291:
The Axios Zone, also known as the Vardar Zone, represents the closing of the Axios Ocean and separates the
Pelagonian zone from the Serbo-Macedonian Massif. Clastic sediments from the Paleozoic and Mesozoic ophiolites and sediments are common. Geologists subdivide it into the calc-schists, granite,
296:
and ophiolite of the
Paeonias subzone and the acidic volcanic rocks and limestone of the Triassic-Jurassic Paikon subzone (an old island arc). The silicified ophiolites of the Almopias subzone, bordering the Pelagonian zone to the northeast represents an old
351:. Volcanoes in western Thrace, Limnos and Samothrace are on the edge of the Rhodope Massif, while the Aegean volcanic arc borders the Menderes Massif and Attico-Cycladic Massif. The Neogene Santorini volcanoes erupted in the
281:
deposited in the
Triassic, together with bauxite and an ophiolite nappe was thrust to the west. Cretaceous limestones are the top unit, the Zone of Eastern Greece is overthrust onto external zones (which appear as tectonic
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is found on
Kimolos and Milos and is often converted for higher swelling capacity by treating with sodium carbonate. Greece is the second largest bentonite producer after the United States.
411:: Common in hydrothermal deposits and widely exported from the island of Mykonos for oil drilling. Also found on Kos and Polyvos with total reserves of several million tons.
447:: The Chalkidiki Peninsula has 15 million tons of copper. Pyrite is common near East Peloponesus and disseminated copper sulfides are common in veins in Western Macedonia.
277:: Parts of the Pelagonian Zone are covered by Cretaceous metamorphosed rocks. Paleozoic rocks include conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, tuff and limestone. Carbonate
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95:
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207:
142:
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water invaded during the Middle
Pleistocene, although for the most part, the islands and water area of the Aegean did not change the during the ice ages.
200:
161:
91:
477:. Onshore oil exploration began in 1938 and moved offshore in 1970. The Prinos Anticline offshore was found to contain oil under Miocene rocks.
312:
sediment deposited after the Alpine cycle outcrops widely. The
Mesohellene Trough, Epirus-Akarnania basin and Cycladic Basin are all examples of
203:. Normal faults with four kilometers of displacement are not uncommon although folding is limited—tectonic activity picked up in the Oligocene.
150:
320:. The Ionian Islands basin is part of the Preapulian Zone and may only have had an interruption in sedimentation in the late Miocene into the
134:
340:, arc fracturing brought subsidence of the Cretan Basin. Inland basins preserved numerous mammal fossils such as the Pikermi site north of
103:
610:
441:. Near Vourinos is a deposit with 1.5 million tons of ore and an ancient mine in Thessalia extracted 500,000 tons by the 1990s.
417:: Greece has over 1000 deposits particularly in the east-central part of the country, typically between limestone formations.
336:
times, the uplift of the Pindus
Cordillera caused nappe formations to slide onto metamorphic rocks of the Cyclades. In the
584:
E. Louvari: The
Cephalonia Transform Fault and its extension to western Lefkada Island (Greece). Tectonophysics 8 (1999).
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668:
571:
875:
688:
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713:
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of its component unit—the
Malliakos Series—has been used to infer the extension of the Olonos-Pindus Zone.
359:. Interior basins hold thick lakebed sediments from the Quaternary, indicating oscillation between cold
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is highly structurally complex due to its position at the junction between the
European and African
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391:: Occurs in joints in Western Macedonia and in the serpentinized edge of the Vourinos Massif
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basin is filled with continental sediments. As the molasse basins filled during
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is the Serbo-Macedonian Massif, covering the Chalkidiki Peninsula with thick
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is found in Thrace and Macedonia, as well as in Devonian argillite veins on
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Internal zones span between the Serbo-Macedonian Massif and external zones:
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44:. The Rhodope Massif spans the northern mainland, divided into
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324:. Most sediments in other Neogene basins are marine, but the
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453:: Greece has 200 small "soft" iron deposits and iron-nickel
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springs often preserve more recent fossil assemblages. Near
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130 kilometers north of Athens with 200 million tons of ore
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Volcanic activity in the Aegean began in the Neogene and
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Encyclopedia of European & Asian Regional Geology
241:: This zone includes metamorphosed rocks in Western
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are situated between the European hinterland in the
153:. Extensional faults were reactivated during the
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532:
520:
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187:indicate a dry time in the Eocene and Oligocene
563:A Geological Companion to Greece and the Aegean
160:. The Ionian Zone is thrust westward over the
149:, extensive block faulting differentiated the
28:Geologic history, stratigraphy & tectonics
604:
265:limestone, brecciated limestone and Triassic
191:unconformably overlies older carbonates. The
494:Moores, E.M.; Fairbridge, Rhodes W. (1997).
382:
611:
597:
473:well at Limin Keri on the southern end of
199:regions of the zone are overthrust on the
423:: Several million tons of calcium-type
305:Cenozoic (66 million years ago-present)
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78:and gneiss, with granite intrusions.
40:and are usually metamorphosed with no
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592:
560:Higgins, MD and Higgins, RA, 1996,*
13:
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183:and much of the western mainland.
137:spans much of western Greece with
106:, encompassing the islands in the
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994:
577:
229:
257:with an overlying Paleozoic and
141:evaporites overlain by Jurassic
98:and northern fore-region of the
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81:
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222:trough, with clastic Triassic
1:
498:. Springer. pp. 303–310.
480:
286:
261:nappe. The schist-sandstone,
102:. External zones include the
545:Moores & Fairbridge 1997
533:Moores & Fairbridge 1997
521:Moores & Fairbridge 1997
509:Moores & Fairbridge 1997
55:, with comparatively recent
32:Some of the oldest rocks in
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10:
999:
566:Cornell University Press.
226:and the Drymos Limestone.
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884:
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383:Natural resource geology
96:Serbo-Macedonian Massif
669:Bosnia and Herzegovina
357:Mycenaean civilization
316:basins from the early
275:Zone of Eastern Greece
344:in continental clay.
173:Gavrovo-Tripolis Zone
885:States with limited
535:, pp. 310–312.
523:, pp. 309–310.
511:, pp. 304–307.
363:conditions and wet
620:Geology of Europe
208:Olonos-Pindus Zone
206:Additionally, the
181:Dodecanese islands
143:neritic limestones
983:Geology of Greece
970:
969:
437:, ophiolites and
355:, destroying the
110:with dolomitized
88:sedimentary rocks
18:geology of Greece
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923:Dependencies and
627:Sovereign states
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201:Plattenkalk unit
164:and overlain by
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72:Strymonas River
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22:tectonic plates
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158:Alpine orogeny
92:Rhodope Massif
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145:. During the
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100:African plate
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86:Alpine cycle
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36:are from the
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914:Transnistria
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462:Hydrocarbons
433:: Hosted in
346:
308:
299:ocean trench
290:
274:
238:
233:
205:
193:Peloponnesus
170:
151:Ionian Basin
85:
82:Alpine cycle
31:
17:
15:
952:Isle of Man
887:recognition
861:Switzerland
796:Netherlands
375:, brackish
330:Burdigalian
135:Ionian Zone
46:amphibolite
831:San Marino
791:Montenegro
771:Luxembourg
751:Kazakhstan
654:Azerbaijan
481:References
435:peridotite
369:Travertine
349:Quaternary
287:Axios Zone
220:allochthon
212:Montenegro
175:underlies
120:Cretaceous
108:Ionian Sea
60:intrusions
942:Gibraltar
766:Lithuania
467:Herodotus
425:bentonite
421:Bentonite
377:Black Sea
338:Tortonian
292:diabase,
282:windows).
243:Macedonia
224:sandstone
114:from the
112:limestone
104:Paxi Zone
64:Oligocene
62:from the
38:Paleozoic
977:Category
962:Svalbard
947:Guernsey
894:Abkhazia
846:Slovenia
841:Slovakia
816:Portugal
674:Bulgaria
455:laterite
431:Chromite
399:Stibnite
395:Antimony
389:Asbestos
353:Holocene
334:Langhian
322:Pliocene
267:dolomite
259:Mesozoic
255:Cyclades
247:Thessaly
185:Bauxites
168:facies.
147:Toarcian
139:Triassic
116:Jurassic
871:Ukraine
821:Romania
781:Moldova
739:Ireland
734:Iceland
729:Hungary
719:Germany
714:Georgia
704:Finland
699:Estonia
694:Denmark
679:Croatia
664:Belgium
659:Belarus
649:Austria
644:Armenia
639:Andorra
634:Albania
471:bitumen
415:Bauxite
373:Corinth
318:Miocene
314:molasse
310:Neogene
263:Permian
166:molasse
124:Miocene
68:Miocene
57:granite
42:fossils
957:Jersey
899:Kosovo
866:Turkey
856:Sweden
836:Serbia
826:Russia
811:Poland
806:Norway
786:Monaco
756:Latvia
724:Greece
709:France
684:Cyprus
570:
445:Copper
439:dunite
409:Barite
405:island
361:desert
342:Athens
279:nerite
251:Attica
216:Rhodes
189:flysch
179:, the
155:Eocene
133:. The
131:gypsum
76:marble
53:gneiss
49:schist
34:Greece
932:Ă…land
851:Spain
776:Malta
746:Italy
403:Chios
294:chert
197:Crete
177:Crete
568:ISBN
451:Iron
332:and
253:and
195:and
171:The
129:and
127:marl
118:and
94:and
66:and
51:and
16:The
214:to
979::
397::
367:.
301:.
249:,
245:,
24:.
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