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644:, her permanent chambermaid, was married to the King of France and Navarre in the chapel of the château. The Abbé de Harlay, Archbishop of Paris, assisted by the Bishop of Chartres and Père de la Chaise, had the honour of blessing this marriage and presenting the rings of gold. After the ceremony, which took place at an early hour, and even by torchlight, there was a slight repast in the small apartments. The same persons, taking carriages, then repaired to Maintenon, where the great ceremony, the mass, and all that is customary in such cases were celebrated. At her return, Madame de Maintenon took possession of an extremely sumptuous apartment that had been carefully arranged and furnished for her. Her people continued to wear her livery, but she scarcely ever rode anymore except in the great carriage of the King, where we saw her in the place, which had been occupied by the Queen. In her interior, the title of Majesty was given her, and the King, when he had to speak of her, only used the word Madame, without adding Maintenon, that having become too familiar and trivial."
53:
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453:'s favourites among his patrons and offered her marriage or pay her dowry so that she might enter a convent. Although Scarron suffered from chronic and crippling pain, Françoise accepted his proposal and the two married in 1652. The match permitted her to gain access to the highest levels of Parisian society, something that would have otherwise been impossible for a girl from an impoverished background. For nine years, she was more a nurse than a wife to Paul who, in turn, gave her exposure to education and a vocation as a teacher.
582:"Madame de Maintenon knows how to love. There would be great pleasure in being loved by her," said the king, Louis XIV. He probably asked her to become his mistress at that time. Though she later claimed she didn't yield to his advances ("Nothing is so clever as to conduct one's self irreproachably,") the king spent much of his spare time with the royal governess by the late 1670s, discussing politics, economics, and religion. After the death of Marie-Thérèse, Françoise married Louis in a private ceremony by
321:
621:, and in the midst of the winter that followed the death of the Queen (posterity will with difficulty believe it, although perfectly true and proved), Père de la Chaise, confessor of the King, said mass at the dead of night in one of the King's cabinets at Versailles. Bontemps, governor of Versailles, chief valet on duty, and the most confidential of the four, was present at this mass, at which the monarch and La Maintenon were married in presence of Harlay, Archbishop of Paris, as diocesan, of
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393:. The Villettes' home, Mursay, became a happy memory for Françoise, who had been in the care of her aunt and uncle before leaving for Martinique. The de Villettes were wealthy and took good care of the children, but were ardent Protestants and continued to school their nieces and nephews in their beliefs. When this became known to the family of Françoise's godmother, an order was issued that she had to be educated in a convent.
753:. According to her wishes, the education would be different from that traditionally practised in convents, where education was minimal and principally centred on religion: her students were educated to be ladies of the nobility, receiving an education that was severe but showed proof of the era's modernity. Madame de Maintenon was considered a born teacher and a friendly, motherly influence on her pupils, who included Dauphine
421:, with no opening onto the secular world. Despite her disgust, Françoise grew to love one of the nuns there, Sister Céleste, who persuaded the young girl to receive her first communion. In her older days, Maintenon would say, "I loved more than I could possibly say. I wanted to sacrifice myself for her service." Françoise would also prove adept in the art of writing, going on to send more than 90,000 letters in her lifetime.
1692:
1651:
836:, the first women's political interest group founded in 1793. Their successful attempt to link gender equality through the educational system's reformation and the enforcement of the 1724 royal ordinance that imposed compulsory universal primary education, was inspired by the 17th-century treatises by Madame de Maintenon and
840:. In the Revolutionary context, Madame de Maintenon's ideas were used by local officials and philanthropists who successfully established neighbourhood primary schools that accepted many young poor girls. Her work had a lasting impact on the original feminist movement, which gathered in Parisian salons and during the
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of Russia. He was seated at a chair by the foot of her bed and asked what her illness was, to which she replied, "Old age". She asked what brought him to her room, to which he replied, "I came to see everything worthy of note that France contains." He later remarked to his aides that she had rendered
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The satiety of the honeymoon, usually so fatal, and especially the honeymoon of such marriages, only consolidated the favour of Madame de
Maintenon. Soon after, she astonished everybody by the apartments given to her at Versailles, at the top of the grand staircase facing those of the King and on the
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in the West Indies. Jeanne was a strict mother, allowing her children few liberties. She gave them a
Protestant education despite their Catholic baptism. Constant returned to France, leaving his family behind in Martinique, causing Jeanne to try to be "mother and father" to their children until they
462:
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female educators or "professes", 24 "converses" sisters carrying out domestic tasks, and some priests. The students, aged 7 to 20, were divided by their uniform colour: red for 7 to 10 years old; green for 11 to 14; yellow for 15–16; blue for 17–20, and black for the most talented and disciplined
610:, meaning that Madame de Maintenon wasn't openly acknowledged as the king's wife and didn't become queen. No official documentation of the marriage exists, but that it took place is nevertheless accepted by historians. Biographers have dated the wedding to 9 October 1683 or January 1684.
