276:
520:
no provisions to prevent discrimination in the distribution of funds to black mothers. Unlike her stance on equitable distribution of educational funds, Kelley was not demanding any provisions for equitable distribution, as she knew the bill would never pass if the issue of race was introduced, especially with the opposition already present from southern states. Kelley believed that it was more important to pass the legislation, even in its limited form, so that the funding would be secured and the primary principle of social welfare would be established. Eventually, Kelley, earned the support of the NAACP on the issue with the promise to monitor the bill if it passed and to work tirelessly toward the equity of all, regardless of race.
512:
proposed a federal sanction of $ 2.98 per capita for teachers of colored children and $ 10.32 per capita children at white schools in 15 schools in the South and
Washington, D.C. The NAACP held the position that it would perpetuate the continual discrimination and neglect of the public schools for black people. She and W. E. B. DuBois disagreed on how to attack this bill. She wanted to add the language that guaranteed equitable distribution of funding regardless of race. DuBois believed that there should be a clause added specific to race because it would require the federal government to enforce that the schools for black people to be treated fairly.
439:, after Henry Demarest Lloyd recommended her. The survey uncovered children from three-years-old working in "overcrowded tenement apartments". The survey also revealed women overworked past exhaustion, workers risking pneumonia, and children with burns. Related Congressional hearings led to the growth of reform interest within Illinois, which Kelley joined in organizing. She became a leader in a coalition of labor and civic groups to campaigning on behalf of the reform legislation. She and her allies brought state legislators on tours of sweatshops.
563:
1703:
582:. She used her direction to raise public awareness and pass state legislation to protect workers, primarily for women and children. The Consumers' League established a Code of Standards that served to raise wages, shorten hours, and required a minimum number of sanitary facilities. Kelley used the NCL to address her own policies such as local hours and wages of women via data collection and activism. Kelley also served as a mentor to younger activists, such as
1722:
776:
fundamentally palliative, preserving the current system in place. Philanthropy of the working class, on the other hand, aims to weaken the capitalist system through goals such as shortening the work day and limiting the working of children. These measures result in a lower amount of surplus value produced which is antithetical to the capitalist system.
224:
married in 1884 and with whom she had three children; the couple divorced in 1891. She wanted a divorce because of his physical abuse and overflowing debt. Unable to divorce her husband for "non-support," she fled to
Chicago and received full custody of her children. She kept her maiden name but preferred to be called "Mrs. Kelley."
727:
Provides a brief history of the beginnings of minimum wage legislation in
England and the United States. Kelley cautions the states against drawing up too quickly a hastily and poorly written law such that a court may strike it down thereby setting a precedent for similar laws. Finally, Kelly briefly
219:
Kelley had two brothers and five sisters; all five sisters died in childhood. Three of her sisters were
Josephine Bartram Kelley, Caroline Lincoln Kelley, and Anna Caroline Kelley. Josephine died at the age of ten months, Caroline died at the age of four months, and Anna died at the age of six years.
771:
Kelly emphasizes the need for a theoretical background prior to engaging in philanthropic work. Without such background, she argues, the type of philanthropic work chosen will most likely reproduce the current capitalist socioeconomic system that leads to the need for philanthropic work in the first
446:. She persuaded the bureau to hire her as a Special Agent to investigate the labor conditions of Chicago's garment industry. In her report, she described research that discovered employees working up to 16 hours a day, seven days a week with some wages that are not high enough to support the family.
