117:
326:
Foreigners cannot buy and own land, like in many other
Southeast Asian countries. Instead, the land is collectively owned by all Vietnamese people, but governed by the state. As written in the national Land Law, foreigners and foreign organizations are allowed to lease land. The leasehold period is
287:
The reform aims to help attract more foreign investment in the long run. However, according to a wealth manager in the Gulf, "It's a step in the right direction, but it will have to be backed up by good performance from companies in order to attract foreign investment. Also, there should be limited
198:
Approximately 7% of the allocated land in Israel is privately owned. The rest, i.e., 93%, is owned by the State and is known as “Israeli Land”. Israel’s Basic Law on real estate states that Israel’s land is jointly owned by the State (69%), the
Development Authority (12%), and the Jewish National
296:
In 2014, the
Russian Duma passed a law reducing the foreign ownership ceiling for print publications and radio and television outlets from 50% to 20%; it was passed with a vote of 430-2. The legislation, which came into force in 2016, forbids foreign governments, organisations, companies, and
300:
According to Vadim Dengin, one of the bill's authors, "the tighter limit on foreign ownership would help protect Russia from western influence." However, publishers and editors of independent media companies in Russia argued that the new law would further reduce diversity of opinion.
207:
Foreigners are not allowed to own freehold land in
Indonesia. Foreign investors can legally hold leasehold titles under Right-To-Use (Hak Pakai) or building rights (Hak Guna Bangunan). This is based on Part 5 Article 36 Paragraph 1b of the Agrarian Law No 5 of 1960.
271:
There is also a 40 percent cap imposed on foreign ownership of companies, with exemptions such as firms engaged in the telecommunications, airlines, shipping, railways and irrigation sectors. An exemption also applies to the renewable energy sector.
155:
Since 2017, a ban on foreigners owning farmland was introduced in
Georgia's new constitution. The new constitution states that, with a few exceptions, agricultural land can only be owned by the state, a Georgian citizen, or a Georgian-owned entity.
103:
Lowering of employment because of operational optimization or an increase by a planned expansion can occur. Wages can be reduced for new employees by new corporate policies, and an optimized employee benefits package can reduce benefits for
309:
In 2014, the Sri Lankan parliament passed a law banning land purchases by foreigners. The new act allows foreigners to acquire land only on a lease basis of up to 99 years, with an annual 15 percent tax on the total rental paid upfront.
176:
Plantation business groups as well as the
Ministry of Agriculture had previously voiced criticism of the bill, expressing concern that it would negatively impact plantation firms and growers, as foreign investment might be reduced.
280:
As part of financial reforms, Qatar's emir has issued a law, allowing foreign investors to obtain up to 49% of listed Qatari companies for expansion in the stock market and to stimulate development in the financial industry.
146:
Land in China is state-owned or collectively owned. Enterprises, farmers, and householders lease land from the state using long-term leases of 20 to 70 years. Foreign investors are not allowed to buy or own land in China.
137:
Under
Article 44 of the Cambodian Constitution, “only natural persons or legal entities of Khmer nationality shall have the right to land ownership.” Foreigners are prohibited to own or possess land in Cambodia.
172:
sector to prioritise smaller local plantation firms. There is no specific percentage value on the limit on foreign ownership, but a 30% foreign ownership ceiling had been demanded by the House's
Commission IV.
60:
At the individual level, foreign ownership occurs whenever a domestic asset is acquired by a foreign individual, such as an Indian businessman buying a house in Hong Kong, or a
Russian citizen purchasing
180:
Even though the bill was passed to limit foreign ownership, the law encourages cooperation in research and development between domestic and foreign businesses, universities, and individuals.
1310:
190:
companies to 80%. However, this rule is not applied retroactively for insurance companies with foreign ownership higher than 80% at the time of its implementation date of 20 January 2020.
1095:
41:
Foreign ownership of assets is widespread in a modern, globally integrated economy, at both the corporate and individual levels. An example of the former is when a corporation
1039:
1127:
80:
It lowers prices and improves the quality of products as a result of higher productivity, which is beneficial for consumers and the company's competitiveness for exports.
546:
74:
The transfer of technology and organisational knowledge can lead to higher productivity, and the company in the host country can learn from multinational corporations.
77:
It increases employment and wages, as inward foreign direct investment has an overall positive effect in employment, given that companies have more capital to expand.
