565:, which differ substantially from similar structures in other countries. Typical Indian merlons were semicircular and pointed at the top, although they were sometimes fake: the parapet may be solid and the merlons shown in relief on the outside (as at Chittorgarh). What was unique is the arrangement and direction of loopholes. Loopholes were made both in the merlons themselves, and under the crenels. They could either look forward (to command distant approaches) or downward (to command the foot of the wall). Sometimes a merlon was pierced with two or three loopholes, but more often, one loophole was divided into two or three slits by horizontal or vertical partitions. The shape of loopholes, as well as the shape of merlons, need not have been the same everywhere in the castle, as shown by Kumbhalgarh.
110:
481:
525:
three-quarters of it used for building a rampart and one-quarter for leveling out the surface inside the fortress and in front of the ditch. Facing the rampart with stone allowed for the erection of higher and steeper walls than those possible with a purely earthen rampart. The structure had a substantial shortcoming, however: an earthen core accumulated water, which could destroy the stone shell. Drainage channels were therefore installed along the length of the wall from top to bottom. The main binding material for construction was Lime mortar.
99:
181:
574:
466:
247:
88:
448:
1039:
627:
77:
529:
24:
140:. But when the British Government in India were cataloging them in the 17th–19th century they used the word forts as it was common in Britain then. All fortifications whether European or Indian were termed forts. Thereafter this became the common usage in India. In local languages, the fort names are suffixed by local word for fort thus usage of the
195:. Often they were constructed of the sand which was dug out of the ditch surrounding the fort. The second of rubble with earth on the outside which was more sturdy. The third type of construction was with stone and masonry work. The last was the strongest. Often materials from demolished forts were reused in the building of new forts.
508:. The walls of the forts were often looked higher from the outside than the inside as the forts made use of the natural rock formations on hills. This not only gave an illusion of greater height but also lead to the lower walls of the fort to be entirely made up of natural rock providing almost a perfect defense against the use of a
496:
walls, thickening of walls, further pushing out of bastions etc. The construction of a citadel in the center and putting in more area between the citadel and the walls was characteristic of Muslim forts (influenced in turn by the Norman mote and bailey). Classic examples of such structures are the
Golkonda and Berar forts.
499:
The gates of medieval Indian forts were highly decorated. Two distinct styles are seen. The Hindu style with a lintel, and the Mughal style with an arch. Gates in Indian forts were often high and wide to allow elephants to pass. Often they had rows of sharp, stout iron spikes to dissuade an attacking
553:
then ordered his minister, Esaji Naik Chive to bury a first-born son and his wife into the foundation of the bastion. This was promptly done and after a further offering of gold and bricks. When the bastion was finished Esaji Naik was given possession of the fort and the father of the sacrificed boy
540:
In medieval India, several reports exist of the practice of burying humans either dead or alive in the foundations of fort walls, to ensure their stability, being widely followed. It was believed that the ghosts of those sacrificed as such would keep evil spirits away. During the building of the Sri
524:
Stone was the most important material for building fortifications in medieval India. Walls were erected by one of the following three construction methods. A wall could be an earthen rampart faced with stone on both sides. The rampart was built using the earth excavated while digging the ditch, with
614:
Although no Indian forts were destroyed by sudden disasters, there are several which were abandoned due to the ambitions of their rulers and have consequently deteriorated over time. Very few castles have survived unchanged since the early Middle Ages or even since the 14th-15th centuries: most of
601:
were the main bastions constructed. These cities developed from the small townships outside the forts. Parsimony of the East India
Company, non-availability of trained engineers and use of local materials and artisans resulted in the simple design and construction initially. The vulnerability of
495:
With the advent of the
Muslims, closely followed by the introduction of artillery in the 16th century there were several changes to the construction and design of forts. These changes were similar to the changes that took place in Western forts with the advent of gunpowder, i.e. the lowering of
265:
Though most of the structures have decayed and are lost, India's legacy of ancient forts is seen mostly in the shastras (ancient Indian treatises) and in the reliefs on stupas. On some of the early relief work, the carvings indicate that ancient Indian forts have crenellations, embrasures, and
536:
The second method consisted of filling the space between the outer layers with earth mixed with rubble. This core was considerably harder than simply using rammed earth. The third and most advanced method involved the use of mortar. A rubble-built wall fastened with mortar was strong and long
554:
was rewarded with two villages. Along with the fortification, emphasis was also given for construction of rock cut water cistern, ponds, wells and lakes. To avoid evaporation of water, the water bodies were covered. At times rooms were built close to water bodies to keep the temperature low.