424:
Kelley's father had toured her through glass factories at night when she was young. Kelley fought to make it illegal for children under the age of 14 to work and to limit the number of hours for children under 16. She sought to give the children the right of education, and argued that children must
519:
Kelley disagreed with the NAACP and W.E.B. DuBois on other issues as well. The
Sheppard-Towner Act was the most contentious issue of disagreement between them. The act provided aid to mothers and children during pregnancy and infancy. The NAACP and DuBois were opposed to the bill because there were
372:
under Jane Addams' sponsorship by establishing a Bureau of Women's Labor within Hull House. As an organization, Hull House provided Kelley the opportunity to bypass male organizations in order to pursue social activism for women, who were denied participation in formal politics at the time. She is
589:
In her work there, she built 64 Consumers
Leagues to promote and to pass labor legislation. Kelley often acted as a representative to address state legislators and expanded the NCL network through women's clubs. She worked hard to establish a workday limited to eight hours. In 1907, she threw her
511:
In 1913, she studied the federal patterns of distribution of funds for education. She noticed a lot of inequitable distributions for white schools as opposed to black schools. That launched her to create the
Sterling Discrimination Bill, which was an attack against the Sterling Towner Bill, which
336:
intended to increase the quality of working and living condition of the lower class in urban areas. The organization helped lead the battle for labor laws, such as the minimum wage and the eight-hour days, at the local, state, and federal levels. After moving to New York City with her husband and
538:
Kelley used her power in
Congress by her personal connections to avoid discrimination from being passed in laws, especially toward expenditure toward school funds. In 1921, she pushed the Board of Directors of the NAACP to oppose bills that discriminate based on race in expenditure toward school
449:
The coalition campaign and Kelley's research led to new state labor reform legislation in 1893. The
Illinois legislature passed the first factory law limiting work for women to eight hours a day and prohibiting the employment of children under the age of fourteen. These protective labor laws are
223:
Kelley was an early supporter of women's suffrage after her sisters died and worked for numerous political and social reforms, including the NAACP, which Kelley helped found. In Zurich, she met various
European socialists, including Polish-Russian medical student Lazare Wischnewetzky, whom she
197:
Kelley was influenced mainly by her father and said, "I owe him everything that I have ever been able to learn to do." Throughout her early years, he read books to her that involved child labor. Even at 10, she was educated by her father on his activities, and she was able to read her father's
715:
Kelly argues that it is the responsibility of the consumer to use their buying power to discourage moral ills regarding work conditions, such as child labor. Succinctly put, she argues for the modern phrase, "vote with your dollar." Further, in order to judge labor conditions, she argues that
775:
She argues for this by distinguishing between two types of philanthropy: bourgeois philanthropy and philanthropy of the working class. Bourgeois philanthropy "aims to give back to the workers a little bit of what our social system robs them of, propping up the system longer," (92) thus it is
215:
Kelley's great-aunt, Sarah Pugh, was a Quaker and opponent of slavery. Pugh's decision to deny use of cotton and sugar because of the connection to slave labor made an impression on Kelley from an early age. Pugh was an advocate for women and told Kelley about her life as an oppressed woman.
515:
Kelley believed that if anything was added about race to the bill, it would not pass through Congress. She wanted to get the bill passed and then to change the language. Therefore, when the bill was passed, it called for equal distribution to the schools to be handled by the states based on
380:
Reform of labor conditions, in line with her socialist commitments, led to Kelley having pioneering roles in factory inspection, in organizing social movement pressure on employers, and in advocating for reform legislation and legal action over the course of her career (see below).
337:
children, Kelley organized a campaign by the New York Working Women's Society in 1889 and 1890 "to add women as officials in the office for factory inspection". By 1890, the New York legislature passed laws creating eight new positions for women as state factory inspectors.
347:
from 1891 to 1899. Hull House allowed Kelley to advance in her career by providing her a network to other social organizations and an outlet to pursue the advancement of rights for working women and children. While at Hull House, Kelley bonded with
232:
In her early years, Kelley was severely sick and highly susceptible to infections and so was unable to go to school for a period of time. On days that she would miss school she would be in her father's library and read many books.
637:
Kelley's NCL sponsored a "Consumer's 'white label'" on clothing that restricted garment production with child labor and working conditions against state law. She led the National Consumers League until her death, in 1932.
244:
member. She wrote her thesis about disadvantaged children. The topic of her thesis was influenced by her father's teaching about underprivileged children. She was one of the first women to graduate from Cornell.
