History of Senegal

1823: 1093: 576: 230: 1254: 527: 1943: 1580: 2150: 4612: 1745: 55: 822:(the King of Sine). In the epics of Ndiadiane and Maissa Wali, it is well acknowledged that Maissa Wali was pivotal in the founding of this Empire. It was he who nominated Ndiadiane Ndiaye and called for the other states to join this confederacy, which they did, and the "empire" headed by Ndiadiane, who took residence at Djolof. It is for this reason scholars propose that the empire was more like a voluntary confederacy than an empire built on military conquest. 950: 2122: 186: 5073: 3370: 757: 1882: 1596: 1266: 1607: 2136: 1424: 629: 3367:"His Britannick Majesty shall restore to France the island of Goree in the condition it was in when conquered: and his Most Christian Majesty cedes, in full right, and guaranties to the King of Great Britain the river Senegal, with the forts and factories of St. Lewis, Podor, and Galam, and with all the rights and dependencies of the said river Senegal." – Article X of the 1694:, the Four Communes was again allowed a parliamentary seat which was granted by law on 1 February 1871. On 30 December 1875 this seat was again abolished, but only for a few years as it was reinstated on 8 April 1879, and remained the single parliamentary representation from sub-Saharan Africa anywhere in a European legislature until the fall of the third republic in 1940. 742: 3295:

Description de l'Afrique contenant les noms, la situation & les confins de toutes ses parties, leurs rivières, leurs villes & leurs habitations, leurs plantes & leurs animaux : les moeurs, les coutumes, la langue, les richesses, la religion & le gouvernement de ses peuples :

619:

regions indicate "that the earliest inhabitants might be identified most closely with one of several related groups—Bainunk, Kasanga, Beafada... To these were added Serer, who moved southward during the first millennium A.D. from the Senegal River valley, and Mande-speaking peoples, who arrived later

914:

In the mid-15th century, several European nations reached the coast of West Africa, vested successively or simultaneously by the Portuguese, the Dutch, the English and French. Europeans first settled along the coasts, on islands in the mouths of rivers and then a little further upstream. They opened

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Article IX of the 1783 Treaty of Versailles provided, "The King od Great Britain cedes, in full right, and guaranties to his Most Christian Majesty, the river Senegal and its dependencies, with the forts of St. Louis, Podor, Galam, Arguin, and Portendic; and his Britannik Majesty restores to France

1666:

extended the rights of full French citizenship to their inhabitants. While those who were born in these towns could technically enjoy all the rights of native French citizens, substantial legal and social barriers prevented the full exercise of these rights, especially by those seen by authorities

1178:

and reconciled, after three years of negotiations, France, Great Britain and Spain. Great Britain returned the island of Gorée to France. Britain then acquired from France, among many other territories, "the river of Senegal, with forts & trading posts St. Louis, Podor, and Galam and all rights

697:

suggests that Takrur was formed through the interaction of Berbers from the Sahara and "Negro agricultural peoples" who were "essentially Serer" although its kings after 1000 CE might have been Soninke (northern Mande). The name, borrowed from Arabic writings, may be linked to that of the ethnicity

594:

In the absence of written sources and monumental ruins in this region, the history of the early centuries of the modern era must be based primarily on archaeological excavations, the writing of early Arab geographers and travelers, and data derived from oral tradition. Combining these data suggests

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Both Ndiadiane's name and surname are Serer in origin. For the surname Njie or Ndiaye which Ndiadiane Ndiaye got his name from see Cheikh Anta Diop and Egbuna P. Modum. "Towards the African renaissance: essays in African culture & development", 1946–1960, p28. Published by Karnak House (1996).

1674:: those Africans born into the commune, but who retained recourse to African and/or Islamic law (the so-called "personal status"). Those few Africans from the four communes who were able to pursue higher education and were willing to renounce their legal protections could "rise" to be termed 776:

which become the vassal of the first in its heyday. Originating in the Mandinka invasion, Mali continued to expand, encompassing first eastern Senegal, and later almost all the present territory. Founded in the 14th century by the possibly mythical chief of the Wolof

1229:

was in turn founded by Colbert in 1673. It became the major tool of French colonialism in Senegal, but saddled with debt, it was dissolved 1681 and replaced by another that lasted until 1694, the date of creation of the Royal Company of Senegal, whose director,

1614:

Various European powers – Portugal, the Netherlands, and England – competed for trade in the area from the 15th century onward, until in 1677, France ended up in possession of what had become a minor slave trade departure point—the infamous island of

1867:

was passed into law and implemented the following year. The first electoral contests held under universal suffrage were the municipal elections of November 1956. The first national contest was the 31 March 1957 election of the Territorial Assembly.

1961:, which became fully independent on 20 June 1960. The transfer of power agreement with France was signed on 4 April 1960. Due to internal political difficulties, the Federation broke up on 20 August 1960. Senegal and Soudan (renamed the Republic of 1685:

On 27 April 1848, following the February revolution in France, a law was passed in Paris enabling the Four Communes to elect a Deputy to the French Parliament for the first time. On 2 April 1852 the parliamentary seat for Senegal was abolished by

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region. This will end West Africa's longest-running civil conflict. As of late 2006, it seemed the peace treaty was holding, as both factions and the Senegalese military appeared to honor the treaty. With recognized prospects for peace,

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Diouf, Niokhobaye. "Chronique du royaume du Sine" par suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, 1972.

1000:, the island of Palms. The Portuguese did not settle there permanently, but used the site for landing and engaged in commerce in the region. They built a chapel there in 1481. Portuguese trading posts were installed in Tanguegueth in 3298:, W. Waesberge, Boom et Van Someren, Amsterdam, édition de 1686, p. 229, is reprised in many sources. Implausible, given thé date of creation of the company, it is challenged by two historians of Gorée: J.-R. de Benoist et A. Camara, 2013:

Senghor was considerably more tolerant of opposition than most African leaders became in the 1960s. Nonetheless, political activity was somewhat restricted for a time. Senghor's party, the Senegalese Progressive Union (now the

817:

states that "Each vassal kingdom—Walo, Takrur, Kayor, Baol, Sine, Salum, Wuli, and Niani—recognized the hegemony of Jolof and paid tribute." It went on to state that, Ndiadiane Ndiaye himself received his name from the mouth of

620:

still from the east." He also cautions, however, that attempting to project modern-day ethnic definitions onto people who lived hundreds or thousands of years ago is at best highly speculative and at worst counterproductive.

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avec des cartes des États, des provinces & des villes, & des figures en taille-douce, qui representent les habits & les principales cérémonies des habitants, les plantes & les animaux les moins connus

1862:

Following the 1945 elections to the Constituent Assembly in France, which were held with a very limited franchise, the French authorities gradually extended the franchise until—in November 1955—the principle of

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itself has an interest in the colonial system. Traffic of "ebony" was an issue for warriors who traditionally reduced the vanquished to slavery. Some people specialized in the slave trade, for example the

910:

Mariners in the 14th century. Flattering for Norman sailors, this argument gives credence also to the idea of a precedence of the French presence in the region, but it is not confirmed by subsequent work.

808:

The Jolof Empire was founded by a voluntary confederacy of States; it was not an empire built on military conquest in spite of what the word "empire" implies. The Serer tradition of Sine attests that the

1116:

in 1627. The company built two forts that are in ruins today: in 1628 on the face of Nassau Cove and 1639 at Nassau on the hill, as well as warehouses for goods destined for the mainland trading posts .

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Diouf, Niokhobaye. "Chronique du royaume du Sine" par suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. Bulletin de

2049:

on 1 February 1982. However, the envisaged integration of the two countries was never carried out and the union was dissolved in 1989. Despite peace talks, a southern separatist group in the

2084:. However, at the beginning of 2007, refugees began fleeing again as the sight of Senegalese troops rekindled fears of a new outbreak of violence between the separatists and the government. 2056:

Abdou Diouf was president between 1981 and 2000. Diouf served four terms as president. In the presidential election of 2000, he was defeated in a free and fair election by opposition leader

3394:

A Collection of All the Treaties of Peace, Alliance, and Commerce, Between Great-Britain and Other Powers: From the Treaty Signed at Munster in 1648, to the Treaties Signed at Paris in 1783

2018:), was the only legally permitted party from 1965 until 1975. In the latter year, Senghor allowed the formation of two opposition parties that began operation in 1976—a Marxist party (the 1770: 1289:

on 1 November 1677. The island was taken by the English on 4 February 1693 before being again occupied by the French four months later. In 1698 the Director of the Company of Senegal,

1211: 1154:, but kept away from foreign trading posts on the coast. The Dutch were dislodged several times: in 1629 by the Portuguese, in 1645 and 1659 by the French and in 1663 by the English. 4012:

Coifman, Victoria Bomba, "History of the Wolof state of Jolof until 1860 including comparative data from the Wolof state of Walo", p. 276, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1969

3182: 1731: 1246:

and released against ransom in 1701. A third Company of Senegal was founded in 1709 and lasted until 1718. On the British side, the monopoly of trade with Africa was granted to the

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L’Afrique ou Histoire, mœurs, usages et coutumes des Africains : le Sénégal, orné de 44 planches exécutées la plupart d'après des dessins originaux inédits faits sur les lieux

3892: 1678:("Evolved") and were nominally granted full French citizenship, including the vote. Despite this legal framework, Évolués still faced substantial discrimination in Africa and the 670:

populations subsisted by agriculture and trade across the Sahara, including gold, salt and cloth. Its area of influence slowly spread to regions between the river valleys of the

336:

In Senegambia, the period when humans became hunters, fishermen and producers (farmer and artisan) are all well represented and studied. This is when more elaborate objects and

2010:

by Prime Minister Dia. The coup was put down without bloodshed and Dia was arrested and imprisoned. Senegal adopted a new constitution that consolidated the President's power.

