252:
303:
221:
that exemption". It encouraged all government agencies to review FOIA requests in a manner most favorable to openness and to release information, even though it might fall within one of the nine exemption categories, if no "foreseeable harm" would result from the disclosure. The goal was to achieve the "maximum responsible disclosure".
662:
an individual residing in
Kentucky, a domestic business with a location in Kentucky (or an out-of-state business registered with the Secretary of State), a person who works in Kentucky, a person or business that owns real property within Kentucky, a person or business authorized to act on behalf of a
233:
issued a policy memorandum on FOIA to all federal executive agencies. The AG declared the
Department of Justice (DOJ) would defend agencies' decisions to withhold documents from a FOIA requester under one of the statute's exemptions "unless they lack a sound legal basis or present an unwarranted risk
337:
and the
District of Columbia also have freedom of information laws that govern the public's access to government records at state and local levels. These laws go by many different names including Sunshine Laws, Public Records Laws, Open Records Laws, etc. Additionally, Open Meeting Laws govern the
289:
on March 14, 2009. The AG Holder Memo appears to have reinstated the Reno Memo standard and extends the policy. The policy of the executive branch is to be open, responsive, transparent, and accountable. The current memo encourages the maximum disclosure possible in discretionary exemptions and to,
237:
The
Ashcroft Memorandum reversed the Reno standard. Agencies were told that in making discretionary FOIA decisions they should carefully consider the fundamental values behind the exemptionsโnational security, privacy, government's interests, etc.โand to lean in their favor whenever possible. The
220:
The Reno Memo established a "presumption" in favor of disclosure by providing that "it shall be the policy of the
Department of Justice to defend the assertion of a FOIA exemption only in those cases where the agency reasonably foresees that disclosure would be harmful to an interest protected by
341:
All
Freedom of Information style laws supports the ideal that in a democracy, people have the right to know the business of their government. However, the laws vary in scope and strength among jurisdictions. For example, Florida's Sunshine Law creates both a statutory and constitutional right to
211:
in 1993, U.S. Department of
Justice (DOJ) has announced how the executive branch should approach FOIA, its application, and DOJ's defense of agency's actions. In other words, DOJ's position on when they would defend in a FOIA suit has seesawed for about the last three decades.
342:
access whereas many states only provide the statutory right. Additionally, while a state may have strong legislation the state's compliance with its own laws may negatively impact the public's ability to access records.
2175:
155:
140:
39:
Since the founding of the United States, the public's right to know the affairs of their government has been foundational democracy. James
Madison wrote during the United States
100:
182:
3125:
238:
Ashcroft Memo with its "sound legal basis" standard encouraged (or at least seemed to support) greater use of FOIA exemptions by federal agency personnel.
3034:
199:
The Holder Memo is part of series of policy memos on how federal agencies should apply FOIA exemptions. Beginning in 1977 with
Attorney General
2867:
1087:
43:, "The right of freely examining public characters and measures and free communication, is the only effective guardian of every other right."
1343:
76:
1438:
3091:
3084:
3074:
1348:
84:
65:
59:
1326:
40:
314:
3104:
3043:
1282:
3008:
The Joseph L. Brechner Center for
Freedom of Information at the University of Florida College of Journalism and Communications
1678:
1623:
1475:
3027:
1673:. Richard A. Leiter, Wendy Leiter (9th ed.). Getzville, NY: William S. Hein & Co., Inc. 2022. pp. 807โ816.
581:
20:
1389:"Let the Sunshine In, or Else: An Examination of the "Teeth" of State and Federal Open Meetings and Open Records Laws"
3130:
1458:
19:
relates to the public's ability to access government records, meetings, and other information. In the United States,
1525:
3054:
724:
3059:
3135:
3079:
3020:
2521:
108:
92:
158:- would amend the FOIA to speed up the response time and ease of making a "FOIA request", among other changes.
3069:
1358:
1176:
665:"; inmates have some restrictions; non-Kentucky people may request records, but their requests can be denied
441:
116:
1106:
2622:
179:
on November 1, 2001, is used to limit the FOIA by restricting access to the records of former presidents.