1025:
260:
Though purchase of land is not permitted to foreigners, a real estate investor may apply for a 70-year leasehold with a
Myanmar Investment Commission (MIC) permit.
45:
part, or all, of another company headquartered overseas, or when it purchases property, infrastructure, access rights or other assets in countries abroad. If a
93:
The increase in productivity in the firms in foreign ownership can cause other domestic companies to become relatively less competitive, which reduces profits.
1157:
96:
Multinational corporations may use their power to influence government policies, especially in underdeveloped countries, which may have an adverse impact on
865:
749:
520:
1113:
1318:
183:
A reduction in foreign ownership limit may reduce foreign investment, but it can help boost revenue for domestic firms and economic development.
1340:
823:
1370:
919:
1179:
1135:
430:
352:
838:
1285:
765:
All land in China is owned by the government, which parcels it out to developers and homeowners through 20- to 70-year leases.
933:
557:
947:
236:
Foreigners are prohibited from permanent ownership of land. Foreigners can only lease land for a period of up to 30 years.
244:
Foreigners are not allowed to own freehold land in the Maldives. The land can only be leased to foreigners for 99 years.
1417:
643:
591:
414:
389:
979:
1233:
961:
268:
Foreign citizens and companies are prohibited from fully owning land in the Philippines under the 1987 Constitution.
252:
Only Mongolian citizens can own the land within the territory of Mongolia. Foreign citizens can only lease the land.
336:
1259:
905:
777:
1053:
457:
62:
1081:
1206:
129:
According to the legislation of Belarus, a foreign citizen cannot own land, and only has the right to rent it.
795:
362:
720:
1422:
288:
impact from the law in the short term due to liquidity issues and limited numbers of shares available."
116:
357:
46:
1384:
42:
891:
608:
1007:
688:
107:
The demise of local economies can be caused by siphoning money from communities to global elites.
1348:
584:
IB Economics Course Book 2nd edition: Oxford IB Diploma Programme (International Baccalaureate)
505:
434:
220:
signed into law a bill that bans the selling and leasing of agricultural land to foreigners.
217:
97:
34:, property, bonds, equity etc.) by individuals who are not citizens of that country or by
8:
993:
934:"Kazakh President Signs into Law Long-Debated Bill Banning Land Ownership by Foreigners"
920:"UNDERSTANDING LAW & REGULATIONS BEFORE BUYING LAND & PROPERTIES IN BALI (2023)"
297:
individuals from founding or holding more than a 20% stake in Russian media businesses.
1398:
284:
Prior to the law, ceilings on listed Qatari firms restricted foreign ownership to 25%.
1311:"Citizen or Not: The Process and Concerns of Buying Property in Sri Lanka as an Expat"
706:
639:
587:
492:
410:
385:
49:
acquires at least half of a foreign company, the multinational corporation becomes a
659:
31:
90:
Foreign ownership can increase the demand of products, leading to price increases.
1026:"Maldives parliament repeals law allowing foreign land ownership - ET RealEstate"
521:"What Is Foreign Direct Investment? - Definition, Advantages & Disadvantages"
342:
50:
1286:"Sri Lanka passes law banning sale of land to foreign citizens | Tamil Guardian"
824:"Georgia temporarily lifts ban on sale of agricultural land to foreign citizens"
431:"Definition of subsidiary - Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)"
228:
Foreigners in Kuwait except GCC nationals are prohibited from land ownership.
1411:
1158:"Philippines to allow full foreign ownership in telecoms, airlines, shipping"
168:
passed the plantation bill to set stricter rules on foreign ownership in the
35:
1207:"UPDATE 1-Qatar emir issues law raising foreign ownership limits for stocks"
1067:
809:
660:"The Impact of Direct Foreign Investment on Wages and Working Conditions"
735:"Can foreigners buy real estate in Cambodia? The 4 titles you must know"
734:
347:
169:
54:
796:"Georgia Keeping Its Land Off-Limits for Foreigners | Eurasianet"
892:"Buying Property in Indonesia | How to Buy a House in Indonesia"
187:
165:
906:"Foreign Ownership of Land and Property in Indonesia - BALI REALTY"
27:
810:"Land reform - land settlement and cooperatives - Special Edition"
186:
Government Regulation No. 14 of 2018 limited foreign ownership in
120:
Map of countries where foreign land ownership is banned as of 2023
1008:"Maldives parliament repeals law allowing foreign land ownership"
1341:"A guide for foreigners wanting to buy real estate in Sri Lanka"
747:
980:"Laos Opens Real Estate Investment Opportunities to Foreigners"
866:"Sah! Asing Boleh Punya Lebih 80% Saham Perusahaan Asuransi RI"
318:
In Thailand, foreigners are prohibited to own or possess land.