4137: 833:. The decline of these kingdoms can be explained by internal rivalries, then by the arrival of Europeans, who organized the mass exodus of young Africans to the New World. 452:. Other approaches exist such as that of Guy Thilmans and his team in 1980, who felt that any archeology from pre-colonial could be attached to that designation or that of 931:, although this "infamous traffic", as it was called at the end of the 18th century, was indeed at the heart of a new economic order, controlled by powerful companies in 4875: 1535: 1399:

in the Americas, mainly in the Caribbean, in Brazil and in the south of the United States raised a great need for cheap labor, the area received more attention. The

1347: 3680: 2945:

William J. Foltz. From French West Africa to the Mali Federation, Volume 12 of Yale studies in political science, p136. Published by Yale University Press, 1965

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were the earliest inhabitants, although archaeological evidence of this is slim. Africanist historian Donald R. Wright has suggested that place-names in the

2227: 64: 3226: 1797: 1803: 785:(Ndiaye is originally a Serer surname which is also found among the Wolof). Djolof expanded its dominance of small chiefdoms south of the Senegal River ( 2179: 1308:

The excellent location of St. Louis caught the attention of the English, who occupied it three times, first for a few months in 1693, second during the

551:. Sine Ngayène has 52 stone circles including a double circle. At Wanar, they number 24 and the stones are smaller. There are stone-carved lyre in the 3664: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5353: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 4634: 544: 1791: 1779: 1195: 685:

was its vassal. Ghana and Tekrur were the only organized populations before Islamization. The territory of Tekrur approximates that of the current

380: 5759: 5529: 3721: 2605: 2563: 1162:

The "trade" and the slave trade intensified in the 17th century. In Senegal, the French and British competed mainly on two issues, the island of

453: 4002:, Modum, Egbuna P., "Towards the African renaissance: essays in African culture & development", 1946–1960, p. 28, Karnak House (1996). 3536: 3517: 3498: 3479: 535:

In a huge area of nearly 33,000 km located in the center-south around the Gambia there have been found alignments of boulders known as the

313: 3257: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 2053:

region has clashed sporadically with government forces since 1982. Senegal has a long history of participating in international peacekeeping.

1420:(although some shipments resulted in real financial disaster). Politico-military instability in the region was compounded by the slave trade. 393:, gave its name to a Neolithic industry which mainly uses bone and wood. This deposit is on the list of closed sites and monuments of Senegal. 5093: 2253:

Unless otherwise stated, the material in this part is based on Ndiouga Benga and on Mandiomé Thiam, "prehistory prehistory and history", in

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Aline Robert – Les sources écrites européennes du XVe au XIXe s : un apport complémentaire pour la connaissance du passé africain

1290: 1231: 214: 4388:

Le Sénégal à la conquête de son indépendance, 1939–1960. Chronique de la vie politique et syndicale, de l'Empire français à l'Indépendance

4179:, Paris: Université de Paris, 1972, 345 pages Thèse de 3 cycle publiée en 1979, Dakar, Travaux et Documents Faculté des Lettres, 286 pages 3866:

Histoire naturelle du Sénégal. Coquillages. Avec la relation abrégée d'un voyage fait en ce pays pendant les années 1749, 50, 51, 52 et 53

2383: 5451: 566:, have proved particularly fruitful. They have revealed, for example, the flow of trans-Saharan trade from distant parts of North Africa. 5039: 3763: 3644: 5061: 3916: 2068: 400:

located in the south-east of Senegal, has uncovered a Neolithic Falemian tools industry that produced polished materials as diverse as

1709:. From that time until independence in 1960, the deputies of the Four Communes were always African, and were at the forefront of the 689:. Its existence in the 9th century is attested by Arabic manuscripts. The formation of the state may have taken place as an influx of 2415: 2007: 1546:

would be long because of the severe economic backwardness of Senegal. Despite the ferocity of the Baron, the company was a failure.

4512: 2019: 1628: 805:), bringing together all the Senegambia to which he gave religious and social unity: the "Grand Djolof" which collapsed in 1550. 579: 5674: 5514: 4016: 2661: 2354: 4925: 4684: 2674:

Fall, Mamadou (2021). "Les Terroirs Historiques et la Poussée Soninké". In Fall, Mamadou; Fall, Rokhaya; Mane, Mamadou (eds.).

1190:, the privileges were quite extensively granted to certain French shipping lines, which still faced many difficulties. In 1626 819: 587: 3600: 3448: 2067:

On 30 December 2004, President Abdoulaye Wade announced that he would sign a peace treaty with two separatist factions of the

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The existence of proto-historic ruins in the middle Senegal River valley was confirmed in the late 1970s. Pottery, perforated

3430: 3352: 2107: 2096: 2092: 1052: 4474: 3624: 2490: 639:

The medieval history of the Sahel is characterized by the consolidation of settlements into large state entities – the

5534: 4770: 4758: 1395:

The Europeans were sometimes disappointed because they hoped to find more gold in West Africa, but when the development of

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Histoire du Sénégal : de la conférence de Brazzaville à la fondation du bloc démocratique sénégalais : 1944–1948

4111:

L’implantation militaire française dans la région du Cap-Vert : causes, problèmes et conséquences des origines à 1900

3677: 3061:

Charles, Eunice A. Precolonial Senegal: the Jolof Kingdom, 1800–1890. African Studies Center, Boston University, 1977. p 3

2608:, « Variabilité des pratiques funéraires dans le mégalithisme sénégambien : le cas de Sine Ngayène », dans 2396:

Marie-Amy Mbow, « Le site archéologique du Khant (région de Saint-Louis du Sénégal) : nouveaux éléments »,

1972:

The 1960s and early 1970s saw the continued and persistent violating of Senegal's borders by the Portuguese military from

880:(King of Kassas). Until the French intervention The Casamance was a heterogeneous entity, weakened by internal rivalries. 4710: 3119:

Stride, G.T. & C. Ifeka: "Peoples and Empires of West Africa: West Africa in History 1000–1800" page 22. Nelson, 1971

1903: 352:

rocks including ankaramite were used for making microlithic tools such as axes or planes. Such tools have been found at

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Les Portes de l'or : le royaume de Galam (Sénégal) de l'ère musulmane au temps des négriers (VIIIe-XVIIIe siècles)

2866: 2802: 2700: 2476:

Edmond Dioh et Mathieu Gueye, « Les amas coquilliers de la lagune de Joal-Fadiouth (région de Thiès) », dans

5014: 4669: 4596: 4525: 4437: 4416: 4381: 4360: 4328: 4314: 4300: 4286: 4250: 4236: 4222: 4170: 4153: 4104: 4080: 4066: 4045: 4007: 3966: 3956: 3780: 3561: 3025: 2960: 1929: 2029:

In 1980, President Senghor retired from politics, and handed power over to his handpicked successor, Prime Minister

1911: 1139:, that is to say "good harbor"., which is the name of (part of) an island in the Dutch province of Zeeland as well. 499:. Funerary sites or tumuli were built there during the 8th to 16th centuries. They are also found in the north near 2222: 1328: 595:

that Senegal was first populated from the north and east in several waves of migration, the last being that of the

207: 5444: 4654: 1977: 2568:

Tableau géographique de l'Ouest africain au Moyen-Âge d'après les sources écrites, la tradition et l'archéologie

5054: 3974:, Dept. of Archaeology, Society of Africanist Archaeologists in America, Society of Africanist Archaeologists, 3390:

the island of Goree, which shall be delivered up in the condition it was in when the conquest of it was made."

3078: 2232: 1969:, internationally known poet, politician, and statesman, was elected Senegal's first president in August 1960. 1907: 69: 17: 3961:

Gravrand, Henry, "La civilisation Sereer, Vol. 1, Cosaan: les origines", Nouvelles Editions africaines, 1983,

3373: 829:. Less dependent on trans-Saharan trade with the new shipping lanes, they turn more readily to trade with the 344:

have been identified their origins and relationship have not yet fully defined. What can be distinguished is:

5785: 4829: 2046: 3872:, présenté et annoté par Denis Reynaud et Jean Schmidt, Publications de l'Université de Saint-Étienne, 1996. 3825: 2640:

Guy Thilmans, « Les disques perforés en céramique des sites protohistoriques du fleuve Sénégal »,

5549: 4900: 4738: 4725: 4551: 4505: 2520:

Contribution à l'étude des Kjökkenmöddinger (amas artificiels de coquillages) dans la région de Saint-Louis

2061: 495:, Mounds in the Saloum Delta have been dated back as far as 400 BCE, and part of the Saloum Delta is now a 2531:

Olga Linares de Sapir, « Shell middens of lower Casamance and problems of Diola protohistory »,

1558: 5868: 5863: 5832: 5828: 5069: 4858: 4639: 3573: 2418:(in French). Ministre de la Culture et du Patrimoine historique classé. 12 September 2007. Archived from 2023: 813:

never paid tribute to Ndiadiane Ndiaye nor to any member of his descendants that ruled Djolof. Historian

536: 340:

emerged. But gray areas remain. Although the characteristics and manifestations of civilization from the

200: 34: 3803:, University of California, Los Angeles, 1974, XXI-t.1, pp. 1–519; t.2, pages 520–976, (thèse) 1368:

focuses for two years to enhance the colony, while engaged in the smuggling of gum arabic and gold with

5437: 4983: 4748: 4664: 4561: 4257:

L'Or du Bambouk : du royaume de Gabou à la Casamance une dynamique de civilisation ouest-africaine

3882:, préface, notes et dossier de François Bessire, s. l., Babel, 1998, 453 pages (coll. Les Épistolaires) 3149:

Décentralisation et gouvernance locale au Sénégal. Quelle pertinence pour le développement local ?