602:
these earlier forts, hostilities with the French and the growing might of the
Company resulted in stronger and more complex designs for the second round of construction, the design of Fort St George reflecting the influences of the French engineer
615:
those built in the 10th-15th centuries were later rebuilt and altered. Castles were still used as living quarters until the 19th-20th centuries, and so were continually modified. Even now, some of them are private property.
237:
as being guarded by a ditch with wooden walls. The fort had 570 towers and 54 gates with colonnaded halls decorated with gold and silver. One such hall has been excavated and is one of the oldest stone structures in India.
585:, the British established trading posts along the coast. The need for security against local rajas as well as other European rival nations led to the construction of forts at each post. Mumbai fort,
69:
have been substantiated by documentation and excavation. In the medieval times, the architecture of the forts had both Hindu and Muslim influence. The forts constructed by the
400:: Surrounded by earthen walls, as well as stone or brick walls. The walls are at least 5.4 m high and their width is half of their height, the smallest of which is 2.7 m wide.
516:
to tear down the walls. The main gate to the forts was located mostly facing north direction, this was to avoid its deterioration by the rains, winds and the sun.
45:
3119:
1730:
3006:
2224:
2341:
2331:
433:
considers the Hill fort to be the best defensive structure. Some
Sanskrit text consider hill forts to be the abode of gods and hence auspicious. The
3358:
3071:
2973:
2814:
3639:
3599:
3564:
3208:
3188:
3036:
2933:
2888:
2809:
2151:
998:
961:
3554:
3471:
3368:
3016:
2839:
2834:
2575:
2397:
429:, the forest fort suffers from monkey attacks, the earthen forts get swarmed with rodents, the water forts were plagued by diseases etc. The
3544:
3539:
3524:
2918:
2655:
2285:
2219:
3559:
3549:
3519:
3514:
3476:
3438:
3279:
3254:
3183:
3046:
2849:
2660:
2605:
297:
3629:
3609:
3461:
3299:
3259:
3236:
3198:
3168:
3084:
2204:
32:
3061:
2996:
2898:
2824:
2740:
3634:
3594:
3504:
3203:
3129:
3109:
1027:
2854:
1005:
273:
the Indian treatise on military strategy describes six major types of forts differentiated by their major modes of defenses:
210:(on the Narmada) leading into the Deccan. These are inferred by the remains of fort walls and bastions seen on excavation at
419:
Defended by a large number of loyal and experienced warriors. Usually a city fortress, populated by a substantial garrison.
2144:
73:
initially opted for simple designs. The existing castles are continually modified and many of them are privately owned.
1840:
970:
923:
875:
2300:
2098:
2137:
582:
545:
is reported to have buried 8,000 skulls of
Mughals killed by him into the foundation. During the building of
2160:
1020:
191:
Three major methods were used for the construction of ancient Indian forts. The first consisted of earthen
3309:
1354:
1735:
109:
198:
By 4th
Century BCE, fortified cities were common in India. The largest ones were between the city of
954:
2508:
1672:
1667:
1035:
364:(Forest fort): Surrounded by a dense forest over a distance of at least 4 kroshas (14.6 km).
3685:
1120:
1013:
645:
350:: The fortifications and civilian structures extend down to the hill slope (not just the summit).
192:
113:
37:
356:: Located in a valley surrounded by hills, where the outposts and the signal towers are located.
1561:
1043:
640:
199:
500:
army from using elephants to break down the gates. Such a gate with spikes can be seen on the
1443:
1277:
423:
Each of these types had its own advantages and disadvantages. For example, according to the
2819:
2450:
1918:
1125:
972:
Early Forts in
Eastern India, Antiquity vol 82 issue 316 June 2008, virtual Project Gallery
480:
8:
3453:
2468:
2323:
2171:
1074:
586:
230:
218:. At the latter site huge walls of burnt brick, which look like they have been battered.
3246:
2750:
2516:
1815:
1715:
992:
942:
903:
226:
2493:
2384:
2277:
2189:
1953:
1397:
1369:
1328:
1180:
1150:
1084:
919:
871:
221:
There are few descriptions of these ancient structures. The most noted is the one by
2948:
2773:
2199:
2070:
1973:
1913:
1687:
1647:
1624:
1466:
1405:
1379:
1242:
1165:
1115:
489:
341:
333:
1830:
3584:
3428:
3373:
3335:
2988:
2878:
2791:
2567:
2549:
2531:
2313:
2179:
1795:
1790:
1770:
1765:
1430:
1229:
1193:
1188:
865:
550:
542:
451:
184:
3649:
3604:
3496:
3486:
3289:
2432:
2356:
2336:
2249:
2113:
2108:
2075:
1958:
1908:
1883:
1858:
1760:
1609:
1604:
1521:
1453:
1420:
1300:
1267:
1170:
594:
98:
296:(plain fortress): surrounded by artificial moats or irrigated by a river e.g.
