost control of east, says acting president" 16158:"Poroshenko unveils peace plan during visit to Ukraine's restive east" 14611:"Ukraine Says It Uncovered Plot to Create People's Republic in Odessa" 11661:

Globe in Ukraine: In Kharkiv, revolution meets a Russophile resistance

8384: 6428:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 234. 6068:"Paramilitary motivation in Ukraine: beyond integration and abolition" 2409:, 80 kilometres (50 mi) south-east of Donetsk, were set on fire. 1345:

said that between 500 and 700 Russians were being denied entry daily.

28356: 28215: 25364: 25219:

And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from

24666: 24245: 19591: 19586: 19566: 17713: 17709:

Kolomoisky promises cash rewards for fighting pro-Russian separatists

17679:"Ukrainian oligarch offers bounty for capture of Russian 'saboteurs'" 17663: 17031: 16876:

Ukraine crisis: the neo-Nazi brigade fighting pro-Russian separatists

16561:

Andrew Higgins; Michael R. Gordon; Andrew E. Kramer (20 April 2014).

16416: 15080: 14793: 13903: 13359:

News Analysis: Bombing Campaign Opens New Front In Battle For Ukraine

13106: 13079:[Four people have already died in the riots in Odesa - media] 12997: 12079: 11898: 11895:

Kharkiv demonstration demands broad autonomy for southeastern regions

11868: 11795: 10723: 8945:(in Russian). Ukrainian Independent Information Agency. 7 April 2014. 8825:""Donetsk Republic" while there is still and wants the Customs Union" 7864:

Putin's war against Ukraine : revolution, nationalism, and crime

7709:"Odessa 2014: Alternative News and Atrocity Narratives on Russian TV" 5584:

Demonstration in support of Ukrainian unity in Donetsk, 17 April 2014

5449:

Pro-separatist supporter detained by Ukrainian soldiers, 30 July 2014

5392: 4878: 4839: 4822: 4587: 4530: 4412: 4234: 4132: 3916: 3528: 2625: 2449: 2445: 2386: 2353: 2239: 1902: 1882: 1664: 124:

23 February – 2 May 2014 (2 months, 1 week and 2 days)

15980:"Ukraine crisis: EU expand sanction list to keep pressure on Russia" 15262:"Russia has legitimate interests in Ukraine: Shivshankar Menon, NSA" 14894:"Baird Promotes Territorial Integrity and National Unity in Ukraine" 14692: 13851:"В Одессе пророссийские активисты напали на сторонников Евромайдана" 13440:"В Днепропетровске состоялись два митинга: за и против новой власти" 12942:[Odesa separatists declared the Internet "Odesa republic"]. 10801:"New attacks on media in eastern Ukraine, warns OSCE representative" 10724:"In Donetsk separatists set fire to the car to the known journalist" 8282:

BBC News – Crimea crisis: Russian President Putin's speech annotated

7263:[66% of Donetsk denizens see a future in a united Ukraine]. 5354:

weapons and explosives," the SBU press office told Interfax-Ukraine.

4767:

Secure corridor for the escape of Russian and Ukrainian mercenaries.

4628:

During the course of the unrest, the United States, followed by the

3880:

Rally of supporters of the Donetsk People's Republic on occasion of

2305:

broke out between separatist insurgents that had been in control of

28160: 27393: 27009: 26801: 26712: 26648: 23555: 21579: 19576: 19571: 19551: 18720: 18524: 17823: 17629:Пограничники задержали российского скинхеда-вербовщика с листовками 17014:"Ідеолог сепаратистів: Росія постачає 'ДНР' сучасною бронетехнікою" 16996:[Full press conference of Kurginyan in Donetsk on 7 July]. 16094:

Ukraine crisis: Geneva talks produce agreement on defusing conflict

16078: 15742: 15730: 15599: 15420: 13381: 12788:

Seven recent blasts in Ukraine city stir fear of new Russian menace

12326: 12070: 12036: 11886:

Ukraine celebrated the 200th anniversary of the birth of Shevchenko

11877: 11741: 11673: 11631:"Despite Denials, All Evidence For Deadly Explosion Points To Kyiv" 10832: 8551: 8044:"OSCE team say Crimea roadblock gunmen threatened to shoot at them" 6830: 6780: 6771: 6762: 5366: 5327: 5263: 5209: 4874: 4843: 4324: 3813: 3708: 3693: 3418: 3403: 2958: 2501: 2456:

was taken captive by both the separatists, and the Ukrainian army.