2184: 2015: 1574: 1416:

in West Africa. States and kingdoms competed, along with private traders who became much richer in the

1305:

ending the war, although Senegal was given to the British, the island of Gorée was returned to France.

4461: 4132:

Villages de l'ancien Tekrour : recherches archéologiques dans la moyenne vallée du fleuve Sénégal

4033:", Introduction, bibliographie et Notes par Charles Becker, BIFAN, Tome 46, Serie B, n° 3–4, 1986–1987 2973:

History of the Wolof state of Jolof until 1860 including comparative data from the Wolof state of Walo

1635:, began to expand their foothold onto the Senegalese mainland, at the expense of the native kingdoms. 5841: 5047: 4988: 4780: 4674: 4659: 4649: 4556: 4196: 3533: 3514: 3495: 3476: 3331: 2794: 2212: 1353: 1226: 1219: 727: 92: 54: 3842:

Wikle, Thomas A., and Dale R. Lightfoot. "Landscapes of the Slave Trade in Senegal and The Gambia",

2006:

governed together under a parliamentary system. In December 1962, their political rivalry led to an

1705:, who was the prime advocate behind the change, was in 1914 the first African deputy elected to the 722:

is not devoid of economic and political issues and brought in its wake the first real growth of the

5589: 5077: 4890: 4601: 4591: 3829: 2218: 1892: 1706: 1109: 1097: 932: 87: 2775:

Le bassin du fleuve Sénégal – De la traite négrière au développement sous-régional autocentré

2110:

over the candidate of the ruling coalition, becoming the youngest president in Senegal’s history.

1843: 1631:, but was later returned to France. It was only in the 1850s that the French, under the governor, 5824: 5699: 5689: 5494: 4953: 4915: 4880: 4844: 4753: 4743: 4720: 4611: 4498: 3201: 2658:

Protohistoire du Sénégal, Recherches archéologique, tome II, Sinthiou-Bara et les sites du Fleuve

2416:"Arrêté n° 12.09.2007 portant publication de la liste des sites et monuments historiques classés" 1947: 1896: 1752:, Deputy for Senegal, High Commissioner of the Government for the recruitment of black troops in 1313: 1199: 907: 825:

The arrival of Europeans engendered autonomy of small kingdoms which were under the influence of

548: 269: 3911:

Voyage au Sénégal pendant les années 1784 et 1785, avec des notes jusqu’à l'an X par P. Labarthe

3757: 2099:

and he won a second term. The length of presidential term was reduced from seven years to five.

1380: 1282: 1273:

avec ses deux forts et le combat que nous avons rendu le premier du mois de novembre 1677 »

876:. In the 15th century, the king of one of the tribes, Kassas gave his name to the region: Kassa 5704: 5594: 5524: 4910: 4816: 4806: 4541: 4268:

comme sources de l'histoire du Sénégal pendant le premier gouvernement de Faidherbe (1856–1861)

3875: 2197: 1723: 1663: 1557:, acquired by France in 1836, was profoundly transformed between 1849 and 1857 by the resident 1500: 1302: 1171: 147: 4395:

Une source de l'histoire coloniale du Sénégal. Les rapports de situation politique (1874–1891)

4338: 4271: 3665:"Refugees: General Peace Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Senegal and MFDC" 3397: 2854: 1837: 768:

Two other major political entities were formed and grew during the 13th and 14th century: the

285: 5764: 5684: 5649: 5634: 5619: 5574: 5509: 4968: 4765: 3993: 3971: 3641: 3018:

The Popular Encyclopedia of Apologetics: Surveying the Evidence for the Truth of Christianity

2788: 2690: 2103: 1762: 1408: 1335: 1247: 1215: 540: 305: 152: 5815: 4352: 3921:

Relation des voyages de Saugnier à la côte d'Afrique, au Maroc, au Sénégal, à Gorée, à Galam

2398: 1069:. They based their growth on maritime trade and expanded their colonial empire in Asia, the 868:

inhabited the coastal area while the mainland – unified 13th century under the name of

5639: 4905: 4885: 4839: 4775: 4733: 4622: 4344: 2692:

The World and a Very Small Place in Africa: A History of Globalization in Niumi, the Gambia

2290:

La préhistoire dans le Sud-Est du Sénégal, Actes du 2 Colloque de Kédougou, 18–22 fév. 1985

2207: 1691: 1643: 1599: 1451: 1432: 1376: 1365: 1258: 1167: 1151: 838: 519: 500: 174: 142: 4158: 8: 5739: 5714: 5564: 5559: 5539: 5504: 5489: 4920: 4870: 4698: 4679: 4571: 2419: 2202: 1584: 1488: 1383:. The same year the French were driven out of Fort St. Joseph in Galam (Gajaaga) and the 1309: 1298: 1175: 1092: 1073:

and South Africa. In West Africa trading posts were opened at some points of the current

958: 496: 293: 292:

in 1938, or cleavers found in the south-east. There were also found stones shaped by the

1504: 1294: 575: 562:

discs or ornaments have been unearthed. Excavations at thé site of Sinthiou Bara, near

5811: 5802: 5793: 5724: 5694: 5664: 5654: 5644: 5609: 5604: 5554: 5499: 5474: 5007: 4958: 4935: 4834: 4824: 4794: 4715: 4576: 4566: 4097:

Les Aménagements du bassin fleuve Sénégal pendant la colonisation française (1850–1960)

3689: 2835: 2737: 1864: 1659: 1624: 1520: 1516: 1191: 1066: 928: 723: 694: 456:, who speaks of "Historical Archaeology" from the 4th century, at least for the former 375:, are present in the dunes of the west, near the current capital. In addition to axes, 297: 1966: 1822: 988:, Cape Vert, because of the lush vegetation seen there. He also reached the island of 348:

The dig of Cape Manuel: the Neolithic deposit Manueline Dakar was discovered in 1940.

5734: 5729: 5669: 5624: 5584: 5479: 5460: 4948: 4895: 4811: 4433: 4412: 4377: 4356: 4324: 4310: 4296: 4282: 4246: 4232: 4218: 4166: 4149: 4100: 4085: 4076: 4062: 4041: 4030: 4003: 3962: 3952: 3776: 3557: 3426: 3401: 3348: 3163: 3074: 3021: 2956: 2862: 2798: 2718:"Beyond Migration and Conquest: Oral Traditions and Mandinka Ethnicity in Senegambia" 2696: 2382:« Prehistoria de África: Manifestaciones artísticas. Esculturas. Senegal » 2358: 2192: 2168: 1973: 1058: 944: 903: 802: 699: 607:

who dominate the area today. Oral traditions relate that in much of northern Senegal

397: 321: 265: 258: 234: 2269: 281: 229: 5789: 5709: 5659: 5614: 5599: 5579: 5569: 5544: 5484: 5023: 4978: 4973: 4485: 4142:

Le Khasso face à l'empire Toucouleur et à la France dans le Haut- Sénégal 1854–1890

3999: 3981:

Becker, Charles, "Vestiges historiques, trémoins matériels du passé clans les pays

3835: 3597: 3205: 2827: 2729: 1471: 1417: 1384: 1253: 1235: 962: 893: 889: 778: 659: 652: 357: 4402:

La formation territoriale de la colonie du Sénégal sous le Second Empire 1850–1871

4125:

Le Chevalier de Boufflers et le Sénégal de son temps (1785–1788), Lettres du Monde

3978:, Issues 47–50, Dept. of Archaeology, University of Calgary, 1997, pp. 27, 58 3445: 2884:« Discussion sur les croisements ethniques », séance du 2 février 1865, 2818:

Creevey, Lucy (August 1996). "Islam, Women and the Role of the State in Senegal".

1142:

The Dutch settlers occupied the island for nearly half a century, dealing in wax,

916: 526: 420:. Grinding equipment and pottery from the period are well represented at the site. 312:

and the Falémé. Some pieces are explicitly linked to hunting, like those found in

5719: 5629: 5519: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5358: 5348: 5318: 5263: 4963: 4581: 4059:

La Sénégambie du XVe au XIXe siècle. Traite négrière, Islam et conquête coloniale

4026: 3989: 3811: 3703: 3684: 3648: 3628: 3621: 3604: 3540: 3521: 3502: 3483: 3452: 2494: 2155: 1958: 1785: 1632: 1527: 1443:, enacted in 1685, regulated the trafficking of slaves in the American colonies. 1029: 873: 810: 798: 583: 480: 468: 308:

found in the peninsula of Cap-Vert, as well in the low and middle valleys of the

169: 132: 1942: 651:. The cores of these great empires were located on the territory of the current 5028: 3940: 3861: 3801:

Général Faidherbe, the Maurel and Prom Company, and French Expansion in Senegal

3090: 2998: 2320:

Cyr Descamps, « Quelques réflexions sur le Néolithique du Sénégal »,

2141: 2127: 2057: 2002:

After the breakup of the Mali Federation, President Senghor and Prime Minister

1815: 1710: 1496: 1062: 1043:

in 1645. The introduction of Christianity accompanied this business expansion.