3679:
3173:
3139:
2938:
2903:
2801:
2680:
2675:
2458:
2014:
1893:
1868:
1800:
1785:
1745:
1740:
1700:
1657:
1639:
1629:
1594:
1581:
1546:
1438:
1410:
1387:
1364:
1308:
1290:
1285:
1203:
1097:
546:
537:
lasting. Construction methods depended, however, on the materials available.
509:
470:
425:
301:
287:
255:
180:
80:
798:
728:
726:
3574:
3529:
3056:
2978:
2928:
2786:
2781:
2763:
2758:
2725:
2705:
2645:
2640:
2620:
2585:
2557:
2478:
2402:
2364:
2262:
2118:
2090:
2019:
1978:
1928:
1878:
1873:
1825:
1820:
1810:
1780:
1725:
1695:
1677:
1566:
1536:
1496:
1252:
1247:
1237:
1219:
1145:
1059:
1051:
976:
674:
672:
632:
573:
513:
501:
337:
286:(island fortress): surrounded by natural (sea or river) water bodies. E.g.
270:
91:
465:
246:
3509:
3343:
3325:
3320:
3274:
3163:
3104:
3089:
3076:
3026:
2923:
2735:
2730:
2720:
2685:
2670:
2665:
2650:
2580:
2463:
2369:
2163:
2103:
2052:
2042:
1996:
1988:
1968:
1948:
1938:
1903:
1888:
1835:
1775:
1750:
1710:
1662:
1589:
1571:
1556:
1551:
1541:
1531:
1471:
1461:
1336:
1313:
1262:
1130:
1107:
1064:
825:
774:
723:
435:
234:
222:
161:
70:
689:
687:
669:
87:
3657:
3624:
3579:
3534:
3481:
3418:
3403:
3393:
3353:
3348:
3294:
3284:
3081:
3021:
2963:
2893:
2610:
2600:
2590:
2498:
2488:
2473:
2440:
2308:
2257:
2234:
2184:
2129:
2062:
2047:
2034:
1943:
1805:
1705:
1652:
1619:
1516:
1415:
1359:
1346:
1208:
1160:
1155:
1140:
1092:
657:
380:, built in the forest among tall trees; lacks sufficient water sources.
259:
165:
3589:
3466:
3423:
3413:
3408:
3398:
3388:
3378:
3158:
3153:
3149:
3114:
3051:
3031:
3001:
2968:
2883:
2873:
2690:
2539:
2521:
2483:
2422:
2392:
2290:
2214:
2080:
1963:
1863:
1755:
1599:
1506:
1501:
1257:
1198:
1135:
1069:
935:
750:
738:
711:
699:
684:
562:
211:
3383:
3315:
3304:
3269:
3233:
3213:
3193:
3178:
3144:
3134:
3124:
3094:
3066:
2953:
2943:
2913:
2863:
2700:
2615:
2595:
2417:
2412:
2346:
2239:
2229:
2194:
1933:
1898:
1720:
1614:
1526:
1486:
1481:
485:
169:
141:
137:
117:
447:
206:(on the Ganges). Another series of forts in the south, was on the
3569:
3433:
3363:
3223:
3099:
3041:
3011:
2868:
2859:
2844:
2829:
2407:
2374:
2267:
1923:
1850:
1476:
1318:
1214:
598:
590:
455:
215:
203:
557:
Many Indian fortifications have parapets with peculiarly shaped
23:
3619:
3443:
3264:
3228:
3218:
2958:
2908:
2715:
2710:
2695:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2209:
2024:
1511:
1491:
603:
558:
528:
251:
207:
133:
102:
76:
852:
439:
describes the Human fort as the most effective fortification.
3614:
2006:
1038:
332:: Located on a flat hill summit. E.g. medieval forts such as
129:
66:
863:
831:
815:
813:
804:
780:
732:
678:
663:
505:
371:
913:
810:
756:
744:
717:
705:
693:
316:(Desert Fort): Surrounded by an arid area of at least 5
786:
762:
160:
in
Rajasthan, and Maharashtra is common. For example,
549:
one its bastions gave way several times. The king of
622:
568:
214:and at several sites in the Gangetic plain notably
902:
577:An 18th-century painting of Fort St George, Madras
3677:
241:
2145:
1021:
2152:
2138:
1028:
1014:
997:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
900:
896:. Chatham: Institution of Royal Engineers.
