251:. The flame is between the front and back burners. When the stove is turned on, this flame lights the gas flowing out of the burners. The advantage of the standing pilot system is that it is simple and completely independent of any outside power source. A minor drawback is that the flames continuously consume fuel even when the stove is not in use. Early gas ovens did not have a pilot. One had to light these manually with a match. If one accidentally left the gas on, gas would fill the oven and eventually the room. A small spark, such as an arc from a light switch being turned on, could ignite the gas, triggering a violent explosion. To prevent these types of accidents, oven manufacturers developed and installed a safety valve called a
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236:
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523:, accumulated in homes to unhealthy levels when natural gas or propane stoves were used, especially when vent hoods were not used. The Stanford researchers determined benzene is emitted from the cooking gas, not the food being cooked. Benzene exposure causes both cancer and noncancerous health effects. Shorter-term benzene exposure suppresses blood cell production, and chronic benzene exposure increases the risk of
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finding a pooled risk ratio of 1.17 for asthma. One study found that in households with gas stoves those that report using ventilation had lower rates of asthma than those that did not. A 2023 meta-analysis estimated that in the United States, one in eight cases of asthma in children are due to pollution from gas stoves. The asthma risk caused by gas stove exposure is similar in magnitude to that caused by
2805:
31:
414:(DOE) ran tests in 2014 of cooktop energy transfer efficiency, simulating cooking while testing what percentage of a cooktop's energy is transferred to a test block. Gas had an efficiency of 43.9%, with ±0.5% repeatability in the measurement. This level of efficiency is only possible if the pan is big enough for the burner.
508:. Range hoods are more effective at capturing and removing pollution on the rear burners than the front burners. California requires gas stoves to have higher levels of ventilation than electric stoves due to the nitrogen dioxide risk. Range hoods can be run for 15 minutes after cooking to reduce pollution. The
260:
surface burners. This is the "clicking sound" audible just before the burner actually lights. The sparks are initiated by turning the gas burner knob to a position typically labeled "LITE" or by pressing the 'ignition' button. Once the burner lights, the knob is turned further to modulate the flame size.
362:
Many stoves have integrated ovens. Modern ovens often include a convection fan inside the oven to provide even air circulation and let the food cook evenly. Some modern ovens come with temperature sensors which allows close control of baking, automatically shut off after reaching certain temperature,
259:
and ovens. The safety valve depends on a thermocouple that sends a signal to the valve to stay open. Although most modern gas stoves have electronic ignition, many households have gas cooking ranges and ovens that need to be lit with a flame. Electric ignition stoves use electric sparks to ignite the
211:
Early gas stoves were rather unwieldy, but soon the oven was integrated into the base and the size was reduced to fit in better with the rest of the kitchen furniture. By the early 1920s, gas stoves with enameled porcelain finishes for easier cleaning had become widely available, along with heavy use
117:, so require good ventilation to maintain acceptable air quality. They also expose users to pollutants, such as nitrogen dioxide, which can trigger respiratory diseases, and have shown an increase in the rates of asthma in children. Gas stoves also release methane. Research in 2022 estimated that the
308:
Some high-end cooktop models provide higher range of heat and heavy-duty burners that can go up to 6 kilowatts (20,000 BTU/h) or even more. These may be desired for preparing large quantities or special types of food and enable certain advanced cooking techniques. However, these burners produce
317:
In the last few years, appliance manufacturers have been making innovative changes to the design and layout of gas stoves. Most of the modern cooktops have come with lattice structure which usually covers the complete range of the top, enabling sliding of cookware from one burner to another without
292:
Often, a gas stove will have burners with different heat output ratings. For example, a gas cooktop may have a high output burner, often in the range 3 to 6 kilowatts (10,000 to 20,000 BTU/h), and a mixture of medium output burners, 1.5 to 3 kW, and low output burners, 1 kW or less.
264:
is an elegant refinement: the user need not know or understand the wait-then-turn sequence. They simply turn the burner knob to the desired flame size and the sparking is turned off automatically when the flame lights. Auto reignition also provides a safety feature: the flame will be automatically
554:
After health concerns about gas stoves became more prominent in the 2020s and
American localities regulated additions of gas stoves to new buildings, the Republican Party in the United States pushed legislative bills to "save gas stoves". In June 2023, a bill in the Republican-controlled House of
78:
such as coal or wood. The first gas stoves were developed in the 1820s and a gas stove factory was established in
England in 1836. This new cooking technology had the advantage of being easily adjustable and could be turned off when not in use. The gas stove, however, did not become a commercial
464:
found "no evidence of an association between the use of gas as a cooking fuel and either asthma symptoms or asthma diagnosis". A 2013 meta-analysis concluded that gas cooking increases the risk of asthma in children. A 2020 Lancet systematic review surveyed 31 studies on gas cooking or heating,
371:
Many gas stoves come with at least few modern programmable controls to make the handling easier. LCD displays and some other complex cooking routines are some of the standard features present in most of the basic and high-end manufacturing models. Some of the other programmable controls include
1798:
Lee, Kuan Ken; Bing, Rong; Kiang, Joanne; Bashir, Sophia; Spath, Nicholas; Stelzle, Dominik; Mortimer, Kevin; Bularga, Anda; Doudesis, Dimitrios; Joshi, Shruti S.; Strachan, Fiona; Gumy, Sophie; Adair-Rohani, Heather; Attia, Engi F.; Chung, Michael H.; Miller, Mark R.; Newby, David E.; Mills,
326:
The size of a kitchen gas stove usually ranges from 50 to 150 centimetres (20 to 60 in). Almost all the manufacturers have been developing several range of options in size range. Combination of range and oven are also available which usually come in two styles: slide in and freestanding.
98:. This had the disadvantage of continually consuming gas. The oven still needed to be lit by match and accidentally turning on the gas without igniting it could lead to an explosion. To prevent these types of accidents, oven manufacturers developed and installed a safety valve called a
396:
Gas stoves are at risk of overheating when frying oil, raising the oil temperature to the auto-ignition point and creating an oil fire on the stove. Japan, South Korea and China have regulated the addition of electronic safety devices to prevent pan overheating. The devices use a
401:
to monitor the temperature close to the pan, and cut off the gas supply if the heat is too high. Fire loss statistics for
Japanese gas stoves showed a reduction in house fires caused by gas stoves in the years following 2008, when the safety devices were mandated.
338:
Usually, there isn't much of a style difference in between them. Slide-in come with lips on their either side and controls over the front along with burner controls. Freestanding gas range cooktops have solid slides and controls placed behind the cooktop.
492:(NOx). Among all gas appliances, the stove is unique in that the byproducts of combustion are emitted directly into home air with no requirement for venting the exhaust outdoors. Cooking, especially high heat frying, releases smoke (measured as fine
2110:
Michanowicz, Drew R.; Dayalu, Archana; Nordgaard, Curtis L.; Buonocore, Jonathan J.; Fairchild, Molly W.; Ackley, Robert; Schiff, Jessica E.; Liu, Abbie; Phillips, Nathan G.; Schulman, Audrey; Magavi, Zeyneb; Spengler, John D. (July 19, 2022).
392:
Modern gas stove ranges are safer than older models. Two of the major safety concerns with gas stoves are child-safe controls and accidental ignition. Some gas cooktops have knobs which can be accidentally switched on even with a gentle bump.
763:"Gas Stoves Are Tied to Health Concerns. Here's How to Lower Your Risk.- Emissions from gas stoves have been connected to an increased risk for childhood asthma, among other things. You can mitigate the effects with a few simple steps"
268:
Electric ignition for ovens uses a "hot surface" or "glow bar" ignitor. Basically it is a heating element that heats up to gas's ignition temperature. A sensor detects when the glow bar is hot enough and opens the gas valve.
125:
of 500,000 cars. About 80% of methane emissions were found to occur even when stoves are turned off, as the result of tiny leaks in gas lines and fittings. Although methane contains less carbon than other fuels,
2488:
305:. Mean benzene emissions from gas and propane burners on high and ovens set to 350 °F ranged from 2.8 to 6.5 μg min–1, 10 to 25 times higher than emissions from electric coil and radiant alternatives.
146:
overall. In June 2023, Stanford researchers found combustion from gas stoves can raise indoor levels of benzene, a potent carcinogen linked to a higher risk of blood cell cancers, to more than that found in
2297:
480:
People interact more directly with their stove than with other gas appliances, increasing potential exposure to any natural gas constituents and compounds formed during combustion, including
1186:
181:
in 1826 and opened a gas stove factory in 1836. His invention was marketed by the firm Smith & Philips from 1828. An important figure in the early acceptance of this new technology, was
90:
Gas stoves became more common when the oven was integrated into the base and the size was reduced to better fit in with the rest of the kitchen furniture. By the 1910s, producers started to
1566:
272:
Also stoves with electric ignition must be connected with gas protection mechanisms such as gas control breaker. Because of this many manufacturers supply stoves without electricity plug.
970:
1510:"Federal Register, Vol. 79 No. 232, December 3 2014, Part III, Department of Energy, Energy Conservation Program: Test Procedures for Conventional Cooking Products; Proposed Rule"
384:
A built-in
Japanese three burner gas stove with a fish grill. Note the thermistor buttons protruding from the gas burners, which cut off the flame if the temperature exceeds 250
189:
in London. From 1841, he converted his kitchen to consume piped gas, arguing that gas was cheaper overall because the supply could be turned off when the stove was not in use.
679:
363:
or hold on to particular temperature through the cooking process. Ovens may also have two separate oven bays which allows cooking of two different dishes at the same time.
243:
Gas stoves today use two basic types of ignition sources, standing pilot and electric. A stove with a standing pilot has a small, continuously burning gas flame (called a
2243:
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2345:
1215:
555:
Representatives narrowly failed as a dozen
Republican legislators voted against the bill due to a disagreement with the Republican leadership on unrelated issues.
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lifting the containers over the gaps of cooktop. Some modern gas stoves also have central fifth burner or an integrated griddle in between the outer burners.
1478:
2502:
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1917:
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Japanese gas flames are angled upwards towards the pot to increase efficiency. The efficiency of gas appliances can be raised by using special pots with
265:
reignited if the flame goes out while the gas is still on—for example by a gust of wind. If the power fails, surface burners must be manually match-lit.
79:
success until the 1880s, by which time supplies of piped gas were available in cities and large towns in
Britain. The stoves became widespread on the
1257:
849:"A cross-sectional study of the association between ventilation of gas stoves and chronic respiratory illness in U.S. children enrolled in NHANESIII"
200:
in 1851, but it was only in the 1880s that the technology became a commercial success in
England. By that stage a large and reliable network for gas
1516:
2187:
1194:
2113:"Home is Where the Pipeline Ends: Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds Present in Natural Gas at the Point of the Residential End User"
2005:
Dobbin, Nina A.; Sun, Liu; Wallace, Lance; Kulka, Ryan; You, Hongyu; Shin, Tim; Aubin, Daniel; St-Jean, Melissa; Singer, Brett C. (May 1, 2018).
1570:
793:
309:
greater emissions and necessitate better ventilation for safe operation. Higher capacity burners may not benefit every potential user or dish.
285:
One of the important properties of a gas stove is the heat emitted by the burners. Burner heat is typically specified in terms of kilowatts or
584:
122:
2092:
2466:
165:
1630:
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had spread over much of the country, making gas relatively cheap and efficient for domestic use. Gas stoves only became widespread on the
2206:
1567:"Oxford-designed Flare pan uses 40 per cent less heat than conventional pans — Department of Engineering Science — University of Oxford"
2322:
1017:
587:
of 500,000 cars. About 80% of methane emissions occur when stoves are turned off, as the result of leaks in gas lines and fittings.
1801:"Adverse health effects associated with household air pollution: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and burden estimation study"
572:
509:
2400:
598:, have curtailed installation of gas stoves and appliances in new construction, for reasons of health, indoor air quality, and
94:
their gas stoves for easier cleaning. Ignition of the gas was originally by match and this was followed by the more convenient
1685:
1421:
563:
Gas stoves are often run on natural gas. The extraction and consumption of natural gas is a major and growing contributor to
457:
219:
ran an advertising campaign to promote gas stoves while also downplaying science showing their health risks, mirroring the
2272:
2054:
1216:"Study finds combustion from gas stoves can raise indoor levels of chemical linked to a higher risk of blood cell cancers"
1899:
1611:
2353:
1648:
2583:
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2424:
1545:
1592:
504:. Mitigating indoor particulate pollution can involve running a range hood, opening a kitchen window, and running an
1317:
1290:
1280:
847:
Kile, Molly L.; Coker, Eric S.; Smit, Ellen; Sudakin, Daniel; Molitor, John; Harding, Anna K. (September 2, 2014).
501:
452:
from gas stoves contribute to indoor air pollution. Nitrogen dioxide can exacerbate respiratory illnesses, such as
1485:
2225:
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380:
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is investigating reducing the health effects of gas stoves, including emissions and ventilation standards.
224:
2462:
1752:"Meta-analysis of the effects of indoor nitrogen dioxide and gas cooking on asthma and wheeze in children"
1711:"Meta-analysis of the effects of indoor nitrogen dioxide and gas cooking on asthma and wheeze in children"
460:. Studies have been performed correlating childhood asthma and gas stoves. A 1999–2004 study published in
2610:
2536:
1509:
1335:"The Rise and Decline of the Kerosene Kitchen: A Neglected Energy Transition in Rural America, 1870-1950"
177:), but this along with other attempts remained isolated experiments. James Sharp patented a gas stove in
2074:"You can soon tell the government what you think about gas stoves as it weighs whether to regulate them"
531:. A 2002 study of pipelines in Boston found that natural gas contains non-methane impurities including
17:
1381:
949:
They also expose users to pollutants, such as nitrogen dioxide, which can trigger respiratory diseases
2953:
2503:"EnergyCents- Ep 82: Electric factory: building codes look to gas bans as decarbonization goals loom"
1958:"Residential cooking-related PM2.5: Spatial-temporal variations under various intervention scenarios"
1059:"Gas Stoves in the US Emit Methane Equivalent to the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Half a Million Cars"
602:. As of 2023, the legality of gas stove bans in the United States is the subject of active lawsuits.
599:
474:
411:
220:
1458:
2709:
489:
216:
99:
1918:"Gas stoves are contributing to childhood asthma in Massachusetts, study finds - The Boston Globe"
2756:
2055:"Ban new gas stoves, a federal safety commissioner proposes; CPSC says no such official plan yet"
63:
1667:
2844:
2739:
2734:
2719:
2576:
1444:
1411:
1087:"Methane and NO x Emissions from Natural Gas Stoves, Cooktops, and Ovens in Residential Homes"
106:
and ovens. Most modern gas stoves have electronic ignition, automatic timers for the oven and
2744:
2729:
911:"Methane and NOx Emissions from Natural Gas Stoves, Cooktops, and Ovens in Residential Homes"
579:. In 2022, a research group investigated leakage in 53 homes in California and estimated the
286:
113:
Gas stoves are an indoor common fossil-fuel appliance that contribute significant levels of
2124:
2018:
1098:
922:
860:
477:
report found pollution from gas stoves causes exacerbation of asthma symptoms in children.
252:
178:
114:
1850:"Population Attributable Fraction of Gas Stoves and Childhood Asthma in the United States"
966:"Population Attributable Fraction of Gas Stoves and Childhood Asthma in the United States"
8:
2849:
1848:
Gruenwald, Talor; Seals, Brady A.; Knibbs, Luke D.; Hosgood, H. Dean (January 17, 2023).
1358:
1334:
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per hour and is directly based on the gas consumption rather than heat absorbed by pans.
2128:
2022:
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864:
2859:
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994:
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710:
493:
205:
201:
131:
80:
1816:
2641:
2624:
2569:
2483:
2226:"Cleaner but not clean - Why scientists say natural gas won't avert climate disaster"
2150:
2040:
1987:
1881:
1830:
1773:
1732:
1417:
1366:
1313:
1286:
1162:
1136:
1124:
1116:
999:
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909:
Lebel, Eric D; Finnegan, Colin J; Ouyang, Zutao; Jackson, Robert B. (July 17, 2013).
888:
740:
636:
580:
568:
118:
2298:"Why carbon dioxide isn't the only greenhouse gas we must reduce – Dr Richard Dixon"
1085:
Lebel, Eric D.; Finnegan, Colin J.; Ouyang, Zutao; Jackson, Robert B. (2022-02-15).
2943:
2449:
2140:
2132:
2031:
2026:
2007:"The benefit of kitchen exhaust fan use after cooking - An experimental assessment"
2006:
1977:
1973:
1969:
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1820:
1812:
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1722:
1346:
1106:
989:
979:
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868:
730:
722:
470:
466:
449:
193:
139:
828:"Effective Kitchen Ventilation for Healthy Zero Net Energy Homes with Natural Gas"
583:
from gas stoves in the United States were equivalent over a 20 year period to the
2948:
2714:
2463:
Ruling of April 17, 2023 in
California Restaurant Association v. City of Berkeley
1307:
644:
485:
437:
261:
148:
2676:
2264:
1900:"One in eight cases of asthma in US kids caused by gas stove pollution – study"
1243:
654:
649:
622:
595:
576:
564:
426:
2804:
1350:
2937:
2875:
2401:"Is this the beginning of the end of gas stoves and dirty heat in buildings?"
1187:"Natural gas is a much 'dirtier' energy source, carbon-wise, than we thought"
1166:
1120:
352:
293:
The high output burner is suitable for boiling a large pot of water quickly,
256:
248:
84:
47:
2136:
1111:
1086:
935:
910:
873:
2900:
2885:
2671:
2656:
2651:
2154:
1991:
1885:
1866:
1834:
1777:
1736:
1128:
1022:
1003:
984:
944:
892:
744:
505:
481:
441:
235:
182:
143:
135:
107:
91:
71:
2922:
2917:
2824:
2701:
2666:
2223:
1799:
Nicholas L.; McAllister, David A.; Shah, Anoop S. V. (November 1, 2020).
1768:
1727:
726:
540:
244:
186:
127:
95:
51:
35:
2207:"US House conservatives revolt against leadership, block gas stove bill"
1282:
Relish: The
Extraordinary Life of Alexis Soyer, Victorian Celebrity Chef
294:
2905:
2895:
2890:
2880:
2829:
1749:
1593:"Gas stoves emit benzene levels above secondhand smoke, US study finds"
1459:"Investigation of Residential Cooktop Ignition Prevention Technologies"
1382:"How gas utilities used tobacco tactics to avoid gas stove regulations"
520:
398:
330:
75:
2244:"Data and Statistics: CO2 emissions by energy source, World 1990-2017"
1686:"We need to talk about your gas stove, your health and climate change"
2834:
2686:
2376:"Gas Stoves Are Worse for Climate and Health Than Previously Thought"
2268:
302:
1416:. Energy and power systems. Taylor & Francis. pp. 438–439.
2854:
2839:
2790:
2691:
2661:
2646:
2619:
2592:
2109:
1484:. International Gas Union Research Conference. 2011. Archived from
528:
524:
497:
418:
2093:"Gas stoves pollute homes with benzene, which is linked to cancer"
1248:"Study Compares Gas Stove Pollution to Secondhand Cigarette Smoke"
630:
358:
colour, meaning complete combustion, as with other gas appliances.
2774:
2764:
1854:
International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
971:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
548:
544:
532:
516:
445:
422:
347:
298:
159:
103:
55:
2479:"Federal court slows a California ban on natural gas appliances"
1709:
Lin, Weiwei; Brunekreef, Bert; Gehring, Ulrike (December 2013).
2769:
2681:
2636:
2531:
2346:"Gas stoves leak climate-warming methane even when they're off"
1750:
Weiwei Lin; Bert Brunekreef; Ulrike Gehring (August 20, 2013).
1631:"What should I know about formaldehyde and indoor air quality?"
711:"Take Care in the Kitchen: Avoiding Cooking-Related Pollutants"
536:
453:
197:
67:
59:
372:
precise pre-heating, automatic pizza, cook timers and others.
173:
The first gas stove was developed in 1802 by Zachäus Winzler (
2205:
Cowan, Richard; Slattery, Gram; Slattery, Gram (2023-06-06).
355:
2224:
Valerie Volcovici; Kate Abnett; Matthew Green (2020-08-18).
1539:
788:
121:
from gas stoves in the United States were equivalent to the
30:
2724:
2561:
1847:
1445:"Stove dimensions: standard range sizes & measurements"
2446:"Bye-bye blue flame? NY to require gas-free new buildings"
1936:"Gas Stoves: Health and Air Quality Impacts and Solutions"
1084:
1041:"Gas Stoves: Health and Air Quality Impacts and Solutions"
908:
2273:"CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: CO₂ Emissions by Fuel"
2096:
1542:"Improving Range-Top Efficiency with Specialized Vessels"
1386:
74:
gas. Before the advent of gas, cooking stoves relied on
2263:
605:
Many electrification codes exempt commercial kitchens.
2425:"Canberra Natural Gas Bans To Hit Appliance Retailers"
1479:"The Development of Safety Sensor Equipped Gas Stoves"
1155:"Did I Turn Off the Stove? Yes, but Maybe Not the Gas"
2204:
2004:
794:"AMA PolicyFinder - Environmental Health - Gas Stove"
429:
that use a corrugated ribbon to increase efficiency.
1708:
1305:
846:
612:
575:, which is released when natural gas is burned, are
208:
and in the United States in the early 20th century.
2544:"Gas Stoves: The Fracking Tailpipe in Your Kitchen"
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1797:
964:Gruenwald, Talor; et al. (21 December 2022).
1612:"Nitrogen Dioxide's Impact on Indoor Air Quality"
473:that can exceed outdoor safety standards. A 2020
2935:
1649:"Carbon Monoxide's Impact on Indoor Air Quality"
1394:
963:
2323:"Methane Emissions in the Oil and Gas Industry"
1238:
1236:
959:
957:
708:
334:A gas stove in a San Francisco apartment, 1975.
1955:
1540:Greg Sorensen; David Zabrowski (August 2009).
756:
754:
2577:
2325:. American Geosciences Institute. 16 May 2018
2169:"GOP cooks up a new storm on gas stove rules"
1533:
833:. California Energy Commission. January 2021.
2548:The Science and Environmental Health Network
2467:United States Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals
2443:
1233:
954:
301:, while the low output burners are good for
822:
820:
818:
816:
751:
163:Early gas stoves produced by Windsor. From
50:that is fuelled by combustible gas such as
2584:
2570:
2188:"House panel advances GOP gas stove bills"
2185:
2071:
1409:
704:
702:
700:
2144:
2030:
1981:
1910:
1875:
1865:
1824:
1767:
1726:
1473:
1471:
1110:
993:
983:
934:
882:
872:
734:
469:from tobacco. Stoves can cause levels of
166:Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management
2279:. Published online at OurWorldInData.org
1951:
1949:
1179:
813:
379:
366:
346:
329:
234:
158:
138:results in natural gas having a similar
29:
2257:
1502:
1332:
1242:
1056:
1052:
1050:
904:
902:
842:
840:
782:
697:
510:U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission
14:
2936:
2373:
2236:
2117:Environmental Science & Technology
2090:
1665:
1628:
1609:
1590:
1468:
1148:
1146:
1091:Environmental Science & Technology
1035:
1033:
915:Environmental Science & Technology
2565:
2398:
2343:
2246:. International Energy Agency (Paris)
1998:
1946:
1756:International Journal of Epidemiology
1715:International Journal of Epidemiology
1379:
1278:
1152:
1080:
1078:
567:. Both the gas itself (specifically
458:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
2337:
1544:. Appliance Magazine. Archived from
1451:
1047:
899:
837:
760:
674:
672:
670:
312:
2315:
1143:
1030:
212:of insulation for fuel-efficiency.
24:
2495:
1260:from the original on June 18, 2023
1075:
432:
25:
2965:
2524:
2186:Tamborrino, Kelsey (2023-05-24).
1629:US EPA, OAR (February 19, 2019).
1413:CRC Handbook of Energy Efficiency
667:
558:
375:
351:Flames in a gas oven burn with a
2803:
2530:
2491:from the original on 2023-07-26.
1380:Brady, Jeff (October 17, 2023).
1279:Cowen, Ruth (16 December 2010).
629:
615:
502:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
2471:
2456:
2437:
2417:
2392:
2367:
2290:
2217:
2198:
2179:
2161:
2103:
2084:
2065:
2047:
1928:
1892:
1841:
1791:
1743:
1702:
1678:
1659:
1641:
1622:
1610:US EPA, OAR (August 14, 2014).
1603:
1591:Milman, Oliver (20 June 2023).
1584:
1559:
1522:from the original on 2016-03-15
1437:
1410:Kreith, F.; West, R.E. (1996).
1373:
1326:
1309:Encyclopedia of Kitchen History
1299:
1272:
1208:
462:The Lancet Respiratory Medicine
2032:10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.02.039
1974:10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108002
1956:Jianbang Xiang (28 May 2021).
1010:
761:Blum, Dani (11 January 2023).
709:Nate Seltenrich (1 Jun 2014).
280:
13:
1:
2630:Underground coal gasification
2399:Leber, Rebecca (2021-12-16).
2374:Wetzel, Corryn (2022-02-01).
1817:10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30343-0
1668:"Basic Information about NO2"
1306:Mary Ellen Snodgrass (2004).
1153:Zhong, Raymond (2022-01-27).
660:
405:
192:A gas stove was shown at the
2591:
1666:US EPA, OAR (July 6, 2016).
1193:. 2020-02-19. Archived from
1057:McKenna, Phil (2022-01-27).
799:American Medical Association
790:American Medical Association
592:Australian Capital Territory
7:
2444:Michael Hill (2 May 2023).
2072:Ari Natter (1 March 2023).
680:"CDC | Facts About Benzene"
608:
275:
230:
185:, the renowned chef at the
87:in the early 20th century.
10:
2970:
2344:Brady, Jeff (2022-01-27).
1312:. Routledge. p. 428.
154:
2868:
2812:
2801:
2783:
2755:
2700:
2606:
2599:
1359:10.3098/ah.2020.094.1.024
1351:10.3098/ah.2020.094.1.024
1295:– via Google Books.
590:Some places, such as the
412:U.S. Department of Energy
221:tobacco industry playbook
2011:Building and Environment
1805:The Lancet Global Health
715:Environ. Health Perspect
585:greenhouse gas emissions
217:American Gas Association
149:secondhand tobacco smoke
123:greenhouse gas emissions
2137:10.1021/acs.est.1c08298
1655:. US EPA. 31 July 2014.
1447:. Whirlpool appliances.
1112:10.1021/acs.est.1c04707
936:10.1021/acs.est.1c04707
874:10.1186/1476-069X-13-71
342:
321:
239:Electric ignition spark
64:liquefied petroleum gas
2845:Natural-gas processing
1867:10.3390/ijerph20010075
985:10.3390/ijerph20010075
425:manufactures pots for
389:
359:
335:
240:
170:
39:
2607:Manufactured fuel gas
1018:"Kill Your Gas Stove"
383:
367:Programmable controls
350:
333:
287:British Thermal Units
238:
162:
33:
27:Type of cooking stove
2539:at Wikimedia Commons
2380:Smithsonian Magazine
1339:Agricultural History
1197:on February 18, 2021
853:Environmental Health
727:10.1289/ehp.122-A154
253:flame failure device
225:creating uncertainty
179:Northampton, England
115:indoor air pollution
100:flame failure device
2850:Natural gas storage
2350:Nevada Public Radio
2129:2022EnST...5610258M
2123:(14): 10258–10268.
2023:2018BuEnv.135..286D
1811:(11): e1427–e1434.
1103:2022EnST...56.2529L
1063:Inside Climate News
927:2022EnST...56.2529L
865:2014EnvHe..13...71K
515:A 2023 study found
2860:Pipeline transport
2820:Compressor station
2061:. 10 January 2023.
1906:. January 6, 2023.
1769:10.1093/ije/dyt150
1728:10.1093/ije/dyt150
1253:The New York Times
1159:The New York Times
1026:. 15 October 2020.
768:The New York Times
600:climate protection
494:particulate matter
390:
360:
336:
241:
206:European Continent
202:pipeline transport
171:
132:fugitive emissions
81:European Continent
40:
2931:
2930:
2799:
2798:
2642:Blast furnace gas
2625:Coal gasification
2550:. 19 January 2023
2535:Media related to
2484:Los Angeles Times
2277:Our World in Data
1464:. NIST. May 2018.
1423:978-0-8493-2514-4
1246:(June 17, 2023).
1220:news.stanford.edu
684:emergency.cdc.gov
637:Technology portal
581:methane emissions
313:Design and layout
215:In the 1960s the
119:methane emissions
110:to remove fumes.
16:(Redirected from
2961:
2954:Gas technologies
2807:
2604:
2603:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2534:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2475:
2469:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2450:Associated Press
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2352:. Archived from
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2302:www.scotsman.com
2294:
2288:
2287:
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2240:
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2221:
2215:
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2196:
2195:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2165:
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2148:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2034:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1985:
1953:
1944:
1943:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1879:
1869:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1828:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1771:
1762:(6): 1724–1737.
1747:
1741:
1740:
1730:
1721:(6): 1724–1737.
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1569:. Archived from
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1521:
1514:
1506:
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1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1407:
1392:
1391:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1333:Aldrich (2020).
1330:
1324:
1323:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1240:
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1212:
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1205:
1203:
1202:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1150:
1141:
1140:
1114:
1097:(4): 2529–2539.
1082:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1054:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1028:
1027:
1014:
1008:
1007:
997:
987:
961:
952:
951:
938:
921:(4): 2529–2539.
906:
897:
896:
886:
876:
844:
835:
834:
832:
824:
811:
810:
808:
806:
786:
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775:
758:
749:
748:
738:
706:
695:
694:
692:
691:
676:
639:
634:
633:
625:
620:
619:
618:
577:greenhouse gases
471:nitrogen dioxide
467:secondhand smoke
450:nitrogen dioxide
387:
194:Great Exhibition
140:carbon footprint
38:to provide heat.
34:Many stoves use
21:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2934:
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2199:
2184:
2180:
2167:
2166:
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2108:
2104:
2089:
2085:
2070:
2066:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2003:
1999:
1954:
1947:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1922:BostonGlobe.com
1916:
1915:
1911:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1846:
1842:
1796:
1792:
1782:
1780:
1748:
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1707:
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1684:
1683:
1679:
1664:
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1647:
1646:
1642:
1627:
1623:
1608:
1604:
1589:
1585:
1576:
1574:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1551:
1549:
1548:on July 7, 2011
1538:
1534:
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1523:
1519:
1512:
1508:
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1503:
1494:
1492:
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1408:
1395:
1378:
1374:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1277:
1273:
1263:
1261:
1244:Tabuchi, Hiroko
1241:
1234:
1225:
1223:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1200:
1198:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1171:
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1144:
1083:
1076:
1067:
1065:
1055:
1048:
1039:
1038:
1031:
1016:
1015:
1011:
962:
955:
907:
900:
845:
838:
830:
826:
825:
814:
804:
802:
787:
783:
773:
771:
759:
752:
707:
698:
689:
687:
678:
677:
668:
663:
645:Auto reignition
635:
628:
621:
616:
614:
611:
561:
490:nitrogen oxides
486:carbon monoxide
438:Carbon monoxide
435:
433:Health concerns
427:portable stoves
408:
385:
378:
369:
345:
324:
315:
283:
278:
262:Auto reignition
257:hobs (cooktops)
233:
157:
134:throughout the
130:and unintended
108:extractor hoods
104:hobs (cooktops)
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2967:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2946:
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2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2813:Infrastructure
2810:
2809:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2787:
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2717:
2712:
2706:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2677:Regasification
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2616:
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2597:
2596:
2589:
2588:
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2574:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2540:
2526:
2525:External links
2523:
2520:
2519:
2494:
2487:. 2023-04-18.
2470:
2455:
2436:
2416:
2391:
2366:
2336:
2314:
2304:. 27 July 2020
2289:
2265:Hannah Ritchie
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659:
658:
657:
655:List of stoves
652:
650:Electric stove
647:
641:
640:
626:
623:Cooking portal
610:
607:
596:New York State
573:carbon dioxide
565:climate change
560:
559:Climate impact
557:
434:
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407:
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376:Safety factors
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2876:Bunsen burner
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2370:
2356:on 2022-02-06
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2175:. 2023-05-24.
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2020:
2016:
2012:
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1989:
1984:
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1962:Build Environ
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1573:on 2016-09-28
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1491:on 2023-01-21
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721:(6): A154-9.
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2901:Gas lighting
2886:Gas cylinder
2672:Producer gas
2657:Landfill gas
2652:Gasification
2552:. Retrieved
2547:
2511:. Retrieved
2509:. 2022-07-14
2506:
2497:
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2473:
2458:
2439:
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2419:
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2358:. Retrieved
2354:the original
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2181:
2172:
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2120:
2116:
2105:
2091:Jeff Brady.
2086:
2080:. Bloomberg.
2077:
2067:
2058:
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2014:
2010:
2000:
1965:
1961:
1939:
1930:
1921:
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1439:
1429:February 18,
1427:. Retrieved
1412:
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1345:(1): 24–60.
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1262:. Retrieved
1251:
1224:. Retrieved
1222:. 2023-06-16
1219:
1210:
1199:. Retrieved
1195:the original
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1062:
1023:The Atlantic
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766:
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688:. Retrieved
686:. 2019-05-15
683:
604:
589:
562:
553:
514:
506:air purifier
482:formaldehyde
479:
461:
442:formaldehyde
436:
421:-like fins.
416:
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370:
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337:
325:
316:
307:
291:
284:
271:
267:
247:) under the
242:
214:
210:
191:
183:Alexis Soyer
172:
164:
144:fossil fuels
136:supply chain
112:
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2923:Pilot light
2918:Gas turbine
2825:Gas carrier
2702:Natural gas
2667:Pintsch gas
2017:: 286–296.
1783:February 2,
1672:www.epa.gov
1653:www.epa.gov
1635:www.epa.gov
1616:www.epa.gov
541:cyclohexane
281:Burner heat
245:pilot light
187:Reform Club
128:gas venting
96:pilot light
83:and in the
76:solid fuels
70:, or other
52:natural gas
36:natural gas
2938:Categories
2906:Gas mantle
2896:Gas heater
2891:Gas engine
2881:Gas burner
2830:Gas holder
2554:2023-01-23
2537:Gas stoves
2513:2022-08-20
2507:IHS Markit
2430:2023-01-13
2410:2022-02-06
2385:2022-02-06
2360:2022-02-06
2308:2020-08-17
2283:2020-04-24
2250:2020-04-24
1968:: 108002.
1695:2022-02-06
1577:2016-09-17
1552:2010-08-07
1526:2016-03-14
1495:2023-01-16
1226:2023-06-27
1201:2022-04-03
1172:2022-02-06
1068:2022-02-06
805:30 January
774:13 January
690:2023-06-28
661:References
521:carcinogen
519:, a known
488:(CO), and
406:Efficiency
399:thermistor
18:Gas stoves
2913:Gas stove
2835:Gas meter
2687:Water gas
2269:Max Roser
2041:115192969
1860:(1): 75.
1367:216167577
1285:. Orion.
1167:0362-4331
1137:246296077
1121:0013-936X
978:(1): 75.
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529:lymphomas
525:leukemias
303:simmering
142:to other
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2855:Odorizer
2840:Gasworks
2791:Hydrogen
2692:Wood gas
2662:Mond gas
2647:Blau gas
2620:Coal gas
2593:Fuel gas
2489:Archived
2271:(2020).
2192:POLITICO
2173:POLITICO
2155:35762409
2059:NBC News
1992:34177073
1886:36612391
1835:33069303
1778:23962958
1737:23962958
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1264:June 21,
1258:Archived
1129:35081712
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893:25182545
792:(2022).
745:24892412
609:See also
498:acrolein
419:heatsink
295:sautéing
276:Features
255:for gas
231:Ignition
102:for gas
2944:Burners
2775:Propane
2765:Autogas
2745:Bio-SNG
2611:History
2230:Reuters
2211:Reuters
2146:9301916
2125:Bibcode
2078:Fortune
2019:Bibcode
1983:8224830
1877:9819315
1826:7564377
1690:NPR.org
1191:Science
1099:Bibcode
1043:. 2020.
995:9819315
923:Bibcode
884:4175218
861:Bibcode
736:4050506
569:methane
549:toluene
545:benzene
533:heptane
517:benzene
484:(CH2O)
446:benzene
423:Jetboil
299:searing
249:cooktop
169:, 1904.
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2725:HCNG
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