865: 834: 814: 663: 648: 563: 543:

sites in 2006. Two of these sites are located within the territory of Senegal:

476: 190: 2352:« Le gisement du Cap Manuel », conférence de Cyr Descamps, en ligne 1849: 5857: 4943: 3290: 2173: 2081: 1809: 1749: 1702: 1639: 1579: 1467: 1129: 981: 877: 857: 671: 492: 390: 309: 4423:

A l'origine de l'expansion française, la commission des comptoirs du Sénégal

4397:, Dakar: Université de Dakar, 1964, 147 pages (Diplôme d'Etudes Supérieures) 2831: 1407:, did not condemn it explicitly to the end of the 17th century; in fact the 4022: 3982: 3773:

The End of Empire in French West Africa: France's Successful Decolonization

3554:

The End of Empire in French West Africa: France's Successful Decolonization

3405: 2986:

Gambia and Its People: Ethnic Identities and Cultural Integration in Africa

1954: 1744: 1687: 1413: 920: 826: 773: 745: 640: 633: 608: 604: 596: 507: 488: 445: 368: 361: 112: 97: 4118:

Le Grand Jolof : XIIIe-XVIe siècles, les Anciens royaumes Wolof, t. 1

2149: 440:

remains controversial. It is often described as beginning with the age of

4546: 4480: 4307:

Le Bassin du fleuve Sénégal – De la traite négrière au développement

2030: 2003: 1855: 1675: 1543: 924: 915:

trading posts and engaged in the "trade:" – a term which, under the

841:, in exchange for weapons and manufactured goods. Under the influence of 769: 761: 690: 675: 644: 246: 107: 4444:

La participation de la colonie du Sénégal à l'effort de guerre 1914–1918

4215:

Une histoire du Sénégal : le modèle islamo-wolof et ses périphéries

1345:

from the French Crown. Seven of them went bankrupt. Among them were the

949: 658:

The earliest of these empires is that of Ghana, probably founded in the

4586: 3756: 3722:"Senegal opposition candidate Faye won 54 percent in presidential vote" 3377: 3327: 2839: 2741: 2717: 2304:

Th. Dagan, « Le Site préhistorique de Tiémassas (Sénégal) »,

2088: 2042: 1475: 1396: 1324: 1320: 1207: 1183: 1040: 977: 973:

explorers explored the African coast and ventured still farther south.

953:

Portuguese colonies and posts under the reign of João III, 16th century

686: 441: 437: 301: 82: 4404:, Nantes: Université de Nantes, 1980, 2 vol. 1096 pages (Thèse d'État) 3826:"France: Africa: French West Africa and the Sahara: Colony of Senegal" 2580: 1701:

were granted full voting rights while maintaining legal protections.

4644: 4369:, Paris, Université de Paris I, 1974, 176 pages (Mémoire de Maîtrise) 4145: 3002: 2971:

The name comes from the Serer language. See: Victoria Bomba Coifman.

2164: 2072: 2050: 1679: 1550: 1499:

abolished slavery in 1833; in France it was finally abolished in the

1440: 1278: 1187: 1101: 1036: 861: 853: 846: 830: 616: 401: 341: 325: 317: 273: 157: 5429: 4430:

Comptoirs et villes coloniales du Sénégal: Saint-Louis, Gorée, Dakar

4186:, Paris: Université de Paris I, 1983, 318 pages (Thèse de 3rd cycle) 3420: 2733: 1881: 1716: 756: 249:

era, the precolonial period, colonialism, and the contemporary era.

4490: 4446:, Dakar: Université de Dakar, 1978, 216 pages (Mémoire de Maîtrise) 4193:, Dakar: Université de Dakar, 1985, 107 pages (Mémoire de Maîtrise) 4113:, Dakar, Université de Dakar, 1980, 112 pages (Mémoire de Maîtrise) 4038:

La Révolte des tirailleurs sénégalais à Cayenne, 24–25 février 1946

2936:, Dakar, Université de Dakar, 1982, 157 pages (Mémoire de Maîtrise) 2272:, « Sur la découverte du Paléolithique ancien à Dakar », 2077: 1655: 1554: 1492: 1455: 1319:

After the 1763 Treaty of Paris, the British united their colony of

1125: 1070: 1009: 970: 681:

A contemporary empire of Ghana, but less extensive, the kingdom of

552: 483:

rivers, burial mounds with clusters of shells often referred to as

405: 289: 277: 2626:

Recherches archéologiques dans la moyenne vallée du fleuve Sénégal

1651: 1616: 1595: 1588: 1447: 1316:

in 1779, and lastly from 1809 to 1816 during the Napoleonic wars.

1286: 1270: 1163: 1113: 989: 906:

in 1887, the first French settlement in Senegal dates back to the

837:, wars, epidemics and famine afflicted the people, along with the 353: 257:

The earliest evidence of human life is found in the valley of the

5081: 4521: 4281:(translation Catherine Miginiac), Karthala, 2000, 437 pages 3948: 3278:

Histoire de la Casamance. Conquête et résistance : 1850–1920

3222: 2292:, Doc. du CRA du Musée de l'Homme (Paris), n° 11, 1987, pp. 19–48 2274:

Bulletin du Comité d'études historiques et scientifiques de l'AOF

1606: 1484: 1428: 1404: 1369: 1265: 1074: 898:

According to several ancient sources, including occasions by the

667: 559: 484: 449: 337: 4374:

Histoire de la Casamance : Conquête et résistance 1850–1920

3992:", Volume 12 of Yale studies in political science, p. 136, 3446:"Goree and the Atlantic Slave Trade", Philip Curtin, History Net 3425:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Leiden University Press. p. 74. 1523:. But this would not change much economically for the Africans. 1481:

In parallel, a mestizo society develops in St. Louis and Gorée.

1341:

Nine companies, in succession, received the African monopoly of

3006: 1562: 1539: 1400: 1342: 1210:. It was dissolved in 1658 and its assets were acquired by the 1157: 1132:

gives the etymology of the name given to it by his countrymen,

1086: 1078: 731: 715: 707: 682: 628: 612: 600: 515: 472: 457: 423:

The Neolithic civilization of the Senegal River valley and the

413: 349: 245:

is commonly divided into a number of periods, encompassing the

137: 102: 1423: 734:

with slave labor. The Tekrur were among the first converts to

385:

The dig of Khant: the Khanty creek, located in the north near

4279:

Histoire politique du Sénégal: institutions, droit et société

4229:

Le Travail forcé en Afrique Occidentale Française (1900–1946)

2790:

volume 3: Africa from the 7th to the 11th Century: (abridged)

2759:

Histoire politique du Sénégal. Institutions, droit et société

1753: 1647: 1620: 1243: 1239: 1203: 1147: 1143: 1082: 1001: 966: 869: 842: 790: 786: 782: 749: 741: 735: 719: 711: 424: 417: 409: 386: 372: 127: 122: 117: 3834:. London: Macmillan and Co. 1921. pp. 897+ – via 2934:

Njajaan Njaay. Les mythes de fondation de l'Empire du Djolof

2340:, Université de Paris I, 1991, 464 pages (thèse de doctorat) 1474:, was in the 18th century a French engine of trafficking in 3906:, Paris: Larose, 1921, XXXIV + 376 pages (Thèse de Lettres) 3095:

Servants of Allah: African Muslims enslaved in the Americas

2535:, Oxford University Press, Ibadan, 1971, vol. I, pp. 23–54. 1962: 1463: 1459: 1025: 1017: 1013: 883: 794: 703: 702:. Trade with the Arabs was prevalent. The Kingdom imported 427:

are the least well known due to not always being separated.

376: 4425:, Paris: Université de Paris I, 1973 (Mémoire de Maîtrise) 1670:

Most of the African population of these towns were termed

1510: 3704:"Senegal election: President Macky Sall wins second term" 2445:

Protohistoire du Sénégal : recherches archéologiques

655:, so current-day Senegal occupied a peripheral position. 4451:

Le Chevalier de Boufflers et son temps, étude d'un échec

4217:, Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose, 2001, 250 pages 3821:, New York, Columbia University, 1965, 104 pages (thèse) 3073:

Ham, Anthony. West Africa. Lonely Planet. 2009. p 670. (

2522:, Dakar, Université de Dakar, 1969 (mémoire de Maîtrise) 2460:

See his third thesis supported at the Sorbonne in 1986,

1338:

returned Senegal to France, and Senegambia was no more.

4073:

Le Royaume du Waalo : le Sénégal avant la Conquête

1206:

merchants responsible for the operation in Senegal and

2338:

La céramique au Sénégal : Archéologie et Histoire

320:, a controversial site that some claim belongs to the 3787:

Senegal: an African nation between Islam and the West

3622:"Senegalese President Abdoulaye Wade's rise and rule" 2997:

Mam Kumba Njie (or Ndiaye) is a Serer Goddess in the

718:. Indeed, the growth of a vast empire by Arab-Muslim 463:

A variety of archaeological remains have been found:

3260:, « Notice sur Tanguegueth ou Rufisque », 3221:This place corresponds to the area of Cape Vert in 2117: 487:. 217 of these clusters have been identified in the 4191:

Les administrateurs coloniaux au Sénégal. 1900–1914

4177:

Contribution à la préhistoire de l'Ouest-sénégalais

4061:, Paris, L'Harmattan, 1991 (rééd.), 544 pages 3988:Foltz, William J., "From French West Africa to the 3868:, Paris, 1757, réédité partiellement sous le titre 3574:"Senegal and the Peacekeeping Operations | Senegal" 3187:

Les traites négrières. Documentation photographique

3168:

Dictionnaire de pédagogie et d'instruction primaire

2064:and its first from one political party to another. 1991:(in response to shelling by Portuguese artillery), 1293:, restored the fortifications. But Gorée was again 1179:& dependencies of the said River of Senegal.". 900:

Dictionnaire de pédagogie et d'instruction primaire

506:The West is rich in burial mounds of sand that the 4245:, Paris : Chiron, 1989. – 45 pages 1331:; however, British possession of Gorée was brief. 984:to reach the westernmost point of Africa he calls 4464:, 1978, 20 pages (Diplôme d'Études Approfondies). 4321:Évolution du commerce au Sénégal : 1820–1930 3947:", vol. 2, Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du 3767:. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). pp. 640–644. 3749:"The commandement indigène" in Senegal. 1919–1947 3667:, Peace Accords Matrix, University of Notre Dame. 3345:1759: The Year Britain Became Master of the World 1717:List of deputies elected to the French Parliament 1312:from 1758 until it was retaken for the French by 1012:) because of the freshness of its sources in the 5855: 4341:, 1974, 431 pages (Thèse de l'École des Chartes) 4274:, 1967, 113 pages (Diplôme d'Etudes Supérieures) 3810:(2nd ed. Washington: American University, 1974) 3009:. See Henry Gravrand. "La Civilisation Sereer", 2975:, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1969, p. 276. 2676:Bipolarisation du Senegal du XVIe - XVIIe siécle 1214:, itself expropriated following the creation by 371:: Neolithic Bélarien tools, usually made out of 3422:Gum Arabic. The Golden Tears of the Acacia Tree 3097:(New York: New York University Press, 1998), 19 2570:, Amsterdam: Swets et Zeitlinger, 1967, p. 163. 2306:Bulletin de l'Institut français d'Afrique noire 1538:particularly encouraged the development of the 1046: 3264:, Karthala, Paris, 1984 (1st edn 1853), p. 55. 1446:In Senegal, trading posts were established in 514:, which translates to "graves", A solid gold 5445: 5055: 4506: 3280:, Paris: Karthala, 1985 (1st edn 1976), p. 67 3241:Joseph Roger de Benoist et Abdoulaye Camara, 2678:(in French). Dakar: HGS Editions. p. 28. 2549:Dictionnaire wolof-français et français-wolof 2095:. In February 2019, president Macky Sall was 693:from the east settled in the Senegal valley. 436:In the case of Senegal, the periodization of 208: 4323:, Paris, L’Harmattan, 1991, 320 pages 3796:, Ibadan: University of Ibadan, 1970 (Thèse) 3330:: Article 10 of the Treaty of Paris of 1763 3212:, Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose, 2003, p. 12. 3189:, La Documentation française, n° 8032, 2003. 2464:et ses travaux des années 1990 on this topic 2355:"Le Gisement du Cap Manuel (Dakar, Sénégal)" 1158:Against the backdrop of Anglo-French rivalry 938: 518:of mass 191 g has also been discovered near 379:and pottery, there is also a statuette, the 4309:, Paris, L’Harmattan, 1995, 330 pages 4019:, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, 1972, p. 706 3904:La mise en valeur du Sénégal de 1817 à 1854 3396:. Vol. 3. London: J. Debrett. p. 2861:. Cambridge University Press. p. 484. 1910:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 467:On the coast and in river estuaries of the 5452: 5438: 5062: 5048: 4513: 4499: 4335:Le Conseil privé du Sénégal de 1819 à 1854 3347:. London: Jonathan Cape. pp. 99–100. 3057: 3055: 3049:, Façades, Blois; Paris: Karthala, 207 pp. 2069:Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance 215: 201: 4458:Le Conseil colonial du Sénégal, 1920–1946 4367:Le Front Populaire au Sénégal (1936–1938) 4075:, Karthala, 2000 (rééd.), 420 pages 3923:, publiée par Laborde, Paris: Lamy, 1799. 3794:The Conseil General in Senegal, 1879–1920 3439: 3418: 3391: 3020:, p. 21. Harvest House Publishers, 2008. 2859:The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3 2695:(3rd ed.). M.E. Sharpe. p. 51. 2443:Guy Thilmans, Cyr Descamps et B. Khayat, 2410: 2408: 1930:Learn how and when to remove this message 3361: 3105: 3103: 1941: 1821: 1743: 1605: 1594: 1578: 1422: 1264: 1252: 1091: 948: 927:...), and not necessarily, or only, the 884:The era of trading posts and trafficking 755: 740: 627: 580:Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Fa Ndeb Joof 574: 525: 228: 3751:, London: SOAS, 1983, 405 pages (Thèse) 3678:"A Turbulence-Free Election in Senegal" 3052: 2817: 1530:(he had taken office at the end of the 1511:The progressive weakening of the colony 623: 14: 5856: 3887:Le Galant exil du marquis de Boufflers 3342: 3069: 3067: 2886:Bulletin de la société d'anthropologie 2715: 2688: 2405: 2288:Abdoulaye Camara et Bertrand Duboscq, 2080:began returning home from neighboring 1976:. In response, Senegal petitioned the 1327:. The British retook Gorée during the 845:, these kingdoms were transformed and 588:The Royal House of Boureh Gnilane Joof 503:, and in the estuary of the Casamance. 5459: 5433: 5043: 4494: 4165:, Agnès Vienot, 1999, 200 pages 3985:", Dakar (1993), CNRS – ORS TO M 3909:André Charles, marquis de La Jaille, 3100: 2786: 2581:"Cercles mégalithiques de Sénégambie" 2493:. World Heritage Site. Archived from 2045:to form the nominal confederation of 1568: 1053:Senegambia (Dutch West India Company) 992:, referred to by its inhabitants as 4602:Bissau-Guinean Civil War involvement 4520: 4481:Uniformes des tirailleurs sénégalais 3934: 3926:René Claude Geoffroy de Villeneuve, 3880:Lettres d'Afrique à Madame de Sabran 3754: 3465:Les Guides Bleus: Afrique de l'Ouest 2852: 2673: 2102:In March 2024, Opposition candidate 1908:adding citations to reliable sources 1875: 1623:. In 1758 the French settlement was 1470:, including Fort St. Joseph, in the 1390: 570: 547:and Sine Wanar, both located in the 444:, thus placing it between the first 324:, while other argue in favor of the 4266:Moniteur du Sénégal et dépendances 3741: 3642:"Peace pact raises hope in Senegal" 3229:which aren't discovered until 1456. 3064: 2533:West African Journal of Archaeology 2322:West African Journal of Archaeology 24: 4610: 4390:, Paris: Karthala, 2001, 286 pages 3855: 3850: 3736: 3151:, Paris: L'Harmattan, 2006, p. 29. 2777:, Paris: L’Harmattan, 1995, p. 20. 2660:, 1983, Dakar, 213 pages (mémoire 2087:Abdoulaye Wade conceded defeat to 1826:Flag of French Senegal (1958–1959) 1771:Jean-Baptiste Lafon de Fongauffier 1658:were the oldest colonial towns in 919:, means any type of trade (wheat, 304:Industry is represented mainly by 25: 5880: 4468: 4432:, Karthala, 1999, 344 pages 4411:, Karthala, 2000, 680 pages 4376:, Karthala, 2000, 408 pages 4295:, Karthala, 2000, 448 pages 4231:, Karthala, 2000, 336 pages 3976:Newsletter of African archaeology 3876:Stanislas, chevalier de Boufflers 3655:, Vol. 19 #1 (April 2005), p. 14. 2060:. Senegal experienced its second 1953:In January 1959, Senegal and the 1503:in 1848, under the leadership of 1277:Grand Master of the naval war of 539:which were placed on the list of 5760:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 5530:Democratic Republic of the Congo 5071: 4409:Le Sénégal sous le Second Empire 4259:, Genève: Georg, 1992, 347 pages 4052:Céleste ou le temps des signares 3951:, 1990, pp, 9, 20 & 77, 91, 3789:(Boulder: Westview Press, 1982). 3368: 2761:, Paris: Karthala, 1985, p. 103. 2551:, Paris: Karthala, 2003, p. 216. 2462:La Métallurgie du fer au Sénégal 2148: 2134: 2120: 1880: 1690:. Following the downfall of the 1625:captured by a British expedition 1212:Company of Cape Vert and Senegal 1016:Sali (later the seaside town of 530:Megalithic alignments in Senegal 268:is attested by the discovery of 184: 53: 4349:Soundjata ou l'épopée Mandingue 3755:Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). 3714: 3696: 3670: 3658: 3634: 3614: 3591: 3566: 3546: 3527: 3508: 3489: 3470: 3458: 3412: 3383: 3336: 3321: 3305: 3283: 3267: 3248: 3232: 3215: 3192: 3173: 3154: 3138: 3122: 3113: 3084: 3043:Le grand Jolof, XIII-XVI siècle 3032: 2991: 2984:See also: Godfrey Mwakikagile. 2978: 2965: 2948: 2939: 2923: 2907: 2891: 2875: 2846: 2811: 2780: 2764: 2748: 2709: 2682: 2667: 2647: 2644:, n° 162, 1979, pp. 29–35. 2631: 2615: 2595: 2573: 2554: 2538: 2525: 2509: 2483: 2467: 2454: 2434: 2324:, 1981, vol. 10–11, pp. 145–151 2106:won the Senegal’s presidential 2036: 1978:United Nations Security Council 1871: 1542:, "the earth pistachio", whose 4355:, 2000 (rééd.) 160 pages 3016:Ed Hindson & Ergun Caner. 2656:Guy Thilmans et Annie Ravisé, 2451:, IFAN, Dakar, 1980, 158 pages 2387: 2373: 2343: 2327: 2311: 2295: 2279: 2260: 2247: 1553:also continued. The island of 1035:They also traversed the lower 965:, and not forgetting gold and 252: 13: 1: 2820:Journal of Religion in Africa 2240: 1660:French controlled west Africa 1150:and also participated in the 1065:flouted the authority of the 431: 360:, indicating the activity of 4475:"VIIe Colloque euroafricain" 4134:, Karthala-CRA, 2000 (rééd.) 4109:Germaine Françoise Bocandé, 3943:, "La Civilisation Sereer – 3893:Jean Baptiste Léonard Durand 3819:Faidherbe, Senegal and Islam 3817:Robinson Jr, David Wallace 2853:Fage, John Donnelly (1997). 