2441: 2310: 2175: 2125: 1966: 1929: 1925: 1533: 1408:

oblasts—albeit only a slight majority in opposition to this in the

493: 29090: 19246: 17071: 15762:

Senior U.S. diplomat: no doubt Russians involved in Ukraine unrest

15232:"Orban Demands Autonomy for Hungarians in Ukraine as Unrest Stirs" 15196:(Press release) (in German). Federal Foreign Office. 27 April 2014 14868:"Tony Abbott condemns Russia's 'unprovoked aggression' in Ukraine" 13156:"Ukraine clashes: dozens reported dead after Odessa building fire" 12966:"Одеський Антимайдан божиться, що ніякої республіки не оголошував" 8547:"Ukraine: Pro-Russians storm offices in Donetsk, Luhansk, Kharkiv" 7607:. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 9 May 2014 6179:"Infiltration, Instruction, Invasion: Russia's War in the Donbass" 6041: 5627:, used by pro-Russian civilians as a patriotic symbol, 9 May 2014. 5363:

1 March raid on the Kharkiv Regional State Administration building

2424:

movement'. Stepan Chirich, a Belarusian reporter with the Russian

1237:

oblasts did not escalate into full-scale armed conflict, although

28916: 28911: 28896: 28891: 28191: 27492: 27483: 27403: 27398: 27303: 26806: 26643: 26638: 26030: 25232: 24661: 24484:

State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason

23675:

Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation"

21596: 20563: 19581: 19147: 18732: 18440: 18352: 17514:

SBU detained Russian agent who coordinated separatists in Ukraine

16998: 16210:"Poroshenko's Ukraine peace plan gets limited support from Putin" 16027: 15491:"Russian deputy PM sends bomber tweet after Romania airspace ban" 15362:"Matteo Renzi alla Camera: "Illegittimo il referendum in Crimea"" 14997:"Harper compares Russia's Crimea moves to Third Reich aggression" 14744: 12917: 12011: 11475: 11186:"Federalization supporters in Luhansk proclaim people's republic" 10800: 10656: 10322:"In Ukraine, Akhmetov Calls Peaceful Protest Against Separatists" 9770: 8166: 8126: 8119: 6814: 5735:

during his first visit to Crimea after it was annexed, 9 May 2014

5520: 5162: 5152: 5036: 4994: 4977: 4706:

supported its initiative. Concurrently, Russian Foreign Minister

4662: 4591: 4499: 4404: 4248: 4218: 4109: 3940: 3885: 3738: 3678: 3588: 3573: 3558: 3388: 3373: 3358: 3328: 2716: 2686:

Despite Denials, All Evidence For Deadly Explosion Points To Kyiv

2480: 1913: 1816:

were not elected to the positions they assumed. According to the

1796: 1602: 1334: 1149: 1145: 1141: 203:

Establishment of Russian as a second official language in Ukraine

145: 141: 137: 23246:

European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine

22468:

Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts

16935:"Chechens join Ukraine fight against Russian-backed separatists" 15822:"Ukraine crisis provokes more economic sanctions against Russia" 15510:"Romania queries Moscow after deputy PM sends bomber jet tweets" 15469:"Siemoniak o sytuacji na Ukrainie: to wojna domowa – Wiadomości" 14584:Одеський Антимайдан божиться, що ніякої республіки не оголошував 14427: 14099:[Kherson communists lost amidst Euromaidan supporters]. 12968:[Odesa antimaidan swears that no republic is declared]. 12940:"Одеські сепаратисти в інтернеті оголосили "Одеську республіку"" 12033:

Ukraine: Pro-Russians storm offices in Donetsk, Luhansk, Kharkiv

9285:(in Polish). Wiadomosci.gazeta.pl. 16 April 2014. Archived from 8919:"Pro-Russian Group in Donetsk declare independence from Ukraine" 7564: 7460:Кожного привезеного на столичний "антимайдан" ошукали на 500 грн 7356:(Press release). Pew Research Centre. 8 May 2014. Archived from 5250:

In a meeting held on 7 July in Donetsk city, Russian politician

3019:. The pro-Euromaidan demonstrators also collected money for the 2668:

on 22 May, incorporating both the Donetsk People's Republic and

2281:

on 22 May, incorporating both the Donetsk People's Republic and

1461:

of those polled in eastern Ukraine would have liked to join the

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Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War

23298: 17252:

Russian servicemen defects, gives evidence of Moscow aggression

16485:"Putin Can Take Ukraine Without an Invasion, and Probably Will" 16024:

Russia, EU, Ukraine, U.S. to meet in Geneva next week for talks

13953:Сторонники федерации и русского языка в Запорожье вышли на марш 13928:[In Sevastopol, 25 thousand people came to the rally]. 13750:"Пока в Одессе штурмовали облсовет, он осудил ввод чужих войск" 11502:"Separatists in Eastern Ukraine Say They Were Hit by Airstrike" 10592:"Первые сутки возобновления АТО: потери, пленные, новое оружие" 10207:"Ukraine civil war fears mount as volunteer units take up arms" 10034:"'Over 20 killed' in Mariupol as Putin marks victory in Crimea" 8512:"Ukraine police on alert as violence erupts at pro-Russia demo" 6426:

Ukraine and Russia : from civilized divorce to uncivil war

6344:

Putin's war against Ukraine: revolution, nationalism, and crime

5495: 5458:

On 13 April, Ukraine arrested an alleged Russian GRU operative.

5271: 5060: 5032: 4678: 4670: 4637: 4633: 4451: 4428: 4408: 4386: 4225:

of the German-led international military verification mission,

4155: 3233: 3038:

European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism

2983: 2933: 2263: 2141: 1957:

Separatists block Ukrainian military near Sloviansk, April 2014

1890: 1676: 1474: 1409: 1338: 1307: 1222: 1164: 1137: 245: 133: 16714:. Maidantranslations.com (2 April 2014). Retrieved 1 May 2014. 16696:

Alexander Dugin: The Crazy Ideologue of the New Russian Empire

16405:

Russian troops storm last Ukrainian base in Crimea Israel News

15095:"Russia may find ally in China – albeit a passive one for now" 14556:Одеські сепаратисти в інтернеті оголосили "Одеську республіку" 14507:"Luhansk regional council backs referendum on region's status" 13534:

The Donbas Conflict in Ukraine: Elites, Protest, and Partition

13309:"Ukraine crisis: Odessa detainees freed as police HQ attacked" 11212:"Separatists Declare 'People's Republic' In Ukraine's Luhansk" 9483:"Ukraine crisis: 'International monitors seized' in Sloviansk" 8305:"U.N. General Assembly declares Crimea secession vote invalid" 8272:. Yahoo!!!!!!! News.com (18 March 2014). Retrieved 1 May 2014. 7925:

Lessons from Russia's Operations in Crimea and Eastern Ukraine

7922: 7021:

The War in Ukraine's Donbas: Origins, Contexts, and the Future

6674:"Ukraine PM tells Russia to accept "reality" of EU trade deal" 6459:

Lessons from Russia's Operations in Crimea and Eastern Ukraine

6456: 6377:

Lessons from Russia's Operations in Crimea and Eastern Ukraine

6374: 6161:

Lessons from Russia's Operations in Crimea and Eastern Ukraine

6158: 4083:

For reactions specific to the secession crisis in Crimea, see

2163:, refused. In response, Ukrainian transitional prime minister 1803:

13 March was marked by violent clashes between pro-Maidan and

1784:(RSA) building from 1 to 6 March, before being removed by the 1186:

of Ukraine's territorial integrity. Concurrently, protests by

28225: 22408: 22319: 18166: 17953: 17289:. En.interfax.com.ua (20 October 2012). Retrieved 1 May 2014. 16819:

Ukraine Military Finds Its Footing Against Pro-Russian Rebels

15922: 15783:. Voice of America.com (14 April 2014). Retrieved 1 May 2014. 15596:

Ukraine crisis: Bid to retake buildings seized by separatists

14948:"Ukraine crisis: Canada, U.S. tell Russia to withdraw forces" 13985:"In Ukraine have been rallies against the invasion of Russia" 13426: 12042:

Pro-Russian Protesters Declare 'People's Republic' In Kharkiv

11969: 11960: 10899:"Ukraine in Control of Restless Eastern Cities, Says Premier" 10507: 9109:"Armed men seize police department in east Ukraine: minister" 8880:"Far-Right Forces are Influencing Russia's Actions in Crimea" 8258:

BBC News – Crimean parliament formally applies to join Russia

5557: 4741:

Security guarantees for all the participants of negotiations.

4645: 4352:

due to what it called Russia's military action and President

4304: 4281: 4270: 4182: 3723: 3433: 3343: 3221: 3157: 2432:. Another journalist, Evgenii Gapich, a photographer for the 2406: 2137: 1985: 1886: 1562:, journalist Serhiy Leshchenko, and a report released by the 1153: 149: 18804:

List of Russian units which invaded the territory of Ukraine

17881: 16846:

Poroshenko signs decree dismissing Parubiy as NSDC secretary

15578:

Sergei Lavrov: It's not Russia that is destabilising Ukraine

12116:"Protesters Storm Kharkiv Theater Thinking It Was City Hall" 12076:

Kharkiv Oblast administration house cleared — regional chief

11957:

Deadly clashes in eastern Ukraine ahead of Crimea referendum

8958:Спецназ вигнав сепаратистів з будівлі СБУ в Донецьку – Сюмар 8216:

BBC News – Ukraine crisis: Russia isolated in UN Crimea vote

7817:"The Counteroffensive Against Conspiracy Theories Has Begun" 6872:

Historian of Eastern Europe vs 8 theses on the Ukrainian War

3873:

Various breakaway states were proclaimed during the unrest.

3044:. The demonstration was later dispersed by the police after 15941: 14933: 14767:"Russian-backed 'Novorossiya' breakaway movement collapses" 14284:Более 10 тысяч одесситов несут огромный флаг Украины (фото) 12648:

The Communist Party and "South-East" banned to hold rallies

12001: 10234:"Pro-Russian insurgents retreat from buildings in Mariupol" 8985:"Ukraine's PM Offers Concessions to Separatists in Donetsk" 5477: 5334:

into believing they would be sent to Ukraine to save their

5079: 4909: 4826: 4338: 3967:– This was proclaimed on 17 March by the parliament of the 3783: 3663: 3183: 3004: 2963: 2561: 2034: 1996: 1748:

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

115:

Map of disturbances by region, indicating its peak severity

21573:

international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR

16367:"Речь Стрелкова-Гиркина в московском вузе вызвала скандал" 15895:"US Imposes Sanctions on 7 Russians, 17 Russian Companies" 15319:"Renzi ammonisce la Russia: "Una violazione inacettabile"" 13178:

Ukraine's Unnamed War: Before the Russian Invasion of 2022

12993:"Pro-Ukrainian activists recover after attack near Odessa" 11320:"Separatists seize another local government HQ in Ukraine" 10156:"Rebels declare victory in East Ukraine vote on self-rule" 8942:В Донецке в результате спецоперации освобождено здание СБУ 8846:"Pro-Russian Gubarev, a symbol of east Ukraine separatism" 7549:"Separatism in Ukraine is financed by Yanukovych – Yarema" 7072:"Southeastern Ukraine gets invasion of Russian protesters" 5384:

As of 19 April, the SBU had arrested 117 Russian citizens.