819:
792:
768:
442:
175:
2159:
572:
527:
479:
464:
446:
245:
179:
108:
97:
86:
75:
48:of all important aspects of the article.
960:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
832:Konstantin Nossov & Brain Delf 2006
805:Konstantin Nossov & Brain Delf 2006
781:Konstantin Nossov & Brain Delf 2006
733:Konstantin Nossov & Brain Delf 2006
679:Konstantin Nossov & Brain Delf 2006
664:Konstantin Nossov & Brain Delf 2006
65:The existence of the earliest forts in
3678:
894:The Military Engineer in India, Vol. I
891:
864:Konstantin Nossov; Brain Delf (2006).
845:The Military Engineer in India, Vol I.
44:Please consider expanding the lead to
2133:
1009:
837:
968:
932:
757:Virginia Fass & Rita Sharma 1986
745:Virginia Fass & Rita Sharma 1986
718:Virginia Fass & Rita Sharma 1986
706:Virginia Fass & Rita Sharma 1986
694:Virginia Fass & Rita Sharma 1986
17:
1816:Fortaleza de São Sebastião de Tivim
914:Virginia Fass; Rita Sharma (1986).
13:
14:
3697:
406:: Surrounded by fens or quicksand
1037:
918:. London: William Collins Sons.
909:. London: Heinemann Educational.
870:(Illustrated ed.). Osprey.
625:
609:
569:Forts constructed by the British
22:
1841:Fort of São Tiago of Banastarim
857:
519:
36:may be too short to adequately
46:provide an accessible overview
1:
905:The Fortified Cities of India
532:Lime mortar mixer on Rasalgad
394:: surrounded by earthen walls
374:surrounded by thorny forests.
242:Types of ancient Indian forts
853:Exploration of forts on maps
123:
7:
975:. cambridge. Archived from
618:
561:and complicated systems of
10:
3702:
202:(on the Yamuna river) and
3648:
3495:
3452:
3334:
3245:
2987:
2800:
2772:
2749:
2566:
2548:
2530:
2507:
2449:
2431:
2383:
2355:
2322:
2299:
2276:
2248:
2170:
2089:
2061:
2033:
2005:
1987:
1849:
1686:
1638:
1580:
1452:
1429:
1396:
1378:
1345:
1327:
1299:
1276:
1228:
1179:
1106:
1083:
1050:
892:Sandes, E. W. C. (1934).
2509:Mumbai Suburban district
867:Indian Castles 1206-1526
651:
646:Hill Forts of Rajasthan
581:With the advent of the
443:Forts in medieval India
641:List of forts in India
578:
533:
492:
477:
462:
262:
188:
176:Forts in ancient India
120:
106:
95:
84:
1761:St Thomas, Tangasseri
1736:Fortim do Mar, Simbor
1278:Eastern Ganga dynasty
576:
531:
483:
468:
450:
249:
183:
128:Most of the forts in
112:
101:
90:
79:
2451:Mumbai City district
254:showing evidence of
3454:Sindhudurg district
3120:Mangalgad (Kangori)
2324:Chandrapur district
2301:Aurangabad district
2172:Ahmednagar district
1668:Tiruchirapalli Rock
1075:Garchuk Lachit Garh
969:Yule, Paul (2009).
933:Yule, Paul (2007).
901:Sidney Toy (1965).
250:Detail on stupa at
231:Chandragupta Maurya
225:, an ambassador of
3247:Ratnagiri district
2751:Osmanabad district
2517:Castella de Aguada
1801:Fortaleza de Chaul
1731:Fortim do Mar, Diu
1716:Castella de Aguada
979:on 24 January 2013
916:The Forts of India
583:East India Company
579:
534:
493:
478:
463:
348:Giri-parshva-durga
263:
227:Seleucus I Nicator
189:
152:or the Hindi word
121:
107:
96:
85:
3673:
3672:
3007:Bhimashankar Fort
2494:Sion Hillock Fort
2385:Kolhapur district
2278:Amravati district
2225:Manjarsumbha fort
2127:
2126:
1954:Senapati fortress
1398:Kingdom of Mysore
1370:Nahar Singh Mahal
1329:Gujarat Sultanate
1181:Deccan sultanates
1085:Bahmani Sultanate
807:, pp. 15–16.