288:
in 1683, Madame de
Maintenon married Louis in a private ceremony. She came to be regarded as the second most powerful person in France, and her piety had a strong influence on her husband, who became firmer in his Catholic faith and had no more open mistresses. In 1686, she founded the
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a year, thus enabling Françoise to remain in literary society. After his mother's death in 1666, Louis XIV suspended the pension. Once again in straitened circumstances and having spent several years living off the charity of her friends, Madame
Scarron prepared to leave Paris for
631:
The
Marquise of Montespan wrote the following in her memoirs about the marriage between her former friend and ex-lover: "The following week, Madame de Maintenon... consented to the King's will, which she had opposed in order to excite it, and in the presence of the Marquis and
690:, though she was pleased with the conversions they produced. She told her confessor that in view of her own Protestant upbringing, she feared that a plea for tolerance on behalf of the Huguenots might lead her enemies to claim that she was still a secret Protestant. In 1692,
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after the name of her estate. Such favours incurred the jealousy of Madame de
Montespan, who began to spar frequently over the children and their care. In 1680, the king made Madame de Maintenon the second mistress of the robes to his daughter-in-law, the
656:
after 1700. Without an official position as queen, she was more easily approached by those wishing to have an audience with the king. However, her judgment wasn't infallible and some mistakes were undoubtedly made; replacing the military commander
513:(born 1670) first brought her to the attention of Louis XIV, though he was initially repelled by her strong temper and strict religious practice. After Louis Auguste and his siblings were legitimised on 20 December 1673, she moved to the
352:. Her mother, Jeanne de Cardilhac, was the daughter of the prison director and was probably seduced by the incarcerated Constant. She was a fervent Catholic and had her child baptised in her religion. Her paternal grandfather was
1573:
733:, a school for girls of impoverished noble families, who were becoming increasingly numerous because many provincial noblemen died in wars or expended their fortunes in the King's service. The school began at
698:
over all the convents in France. Unlike what others believed, Madame de
Maintenon mainly used her power for personal patronage- for example, in the frequent economical assistance she gave to her brother
652:
Historians have often remarked upon Madame de
Maintenon's political influence, which was considerable. She was regarded as the next most powerful person after the king, considered the equivalent of a
703:. In the latter years of her life, she encouraged her husband to promote her previous charges, the children of the king by Madame de Montespan, to high positions at court intermediate between the
424:
Madame de
Neuillant, the mother of Françoise's godmother, then brought the girl to Paris and introduced her to sophisticated people, who became vital contacts that she would use in the future.
844:, one aim of which was to promote educational equality between sexes to both improve society with more capable workers and help lower-class women escape their condition and prostitution.
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same floor. From that moment the King always passed some hours with her every day of his life; wherever she might be she was always lodged near him, and on the same floor if possible."
17:
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when the children were legitimised, and in 1675 Louis XIV granted her the title
Marquise de Maintenon. By the late 1670s, she had essentially supplanted Montespan as the king's
498:, who was secretly already the king's mistress. Montespan took such a fancy to Scarron that she had the king reinstate her pension, which enabled the latter to stay in Paris.