604:, which included sociological and medical evidence of the hazards of working long hours and set the precedent of the Supreme Court's recognition of sociological evidence, which was used to great effect later in
657:
to provide the information organized by lawyer Louis Brandeis in what became known as the Brandeis Brief to demonstrate the harmful effects of overtime on women's health. The action helped support arguments in
457:
appointed her to the post of Chief Factory Inspector for the state of Illinois, a newly created position and unheard-of for a woman. She chose five women and six men to assist her. Hull House resident
504:. As a member of the board of directors, she belonged to committees on Nomination, The Budget, Federal Aid to Education, Anti-Lynching, and the Inequality Expenditure of School Funds. According to
393:
535:
of the NAACP in 1926 about the many cases of lynching in the United States. To gain support from the media, Kelley also suggested for newspaper editors who opposed lynching to be published.
432:
from 1891 to 1899, her leadership of the settlement's Bureau of Women's Labor allowed her to take initiative against exploited labor of women and children in home and factory "sweatshops".
546:," Kelley and other NAACP leaders demonstrated in numerous cities against the film for representing a racist interpretation of black people. In 1923, Kelley struggled for admission of the
508:, Kelley was well known for asking pointed questions to find a course of action. Her public discussions covered black people in churches, social welfare forums, and social inequality.
38:
1878:
1686:
1765:
1203:
Kelley, Florence (1859–1932). (2009). In J. Sreenivasan, Poverty and the government in America: a historical encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. Retrieved from
501:
405:
356:, who worked together as major labor reformers. All three women were of upper-middle-class background and had politically active fathers. She also became friends with
171:
1569:
Notes of sixty years : the autobiography of Florence Kelley ; with an early essay by the author on the need of theoretical preparation for philathropic work
628:
In 1917, she again filed briefs in a Supreme Court case for an eight-hour workday, now for workers "in any mill, factory or manufacturing establishment," in the case
650:
sponsored an exhibit on the causes and consequences of congestion and methods for alleviating it, catalyzing the first National Conference on City Planning in 1909.
673:, which created the nation's first social welfare program to fight against maternal and infant mortality by funding health care clinics specialized in those areas.
1843:
484:' nephew called Kelley "the toughest customer in the reform riot, the finest rough-and-tumble fighter for the good life for others, that Hull House ever knew."
669:
of 1916, which banned the sale of products created from factories that employed children thirteen and under. In addition to this act, she also lobbied for the
252:, she was refused admission because of her gender. In the meantime, she pursued her passion for working women by founding and attending evening classes at the
728:
explores how society ultimately bears the cost for not paying a sufficient minimum wage, through caring for the poor and through the maintenance of prisons.
409:
442:
Later in 1892 Kelley proposed investigating the "sweating system", "the practice of contracting out work to homes of the poor," in Chicago to the Illinois
297:
848:
Josephine Goldmark, Impatient Crusader: Florence Kelley's Life Story (1953); Dorothy Blumberg, Florence Kelley and the Making of a Social Pioneer (1966).
1778:
1689:. "How Did Florence Kelley's Campaign against Sweatshops in Chicago in the 1890s Expand Government Responsibility for Industrial Working Conditions?"
1600:
547:
474:
1543:
1883:
264:
1893:
310:
1808:
1803:
401:
314:
into English was published with Engels' approval in 1887, under her married name "Mrs. F. Kelley Wischnewetzky," and is still used today.
1759:
1848:
539:
funds. Kelley is famous for creating the tradition of protest against racial discrimination, which occurred in the mid-20th century.
600:, an attempt to overturn limits to the hours female workers could work in non-hazardous professions. Kelley helped file the famous
551:
527:, race riots of that year. To pressure anti-lynching onto Congress, she appealed National Women's League of Voters to support the
1863:
523:
In 1917, she marched in the New York silent protest parade, opposing the violence of white citizens against black people in the
779:
After such a theoretical preparation, Kelley concludes that real philanthropic work consists in elevating class consciousness.
275:
205:
Caroline Bartram Bonsall, Kelley's mother, was not a less prominent figure. Bonsall was related to the famous Quaker botanist,
1674:
1441:
1318:
249:
105:
1813:
1773:
1308:
1631:
Grinspan, Jon. The Age of Acrimony: How Americans Fought to Fix Their Democracy, 1865–1915. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2021.
1858:
1853:
591:
1648:
Sklar, Kathryn. Notes of Sixty Years: The Autobiography of Florence Kelley, Charles H. Kerr Publishing Company. 1986.