63:
62:
3693:
2774:Palghar district
2200:Harishchandragad
2154:
2147:
2140:
2131:
2130:
1914:Qila Rai Pithora
1673:Chandragiri Fort
1625:Hari Parbat Fort
1467:Harishchandragad
1380:Kakatiya dynasty
1042:
1041:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1007:
1006:
1002:
996:
988:
986:
984:
965:
958:
952:
948:
946:
938:
929:
910:
908:
897:
888:
886:
884:
847:
841:
835:
829:
823:
817:
808:
802:
796:
790:
784:
778:
772:
766:
760:
754:
748:
742:
736:
730:
721:
715:
709:
703:
697:
691:
682:
676:
667:
661:
635:
630:
629:
628:
284:Antardvipa-durga
229:to the court of
58:
55:
49:
26:
18:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3644:
3585:Ghodbunder Fort
3491:
3448:
3374:Jangali Jayagad
3336:Satara district
3330:
3241:
2989:Raigad district
2983:
2796:
2768:
2745:
2568:Nashik district
2562:
2550:Nanded district
2544:
2532:Nagpur district
2526:
2503:
2445:
2427:
2379:
2351:
2342:Bhadravati Fort
2332:Chandrapur Fort
2318:
2314:Daulatabad Fort
2295:
2272:
2244:
2180:Ahmednagar Fort
2166:
2158:
2128:
2123:
2085:
2057:
2029:
2001:
1983:
1845:
1682:
1634:
1576:
1448:
1431:Malwa Sultanate
1425:
1392:
1374:
1341:
1323:
1295:
1272:
1230:Delhi Sultanate
1224:
1175:
1102:
1079:
1046:
1036:
1034:
990:
989:
982:
980:
959:
950:
949:
940:
939:
926:
882:
880:
878:
860:
850:
843:Sandes, E.W.C.
842:
838:
830:
826:
820:Sidney Toy 1965
818:
811:
803:
799:
793:Sidney Toy 1965
791:
787:
779:
775:
769:Sidney Toy 1965
767:
763:
755:
751:
743:
739:
735:, pp. 8–9.
731:
724:
716:
712:
704:
700:
692:
685:
677:
670:
662:
658:
654:
631:
626:
624:
621:
612:
571:
543:Alauddin Khalji
522:
452:Mehrangarh Fort
445:
388:(Earthen fort)
266:sloping walls.
244:
233:. He describes
185:Sindhudurg Fort
178:
148:, or Urdu word
126:
118:Red Fort, Delhi
105:Fort, Rajasthan
59:
53:
50:
43:
31:This article's
27:
12:
11:
5:
3699:
3689:
3688:
3686:Forts in India
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3654:
3652:
3650:Jalna district
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3501:
3499:
3497:Thane district
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3458:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3359:Chandan-Vandan
3356:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3251:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2572:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2536:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2437:
2435:
2433:Latur district
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2389:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2357:Dhule district
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2337:Ballarpur Fort
2334:
2328:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2305:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2250:Akola district
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2157:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2134:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2067:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1644:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1610:Fatehpur Sikri
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1458:
1456:
1454:Maratha Empire
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1402:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1384:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1351:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1333:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1305:
1303:
1301:Faruqi dynasty
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1282:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1234:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1185:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1112:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1089:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1056:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1044:Forts in India
1033:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1010:
1004:
1003:
966:
930:
924:
911:
898:
889:
876:
859:
856:
849:
848:
836:
824:
809:
797:
785:
773:
761:
749:
737:
722:
710:
698:
683:
668:
655:
653:
650:
649:
648:
643:
637:
636:
620:
617:
611:
608:
595:Fort St George
570:
567:
521:
518:
444:
441:
421:
420:
416:
415:
409:
408:
407:
401:
395:
383:
382:
381:
378:Sthambha-durga
375:
368:Khanjana-durga
359:
358:
357:
351:
345:
330:Prantara-durga
321:
307:
306:
305:
291:
243:
240:
177:
174:
125:
122:
61:
60:
40:the key points
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3698:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3666:Jafrabad Qila
3665:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3140:Murud-Janjira
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3072:Kondhawi Fort
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2974:Vajragad Fort
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2939:Shaniwar Wada
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2815:Bhorgiri Fort
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2802:Pune district
2799:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2459:Bombay Castle
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2155:
2150:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2015:Murud-Janjira
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1831:Mormugão fort
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1746:Fort Anjediva
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1701:Bombay Castle
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1640:Nayak dynasty
1637:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1582:Mughal Empire
1579:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1547:Shaniwar Wada
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
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1024:
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994:
978:
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956:
944:
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925:0-00-217590-8
921:
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895:
890:
879:
877:1-84603-065-X
873:
869:
868:
862:
861:
855:
854:
846:
840:
834:, p. 27.