962:"Kazakh president orders ban on foreign ownership of farmland"
707:"Property in Belarus | Belarusian Real Estate Investment"
778:"Georgia's ban on foreign landowners leaves farmers in limbo"
53:, and the company receiving the foreign investment becomes a
23:
948:"Kazakhstan Bans Sale of Agricultural Lands to Foreigners"
750:"In China, Homeowners Find Themselves in a Land of Doubt"
547:"Foreign ownership and consequences for British business"
1128:"Solon pushes for limited land ownership for foreigners"
669:. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
556:. Economic & Social Research Council. Archived from
1234:"Russia tightens limit on foreign ownership of media"
1399:"How to Buy Property in Vietnam: The Ultimate Guide"
22:
refers to the ownership of a portion of a country's
483:"Impacts of Technological Change on Productivity".
994:"Want to Invest in Laos? Here's Why You Shouldn't"
721:"Can Foreigners Own Land in Cambodia? Here's How"
1409:
1260:"Sri Lanka enacts ban on foreigners buying land"
836:
748:Stuart Leavenworth and Kiki Zhao (31 May 2016).
636:Economics HL/SL - Study Guide for the IB Diploma
582:Blink, Jocelyn; Dorton, Ian (6 September 2012).
407:Economics HL/SL - Study Guide for the IB Diploma
384:. Cambridge University Press. 28 November 2011.
1205:Bakr, Amena; Torchia, Andrew (6 August 2014).
1096:"Can foreigners own land in the Philippines?"
839:"New plantation law limits foreign ownership"
689:"How can a foreigner buy property in Belarus"
1114:"Real estate regulations in the Philippines"
38:whose headquarters are not in that country.
1204:
581:
1385:"Can foreigner buy property in Vietnam?"
1180:"DoE opens RE to full foreign ownership"
741:
353:Foreign ownership of companies of Canada
115:
458:"Foreign Ownership of U.S. Real Estate"
1410:
1371:"Thai real estate laws for foreigners"
837:The Jarkata Post (30 September 2014).
633:
554:Economic & Social Research Council
404:
863:
638:. CANA Academy Limited. p. 167.
609:"Economics Basics: Supply and Demand"
433:. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from
409:. CANA Academy Limited. p. 166.
382:Cambridge Business English Dictionary
1231:
518:
13:
693:Legal Office "Leshchynski Smolski"
606:
14:
1434:
1240:. Guardian News and Media Limited
1134:. 13 January 2024. Archived from
455:
1232:Luhn, Alec (26 September 2014).
864:Saleh, Tahir (27 January 2020).
634:Chau, Esther; Wu, Jayce (2013).
405:Chau, Esther; Wu, Jayce (2013).
337:Foreign Investment Review Agency
164:The House of Representatives of
1391:
1377:
1363:
1333:
1303:
1278:
1252:
1225:
1198:
1172:
1150:
1120:
1106:
1088:
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1046:
1032:
1018:
1000:
986:
972:
954:
940:
926:
912:
898:
884:
857:
830:
816:
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788:
770:
727:
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699:
681:
652:
627:
600:
575:
539:
512:
476:
449:
423:
398:
374:
263:
202:
1:
1054:"Buying property in Mongolia"
368:
211:
1082:"Buying property in Myanmar"
363:Foreign portfolio investment
304:
159:
84:
63:United States Treasury bonds
7:
330:
313:
247:
239:
132:
111:
68:
10:
1439:
321:
255:
150:
124:
1418:Foreign direct investment
358:Foreign direct investment
291:
223:
193:
47:multinational corporation
1345:The New Sri Lankan House
1160:. Reuters. 22 March 2022
275:
141:
231:
1040:"Land Law of Mongolia"
380:
121:
1290:www.tamilguardian.com
218:Kassym-Jomart Tokayev
119:
1387:. 12 September 2019.
737:. 16 September 2020.
98:economic development
1321:on 16 February 2022
968:. 25 February 2021.