2612:, op. cit., pp. 224–234 2062:peaceful transition of power 1491:in 1794, then reinstated by 1466:and the upper valley of the 1403:, who had sometimes opposed 1364:Appointed governor in 1785, 1047:The Dutch West India Company 961:and always in search of the 872: – was occupied by the 331: 7: 4926:Water supply and sanitation 4208:Le Sénégal sous Abdou Diouf 4120:, Karthala, 1987, 207 pages 4092:, Paris: L'Harmattan, 1989. 4054:, Éditions Anne Pépin, 2006 3897:Voyage au Sénégal 1785–1786 3846:(2014) 57#1 pp. 14–24. 3392:Jenkinson, Charles (1785). 3289:The date of 1617, cited by 2797:. James Carey. p. 67. 2276:, t. XXI, 1938, pp. 518–519 2113: 2024:Senegalese Democratic Party 2022:) and a liberal party (the 1965:) proclaimed independence. 849:played an increasing role. 537:Stone Circles of Senegambia 389:in the lower valley of the 264:The presence of man in the 10: 5885: 4759:Chief of the General Staff 4421:H. Y. Sanchez-Calzadilla, 3806:Nelson, Harold D., et al. 3631:, BBC News, 26 March 2012. 3419:van Dalen, Dorrit (2019). 3183:Olivier Pétré-Grenouilleau 3047:Les Anciens Royaumes Wolof 2857:. In Roland Oliver (ed.). 2255:Atlas du Sénégal, op. cit. 2020:African Independence Party 2016:Socialist Party of Senegal 1732:Barthélémy Durand Valantin 1667:as full blooded Africans. 1610:French West Africa in 1890 1575:French conquest of Senegal 1572: 1257:The List of Complaints of 1170:. On 10 February 1763 the 1050: 1020:) which takes the name of 980:went off the mouth of the 942: 887: 730:provided North Africa and 5773: 5748: 5467: 5089: 5001: 4934: 4866: 4857: 4802: 4793: 4706: 4697: 4630: 4621: 4608: 4557:Trans-Saharan slave trade 4532: 4393:Yves-Jean Saint-Martin, 3808:Area Handbook for Senegal 3520:20 September 2011 at the 3482:23 September 2011 at the 3164:Ferdinand Édouard Buisson 2888:, tome 6, fasc. 4, p. 67. 2795:General History of Africa 2213:Prime Minister of Senegal 1697:It was only in 1916 that 1559:Emmanuel Bertrand Bocandé 1269:« Plan de l'isle de 1220:French West India Company 939:The Portuguese navigators 752:, in "war costume" (1846) 738:, certainly before 1040. 728:trans-Saharan slave trade 93:Senegambian stone circles 5515:Central African Republic 4711:Administrative divisions 4592:Senegambia Confederation 4486:Background Note: Senegal 4407:Yves-Jean Saint-Martin, 4400:Yves-Jean Saint-Martin, 4241:Denys Ferrando-Durfort, 3799:Leland, Conley Barrows. 3758:"Senegal (colony)" 2855:"Upper and Lower Guinea" 2480:, op. cit., pp. 323–328. 2402:, 1998, n° 158, pp. 7–22 1707:French National Assembly 1112:purchased the island of 1110:Dutch West India Company 1098:Dutch West India Company 726:. This trade called the 296:, characteristic of the 88:Senegambia Confederation 4462:Université de Paris VII 4449:Nicole Vaget Grangeat, 4293:La Compagnie du Sénégal 4148:, 1988, 351 pages 4040:, 1995, 160 pages 3764:Encyclopædia Britannica 3683:30 January 2018 at the 3647:31 January 2018 at the 3609:Encyclopædia Britannica 3603:8 February 2018 at the 3556:, Berg (2002), p. 145. 3539:13 October 2012 at the 3501:19 January 2012 at the 3496:"Léopold Sédar Senghor" 3455:, accessed 9 July 2008. 3202:Joseph Roger de Benoist 2832:10.1163/157006696x00299 2716:Wright, Donald (1985). 2689:Wright, Donald (2010). 2449:Les Sites Mégalithiques 1526:After the departure of 1314:Armand Louis de Gontaut 1295:captured by the British 1234:, would be captured by 549:Nioro du Rip Department 491:alone, for example in 4615: 3899:, Paris: Agasse, 1802. 3543:, Assemblée nationale. 3524:, Assemblée nationale. 3505:, Assemblée nationale. 3486:, Assemblée nationale. 3374:Treaty of Paris (1763) 3343:McLynn, Frank (2004). 3262:Esquisses sénégalaises 2198:History of West Africa 1950: 1827: 1806:1902–1914 (Mixed race) 1782:1879–1889 (Mixed race) 1773:1871–1876 (Mixed race) 1757: 1734:1848–1850 (Mixed race) 1724:French Second Republic 1664:French Second Republic 1611: 1603: 1592: 1436: 1375:In 1789 the people of 1361:which failed in 1793. 1274: 1262: 1259:Saint-Louis du Sénégal 1105: 1004:, a town they renamed 996:, but which he called 954: 765: 753: 714:and exported gold and 636: 591: 531: 448:and the appearance of 238: 148:Almamyate of Futa Toro 5675:São Tomé and Príncipe 5535:Republic of the Congo 4614: 4243:Lat Dior le résistant 3994:Yale University Press 3972:University of Calgary 3930:, Paris: Nepveu,1814. 3913:, Paris, Denter,1802. 3831:Statesman's Year-Book 3477:"Amadou Lamine-Gueye" 3332:Treaty of Paris(1763) 3225:today and not to the 2104:Bassirou Diomaye Faye 1945: 1844:Léopold Sedar Senghor 1825: 1763:French Third Republic 1747: 1609: 1598: 1582: 1487:was abolished by the 1426: 1359:Compagnie de la Gomme 1301:. However, under the 1268: 1256: 1248:Royal African Company 1122:Description of Africa 1108:Created in 1621, the 1095: 952: 781:, who was a Serer of 759: 744: 631: 578: 541:UNESCO World Heritage 529: 232: 153:Royal African Company 4685:World Heritage Sites 4655:Environmental issues 4552:Precolonial kingdoms 4453:, Paris, Nizet, 1976 4345:Djibril Tamsir Niane 4262:Bernard Grosbellet, 4036:Rodolphe Alexandre, 3627:16 July 2018 at the 3451:2 April 2016 at the 2932:Samba Lampsar Sall, 2547:Jean-Léopold Diouf, 2208:President of Senegal 2041:Senegal joined with 1904:improve this section 1692:French Second Empire 1549:The colonization of 1354:Compagnie du Sénégal 1336:Treaty of Versailles 1303:1763 Treaty of Paris 1198:, an association of 839:Atlantic slave trade 624:Kingdoms and empires 364:by nearby fishermen. 288:in the peninsula of 175:President of Senegal 143:Empire of Great Fulo 5750:States with limited 4726:Court of Cassation 4572:African slave trade 4339:Université de Paris 4319:Laurence Marfaing, 4272:Université de Dakar 4138:Sékéné Mody Cissoko 3792:Idowu, H. Oludare. 3710:. 28 February 2019. 3467:(1958 ed.), p. 123. 3013:, p. 91. See also: 2583:(in French). UNESCO 2422:on 20 February 2012 2361:on 18 February 2010 2308:, 1956, pp. 432–448 2228:Timeline of Senegal 2203:Politics of Senegal 1957:merged to form the 1858:1956–1959 (African) 1852:1951–1955 (African) 1846:1945–1959 (African) 1840:1945–1951 (African) 1838:Amadou Lamine Guèye 1818:1934–1940 (African) 1812:1914–1934 (African) 1776:Abolished 1876–1879 1740:Abolished 1852–1871 1585:Maison des Esclaves 1532:wreck of the Medusa 1489:National Convention 1357:. The last was the 1348:Compagnie d’Afrique 1297:in 1758 during the 959:Henry the Navigator 497:World Heritage Site 294:Levallois technique 261:in the south-east. 5869:French West Africa 5864:History of Senegal 4830:Telecommunications 4716:Casamance conflict 4635:Biosphere Reserves 4616: 4567:French West Africa 4442:Charles Uyisenga, 4365:Jean-Pierre Phan, 4353:Présence africaine 4130:Bruno A. Chavane, 4050:Jean-Luc Angrand, 3844:Focus on Geography 3690:The New York Times 3620:Cornado, Estelle, 2787:Hrbek, I. (1992). 2399:Présence africaine 1951: 1948:Fédération du Mali 1865:universal suffrage 1828: 1758: 1612: 1604: 1593: 1583:Monument near the 1569:Modern colonialism 1517:Congress of Vienna 1437: 1381:List of Grievances 1323:with Senegal into 1275: 1263: 1227:Company of Senegal 1106: 955: 766: 754: 695:John Donnelly Fage 637: 592: 532: 298:Middle Paleolithic 272:characteristic of 243:history of Senegal 239: 191:Senegal portal 5851: 5850: 5777:other territories 5550:Equatorial Guinea 5461:History of Africa 5427: 5426: 5037: 5036: 4997: 4996: 4901:Human trafficking 4853: 4852: 4789: 4788: 4771:Political parties 4739:Foreign relations 4693: 4692: 4386:Christian Roche, 4372:Christian Roche, 4305:Mahamadou Maiga, 4277:Gerti Hesseling, 4189:Papa Momar Diop, 4159:Catherine Clément 4123:Paul Bouteiller, 4086:Abdoulaye Bathily 4000:Diop, Cheikh Anta 3935:Secondary sources 3870:Voyage au Sénégal 3785:Gellar, Sheldon. 3432:978-90-8728-336-0 3354:978-0-224-06245-9 3276:Christian Roche, 3258:Abbé David Boilat 3245:, pp. 15 and 139. 3210:Histoire de Gorée 3131:Gerti Hesseling, 2900:Gerti Hesseling, 2773:Mahamadou Maiga, 2757:Gerti Hesseling, 2722:History in Africa 2604:Augustin Holl et 2497:on 6 October 2012 2193:History of Africa 2180:Colony of Senegal 1974:Portuguese Guinea 1940: 1939: 1932: 1528:Governor Schmaltz 1391:A trading economy 1283:Jean II d'Estrées 1059:Act of Abjuration 945:Portuguese Empire 904:Ferdinand Buisson 760:Extension of the 571:Early inhabitants 555:, Y- or A-shaped. 