4291:

Against NATO involvement in Ukraine. Donetsk, 9 March 2014

4117:

norms and principles of international law, especially the

3283: 2805:. Vladimir Varshavsky was elected as "people's governor". 1750:(UNHCR) said that about 10,000 people had been displaced. 27660:

2014 Euromaidan regional state administration occupations

23490:

National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War

23091:

Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites

17318:Топаз сбежал из-под домашнего ареста : Новости УНИАН 17255: 16953:"SBU Audio Links Donetsk Republic to Russian Involvement" 16805: 16802:

Ukraine's Separatists To Proceed With Vote, Despite Putin

16511:"Ukraine Foreign Minister Speaks of Mistrust—and a Truce" 15976: 15547: 15446:"OSCE Chief Monitor calls for end to violence in Ukraine" 12663:

Kharkiv court banned separatist organization "South-East"

12454:

Baluta boasted that he has detained 314 active separatist

12271:"Ukraine crisis: US and EU to intensify Russia sanctions" 11865:

Pro-Russian rally draws 5,000 people in Ukraine's Kharkiv

11715:

In The Shadow Of Lenin, Two Ukraines Face Off In Kharkiv

10372: 10370: 7205:"IRI Public Opinion Survey of Ukraine (14–26 March 2014)" 6811:

Russia tightens customs rules to force Ukraine into union

6382:(Report). Santa Monica: RAND Corporation. pp. 37–38. 6166:(Report). Santa Monica: RAND Corporation. pp. 33–34. 5847:

2014 Euromaidan regional state administration occupations

5374:

bombs, bats, shields, helmets, knives, and other weapons.

3227: 2619:

heavy armoured vehicle emblazoned with the emblem of the

2397:

An unknown man set the car of the editor-in-chief of the

1851:

In response to these actions, acting Ukrainian President

1558:

member Volodymyr Landik, the First Deputy Prime Minister

1310:, the traditional base of support for Yanukovych and his 17589:. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 1 May 2014. 16450:. Nahnews.com.ua (14 March 2014). Retrieved 1 May 2014. 16292:"Ukraine separatists 'to join truce', rebel leader says" 15632:"Ukraine unrest: Kiev 'helpless' to quell parts of east" 15341:"L'Italia: "Sovranità violata in Crimea, inaccettabile"" 13896:"Политики: оборона Севастополя начинается в Симферополе" 13672:"50 кадров: как в Одессе митинговали в поддержку России" 13650:"На востоке и юге Украины началась новая волна митингов" 13076:В беспорядках в Одессе погибли уже четыре человека – СМИ 12323:

Wounded Jewish Ukraine mayor: 'I will return to Kharkiv'

12245:"7 тисяч харків'ян прийшли на мітинг-молебен за Україну" 11930:

Pro-Russia Protesters Occupy Ukraine Government Building

11840:"Tide of opinion turns against Russia in Ukraine's east" 11731:

Ukraine: Violent clashes in Kharkiv leave dozens injured

11469:

Kelly, Lidia (12 May 2014). de Carbonnel, Alissa (ed.).

10125:"Ukraine rebels hold referendums in Donetsk and Luhansk" 9574: 9572: 9312:"Ukraine crisis: Military column 'seized' in Kramatorsk" 8433:"Oligarch tries to stamp Kiev authority on restive east" 4090:

For reactions specific to the war in Donbas region, see

2047:

attempted assassination of Kharkiv mayor Hennadiy Kernes

1445:

In an opinion poll conducted from 14 to 26 March by the

1121:

From the end of February 2014, in the aftermath of the

26158:

Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine

17611:

Ukraine: Three Russian military intel officers detained

17182:"MSW Ukrainy: 17 tys. milicjantów w Donbasie zdradziło" 17160:"MSW Ukrainy: W Donbasie zdradziło 17 tys. milicjantów" 17047:"С.Е.Кургинян. Доклад на летней школе о ситуации в ДНР" 16419:. 0629.com.ua (16 February 2006). Retrieved 1 May 2014. 16380:

Pro-Moscow protest leader arrested in Ukraine's Donetsk

15301:"India not to support western sanctions against Russia" 15070:

Canada gives Russian military 24 hours to leave country

14792:[Project "New Russia" is closed] (in Russian). 14263:У Маріуполі тисяча людей мітингувала за єдність України 13352: 12738:"Ukraine nationalists tear down Kharkiv's Lenin statue" 11098:"Latest from the Special Monitoring Mission in Ukraine" 11055:"Latest from the Special Monitoring Mission in Ukraine" 9868:"Ukraine soldiers killed in renewed Sloviansk fighting" 9341:"Putin cautious on 'right' to send troops into Ukraine" 9170:"Latest from the Special Monitoring Mission in Ukraine" 8961:(in Ukrainian). Ukrinform. 7 April 2014. Archived from 8407:"Ukrainian city of Donetsk epitomizes country's crisis" 8359:"Latest from the Special Monitoring Mission in Ukraine" 8142:"Telecom services sabotaged in Ukraine's Crimea region" 7779: 7488:"Protesters: Ukraine paying for pro-government rallies" 6693:"Putin 'deserves medal' for pushing Ukraine towards EU" 4320: 4237:, are negotiations on resolving the crisis imaginable." 3007:". A concurrent protest in the same square saw 250 pro- 2483:, waving both Russian and Ukrainian flags, 1 March 2014 1683:

who sought the peninsula's annexation by Russia and by

23086:

Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia

18021:

Agreement on settlement of political crisis in Ukraine

16075:

Ukraine crisis: Deal to 'de-escalate' agreed in Geneva

15168:"Ukraine crisis: Military observer freed in Sloviansk" 15118:"China's Soft 'Nyet' To Russia's Ukraine Intervention" 14533:"Luhansk 'people's governor' orders referendum May 11" 14418:. Ukrinform.ua (21 August 2013). Retrieved 1 May 2014. 14167:. Vp.donetsk.ua (31 March 2014). Retrieved 1 May 2014. 13514:(in Russian). Ukrainian Independent Information Agency 12918:"Активисты в Одессе пошли штурмом на здание облсовета" 12863:"Митингующие под флагами России штурмуют Одесскую ОГА" 11983:"Two Killed in Ukraine as Protesters Clash in Kharkiv" 10367: 9848:. Ukrainian Independent Information Agency. 5 May 2014 6777:

Analysis: Russia's carrot-and-stick battle for Ukraine

6186:

Journal of Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society

5176:

participant, Parubiy appealed for assistance from the

5168:

Ukraine's National Security and Defence Council chief

4942:(self-proclaimed deputy 'People's Governor' of Donesk) 4624:

International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War

3868: 2915:

Ukrainian military roadblocks in Donetsk oblast, 8 May

1946:

said that Russian Special Forces units, including the

1848:, who was also under arrest on charges of separatism. 29067: 26165:

Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion

17577:. Pravda.com.ua (9 April 2014). Retrieved 1 May 2014. 17474:. texty.org.ua (18 April 2014). Retrieved 1 May 2014. 16994:"Полная пресс конференция Кургиняна в Донецке 7 июля" 16969: 15727:

Ukraine crisis: Protesters declare Donetsk 'republic'

15219:

Ukraine conflict: Civilians killed as truce collapses

12797:

Mysterious spate of bombings hit Ukraine military hub

12166: 12164: 12162: 12017:

Pro-Russian Demonstrators Burn Books, Storm Buildings

10566:"Ukraine and Russia agree to work on truce extension" 10307:

Steelworkers help keep uneasy calm in eastern Ukraine

9706: 9569: 9477: 9475: 8167:

Yuras Karmanau; Vladimir Isachenkov (17 April 2014).

7930:(Report). Santa Monica: RAND Corporation. p. 21. 7707:

Binder, Eva; Kaltseis, Magdalena (31 December 2020),

6935:"Rada dismisses previous government, to form new one" 6464:(Report). Santa Monica: RAND Corporation. p. 39. 6116:, Central European University Press, pp. 67–82, 4948:(leader of the self-styled 'Donbas People's Militia') 24732:

Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War

19138:

Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine

16855: 14974:"MPs 'strongly condemn' Russia's actions in Ukraine" 14535:. Information Telegraph Agency of Russia. 5 May 2014 14096:Херсонские коммунисты затерялись между Евромайданами 12625: 12623: 12621: 11975: 11690:"Ukraine's Second City, Kharkiv, Eludes Rebel Hands" 11528:"Ukraine Military Launches Offensive Against Rebels" 11238: