30:
650:
383:"further provisions concerning statements by third parties on the points of law concerning the patentability of programs for computers referred to it by the President of the European Patent Office". The expected announcement was made in the Official Journal of January 2009. Namely, any written statements, i.e.
739:
Justine Pila argued that the basis for this decision is an interpretation of
Article 112(1)(b) that is inconsistent with the principles of Articles 31 and 33 of the Vienna Convention, and that it offends the constitutional principles from which it was expressly derived. Namely she criticizes that the
228:
provides that this exclusion only applies to the extent to which a
European patent application or European patent relates to such programs for computers "as such". The interpretation of the exclusion, including the words "as such", have caused applicants, attorneys, examiners, and judges a great deal
203:
of the Boards of Appeal becomes inconsistent or when an important point of law arises. Its purpose is "to ensure uniform application of the law" and to clarify or interpret important points of law in relation to the
European Patent Convention. Only the Boards of Appeal themselves and the President
758:
She concluded by criticizing the opinion, stating notably that "the EBA rendered a decision that is higher on democratic language than democratic content" and that "the only hope is for the
European or national Legislatures to recognize that “judiciary-driven legal development” within the EPO has
619:
does not constitute a further instance ranking above the Boards of Appeal within the EPC judicial system. According to the Board, " are ... assigned interpretative supremacy with regard to the EPC in terms of its scope of application". The notion of "legal development" and its normal character are
296:
is cited as justifying this question. Under T 1173/97, computer programs are methods, and in order to have a technical character computer programs must demonstrate a further technical effect (which goes beyond the "normal" physical interactions between program (software) and computer (hardware)).
631:"the President has no right of referral under Article 112(1)(b) EPC simply in order to intervene, on whatever grounds, in mere legal development if on an interpretation of the notion of "different decisions" in the sense of conflicting decisions there is no need for correction to establish
198:
In addition to the Boards of Appeal before which decisions of the first instances of the EPO can be contested, the EPO includes an
Enlarged Board of Appeal. This board does not constitute an additional level of jurisdiction in the classical sense. This instance takes decisions only when the
165:
The referral had been quoted as relating to the "deeply contentious question about how to assess the patentability of software-related inventions". Alison
Brimelow had been reported to have been considering referring the issue to the Enlarged Board of Appeal for almost two years.
1332:
882:
Only under very strict conditions, namely, when there is a contradictory case law by “two boards” and not a progressive development of the law by a “one board,” as it seem to be at hand in the present referral may the
President refer questions to the Enlarged Board of
89:
236:
Referrals to the
Enlarged Board of Appeal are said to be rare, happening only with the most complex questions. The patentability of software has provoked fierce debate in Europe over the recent years, especially in relation to the proposed European Union (EU)
288:(b) If question 2(a) is answered in the negative, is a further technical effect necessary to avoid exclusion, said effect going beyond those effects inherent in the use of a computer or data storage medium to respectively execute or store a computer program?
582:, and against the Board as a whole. The Enlarged Board of Appeal concluded that there was "no reason to exclude Mr Rees from its composition in case G 3/08 or to replace further members." The original composition of the Board therefore remained unchanged.
627:, a requirement considered crucial for the referral to be admissible. The Board then concludes its "fundamental considerations on the interpretation of Article 112(1)(b) EPC" (before considering the questions of the referral themselves) as follows:
1325:
579:
85:
1318:
1341:
343:(c) If question 4 (a) is answered in the negative, can features resulting from programming contribute to the technical character of a claim only when they contribute to a further technical effect when the program is executed?
204:
of the EPO can refer a question to the
Enlarged Board of Appeal. In the first case, the Enlarged Board issues a decision, while in the latter case it issues an opinion. G 3/08 is a referral of the President of the EPO under
241:. The directive was rejected in 2005 by the European Parliament, a decision that was welcomed by those on both sides of the debate, by those supporting the patentability of software in Europe as well as those opposing it.
312:(c) If question 3 (a) is answered in the negative, can features contribute to the technical character of the claim if the only effects to which they contribute are independent of any particular hardware that may be used?
768:
577:
In an interlocutory decision of 16 October 2009, the
Enlarged Board of Appeal dealt with an objection of partiality raised in an amicus brief. The objection of partiality was against a particular member of the Board,
249:
Four questions have been referred by the President of the EPO to the Enlarged Board of Appeal. The four questions have been chosen to look at four different aspects of patentability in the field of computer programs.
1617:
605:. The Board goes on by writing that the president's right of referral to the Enlarged Board does not extend to means of replacing Board of Appeal rulings with the decision of a putatively higher instance, as
876:
Re: Case No. G3/08, Referral of the President of the European Patent Office under Article 112 (1) (b) EPC of October 22, 2008, Statement According to Article 11 b Rules of Procedure of the Enlarged Board of
807:
was designated to sit in the present case, instead of Mr. U. Scharen, who should have been designated according to the business distribution scheme of the Enlarged Board of Appeal. This is hereby corrected.
590:
The reasons for the opinion first address the admissibility of the referral. After considering that the President of the EPO had not forfeited her right to a referral because the preceding President,
569:
case, "because in its view it would be premature for the House of Lords to decide what computer programs are patentable before the issue has been considered by the Enlarged Board of Appeal of the ."
284:(a) Can a claim in the area of computer programs avoid exclusion under Art. 52(2)(c) and (3) merely by explicitly mentioning the use of a computer or a computer-readable data storage medium?
399:
565:
238:
324:, according to which a technical effect on a physical entity in the real world is required (to escape the exclusion under Article 52(2)(c) and (3)), and, on the other hand,
162:." In a 55-page long opinion, the Enlarged Board of Appeal considered the referral to be inadmissible because no divergent decisions had been identified in the referral.
1310:
874:
451:
1280:
Referral by the President of the European Patent Office to the Enlarged Board of Appeal dated 23 October 2008 regarding divergent decisions of two boards of appeal
1118:
523:
1009:
That is, any written statements in accordance with Article 10 of the Rules of Procedure of the Enlarged Board of Appeal (EBA) (OJ EPO 2007, 303 ff). See also
328:
and T 424/03, according to which the technical effects can be essentially confined to the respective computer programs, is cited as justifying this question.
1086:
193:
151:
347:
A divergence between decisions considering that a programmer's activity, i.e. writing computer programs, falls within the exclusions of Article 52(2)(c) (
306:(a) Must a claimed feature cause a technical effect on a physical entity in the real world in order to contribute to the technical character of the claim?
101:
230:
189:
339:(b) If question 4 (a) is answered in the positive, do all features resulting from programming thus contribute to the technical character of a claim?
443:
419:
1288:
804:
93:
395:
77:
1272:
995:
796:
1233:
from the Enlarged Board of Appeal of the European Patent Office (May 1, 2010). Oxford Legal Studies Research Paper No. 48/2010. Available at
801:, European Patent Office (EPO), Enlarged Board of Appeal, Munich, November 6, 2008 (page 23 of pdf document). Corrected by the later order: "
1340:
1545:
1541:
1537:
360:
1257:"Anmerkungen zu neuesten Softwarepatententscheidungen EPA G_3/08 und BGH, Beschl. v. 22. April 2010 – Dynamische Dokumentengenerierung"
1088:
Patentability of computer programs, recent Court of Appeal judgment and questions raised by the President of the European Patent Office
813:(same link as above), EPO, Enlarged Board of Appeal, Munich, ??(30??).02.2009 (page 28 of pdf document). Consulted on May 1, 2009.
479:
364:
356:
352:
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325:
321:
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427:
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423:
1000:, European Patent Office, Enlarged Board of Appeal, November 11, 2008 (page 24 of pdf document). Consulted on November 23, 2008.
1045:
154:
and were, according to the President of the EPO, of fundamental importance as they related to the definition of "the limits of
173:
had anticipated that the referral would be considered inadmissible under the legal provisions of the EPC, and in particular
259:
Can a computer program only be excluded as a computer program as such if it is explicitly claimed as a computer program?
139:
308:(b) If question 3 (a) is answered in the positive, is it sufficient that the physical entity be an unspecified computer?
718:
1612:
690:
548:
233:, is that an invention is patentable if it provides a new and non-obvious technical solution to a technical problem.
1273:
Complete file, including the referral from the President of the EPO and the opinion of the Enlarged Board of Appeal
463:
1100:
594:, had declined in 2007 to refer questions to the Enlarged Board Appeal (when suggested to do so by British judge
552:
447:
697:
675:
1256:
1071:
851:
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1262:
Reinier B. Bakels, 'Software Patentability: What Are the Right Questions?', 31 EIPR 2009, p. 514-522.
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Change of composition of the Board (compare to order of 6.11.08): Due to an administrative error Ms.
686:
439:
1299:
43:
487:
142:
issued on May 12, 2010 an opinion in response to questions referred to it by the President of the
1627:
1119:
Case Number: G 0003/08, Interlocutory Decision of the Enlarged Board of Appeal of 16 October 2009
598:), the Board considered the referred questions to be undoubtedly of fundamental importance under
229:
of difficulty since the EPC came into force in 1978. An interpretation, which is followed by the
1307:(to use the Enlarged Board of Appeal's own words, in G 3/08, Summary of the proceedings, II. 1)
143:
483:
337:(a) Does the activity of programming a computer necessarily involve technical considerations?
297:
Under T 258/03, a method acquires a technical character simply by involving technical means.
503:
384:
275:, making a distinction between these two categories, is cited as justifying this question.
170:
8:
744:
suffers from the same faulty logic for which the EBA criticized the President’s referral,
519:
455:
1304:
595:
15:
711:
1525:
1440:
1432:
1040:
769:
List of decisions of the EPO Boards of Appeal relating to Article 52(2) and (3) EPC
613:
908:
894:
621:
606:
599:
271:, especially between computer-implemented claims and computer program claims, and
205:
174:
152:
patentability of programs for computers under the European Patent Convention (EPC)
1049:
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Case number: G 3/08, Decision of the Enlarged Board of Appeal of 11 November 2008
751:
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147:
671:
857:
792:
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560:
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527:
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Around a hundred amicus curiae briefs have been submitted, including briefs by
379:
On November 11, 2008, the Enlarged Board of Appeal decided to announce in the
268:
66:
1606:
870:
776:, referral dealing with the patentability of computer-implemented simulations
431:
155:
620:
also addressed, in the context of the reference to "different decisions" in
544:, the referral had been welcomed "by lawyers and software engineers alike".
150:, on October 22, 2008. The questions subject of the referral related to the
499:
495:
475:
97:
1220:
1230:
825:
Referral from the President of the EPO, October 22, 2008, cover letter.
403:
81:
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Case law of the Enlarged Board of Appeal of the European Patent Office
1027:
Communication from the Enlarged Board of Appeal concerning case G 3/08
1226:
533:
391:
370:
264:
159:
29:
649:
221:, the patentability of programs for computers is excluded. However,
1238:
1091:, Press notice, reviewed 7 November 2008. Consulted on May 6, 2009.
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467:
435:
407:
400:
International Association for the Protection of Industrial Property
293:
200:
515:
507:
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239:
directive on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions
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511:
754:, either within the EPC or national (European) patent systems.
1106:
300:
572:
1234:
452:
International Federation of Intellectual Property Attorneys
1277:
Referral as published in the Official Journal of the EPO:
1052:, News, February 19, 2009. Consulted on February 22, 2009.
331:
1429:
Requirement for claiming priority of the "same invention"
880:, Munich, April 27, 2009, and in particular, point 8.1: "
459:
1562:
Right to be heard and correct venue for oral proceedings
394:, the Association for Competitive Technology (ACT), the
1109:
blog, November 7, 2008. Consulted on November 8, 2008.
667:
524:
UNION of European Practitioners in Industrial Property
36:
Enlarged Board of Appeal of the European Patent Office
1225:, Software Patents, Separation of Powers, and Failed
194:
Software patents under the European Patent Convention
1259:, GB - Der Grüne Bote, July 2010, pp. 201–206.
1073:European software patent referral receives welcome
1042:Your say on the patentability of computer programs
984:Rules of Procedure of the Enlarged Board of Appeal
534:Reception to the referral and further developments
190:Appeal procedure before the European Patent Office
420:Computer & Communication Industry Association
316:A divergence between, on the one hand, decisions
1604:
1294:Opinion of the Enlarged Board of Appeal (G 3/08)
1102:The UK-IPO's latest thoughts on software patents
444:Foundation for a Free Information Infrastructure
359:) and decisions having taken the opposite view (
1349:Incomplete collection of decisions and opinions
982:Under Article 10(2) of its Rules of Procedure (
923:Patents Directive killed by European Parliament
278:
747:lacks doctrinal and theoretical coherence, and
396:American Intellectual Property Law Association
267:, making no distinction between categories of
1326:
853:EU software patent issue goes to appeals body
292:A divergence between decisions T 1173/97 and
253:
676:introducing citations to additional sources
387:, had to be filed by the end of April 2009.
1506:Request to correct patent/FISHER-ROSEMOUNT
1333:
1319:
1129:G 3/08, Summary of the proceedings, II. 4.
1085:UK Intellectual Property Office web site,
1061:G 3/08, Summary of the proceedings, II. 1.
480:Licensing Executives Society International
301:Question 3: Individual features of a claim
1342:Decisions of the Enlarged Board of Appeal
573:Interlocutory decision of 16 October 2009
428:Computing Technology Industry Association
1305:Enlarged Board's area of the EPO website
969:
967:
846:
844:
842:
840:
666:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1514:Non-refund of further search fees/BAUER
1064:
957:
955:
821:
819:
780:
472:Japan Intellectual Property Association
424:Chartered Institute of Patent Attorneys
367:) is cited as justifying the question.
332:Question 4: The activity of programming
1605:
945:
943:
1314:
964:
933:
931:
837:
952:
816:
643:
1591:Oral proceedings by videoconference
940:
140:Enlarged Board of Appeal of the EPO
13:
1246:
1076:, New York Times, October 27, 2008
928:
14:
1639:
1466:Treatment by surgery/MEDI-PHYSICS
1283:, OJ EPO 3/2009, pp. 142–166
1266:
549:England and Wales Court of Appeal
1474:Dosage regime/ABBOTT RESPIRATORY
1300:ECLI:EP:BA:2010:G000308.20100512
1239:http://ssrn.com/abstract=1612518
659:relies largely or entirely on a
648:
464:Irish Free Software Organisation
44:ECLI:EP:BA:2009:G000308.20091016
28:
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1123:
1112:
1094:
1079:
1055:
1033:
1018:
1003:
989:
976:
553:UK Intellectual Property Office
448:Free Software Foundation Europe
263:A divergence between decisions
120:
59:
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902:
888:
863:
828:
786:
112:
88:(GB) (additional rapporteur),
51:
42:
18:
1:
1344:of the European Patent Office
1012:Rules of Procedure of the EBA
371:Statements by third parties (
183:
639:
566:Symbian's Patent Application
279:Question 2: Claim as a whole
244:
27:
7:
1289:G3/08: amicus curiae briefs
1255:Swen Kiesewetter-Köbinger,
762:
381:Official Journal of the EPO
231:Boards of Appeal of the EPO
10:
1644:
986:(RPEBA) (OJ 5/2007, 303)).
925:, OUT-LAW News, 06/07/2005
811:Case number: G 3/08, Order
798:Case number: G 3/08, Order
750:is incapable of producing
585:
254:Question 1: Claim category
187:
1571:
1454:
1417:
1387:
1368:Second medical indication
1364:G 1/83, G 5/83 and G 6/83
1356:
1030:, OJ EPO 1/2009, page 32.
440:European Patent Institute
1613:Software patent case law
1490:Pending application/SONY
1378:Opposition by proprietor
759:indeed met its limits".
547:After the referral, the
488:General Electric Company
124:Programs for computers
1482:Programs for computers
1408:Representation/BOGASKY
973:Referral, pages 11-13.
345:
314:
290:
261:
144:European Patent Office
1583:Pedestrian simulation
1210:G 3/08, Reasons 7.3.8
1183:G 3/08, Reasons 7.3.5
1174:G 3/08, Reasons 7.2.2
1165:G 3/08, Reasons 7.2.5
1156:G 3/08, Reasons 7.2.7
961:Referral, pages 9-10.
809:" in Peter Messerli,
484:Microsoft Corporation
335:
304:
282:
257:
47:Issued May 12, 2010
949:Referral, pages 7-8.
937:Referral, pages 4-6.
781:References and notes
672:improve this article
504:Polish Patent Office
385:amicus curiae briefs
171:amicus curiae briefs
1192:G 3/08, Reasons 7.3
834:G 3/08, Headnote 7.
520:Prof. Joseph Straus
416:Canonical Group Ltd
1498:Disclaimer/SCRIPPS
1201:G 3/08, Reasons 8.
1147:G 3/08, Reasons 4.
1138:G 3/08, Reasons 2.
1048:2009-03-01 at the
860:, October 24, 2008
740:Boards’ approach
596:Lord Justice Jacob
476:Prof. Donald Knuth
134:Under case number
1600:
1599:
1526:G 2/12 and G 2/13
1441:G 1/05 and G 1/06
1433:G 1/03 and G 2/03
1351:
869:See for instance
737:
736:
722:
622:Article 112(1)(b)
600:Article 112(1)(b)
551:did not give the
538:According to the
206:Article 112(1)(b)
175:Article 112(1)(b)
132:
131:
128:
127:
108:
107:
102:Jean-Pierre Seitz
53:Board composition
1635:
1623:2008 in case law
1554:Partial priority
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607:Article 112
442:(epi), the
430:(CompTIA),
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1607:Categories
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1437:Disclaimer
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1227:Syllogisms
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