1909:
1702:
261:
2027:
1980:
1603:
2794:
1364:
460:
3064:
2965:
132:
124:
881:
1503:
2674:
2496:
1549:
794:
168:
2400:
2207:
2698:
2650:
1644:
204:
2279:
1981:"In Year 25 Idaho's Public Records Law Gets a Checkup by Idaho's Public Records Ombudsman"
1860:
8:
3012:
2842:
2448:
2424:
1812:
172:
2891:
2722:
2519:
2255:
2127:
268:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
234:
of adverse impact on the ability of other agencies to protect other important records".
2818:
2573:
2472:
2303:
2231:
2103:
2079:
2002:
1884:
1836:
1788:
1696:
1416:
2915:
2327:
1931:
1764:
1716:
2597:
2376:
2183:
1955:
1740:
1684:
1674:
1619:
1454:
1450:
1420:
1408:
1332:
2746:
2151:
1615:
143:
2770:
2549:
2055:
1611:
1576:
1446:
1400:
1297:
135:
127:
119:
111:
103:
95:
87:
79:
2991:
2940:
2997:
The Open Government Guide of the Reporters Committee for the Freedom of the Press
1404:
1292:
290:
whenever possible, reasonably segregate exempt information and release the rest.
1645:"States Failing FOI Responsiveness โ National Freedom of Information Coalition"
1530:
1388:
176:
69:
47:
1688:
3119:
2187:
1412:
1309:
1287:
230:
1668:
1588:
1314:
200:
2176:"In new report, Maryland open-records officials urge greater transparency"
1563:
1353:
334:
286:
156:
FOIA Oversight and Implementation Act of 2014 (H.R. 1211; 113th Congress)
302:
208:
46:
Several federal laws have strengthened the public's ability to access
2025:
338:
public's access to meetings of public officials or appointed boards.
2996:
1480:
1338:
2966:"Open Government Guide District of Columbia - Reporters Committee"
1610:, Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. wbieco010,
2520:
The State and Local Division, Office of Attorney General (2022).
1269:
Originally Gov't Code ยงยง 6250 to 6276.48 until January 1, 2023.
162:
2675:"Open Government Guide South Carolina - Reporters Committee"
2497:"Open Government Guide North Carolina - Reporters Committee"
2351:
2401:"Open Government Guide New Hampshire - Reporters Committee"
2208:"Open Government Guide Massachusetts - Reporters Committee"
1535:
3042:
2699:"Open Government Guide South Dakota - Reporters Committee"
2651:"Open Government Guide Rhode Island - Reporters Committee"
482:
Connecticut General Statutes Chapter 14 ยงยง 1โ200 to 1-242
2280:"Open Government Guide Mississippi - Reporters Committee"
1861:"Open Government Guide Connecticut - Reporters Committee"
3007:
3002:
2843:"Open Government Guide Washington - Reporters Committee"
2449:"Open Government Guide New Mexico - Reporters Committee"
2425:"Open Government Guide New Jersey - Reporters Committee"
2892:"Open Government Guide Wisconsin - Reporters Committee"
2723:"Open Government Guide Tennessee - Reporters Committee"
2256:"Open Government Guide Minnesota - Reporters Committee"
2128:"Open Government Guide Louisiana - Reporters Committee"
345:
2819:"Open Government Guide Virginia - Reporters Committee"
2574:"Open Government Guide Oklahoma - Reporters Committee"
2473:"Open Government Guide New York - Reporters Committee"
2232:"Open Government Guide Michigan - Reporters Committee"
2104:"Open Government Guide Kentucky - Reporters Committee"
2003:"Open Government Guide Illinois - Reporters Committee"
1885:"Open Government Guide Delaware - Reporters Committee"
1837:"Open Government Guide Colorado - Reporters Committee"
1789:"Open Government Guide Arkansas - Reporters Committee"
1550:"FOIA Update: Attorney General Reno's FOIA Memorandum"
1443:
Encyclopedia of International Media and Communications
2938:
2916:"Open Government Guide Wyoming - Reporters Committee"
2795:"Vermont State Archives & Records Administration"
2328:"Open Government Guide Montana - Reporters Committee"
1932:"Open Government Guide Georgia - Reporters Committee"
1765:"Open Government Guide Arizona - Reporters Committee"
1717:"Open Government Guide Alabama - Reporters Committee"
654:
Kentucky Revised Statute Chapter ยงยง 61.870 to 61.884
2377:"Open Government Guide Nevada - Reporters Committee"
2080:"Open Government Guide Kansas - Reporters Committee"
1956:"Open Government Guide Hawaii - Reporters Committee"
1741:"Open Government Guide Alaska - Reporters Committee"
285:
The Ashcroft Memo was rescinded by Attorney General
2747:"Open Government Guide Texas - Reporters Committee"
2152:"Open Government Guide Maine - Reporters Committee"
663:
Kentucky resident, or a news-gathering organization