1576:
413:
397:
293:
1401:
428:
The breakdown of her marriage led Kelley to flee from New York to Chicago at the end of 1891. While Kelley lived at
260:, the first European university to grant degrees to women, and she joined a group of students advocating socialism.
1888:
1742:
808:
Margolin, C.R. (1978) "Salvation versus Liberation: The Movement for Children's Rights in a Historical Context,"
385:
578:. From there, she founded and acted as General Secretary of the National Consumers League, which was strongly
1838:
772:
place. In essence, one needs theoretical preparation in order to treat the causes rather than the symptoms.
1833:
190:. Her father was an abolitionist, a founder of the Republican Party, a judge, and a longtime member of the
143:(September 12, 1859 – February 17, 1932) was an American social and political reformer who coined the term
554:, which formed in 1920. She succeeded by January 1924, when 15 of 17 organizations included NACW members.
453:
As part of the implementation of the reforms, Kelley became the first woman to hold statewide office when
1828:
1818:
1204:
716:
citizens must demand adequate statistics about such conditions from their state and federal governments.
606:
191:
1752:
1868:
1823:
799:, Rima Lunin Schultz and Adele Hast, eds., Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana, 2001, p. 463
647:
443:
368:, a professional physician specialized in preventing occupational diseases. Kelley interacted with the
62:
610:. Her pursuit to enforce the eight hour work day for women was later declared unconstitutional by the
473:
to conduct a study of Chicago neighborhoods. At Fetter's motion, she was made a member of Cornell's
389:
167:
741:
Women in Industry: the Eight Hours Day and Rest at Night, upheld by the United States Supreme Court.
435:
In 1892, Kelley conducted a survey of Chicago's slums at the request of U.S. Commissioner of Labor,
329:. It had classes and programs to assist working women. Kelley herself taught evening classes there.
1873:
685:
654:
524:
1456:
Garraty, Quarrels That Have Shaped the Constitution, "The Case of the Overworked Laundry Workers"
670:
571:
528:
516:
population. The issue remained on whether or not the states would distribute the money equally.
493:
374:
369:
285:
1465:
1310:
American Labor and Economic Citizenship: New Capitalism from World War I to the Great Depression
1770:
1009:
Timming, Andrew R. (2004). "Florence Kelley: A Recognition of Her Contributions to Sociology".
646:
In 1907 Kelley organized New York’s Committee on Congestion of Population, after which she and
611:
425:
be nurtured to be intelligent people, beginning with her efforts in Philadelphia and New York.
241:
1571:. Published for the Illinois Labor History Society by the C.H. Kerr Pub. Co. pp. 91–104.
988:
676:
In 1912, she formed the US Children's Bureau, a federal agency to oversee children's welfare.
662:
in 1908, although the U.S. Supreme Court ruled against the women laundry workers in the case.
543:
470:
322:
1798:
1793:
689:
666:
257:
160:
90:
20:
8:
696:
497:
326:
1643:
Florence Kelley and the Nation's Work: The Rise of Women's Political Culture, 1830–1900.
1728:
The Life and Times of Florence Kelley in Chicago (1891–1899) on Northwestern University
1594:
1524:
1516:
1360:
1335:
1254:
1246:
1183:
1175:
1120:
1112:
1074:
1066:
1049:
Sklar, Kathryn Kish (1985). "Hull House in the 1890s: A Community of Women Reformers".
1026:
956:
890:
532:
454:
237:
101:
1737:
1477:
1698:
1670:
1582:
1572:
1528:
1437:
1365:
1314:
1258:
1187:
1124:
1078:
1030:
960:
882:
630:
531:
in 1922. Despite the League's lack of action, Kelley provided a series of letters to
436:
333:
318:
280:
253:
209:. Bonsall's parents died at a young age, she was then adopted by Isaac and Kay Pugh.
183:
144:
131:
749:
Twenty Questions about the Federal Amendment Proposed by the National Woman's Party.
1707:
1508:
1355:
1347:
1238:
1167:
1104:
1058:
1018:
948:
874:
622:
596:
505:
344:
305:
1747:
1567:
Kish., Sklar, Kathryn; Congress), Paul Avrich Collection Library of (1986-01-01).