801:, and sewing clothes for their fellow students or the teachers. Leisure time was also important for Maintenon, who encouraged the students to play intellectual games such as
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in 1652, which allowed her access to the Parisian high society. She was widowed in 1660, but later saw her fortunes improve through her friendship with Louis XIV's mistress,
1809:
617:(himself only a boy at the time of the event) wrote the following: "But what is very certain and very true, is, that some time after the return of the King from
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1774:
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and staff of servants. Scarron took care to keep the house well-guarded and discreet, doing many duties as secretary and caretaker. Her care for the infant
522:
336:. A plaque suggests her birthplace was at the Hotel du Chaumont, but some sources indicate she was born in or just outside the local prison, where her
1446:
Bryant, Mark (2004). "Partner, Matriarch, and Minister: Mme de Maintenon of France, Clandestine Consort, 1680-1715". In Campbell Orr, Clarissa (ed.).
672:
As a strongly religious person, Madame de Maintenon had a strong influence on her husband, who no longer had open mistresses and banned operas during
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also returned to France, in 1647. Within months of the family's return, both parents died, and the children went to the care of their paternal aunt,
1541:
622:
252:, as the marriage was carried out in secret, Madame de Maintenon had considerable political influence as one of the King's closest advisers and the
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Madame de Maintenon drew up the rules of the institution and attended to every detail. The school buildings housed 250 students, cared for by 36
700:
557:, Montespan left the court and was unofficially replaced by de Maintenon, who proved to be a good influence on Louis XIV. His wife, Queen
1834:
1829:
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Françoise died on 15 April 1719, at the age of 83. Her will expressed her wishes to be buried in the choir at Saint-Cyr and bequeath her
1582:
833:
662:
561:, who for years had been rudely treated by Madame de Montespan, openly declared she had never been so well-treated as at this time.
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52:
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1824:
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Françoise disliked convent life, mainly because she received only limited education and freedom. Her lessons included basic
1804:
1799:
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1404:"Französische Schule, Nachfolge Pierre Mignard - Osterauktion 17.04.2019 - Schätzwert: EUR 1.500 bis EUR 2.600 - Dorotheum"
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980:. The portrait is similar to a miniature painting of Madame de Maintenon attested to a painter in the circle of
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695:
884:, Duchess of Noailles and her brother Charles' only daughter. In her honour, a small island, off the coast of
625:(both of whom drew from the King a promise that he would never declare this marriage), and of Montchevreuil...
606:, a valet with whom the groom was very close. Owing to the disparity in their social status, the marriage was
1839:
1723:
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In 1639, Constant was released from prison and went with Jeanne and Françoise to the French island colony of
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in describing "Ella Kaye, the newspaper woman," who apparently murders Gatsby's father figure Dan Cody.
892:, Canada, which at that time was known as "L'Île Royale", was attributed to her; this island was named
491:
1601:
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well known for his roles as Protestant general and propagandist. Her godmother was the nine-year-old
1597:
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In 1669, Madame de Montespan placed her second child by Louis XIV with Madame Scarron in a house on
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from the "blues". Each class had a timetable appropriate to its students' age: the "reds" learned
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353:
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and history; the "yellows" also learned drawing and dancing; the "blues" were initiated into
554:
364:, daughter of the comtesse de Neuillant and the governor of Niort, and her godfather was the
271:, who tasked her with the upbringing of the king's extramarital children. She was made royal
295:, a school for girls from impoverished noble families, which had a significant influence on
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1759:
1754:
924:
841:
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observed that Louis XIV was charmed by having someone who would speak to him in this way.
8:
1363:
931:
915:. She converses with Raoul, the fictional Vicomte de Bragelonne, at Abbe Scarron's party.
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587:
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919:
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349:
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1383:
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777:, Latin, and religious history; the "greens" continued in these subjects, along with
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993:, a series of thirteen historical adventure romance novels written by French author
521:, one of the very few people permitted to speak candidly with the king as an equal.
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Madame de Maintenon with the natural children of Louis XIV by Antoine Coypel, 1684
449:, who was 25 years her senior, and began to correspond with him. He counted King
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1586:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 442–444.