563:on 13 February 2015
216:In 2021, President
1423:Business ownership
1401:. 30 January 2019.
1186:. 16 November 2022
1138:on 13 January 2021
1070:. 10 October 2015.
982:. 15 October 2020.
922:. 8 November 2023.
894:. 19 October 2018.
845:. The Jakarta Post
826:. 7 December 2018.
754:The New York Times
527:. Education Portal
122:
1351:on 3 January 2023
1266:. 21 October 2014
1213:. Thomson Reuters
996:. 10 August 2017.
615:. Investopedia US
519:Grimsley, Shawn.
500:Missing or empty
32:natural resources
20:Foreign ownership
16:Form of ownership
1430:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1347:. Archived from
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1317:. Archived from
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1273:
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1256:
1250:
1249:
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1147:
1145:
1143:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1084:. 21 March 2017.
1078:
1072:
1071:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1014:. 18 April 2019.
1004:
998:
997:
990:
984:
983:
976:
970:
969:
958:
952:
951:
944:
938:
937:
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923:
916:
910:
909:
902:
896:
895:
888:
882:
881:
879:
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861:
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854:
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843:The Jakarta Post
834:
828:
827:
820:
814:
813:
806:
800:
799:
792:
786:
785:
784:. 17 April 2019.
774:
768:
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762:
760:
745:
739:
738:
731:
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724:
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710:
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604:
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579:
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532:
525:Education Portal
516:
510:
509:
503:
498:
496:
488:
480:
474:
473:
471:
469:
464:. Royse Law Firm
453:
447:
446:
444:
442:
427:
421:
420:
402:
396:
395:
378:
327:up to 50 years.
1438:
1437:
1433:
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1406:
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1156:
1155:
1151:
1141:
1139:
1132:CNN Philippines
1126:
1125:
1121:
1116:. 7 April 2016.
1112:
1111:
1107:
1100:Manila Standard
1094:
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1080:
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927:
918:
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913:
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872:(in Indonesian)
862:
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835:
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794:
793:
789:
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771:
758:
756:
746:
742:
733:
732:
728:
723:. October 2020.
719:
718:
714:
705:
704:
700:
687:
686:
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672:
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662:
658:
657:
653:
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477:
467:
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454:
450:
440:
438:
437:on 17 July 2012
429:
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403:
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379:
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371:
343:Holding company
333:
324:
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205:
196:
162:
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135:
127:
114:
87:
71:
51:holding company
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1059:
1045:
1031:
1017:
999:
985:
971:
953:
939:
925:
911:
897:
883:
870:CNBC Indonesia
856:
829:
815:
801:
787:
769:
740:
726:
712:
698:
680:
651:
645:978-9881686824
644:
626:
607:Heakal, Reem.
599:
593:978-0198390008
592:
586:. OUP Oxford.
574:
538:
511:
475:
456:Royse, Roger.
448:
422:
416:978-9881686824
415:
397:
391:978-0521122504
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15:
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1184:BusinessWorld
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1133:
1129:
1123:
1115:
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1101:
1097:
1091:
1083:
1077:
1069:
1063:
1056:. March 2017.
1055:
1049:
1041:
1035:
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1021:
1013:
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989:
981:
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463:
462:rroyselaw.com
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33:
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25:
21:
1393:
1379:
1365:
1353:. Retrieved
1349:the original
1344:
1335:
1323:. Retrieved
1319:the original
1314:
1305:
1293:. Retrieved
1289:
1280:
1268:. Retrieved
1263:
1254:
1242:. Retrieved
1238:The Guardian
1237:
1227:
1215:. Retrieved
1210:
1200:
1188:. Retrieved
1183:
1174:
1162:. Retrieved
1152:
1140:. Retrieved
1136:the original
1131:
1122:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1076:
1062:
1048:
1034:
1020:
1011:
1002:
988:
974:
965:
956:
942:
928:
914:
900:
886:
874:. Retrieved
869:
859:
847:. Retrieved
842:
832:
818:
804:
790:
781:
772:
764:
757:. Retrieved
753:
743:
729:
715:
701:
692:
683:
671:. Retrieved
666:
654:
635:
629:
617:. Retrieved
613:Investopedia
612:
602:
583:
577:
565:. Retrieved
558:the original
553:
541:
529:. Retrieved
524:
514:
487:. Boundless.
484:
478:
466:. Retrieved
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