688:
section of Philadelphia on February 17, 1932. She was interred at Philadelphia's
583:
267:
in 1894. She was then able to start a school for working girls in Pennsylvania.
1694:
1512:
601:
579:
459:
365:
166:
From its founding in 1899, Kelley served as the first general secretary of the
156:
1779:
Florence Kelley, A lifelong 'radical' who fought for worker and women's rights
562:
1787:
1351:
1022:
886:
575:
353:
1732:
1586:
1229:
Athey, Louis L. (1971). "Florence Kelley and the Quest for Negro Equality".
1158:
Athey, Louis L. (1971). "Florence Kelley and the Quest for Negro Equality".
952:
614:
in 1895 because it restricted women from making contracts for longer hours.
1369:
625:. She also worked to help improve child labor laws and working conditions.
466:
450:
sometimes identified as the start of the Progressive Era in social reform.
361:
357:
206:
187:
152:
1727:
1409:
481:
384:
Kelley contributed to or led a variety of social organizations including
349:
1336:"Florence Kelley: A Factory Inspector Campaigns Against Sweatshop Labor"
1116:
733:
Modern Industry: in relation to the family, health, education, morality.
480:
Kelley was known for her firmness and fierce energy. Hull House founder
1520:
1250:
1179:
1070:
894:
862:
429:
341:
148:
1205:
https://products.abc-clio.com/abc-cliocorporate/product.aspx?pc=A1679C
301:
1743:
Florence Kelley on Women and Social Movements, subscription required
1496:
1275:
Vol. 3, 4th ed., The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1975
1242:
1171:
878:
1716:
1712:
1108:
1062:
1551:
Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Correction
1501:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
995:. Vol. 62. Philadelphia: T.S. Arthur & Sons. p. 113.
212:
Kelley spent many years with her grandparents Isaac and Kay Pugh.
37:
1095:
Perkins, Frances (1954). "My Recollections of Florence Kelley".
557:
618:
317:
After college, Kelley assisted with the establishment of the
1669:(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2009). lxii, 575 pp.
1636:
American Reformers, 1870–1920: Progressives in Word and Deed
797:
Women Building Chicago, 1790–1990: A Biographical Dictionary
757:
Notes of Sixty Years: The Autobiography of Florence Kelley.
1687:
Women and Social Movements in the United States, 1600–2000
975:
The Autobiography of Florence Kelley, Notes of Sixty Years
765:
The Need of Theoretical Preparation for Philanthropic Work
172:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
462:
served as one of Kelley's assistant factory inspectors.
863:"The National Consumers' League and the Brandeis Brief"
1879:
Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law alumni
1754:
A letter from Engels to Florence Kelley Wischnewetzky
1665:
Sklar, Kathryn Kish, and Beverly Wilson Palmer, eds.
1402:"Center for the Historical Study of Women and Gender"
465:
In the course of her Hull House work, she befriended
419:
711:
New York City: National Child Labor Committee, 1908.
487:
967:
1667:The Selected Letters of Florence Kelley, 1869–1931
1645:New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 1995.
477:as an alumna, when he joined the Cornell Faculty.
410:Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
1785:
1626:Impatient Crusader: Florence Kelley's Life Story
1619:Florence Kelley. The Making of a Social Pioneer.
1544:"The Present Status of Minimum Wage Legislation"
1313:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 155–159.
723:New York City: National Consumers' League, 1913.
989:"Business Training and Opportunities for Women"
986:
721:The Present Status of Minimum Wage Legislation.
586:, who briefly worked for the Consumers League.
1844:Burials at Laurel Hill Cemetery (Philadelphia)
1566:
665:Kelley also helped lobby Congress to pass the
311:The Condition of the Working Class in England
270:
1599:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1288:, University of Illinois Press, 2000, p. 138
558:National Consumers League and eight-hour day
402:National American Woman Suffrage Association
248:Although Kelley desired to study law at the
186:(1814–1890) and Caroline Bartram Bonsall in
1334:Fee, Elizabeth; Brown, Theodore M. (2005).
1306:
751:New York: National Consumers' League, 1922.