322:Upper Paleolithic 266:Lower Paleolithic 235:Guillaume Delisle 225: 224: 16:(Redirected from 5876: 5838: 5837:(United Kingdom) 5833:Tristan da Cunha 5829:Ascension Island 5821: 5808: 5799: 5775:Dependencies and 5468:Sovereign states 5454: 5447: 5440: 5431: 5430: 5076: 5075: 5074: 5064: 5057: 5050: 5041: 5040: 5017: 5010: 4864: 4863: 4820: 4800: 4799: 4729: 4704: 4703: 4628: 4627: 4577:British invasion 4542:Regional history 4515: 4508: 4501: 4492: 4491: 4210:, Karthala, 1990 4203:, Karthala, 1989 4201:Le Kajoor au XIX 4182:Falilou Diallo, 4095:Claire Bernard, 4071:Boubacar Barry, 4057:Boubacar Barry, 3885:Marie Brantôme, 3839: 3836:Internet Archive 3812:full text online 3768: 3760: 3747:Auchnie, Ailsa. 3742:English Language 3730: 3729: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3700: 3694: 3693:, 25 March 2012. 3676:Nossiter, Adam, 3674: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3640:Harsch, Ernest, 3638: 3632: 3618: 3612: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3570: 3564: 3550: 3544: 3531: 3525: 3512: 3506: 3493: 3487: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3387: 3381: 3372: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3340: 3334: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3309: 3303: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3271: 3265: 3256: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3236: 3230: 3227:îles du Cap-Vert 3219: 3213: 3206:Abdoulaye Camara 3200: 3196: 3190: 3181: 3177: 3171: 3162: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3126: 3120: 3117: 3111: 3107: 3098: 3088: 3082: 3071: 3062: 3059: 3050: 3040: 3036: 3030: 2995: 2989: 2982: 2976: 2969: 2963: 2952: 2946: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2895: 2889: 2883: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2768: 2762: 2756: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2686: 2680: 2679: 2671: 2665: 2655: 2651: 2645: 2642:Notes africaines 2639: 2635: 2629: 2623: 2619: 2613: 2603: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2577: 2571: 2562: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2542: 2536: 2529: 2523: 2517: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2471: 2465: 2458: 2452: 2447:, tome 1 : 2442: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2412: 2403: 2395: 2391: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2357:. Archived from 2351: 2347: 2341: 2336:Mandiomé Thiam, 2335: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2315: 2309: 2303: 2299: 2293: 2287: 2283: 2277: 2268: 2264: 2258: 2251: 2236: 2188: 2158: 2153: 2152: 2144: 2139: 2138: 2137: 2130: 2125: 2124: 2123: 2093:election of 2012 1946:The short-lived 1935: 1928: 1924: 1921: 1915: 1884: 1876: 1737:Vacant 1850–1852 1629:Seven Years' War 1505:Victor Schœlcher 1472:Kingdom of Galam 1418:triangular trade 1385:Kingdom of Galam 1366:Knight Boufflers 1329:Anglo-French War 1310:Seven Years' War 1299:Seven Years' War 1236:Lat Sukaabe Fall 1176:Seven Years' War 1063:United Provinces 963:Passage to India 894:Triangular Trade 890:Age of Discovery 779:Ndiadiane Ndiaye 660:first millennium 653:Republic of Mali 632:Location of the 358:Magdalen Islands 217: 210: 203: 189: 188: 187: 165: 73: 57: 47: 29: 28: 21: 5884: 5883: 5879: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5874: 5873: 5854: 5853: 5852: 5847: 5846: 5836: 5819: 5806: 5797: 5778: 5776: 5769: 5753: 5751: 5744: 5463: 5458: 5428: 5423: 5085: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5038: 5033: 5020: 5013: 5006: 4993: 4984:Public holidays 4930: 4849: 4818: 4785: 4749:Law enforcement 4727: 4689: 4617: 4606: 4582:Mali Federation 4562:French conquest 4528: 4519: 4471: 4213:Mamadou Diouf, 4206:Mamadou Diouf, 4163:Afrique esclave 4116:Jean Boulègue, 4025:, "Histoire du 3990:Mali Federation 3941:Gravrand, Henry 3937: 3902:Georges Hardy, 3858: 3856:Primary sources 3853: 3851:French language 3824: 3775:. Berg (2002). 3744: 3739: 3737:Further reading 3734: 3733: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3685:Wayback Machine 3675: 3671: 3663: 3659: 3649:Wayback Machine 3639: 3635: 3629:Wayback Machine 3619: 3615: 3605:Wayback Machine 3596: 3592: 3582: 3580: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3552:*Chafer, Tony. 3551: 3547: 3541:Wayback Machine 3532: 3528: 3522:Wayback Machine 3513: 3509: 3503:Wayback Machine 3494: 3490: 3484:Wayback Machine 3475: 3471: 3463: 3459: 3453:Wayback Machine 3444: 3440: 3433: 3417: 3413: 3388: 3384: 3369: 3366: 3362: 3355: 3341: 3337: 3326: 3322: 3314:Olfert Dapper, 3311: 3310: 3306: 3288: 3284: 3273: 3272: 3268: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3220: 3216: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3170:, 1887, p. 442. 3160: 3159: 3155: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3108: 3101: 3091:Diouf, Sylviane 3089: 3085: 3072: 3065: 3060: 3053: 3041:Jean Boulègue, 3038: 3037: 3033: 3001:as well as the 2996: 2992: 2983: 2979: 2970: 2966: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2940: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2916:Raymond Mauny, 2913: 2912: 2908: 2897: 2896: 2892: 2881: 2880: 2876: 2869: 2851: 2847: 2816: 2812: 2805: 2785: 2781: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2734:10.2307/3171727 2714: 2710: 2703: 2687: 2683: 2672: 2668: 2653: 2652: 2648: 2637: 2636: 2632: 2624:Bruno Chavane, 2621: 2620: 2616: 2601: 2600: 2596: 2586: 2584: 2579: 2578: 2574: 2560: 2559: 2555: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2530: 2526: 2515: 2514: 2510: 2500: 2498: 2489: 2488: 2484: 2473: 2472: 2468: 2459: 2455: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2425: 2423: 2414: 2413: 2406: 2393: 2392: 2388: 2379: 2378: 2374: 2364: 2362: 2353: 2349: 2348: 2344: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2301: 2300: 2296: 2285: 2284: 2280: 2266: 2265: 2261: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2230: 2182: 2156:Monarchy portal 2154: 2147: 2140: 2135: 2133: 2126: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2039: 1995:and finally in 1967:Léopold Senghor 1959:Mali Federation 1936: 1925: 1919: 1916: 1901: 1885: 1874: 1804:François Carpot 1798:Hector D'Agoult 1786:Aristide Vallon 1719: 1662:. In 1848, the 1633:Louis Faidherbe 1627:as part of the 1619:next to modern 1577: 1571: 1513: 1501:Second Republic 1393: 1218:in 1664 of the 1186:and especially 1172:Treaty of Paris 1160: 1055: 1049: 1030:Kingdom of Sine 947: 941: 896: 886: 811:Kingdom of Sine 626: 573: 434: 334: 255: 221: 185: 183: 170:Mali Federation 159: 133:Kingdom of Sine 67: 45: 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5882: 5872: 5871: 5866: 5849: 5848: 5845: 5844: 5842:Western Sahara 5839: 5822: 5809: 5800: 5786:Canary Islands 5782: 5781: 5779: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5767: 5762: 5756: 5754: 5749: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5471: 5469: 5465: 5464: 5457: 5456: 5449: 5442: 5434: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 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4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4670:National parks 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4650:Climate change 4647: 4642: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4538: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4518: 4517: 4510: 4503: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4470: 4469:External links 4467: 4466: 4465: 4454: 4447: 4440: 4426: 4419: 4405: 4398: 4391: 4384: 4370: 4363: 4342: 4333:Saliou Mbaye, 4331: 4317: 4303: 4291:Abdoulaye Ly, 4289: 4275: 4260: 4253: 4239: 4227:Babacar Fall, 4225: 4211: 4204: 4194: 4187: 4180: 4175:Cyr Descamps, 4173: 4156: 4135: 4128: 4127:, Paris, 1995. 4121: 4114: 4107: 4099:, ANRT, 1996, 4093: 4083: 4069: 4055: 4048: 4034: 4020: 4013: 4010: 3997: 3986: 3979: 3969: 3959: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3931: 3924: 3914: 3907: 3900: 3890: 3883: 3873: 3862:Michel Adanson 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3848: 3847: 3840: 3822: 3815: 3804: 3797: 3790: 3783: 3771:Chafer, Tony. 3769: 3752: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3731: 3713: 3695: 3669: 3657: 3653:Africa Renewal 3633: 3613: 3590: 3565: 3545: 3526: 3507: 3488: 3469: 3457: 3438: 3431: 3411: 3382: 3360: 3353: 3335: 3320: 3304: 3282: 3266: 3247: 3231: 3214: 3191: 3172: 3153: 3147:Djibril Diop, 3137: 3121: 3112: 3099: 3083: 3063: 3051: 3031: 3029: 3028: 2999:Serer religion 2990: 2977: 2964: 2947: 2938: 2922: 2906: 2890: 2874: 2868:978-0521209816 2867: 2845: 2826:(3): 268–307. 