833:
828:
822:, p. 51.
821:
816:
814:
806:
801:
794:
789:
783:, p. 15.
782:
777:
770:
765:
759:, p. 17.
758:
753:
747:, p. 16.
746:
741:
734:
729:
727:
720:, p. 11.
719:
714:
708:, p. 14.
707:
702:
696:, p. 13.
695:
690:
688:
681:, p. 12.
680:
675:
673:
665:
660:
656:
647:
644:
642:
639:
638:
634:
623:
616:
610:Current state
607:
605:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
575:
566:
564:
560:
555:
552:
548:
547:Purandar Fort
544:
538:
530:
526:
517:
515:
514:war elephants
511:
510:battering ram
507:
503:
497:
491:
487:
482:
476:
472:
471:Murud-Janjira
467:
461:
457:
453:
449:
440:
438:
437:
432:
428:
427:
418:
417:
413:
410:
405:
402:
399:
398:Parigha-durga
396:
393:
390:
389:
387:
384:
379:
376:
373:
370:, built on a
369:
366:
365:
363:
360:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
339:
335:
331:
328:
327:
325:
322:
320:(73 km).
319:
315:
311:
308:
303:
302:Lohagarh Fort
299:
295:
292:
289:
288:Murud-Janjira
285:
282:
281:
280:(Water fort)
279:
276:
275:
274:
272:
267:
261:
257:
256:crenellations
253:
248:
239:
236:
232:
228:
224:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
196:
194:
187:, Maharashtra
186:
182:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
132:are actually
131:
119:
115:
111:
104:
100:
93:
89:
82:
81:Golconda Fort
78:
74:
72:
68:
57:
47:
41:
39:
34:
29:
25:
20:
19:
16:
3640:Shirgav Fort
3600:Jivdhaanigad
3575:Durgadi Fort
3565:Daulatmandal
3530:Belapur Fort
3209:Songiri Fort
3189:Sankshi Fort
3037:Gadad Bahiri
2934:Sindola Fort
2929:Sangram Durg
2889:Morgiri Fort
2810:Anghaai Fort
2764:Paranda Fort
2759:Naldurg Fort
2726:Saptashrungi
2706:Rajdher fort
2641:Harihar fort
2621:Chauler Fort
2586:Ahivant Fort
2558:Kandhar Fort
2479:Mazagon Fort
2091:Vijayanagara
1979:Bhatner fort
1826:Corjuem Fort
1821:Cabo de Rama
1811:Chapora Fort
1781:Fort Tiracol
1726:Surat Castle
1696:Bassein Fort
1537:Gajendragarh
1253:Qila Mubarak
1151:Sion Hillock
1060:Talatal Ghar
1052:Ahom dynasty
981:. Retrieved
977:the original
971:
934:
915:
904:
893:
881:. Retrieved
866:
858:Bibliography
851:
844:
839:
827:
800:
795:, p. 1.
788:
776:
771:, p. 2.
764:
752:
740:
713:
701:
666:, p. 8.
659:
633:India portal
613:
587:Fort William
580:
556:
541:Qila, Delhi
539:
535:
523:
520:Construction
502:Shaniwarwada
498:
494:
474:
469:Bastions of
459:
434:
430:
424:
422:
414:(Human fort)
411:
403:
397:
391:
385:
377:
367:
361:
353:
347:
329:
326:(Hill fort)
323:
317:
313:
309:
294:Sthala-durga
293:
283:
277:
271:Arthashastra
268:
264:
220:
197:
190:
157:
153:
149:
145:
127:
114:Diwan i Khas
92:Gwalior Fort
64:
54:October 2020
51:
35:
33:lead section
15:
3555:Chanderigad
3472:Rajkot Fort
3369:Gunavantgad
3344:Ajinkyatara
3326:Yashwantgad