743:New York: National Consumers' League, 1916.
621:and thereafter became a friend and ally of
256:for Working Women. Later, she attended the
1733:Florence Kelley (1859–1932) on harvard.edu
1271:Davis, Allen F. "Stevens, Alzina Parsons"
182:On September 12, 1859, Kelley was born to
36:
1359:
987:Anne H. Wharton (January–December 1892).
939:Dreier, Peter (2012). "Florence Kelley".
570:From 1899 through 1926, she lived at the
500:, Kelley became a founding member of the
1333:
641:
561:
274:
1766:Florence Kelley fought for civil rights
1478:"The My Hero Project – Florence Kelley"
1470:
1094:
1008:
795:Kathryn Kish Sklar, "Florence Kelley,"
308:. Her 1885 translation of the latter's
296:, an activist for women's suffrage and
170:. In 1909, Kelley helped to create the
1786:
1562:
1560:
1541:
1494:
980:
938:
1884:Political activists from Pennsylvania
1762:(needs a subscription to read it all)
1431:
1228:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1199:
1197:
1157:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1090:
1088:
1048:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
844:
842:
840:
838:
552:Women's Joint Congressional Committee
548:National Association of Colored Women
394:National Conference of Social Workers
265:Northwestern University School of Law
106:Northwestern University School of Law
1894:Progressive Era in the United States
1497:"The Responsibility of the Consumer"
1044:
1042:
1040:
1004:
1002:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
867:Midwest Journal of Political Science
860:
856:
854:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
1809:20th-century American women writers
1804:19th-century American women writers
1557:
1148:. Princeton University Press. p. 6.
759:Chicago: C.H. Kerr Pub. Co., 1986.
709:The responsibility of the consumer.
321:branch of Philadelphia, along with
263:Kelley also earned a law degree at
19:For the author and journalist, see
13:
1611:
1209:
1194:
1131:
1085:
617:In 1909, Kelley helped create the
420:Factory inspection and child labor
14:
1905:
1704:Works by or about Florence Kelley
1680:
1660:Reader's Guide to Women's Studies
1340:American Journal of Public Health
1037:
999:
901:
851:
815:
488:NAACP and work on racial equality
414:Intercollegiate Socialist Society
398:American Sociological Association
294:Intercollegiate Socialist Society
240:at age 16. At Cornell, she was a
1849:Child labor in the United States
1720:
1307:Hendrickson, Mark (2013-05-27).
93:, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US
1774:article about William D. Kelley
1738:Kelley Kelly on schoolnet.co.uk
1638:(2006); chapter 9 is on Kelley.
1535:
1488:
1459:
1450:
1436:. Routledge. pp. 409–410.
1425:
1416:
1394:
1385:
1376:
1327:
1300:
1291:
1278:
1265:
1151:
735:New York: Longmans, Green 1914.
702:
695:She was named an Angel hero by
194:. His nickname was "Pig Iron."
1466:Social Welfare History Project
1011:Journal of Classical Sociology
977:. Chicago: Charles Kerr. p. 9.
802:
789:
386:National Child Labor Committee
279:Kelley as sketched in 1910 by
81:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US
1:
1553:. National Consumers' League.
782:
298:African-American civil rights
177:
16:American activist (1859–1932)
1231:The Journal of Negro History
1160:The Journal of Negro History
684:Kelley died, age 72, in the
667:Keating-Owen Child Labor Act
227:
134:and Caroline Bartram Bonsall
7:
1814:Activists from Philadelphia
1719:(public domain audiobooks)
607:Brown v. Board of Education
373:credited with starting the
292:Kelley was a member of the
200:The Resources of California
192:US House of Representatives
10:
1910:
1864:German–English translators
1652:
1513:10.1177/000271620803202214
648:Mary Kingsbury Simkhovitch
444:Bureau of Labor Statistics
271:Socialism and civil rights
250:University of Pennsylvania
163:is widely regarded today.
63:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
18:
1859:Cornell University alumni
1854:Consumer rights activists
1542:Kelley, Florence (1913).
1495:Kelley, Florence (1908).
861:Vose, Clement E. (1957).