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686:, but recent investigations have shown that she opposed the cruelties of the
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In her excursion with Madame de Neuillant, Françoise met accomplished poet
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Queen of Versailles: Madame de Maintenon, First Lady of Louis XIV's France
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of France. She continued to receive visitors at Saint-Cyr, including Tsar
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889:
885:
810:
682:
402:
1033:"The Secret Wife of Louis XIV: Françoise d'Aubigné, Madame de Maintenon"
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Madame de Maintenon sitting in silk and wearing discreet but rich robes.
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1545:
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745:, a village 5 km west of Versailles, at her request by using the
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1340:. University of Illinois: University of Illinois Press. pp. 5–7.
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from 1683 until his death in 1715. Although she was never considered
245:
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793:; and the blacks were in charge of helping the teachers in classes,
676:. Some have accused her of responsibility for the revocation of the
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461:
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109:
1166:
Sex With Kings: 500 Years of Adultery, Power, Rivalry, and Revenge
969:, where she explains her life to one of her students at Saint Cyr.
303:. After Louis XIV's death in 1715, Madame de Maintenon retired to
1252:
746:
474:
418:
1531:
Irène Silvagni portrayed Madame de Maintenon in the French film
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Irène Silvagni depicted Madame de Maintenon in the French film
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483:
465:
Madame de Maintenon with her niece, Françoise Amable d'Aubigné.
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1732:, until 30 April 2011, a one-woman play written and played by
1561:
The Memoirs of Louis XIV., His Court and The Regency, Complete
928:, which includes the story of her midnight marriage ceremony.
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773:, reading and writing, along with receiving the rudiments of
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Due to her hard work, the king rewarded Scarron with 200,000
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80:
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After her husband's death in 1715, Françoise retired to the
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is considered to have greatly influenced the demands of the
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976:) is used as the logo of the reverse engineering software
640:, the Marquis de Chamarante, M. Bontems and Mademoiselle
972:
A cropped version of a portrait of Madame de Maintenon (
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in 1701 may be attributed to her, but certainly not the
1683:
Works by Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon
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Queenship in Europe 1660-1815: The Role of the Consort
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After Paul Scarron's death in 1660, the Queen Mother
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Françoise d'Aubigné was born on 27 November 1635, in
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1276:
1240:
1143:
1131:
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307:, where she died four years later at the age of 83.
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as a young woman from the Lëtzebuergesch Knowledge.
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1047:
215:(27 November 1635 – 15 April 1719), known first as
1740:Project Continua: Biography of Madame de Maintenon
1510:
544:in 1674. In 1675, Louis XIV gave her the title of
1470:Madame de Maintenon: The Secret Wife of Louis XIV
1746:
1542:de Rochechouart de Mortemart, Françoise-Athénaïs
1450:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 77–106.
1168:(1st ed.). New York, NY: HarperCollins. pp. 4.
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18:Françoise d'Aubigné, marquise de Maintenon
1606:: a novel (in French). Paris: Julliard, 1995.
413:, and domestic work. The main emphasis was on
540:, which she used to purchase the property at
356:, a former intimate servant of the late king
344:was incarcerated for conspiring against King
1775:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Calvinism
905:Madame de Maintenon is briefly mentioned in
564:
477:to his widow and even increased it to 2,000
1810:People of the Regency of Philippe d'Orléans
1574:Maintenon, Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de
809:, though card games were banned. She asked
1362:
965:Mme de Maintenon is featured in the novel
723:Rules of the Maison Royale de Saint-Louis.
51:
1624:(novel). London: Peter Davies Ltd, 1975.
1026:
1024:
1022:
834:Society of Revolutionary Republican Women
824:
590:. It is believed that in attendance were
486:as a lady-in-waiting to the new queen of
263:noble family, Françoise married the poet
1568:
1335:
1125:
896:(first noted as l'Isle de la Marquise).
873:a great service to the King and nation.
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573:
527:
460:
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379:
319:
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1338:Women in Revolutionary Paris: 1789-1795
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860:with a pension of 48,000 livres by the
494:. Before setting off, however, she met
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172: 1683; died 1715)
146: 1652; died 1660)
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1550:. Boston: L. C. Page and Company, Inc.