3321:Suvarnadurg
3312:(Ratnadurg)
3027:Dhak Bahiri
3017:Chambhargad
2949:Shrivardhan
2840:Induri Fort
2835:Hadsar Fort
2736:Tringalwadi
2731:Tankai fort
2686:Mangi-Tungi
2666:Kavnai fort
2581:Achala Fort
2576:Aavandhagad
2469:Fort George
2464:Dongri Fort
2398:Gandharvgad
2164:Maharashtra
2099:Chandragiri
2071:Vattakottai
1989:Sikh Empire
1974:Ranthambore
1939:Hinglajgarh
1904:Kumbhalgarh
1836:Rachol Fort
1648:Chitradurga
1590:Purana Qila
1572:Sadashivgad
1557:Hinglajgarh
1406:Devanahalli
1355:Bawana Fort
1263:Tughlaqabad
1243:Bandhavgarh
1166:Tellicherry
1116:Anchuthengu
1108:British Raj
1065:Kareng Ghar
983:27 November
951:|work=
436:Mahabharata
404:Panka-durga
342:Ranthambore
235:Pataliputra
223:Megasthenes
162:Suvarnadurg
83:, Hyderabad
3663:Rohilagarh
3660:(Mastgarh)
3658:Jalna Fort
3625:Malang gad
3580:Gambhirgad
3545:Bhavanigad
3540:Bhandargad
3535:Bhairavgad
3525:Balwantgad
3482:Sindhudurg
3429:Vardhangad
3419:Santoshgad
3404:Prachitgad
3394:Mahimangad
3354:Bhushangad
3349:Bhairavgad
3295:Prachitgad
3285:Mahipatgad
3082:Kothaligad
3022:Chandragad
2919:Rayri Fort
2894:Narayangad
2879:Manaranjan
2792:Tandulwadi
2656:Kanchangad
2611:Bhaskargad
2601:Ankai Fort
2499:Worli Fort
2489:Sewri Fort
2474:Mahim Fort
2309:Antur Fort
2286:Amner Fort
2258:Akola Fort
2235:Patta Fort
2220:Madan Fort
2190:Bhairavgad
2185:Bahadurgad
2063:Travancore
2048:Rohtasgarh
2035:Sur Empire
1944:Mehrangarh
1806:Ponda Fort
1796:Ghodbunder
1791:Cranganore
1771:Pallipuram
1766:St. Angelo
1688:Portuguese
1517:Sindhudurg
1444:Mandavgadh
1211:(Mastgarh)
1209:Jalna Fort
1194:Daulatabad
1189:Ahmednagar
1121:St. George
475:Jala durga
460:Giri durga
392:Mrid-durga
386:Mahi-durga
362:Vana-durga
354:Guha-durga
324:Giri-durga
314:Maru-durga
278:Jala-durga
260:embrasures
166:Mehrangarh
138:fortresses
3605:Kamandurg
3590:Gorakhgad
3560:Dahanugad
3550:Bhupatgad
3520:Ballalgad
3515:Asherigad
3487:Vijaydurg
3477:Sanrjekot
3467:Bharatgad
3439:Vasantgad
3424:Vairatgad
3414:Sajjangad
3409:Pratapgad
3399:Pandavgad
3389:Kenjalgad
3379:Kalyangad
3310:Ratnagiri
3290:Mandangad
3280:Kanakdurg
3255:Aambolgad
3184:Samrajgad
3159:Prabalgad
3154:Kasa Fort
3150:Padmadurg
3115:Malanggad
3052:Irshalgad
3047:Ghosalgad
3032:Dronagiri
3002:Avchitgad
2884:Mangalgad
2874:Malhargad
2850:Kailasgad
2661:Kanhergad
2606:Bahulagad
2540:Sitabuldi
2484:Riwa Fort
2423:Vishalgad
2393:Bhudargad
2291:Gawilghur
2215:Kunjargad
2114:Udayagiri
2109:Bangalore
2076:Udayagiri
1959:Sabalgarh
1909:Nahargarh
1884:Jaisalmer
1859:Achalgarh
1756:Madh Fort
1605:Allahabad
1522:Vijaydurg
1507:Vishalgad
1502:Pratapgad
1421:Sankagiri
1268:Salimgarh
1199:Gawilghur
1171:St. David
1070:Rang Ghar
993:cite book
953:ignored (
943:cite book
937:. Zurich.