2771:"Open Government Guide Utah - Reporters Committee"
2550:"Open Government Guide Ohio - Reporters Committee"
2056:"Open Government Guide Iowa - Reporters Committee"
189:
763:Minn. Statutes ยงยง 13.01 to 13.99 Ch. 13 Appendix
264:may be compromised due to out-of-date information
3117:
2970:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
2920:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
2896:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
2847:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
2823:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
2775:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
2751:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
2727:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
2703:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
2679:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
2655:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
2602:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
2578:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
2554:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
2501:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
2477:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
2453:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
2429:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
2405:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
2381:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
2332:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
2308:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
2284:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
2260:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
2236:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
2212:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
2156:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
2132:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
2108:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
2084:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
2060:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
2007:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
1960:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
1936:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
1889:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
1865:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
1841:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
1793:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
1769:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
1745:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
1721:The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
141:Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments
101:Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act
68:, signed into law on July 4, 1966, by President
1608:The International Encyclopedia of Communication
1577:http://www.usdoj.gov/ag/foia-memo-march2009.pdf
2868:"The West Virginia Freedom of Information Act"
2026:Office of the Public Access Counselor (2022).
1463:– via Elsevier Science & Technology.
988:Title 51 Oklahoma Statutes ยงยง 24A.1 to 24A.32
3028:
3003:The National Freedom of Information Coalition
2352:"Outline of Nebraska Public Records Statutes"
1564:"New Attorney General FOIA Memorandum Issued"
1125:Government Records Access and Management Act
1022:65 Pennsylvania Statute ยงยง 67.101 to 67.1310
547:Uniform Information Practices Act (Modified)
185:: Improving Agency Disclosure of Information.
1344:National Archives and Records Administration
971:Ohio Rev. Code ยงยง 149.43 to 149.45; 2743.75
3126:Freedom of information in the United States
2865:
1467:
163:Miscellaneous Authoritative Federal Sources
17:Freedom of information in the United States
3035:
3021:
2028:"Handbook on Indiana's Public Access Laws"
1053:South Carolina Freedom of Information Act
1036:Rhode Island Access to Public Records Act
746:Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. ยงยง 15.231 to 15.246
393:A.S. ยงยง 40.25.110 to 40.25.125; 40.25.151
60:Freedom of Information Act (United States)
1327:Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy
1195:West Virginia Freedom of Information Act
1162:Code of Virginia ยงยง 2.2-3700 to 2.2-3715
833:Nebraska Statutes ยงยง 84โ712 to 84-712.09
427:Ark. Code Ann. ยงยง 25-19-101 to 25-19-111
1387:Stewart, Daxton R. "Chip" (2010-07-08).