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27:Morganatic wife of Louis XIV of France
1674:Works by or about Madame de Maintenon
1494:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
943:Madame de Maintenon was portrayed by
899:
227:
1031:Buckley, Veronica (31 August 2010).
987:Madame Scarron is also mentioned in
598:, the Marquis de Montchevreuil, the
1703:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1414:from the original on 14 August 2023
918:Madame de Maintenon is featured by
519:Governess of the Children of France
24:
1835:18th-century French letter writers
1830:17th-century French letter writers
1638:. London: The Folio Society, 1982.
1591:
1547:The Memoirs of Madame de Montespan
934:references Madame de Maintenon in
701:Charles d'Aubigné, Comte d'Aubigné
456:
25:
1851:
1642:
1271:de Rochechouart de Mortemart 1899
584:François de Harlay de Champvallon
315:
1690:
1649:
1305:Penguin Books edition 1994 p.144
727:Madame de Maintenon founded the
202:
1396:
1356:
1329:
1308:
1293:
254:governess of the royal children
169:
143:
1736:in French in Montreal, Quebec.
1722:Another additional picture of
1158:
789:and more detailed teaching in
13:
1:
1825:Governesses to French royalty
1429:
882:Françoise Charlotte d'Aubigné
847:
705:prince and princesses du sang
1665:Works by Madame de Maintenon
1517:. New York: Harper Collins.
1001:
854:Maison royale de Saint-Louis
830:Maison royale de Saint-Louis
821:for the girls at Saint-Cyr.
730:Maison royale de Saint-Louis
570:Secret marriage to Louis XIV
511:Louis Auguste, Duke of Maine
396:
370:François de La Rochefoucauld
348:'s powerful chief minister,
310:
292:Maison royale de Saint-Louis
7:
1815:People of the Ancien Régime
1805:17th-century French writers
1800:18th-century French writers
1726:from the Swedish Knowledge.
1689:(public domain audiobooks)
1035:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux
432:
372:, the author of the famous
229:[madamdəmɛ̃t(ə)nɔ̃]
10:
1856:
1719:from the German Knowledge.
1636:The Sun King and His Loves
1336:Gay Levy, Darline (1981).
492:Marie-Françoise de Nemours
259:Born into an impoverished
1558:. St. John, Bayle (ed.).
1043:– via Google Books.
974:File:Mme de Maintenon.jpg
634:Marquise de Montchevreuil
565:Uncrowned queen of France
284:After the death of Queen
198:
190:
180:
120:
108:
91:
66:
50:
45:
34:
1795:French suo jure nobility
1785:French ladies-in-waiting
1509:Herman, Eleanor (2004).
1164:Herman, Eleanor (2004).
515:Château de Saint-Germain
505:, provided with a large
1770:Marquesses of Maintenon
1583:Encyclopædia Britannica
755:Marie-Adélaïde of Savoy
741:until the King endowed
366:duc de la Rochefoucauld
244:and the second wife of
1780:French Roman Catholics
1715:Additional picture of
1598:Françoise Chandernagor
1534:The Death of Louis XIV
1472:. London: Bloomsbury.
1410:(in Austrian German).
959:The Death of Louis XIV
825:Influence in education
724:
579:
533:
466:
442:
325:
324:d'Aubigné Coat-of-Arms
1698:"Françoise d'Aubigné"
1570:Stephens, Henry Morse
785:, the history of the
722:
577:
555:Affair of the Poisons
546:Marquise de Maintenon
531:
464:
440:
380:Protestant upbringing
323:
46:Marquise of Maintenon
1840:French marchionesses
1364:Fitzgerald, F. Scott
878:Château de Maintenon
842:Age of Enlightenment
663:the Duke of Villeroi
613:In his memoirs, the
428:Arrival at the court
219:and subsequently as
1724:Françoise d'Aubigné
1717:Françoise d'Aubigné
1710:Françoise d'Aubigné
932:F. Scott Fitzgerald
715:Educational efforts
696:right of visitation
648:Political influence
600:Chevalier de Forbin
588:archbishop of Paris
496:Madame de Montespan
269:Madame de Montespan
246:Louis XIV of France
221:Madame de Maintenon
213:Françoise d'Aubigné
194:Jeanne de Cardilhac
104:, Kingdom of France
40:Françoise d'Aubigné
1820:Court of Louis XIV
1790:Morganatic spouses
1492:Love and Louis XIV
1261:, vol. 10, ch. 75.