563:loopholes
490:Hyderabad
484:Ruins of
431:Manusmṛti
426:Manusmṛti
412:Nri-durga
310:Dhanvana-
298:Deeg Fort
216:Kaushambi
212:Rajagriha
124:Etymology
94:, Gwalior
38:summarize
3680:Category
3630:Palasgad
3615:Kohojgad
3610:Kelwegad
3462:Aasavgad
3384:Kamalgad
3316:Sumargad
3305:Rasalgad
3300:Prunagad
3270:Gowalkot
3260:Anjanwel
3237:Peb fort
3234:Vikatgad
3214:Sudhagad
3199:Sarjekot
3194:Sarasgad
3179:Sagargad
3174:Revdanda
3169:Ratnagad
3145:Padargad
3135:Mrugagad
3125:Manikgad
3095:Kurdugad
3085:Peb fort
3067:Khanderi
2954:Sinhagad
2944:Shivneri
2914:Rajmachi
2904:Purandar
2864:Koraigad
2701:Nhavigad
2681:Malegaon
2676:Madangad
2616:Chandwad
2596:Anjaneri
2418:Samangad
2413:Pavangad
2347:Manikgad
2240:Ratangad
2230:Pabargad
2205:Kaladgad
2195:Bitangad
2161:Forts in
1934:Kalinjar
1919:Taragarh
1899:Kankwadi
1894:Junagarh
1869:Bhangarh
1786:Anjediva
1741:Emmanuel
1721:Diu Fort
1658:Dindigul
1630:Ramnagar
1595:Chanderi
1527:Shivneri
1487:Sinhagad
1482:Sudhagad
1439:Mandsaur
1411:Palakkad
1388:Warangal
1365:Lohagarh
1309:Asirgarh
1291:Raibania
1286:Barabati
1204:Golconda
1098:Gulbarga
883:27 March
619:See also
486:Golkonda
193:ramparts
170:Sudhagad
142:Sanskrit
3570:Dharavi
3434:Varugad
3364:Dategad
3224:Talagad
3105:Maangad
3100:Lingana
3062:Khaderi
3057:Karnala
3042:Ghangad
3012:Birwadi
2997:Agarkot
2979:Visapur
2899:Nimgiri
2869:Lohagad
2860:Korigad
2845:Jivdhan
2830:Ghangad
2825:Dhakoba
2820:Chawand
2787:Kaldurg
2782:Bassein
2741:Waghera
2691:Moragad
2408:Pargadh
2403:Panhala
2375:Thalner
2268:Narnala
2263:Balapur
2119:Vellore
2020:Belapur
1929:Gwalior
1924:Lal Kot
1879:Jaigarh
1874:Chittor
1851:Rajputs
1678:Hosdurg
1567:Visapur
1497:Panhala
1477:Lohagad
1319:Thalner
1248:Hathras
1238:Aligarh
1220:Panhala
1215:Narnala
1146:Mazagon
1126:William
599:Chennai
591:Kolkata
559:merlons
456:Jodhpur
338:Gwalior
334:Chittor
318:yojanas
204:Magadha
200:Mathura
134:castles
71:British
3635:Tahuli
3620:Mahuli
3595:Gotara
3510:Arnala
3505:Aasawa
3444:Vasota
3275:Jaigad
3265:Bankot
3229:Underi
3219:Surgad
3204:Songad
3164:Raigad
3130:Mirgad
3110:Madgad
3090:Kulaba
3077:Korlai
2959:Tikona
2924:Rohida
2909:Rajgad
2721:Salota
2716:Salher
2711:Ramsej
2696:Mulher
2671:Kulang
2651:Indrai
2646:Hatgad
2636:Hargad
2631:Dhodap
2626:Dermal
2370:Laling
2365:Bhamer
2210:Kharda
2104:Gingee
2053:Munger
2043:Chunar
2025:Underi
1997:Kamlah
1969:Kangra
1949:Narwar
1889:Jalore
1776:Aguada
1751:Korlai
1711:Arnala
1663:Gingee
1562:Manora
1552:Jhansi
1542:Gingee
1532:Raigad
1512:Rajgad
1492:Tikona
1472:Kolaba
1462:Dongri
1337:Bhadra
1314:Laling
1131:Bombay
922:
874:
604:Vauban
504:fort,
488:Fort,
252:Sanchi
208:Ujjain
103:Jaipur
2964:Torna
2855:Kawla
2591:Alang
2441:Udgir
2007:Siddi
1864:Amber
1706:Mahim
1653:Bekal
1620:Akola
1416:Bekal
1360:Gohad
1161:Mahim
1156:Sewri
1141:Worli
1093:Bidar
652:Notes
551:Berar
172:etc.
146:durga
144:word
130:India
67:India
2969:Tung
2522:Madh
2081:East
1964:Bahu
1600:Agra
1258:Siri
1136:Riwa
999:link
985:2012
962:link
955:help
920:ISBN
885:2009
872:ISBN
506:Pune
340:and
269:The
258:and
154:garh
150:qila
1615:Red
1347:Jat
597:in
589:in
512:or
372:fen
312:or
158:gad
156:or
136:or
116:in
3682::
3152:/
995:}}
991:{{
947::
945:}}
941:{{
812:^
725:^
686:^
671:^
606:.
593:,
473:a
458:a
454:,
336:,
300:,
168:,
164:,
2862:/
2153:e
2146:t
2139:v
1029:e
1022:t
1015:v
1001:)
987:.
964:)
957:)
928:.
887:.
344:.
304:.
290:.
56:)
52:(
42:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