1349:NSA warrantless surveillance controversy
1092:Tenn. Code Ann. ยงยง 10-7-503 to 10-7-508
1028:Any legal resident of the United States
799:Mo. Code ยงยง 109.180; 610.010 to 610.225
446:Gov't Code ยงยง 7920.000 to 7931.000
24:
2620:
2529:North Dakota Office of Attorney General
1978:
1436:
1386:
1128:Utah Code Title 63G-2-101 to 63G-2-804
780:Miss. Code Ann. ยงยง 25-61-1 to 25-61-19
479:Connecticut Freedom of Information Act
149:
3118:
3044:Freedom of information laws by country
1496:
1283:Freedom of information laws by country
1145:Vermont Statute Tit. 1, ยงยง 315 to 320
1056:S.C. Code Ann. ยงยง 30-4-10 to 30-4-165
229:On October 12, 2001, Attorney General
53:
28:
3016:
1907:
1663:
1661:
465:C.R.S. ยงยง 24-72-200.1 to 24-72-205.5
1813:"California Public Records Act FAQs"
1601:
1476:"House unanimously passes FOIA bill"
1473:
1432:
1430:
1382:
1380:
1215:Wisconsin Statute ยงยง 19.21 to 19.39
1159:Virginia Freedom of Information Act
917:New York Freedom of Information Law
816:Montana Code ยงยง 2-6-101 to 2-6-1020
743:Michigan Freedom of Information Act
496:Delaware Freedom of Information Act
424:Arkansas Freedom of Information Act
346:Freedom of Information laws by state
297:
293:
245:
203:, and continued by Attorney General
23:exists at all levels of government:
2941:"Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)"
1920:(2): 72โ116 – via HeinOnline.
1249:DC Official Code ยงยง 2โ531 to 2-540
1232:Wyo. Stat. ยงยง 16-4-201 to 16-4-205
1168:Citizens of the state/commonwealth
1098:Citizens of the state/commonwealth
892:Citizens of the state/commonwealth
805:Citizens of the state/commonwealth
729:Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 66, ยงยง 1 to 21
582:Illinois Freedom of Information Act
550:Haw. Rev. Stat. ยงยง 92F-1 to 92F-43
539:Citizens of the state/commonwealth
505:Citizens of the state/commonwealth
433:Citizens of the state/commonwealth
13:
2932:
2623:"Pennsylvania's Right-to-Know Law"
1991:(2): 32โ34 – via HeinOnline.
1658:
934:North Carolina Public Records Law
882:New Jersey Open Public Records Act
533:O.C.G.A. ยงยง 50-18-70 to 50-18-103
499:Tit. 29, ยงยง 10001 to 10007; 10112
21:freedom of information legislation
14:
3147:
2985:
1506:(Act H.R. 1211). 25 February 2014
1427:
1377:
1198:W.Va. Code ยงยง 29B-1-1 to 29B-1-7
900:Inspection of Public Records Act
603:IN Code ยงยง 5-14-3-1 to 5-14-3-10
410:A.R.S. ยงยง 39โ121.01 to 39โ121.03
241:
2866:McGraw, Jr., Darrell V. (2011).
1474:Gold, Hadas (26 February 2014).
886:N.J.S.A. ยงยง 47:1A-1 to 47:1A-13
725:Massachusetts Public Records Law
707:Maryland Public Information Act
301:
250:
224:
34:
2958:
2908:
2884:
2859:
2835:
2811:
2787:
2763:
2739:
2715:
2691:
2667:
2643:
2614:
2590:
2566:
2542:
2513:
2489:
2465:
2441:
2417:
2393:
2369:
2344:
2320:
2296:
2272:
2248:
2224:
2200:
2168:
2144:
2120:
2096:
2072:
2048:
2019:
1995:
1972:
1948:
1924:
1901:
1877:
1853:
1829:
1805:
1781:
1757:
1733:
1709:
1637:
1616:10.1002/9781405186407.wbieco010
1606:, in Donsbach, Wolfgang (ed.),
1595:
1263:
1073:SDCL Chapter 1-27-1 to 1-27-48
777:Mississippi Public Records Act
710:Gen. Provis. ยงยง 4โ101 to 4-601
567:Idaho Code ยงยง 74โ101 to 74-126
516:Fla. Stat. ยงยง 119.01 to 119.19
376:Al. Code ยงยง 36-12-40; 36-12-41
190:U.S. Attorney General Memoranda
1581:
1570:
1556:
1542:
1534:. 21 January 2009 – via
1518:
1451:10.1016/B0-12-387670-2/00100-X
1303:
1181:RCW ยงยง 42.56.001 to 42.56.904
109:Government in the Sunshine Act
93:Federal Advisory Committee Act
1:
2356:Attorney General Mike Hilgers
1670:National survey of state laws
1439:"Freedom of information laws"
1371:
1359:U.S. reclassification program
1177:Washington Public Records Act
1005:O.R.S. ยงยง 192.311 to 192.513
954:NDCC ยงยง 44-04-18 to 44-04-32
937:NCGS Chapter 132โ1 to 132-11
867:R.S.A. Ch. 91-A:1 to 91-A:10
760:Minnesota Data Practices Act
673:Louisiana Public Records Law
600:Access to Public Records Act
442:California Public Records Act
207:in 1981 and Attorney General
2035:Access to Public Records Act
1526:"Freedom of Information Act"
1405:10.1080/10811680.2010.489858
1393:Communication Law and Policy
1111:Gov't ยงยง 552.001 to 552.376
1107:Texas Public Information Act
830:Nebraska Public Records Law
690:Maine Freedom of Access Act
586:ILCS 5 ยงยง 140/1 to 140/11.6
215:
77:Administrative Procedure Act
7:
2939:Office of Open Government.
1276:
1246:Freedom of Information Act
1212:Wisconsin Open Records Law
813:Montana Public Records Act
795:Missouri Public Records Act
620:Iowa Code ยงยง 22.1 to 22.16
407:Arizona Public Records Law
373:Alabama Public Records Law
356:Freedom of Information Law
64:The most important was the
10:
3152:
2799:Vermont Secretary of State
2630:The Office of Open Records
1985:Advocate (Idaho State Bar)
1602:Kaye, Janet (2008-06-05),
1589:"State Public Record Laws"
1088:Tennessee Open Records Act
1070:South Dakota Sunshine Law
1039:P.L. ยงยง 38-2-1 to 38-2-16
1002:Oregon Public Records Law
985:Oklahoma Open Records Act
903:NMSA ยงยง 14-2-1 to 14-2-12
850:N.R.S. ยงยง 239.010-239.340
676:La.R.S. ยงยง 44:31 to 44:41
651:Kentucky Open Records Act
390:Alaska Public Records Act
194:
85:Freedom of Information Act
66:Freedom of Information Act
57:
3100:
3050:
2621:Pileggi, Dominic (2007).
1365:United States v. Reynolds
1142:Vermont Open Records Law
564:Idaho Public Records Act
530:Georgia Open Records Act
461:Colorado Open Records Act
41:Constitutional Convention
3131:Law of the United States
847:Nevada Open Records Act
637:KSA ยงยง 45โ215 to 45-524
634:Kansas Open Records Act
365:Who May Request Records
133:Presidential Records Act
125:Ethics in Government Act
1979:Younger, Cally (2015).
1908:Kalil, Earl L. (1975).
1320:
682:Any person 18 or older
3136:Classified information
1910:"Florida Sunshine Law"
1701:: CS1 maint: others (
968:Ohio Open Records Law
920:Pub. Off. ยงยง 84 to 90
693:Tit. 1, ยงยง 400 to 434
617:Iowa Open Records Law
2522:"Open Records Manual"
1243:District of Columbia
1229:Wyoming Sunshine Law
951:Open Records Statute
513:Florida Sunshine Law
183:Executive Order 13392
169:Executive Order 13233
117:Inspector General Act
1437:Edwards, K. (2003).
205:William French Smith
150:Proposed legislation
1914:Florida Bar Journal
1604:"Open Meetings Law"
173:Alberto R. Gonzales
54:Federal legislation
31:, and local level.
1019:Right-to-Know Law
864:Right to Know Law
313:. You can help by
3113:
3112:
1680:978-0-8377-4269-4
1625:978-1-4051-8640-7
1552:. 13 August 2014.
1536:National Archives
1333:McBurney v. Young
1259:
1258:
331:
330:
294:State legislation
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