2810: 2804:978-0852550939 2803: 2779: 2763: 2747: 2708: 2702:978-0765624840 2701: 2681: 2666: 2646: 2630: 2628:, 1979 (thèse) 2614: 2594: 2572: 2553: 2537: 2524: 2518:Annie Ravisé, 2508: 2491:"Saloum Delta" 2482: 2466: 2453: 2433: 2404: 2386: 2372: 2342: 2326: 2310: 2294: 2278: 2270:Théodore Monod 2259: 2245: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2237: 2225: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2176: 2171: 2160: 2159: 2145: 2142:History portal 2131: 2128:Senegal portal 2115: 2112: 2071:(MFDC) in the 2058:Abdoulaye Wade 2038: 2035: 2008:attempted coup 1938: 1937: 1888: 1886: 1879: 1873: 1870: 1860: 1859: 1853: 1847: 1841: 1820: 1819: 1816:Galandou Diouf 1813: 1807: 1801: 1795: 1792:Jules Couchard 1789: 1783: 1780:Alfred Gasconi 1777: 1774: 1742: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1718: 1715: 1711:decolonisation 1573:Main article: 1570: 1567: 1512: 1509: 1497:British Empire 1435:(burning 1890) 1392: 1389: 1196:Norman Company 1159: 1156: 1051:Main article: 1048: 1045: 957:Encouraged by 943:Main article: 940: 937: 885: 882: 815:Sylviane Diouf 732:Saharan Africa 649:Songhai Empire 625: 622: 572: 569: 568: 567: 556: 524: 523: 504: 433: 430: 429: 428: 421: 394: 383: 381:Venus Thiaroye 365: 333: 330: 284:at the tip of 282:Théodore Monod 254: 251: 223: 222: 220: 219: 212: 205: 197: 194: 193: 180: 179: 178: 177: 172: 167: 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 77: 76: 75: 74: 59: 58: 50: 49: 40: 39: 32: 18:French Senegal 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5881: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5843: 5840: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5823: 5817: 5813: 5810: 5804: 5801: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5784: 5783: 5780: 5772: 5766: 5763: 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4392: 4389: 4385: 4383: 4382:2-86537-125-5 4379: 4375: 4371: 4368: 4364: 4362: 4361:2-7087-0078-2 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4330: 4329:2-7384-1195-9 4326: 4322: 4318: 4316: 4315:2-7384-3093-7 4312: 4308: 4304: 4302: 4301:2-86537-406-8 4298: 4294: 4290: 4288: 4287:2-86537-118-2 4284: 4280: 4276: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4258: 4255:Jean Girard, 4254: 4252: 4251:2-7027-0403-4 4248: 4244: 4240: 4238: 4237:2-86537-372-X 4234: 4230: 4226: 4224: 4223:2-7068-1503-5 4220: 4216: 4212: 4209: 4205: 4202: 4198: 4197:Mamadou Diouf 4195: 4192: 4188: 4185: 4181: 4178: 4174: 4172: 4171:2-911606-36-1 4168: 4164: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4154:2-7384-0133-3 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4136: 4133: 4129: 4126: 4122: 4119: 4115: 4112: 4108: 4106: 4105:2-284-00077-0 4102: 4098: 4094: 4091: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4081:2-86537-141-7 4078: 4074: 4070: 4068: 4067:2-85802-670-X 4064: 4060: 4056: 4053: 4049: 4047: 4046:2-7384-3330-8 4043: 4039: 4035: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4023:Sarr, Alioune 4021: 4018: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4008:0-907015-85-9 4005: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3984: 3980: 3977: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3967:2-7236-0877-8 3964: 3960: 3958: 3957:2-7236-1055-1 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3939: 3938: 3929: 3925: 3922: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3908: 3905: 3901: 3898: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3884: 3881: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3860: 3859: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3832: 3827: 3823: 3820: 3816: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3802: 3798: 3795: 3791: 3788: 3784: 3782: 3781:1-85973-557-6 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3750: 3746: 3745: 3727: 3723: 3717: 3709: 3705: 3699: 3692: 3691: 3686: 3682: 3679: 3673: 3666: 3661: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3643: 3637: 3630: 3626: 3623: 3617: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3599: 3598:"Abdou Diouf" 3594: 3579: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3562:1-85973-557-6 3559: 3555: 3549: 3542: 3538: 3535: 3534:"Mamadou Dia" 3530: 3523: 3519: 3516: 3515:"Abbas Gueye" 3511: 3504: 3500: 3497: 3492: 3485: 3481: 3478: 3473: 3466: 3461: 3454: 3450: 3447: 3442: 3434: 3428: 3424: 3423: 3415: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3386: 3379: 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The 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1468:Senegal River 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1355: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1337: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1272: 1267: 1260: 1255: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1131: 1130:Olfert Dapper 1127: 1123: 1118: 1115: 1111: 1103: 1099: 1094: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1067:King of Spain 1064: 1061:in 1581, the 1060: 1054: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 998:Ilha de Palma 995: 991: 987: 983: 982:Senegal River 979: 974: 972: 968: 964: 960: 951: 946: 936: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 917:Ancien Régime 912: 909: 905: 901: 895: 891: 881: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 850: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 823: 821: 816: 812: 806: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 775: 771: 764:at its height 763: 758: 751: 747: 743: 739: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 696: 692: 688: 684: 679: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 656: 654: 650: 646: 642: 635: 630: 621: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 589: 585: 581: 577: 565: 561: 557: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 533: 528: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 502: 498: 494: 493:Joal-Fadiouth 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 465: 464: 461: 459: 455: 454:Hamady Bocoum 451: 447: 443: 439: 426: 422: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 392: 391:Senegal River 388: 384: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 346: 345: 343: 339: 329: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 262: 260: 250: 248: 244: 236: 231: 227: 218: 213: 211: 206: 204: 199: 198: 196: 195: 192: 182: 181: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 109: 106: 104: 101: 99: 96: 94: 91: 89: 86: 84: 81: 80: 79: 78: 71: 66: 63: 62: 61: 60: 56: 52: 51: 48: 42: 41: 36: 31: 30: 27: 19: 5825:Saint Helena 5796: 5700:South Africa 5690:Sierra Leone 5679: 5495:Burkina Faso 4954:Coat of arms 4916:Prostitution 4881:Demographics 4744:Human rights 4721:Constitution 4533: 4457: 4456:Baïla Wane, 4450: 4443: 4429: 4422: 4408: 4401: 4394: 4387: 4373: 4366: 4348: 4334: 4320: 4306: 4292: 4278: 4267: 4263: 4256: 4242: 4228: 4214: 4207: 4200: 4190: 4183: 4176: 4162: 4141: 4131: 4124: 4117: 4110: 4096: 4089: 4072: 4058: 4051: 4037: 3975: 3944: 3927: 3920: 3910: 3903: 3896: 3886: 3879: 3869: 3865: 3843: 3830: 3818: 3807: 3800: 3793: 3786: 3772: 3762: 3748: 3725: 3716: 3707: 3698: 3688: 3672: 3660: 3652: 3636: 3616: 3608: 3593: 3581:. 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King of 442:metallurgy 438:prehistory 432:Prehistory 314:Tiémassass 302:Mousterian 83:Senegambia 5640:Mauritius 4906:Languages 4886:Education 4840:Transport 4776:President 4734:Elections 4645:Casamance 4623:Geography 4460:, Paris: 4337:, Paris, 4270:, Dakar: 4146:Harmattan 3583:24 August 3003:Almoravid 2904:, p. 104. 2610:Senegalia 2501:29 August 2478:Senegalia 2073:Casamance 2051:Casamance 1891:does not 1831:1945–1959 1800:1898–1902 1794:1893–1898 1788:1889–1893 1680:Metropole 1551:Casamance 1493:Bonaparte 1452:St. Louis 1433:St. Louis 1377:St. Louis 1279:Louis XIV 1250:in 1698. 1192:Richelieu 1188:Louis XIV 1168:St. Louis 1102:Amsterdam 1037:Casamance 933:privilege 862:Manjaques 858:Baïnounks 854:Casamance 847:marabouts 831:New World 617:Casamance 481:Casamance 402:sandstone 342:Neolithic 332:Neolithic 326:Neolithic 278:hand axes 274:Acheulean 233:A map by 162:Code Noir 5831: / 5827: / 5820:(France) 5814: / 5792: / 5788: / 5740:Zimbabwe 5715:Tanzania 5565:Ethiopia 5560:Eswatini 5540:Djibouti 5505:Cameroon 5490:Botswana 5094:Pre-1960 5024:Category 4921:Religion 4871:Abortion 4754:Military 4699:Politics 4680:Wildlife 4526:articles 3917:Saugnier 3814:, 411pp; 3708:BBC News 3681:Archived 3645:Archived 3625:Archived 3601:Archived 3537:Archived 3518:Archived 3499:Archived 3480:Archived 3449:Archived 3318:, p. 229 3316:op. cit. 3300:op. cit. 3243:op. cit. 3135:, p. 105 3133:op. cit. 2988:, p. 94. 2920:, p. 523 2918:op. cit. 2902:op. cit. 2223:timeline 2169:timeline 2114:See also 2108:election 2078:refugees 1656:Rufisque 1555:Carabane 1460:Portudal 1456:Rufisque 1429:signares 1379:wrote a 1370:signares 1351:and the 1146:, gold, 1126:humanist 1071:Americas 1024:, or to 1022:Portudal 1010:Rufisque 976:In 1444 874:Mandingo 801: – 772:and the 647:and the 603:and the 553:laterite 516:pectoral 406:hematite 356:and the 338:ceramics 306:scrapers 290:Cap-Vert 276:such as 65:Timeline 35:a series 33:Part of 5816:Réunion 5812:Mayotte 5803:Madeira 5798:(Spain) 5794:Melilla 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