920:Arthur Conan Doyle
912:Twenty Years After
900:In popular culture
751:Abbey of St. Denis
725:
709:peers of the realm
667:Spanish Succession
615:duc de Saint-Simon
604:Alexandre Bontemps
580:
534:
467:
443:
391:Madame de Villette
362:Suzanne de Baudéan
350:Cardinal Richelieu
342:Constant d'Aubigné
326:
278:maîtresse-en-titre
185:Constant d'Aubigné
1765:People from Niort
1669:Project Gutenberg
1630:978-0-432-00411-1
1556:de Rouvroy, Louis
1479:978-0-7475-8098-0
1466:Buckley, Veronica
1408:www.dorotheum.com
1389:978-0-7432-7356-5
1174:978-0-06-058544-0
947:in the TV series
858:Saint-Cyr-l'École
692:Pope Innocent XII
553:. Soon after the
523:Madame de Sévigné
354:Agrippa d'Aubigné
242:French noblewoman
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85:Kingdom of France
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1416:. Retrieved
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1374:. New York:
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1358:
1346:
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1303:The Sun King
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925:The Refugees
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739:Noisy-le-Roi
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132:Paul Scarron
110:Noble family
97:(1719-04-15)
57:Portrait by
29:
1760:1719 deaths
1755:1635 births
1351:Fraser 2006
1324:Fraser 2006
1288:Bryant 2004
1247:Bryant 2004
1223:Herman 2004
1211:Fraser 2006
1199:Bryant 2004
1153:Fraser 2006
1138:Fraser 2006
1077:Fraser 2006
1065:Bryant 2004
1014:Fraser 2006
894:Isle Madame
890:Nova Scotia
886:Cape Breton
811:Jean Racine
688:dragonnades
683:dragonnades
403:mathematics
1749:Categories
1430:References
1378:. p.
1259:de Rouvroy
995:Anne Golon
950:Versailles
848:Later life
767:arithmetic
608:morganatic
451:Louis XIII
386:Martinique
346:Louis XIII
299:under the
73:1635-11-27
1572:(1911). "
1039:14 August
1002:Footnotes
990:Angélique
813:to write
799:refectory
779:geography
775:Catechism
743:Saint-Cyr
596:confessor
542:Maintenon
397:Education
311:Childhood
305:Saint-Cyr
273:governess
240:), was a
199:Signature
159:(private)
157:Louis XIV
121:Spouse(s)
115:d'Aubigné
1687:LibriVox
1544:(1899).
1490:(2006).
1468:(2008).
1412:Archived
1376:Scribner
1366:(1925).
807:checkers
795:accounts
791:morality
783:heraldry
771:geometry
707:and the
551:Dauphine
488:Portugal
433:Marriage
415:religion
358:Henry IV
338:Huguenot
261:Huguenot
1676:at the
1580:(ed.).
1439:(2020)
978:IDA Pro
962:(2016).
909:' book
819:Athalie
749:of the
623:Louvois
475:pension
419:liturgy
340:father
225:French:
174:
166:
162:
148:
140:
136:
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1576:". In
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1454:
1441:online
1418:8 July
1386:
1172:
866:regent
815:Esther
636:, the
538:livres
507:income
484:Lisbon
479:livres
407:French
374:Maxims
334:France
191:Mother
181:Father
61:, 1694
36:Madame
803:chess
747:funds
735:Rueil
642:Ninon
411:Latin
330:Niort
168:(
164:
142:(
138:
81:Niort
1626:ISBN
1608:ISBN
1519:ISBN
1496:ISBN
1474:ISBN
1452:ISBN
1420:2024
1384:ISBN
1170:ISBN
1041:2023
864:and
817:and
805:and
674:Lent
602:and
417:and
92:Died
67:Born
1685:at
1667:at
856:at
762:lay
661:by
1751::
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