469:when he was asked by the
390:National Consumers League
236:In 1882, Kelley attended
168:National Consumers League
127:
119:
111:
97:
86:
70:
44:
35:
28:
1713:Works by Florence Kelley
1695:Works by Florence Kelley
1662:(Fitzroy Dearborn, 1998)
1658:Amico, Eleanor B., ed.
1617:Blumberg, Dorothy Rose.
1434:Encyclopedia of the City
1352:10.2105/AJPH.2004.052977
1286:Jane Addams: A Biography
1023:10.1177/1468795X04046969
679:
525:East St. Louis, Illinois
300:. She was a follower of
115:American social reformer
1889:Pennsylvania socialists
1760:Entry at 'project Muse'
953:10.4179/NLF.211.0000011
812:4. (April), pp. 441-452
572:Henry Street settlement
529:Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill
494:William English Walling
475:Irving Literary Society
375:social justice feminism
286:St. Louis Post-Dispatch
141:Florence Moltrop Kelley
49:Florence Moltrop Kelley
1273:Notable American Women
1144:Woloch, Nancy (2015).
993:Arthur's Home Magazine
612:Illinois Supreme Court
567:
455:Governor Peter Altgeld
289:
1641:Sklar, Kathryn Kish.
1624:Goldmark, Josephine.
1507:(22_suppl): 108–112.
1432:Caves, R. W. (2004).
1097:Social Service Review
642:Other accomplishments
565:
542:With the release of "
471:University of Chicago
323:Gabrielle D. Clements
278:
1839:American translators
1771:Smithsonian Magazine
690:Laurel Hill Cemetery
370:Chicago Women's Club
258:University of Zurich
123:Lazare Wischnewetzky
91:Laurel Hill Cemetery
21:Florence Finch Kelly
1834:American socialists
810:Social Problems. 25
697:The My Hero Project
671:Sheppard-Towner Act
653:Kelley worked with
498:Mary White Ovington
327:Eliza Sproat Turner
157:eight-hour workdays
147:. Her work against
1829:American pacifists
1819:American feminists
1422:Sklar, pp. 465-466
1284:James Weber Linn,
1146:A Class by Herself
655:Josephine Goldmark
568:
550:as members of the
533:Arthur B. Spingarn
340:Kelley joined the
290:
238:Cornell University
102:Cornell University
59:September 12, 1859
1869:Marxist feminists
1824:American Marxists
1748:Biographical note
1699:Project Gutenberg
1675:978-0-252-03404-6
1634:Piott, Steven L.
1443:978-0-415-25225-6
1320:978-1-107-02860-9
973:Kelley, F. 1986.
631:Bunting v. Oregon
590:influence into a
544:Birth of a Nation
467:Frank Alan Fetter
437:Carroll D. Wright
334:New Century Guild
319:New Century Guild
281:Marguerite Martyn
254:New Century Guild
184:William D. Kelley
161:children's rights
145:wage abolitionism
138:
137:
132:William D. Kelley
74:February 17, 1932
1901:
1724:
1723:
1708:Internet Archive
1605:
1604:
1598:
1590:
1564:
1555:
1554:
1548:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1474:
1468:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1408:. Archived from
1398:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1363:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1289:
1282:
1276:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1226:
1207:
1201:
1192:
1191:
1155:
1149:
1142:
1129:
1128:
1092:
1083:
1082:
1046:
1035:
1034:
1006:
997:
996:
984:
978:
971:
965:
964:
936:
899:
898:
873:(3/4): 267–290.
858:
849:
846:
813:
806:
800:
793:
660:Muller v. Oregon
623:W. E. B. Du Bois
597:Muller v. Oregon
345:settlement house
306:Friedrich Engels
304:and a friend of
77:
58:
56:
40:
26:
25:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1874:NAACP activists
1784:
1783:
1721:
1683:
1655:
1614:
1612:Further reading
1609:
1608:
1592:
1591:
1579:
1565:
1558:
1546:
1540:
1536:
1493:
1489:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1283:
1279:
1270:
1266:
1243:10.2307/2716966
1227:
1210:
1202:
1195:
1172:10.2307/2716966
1156:
1152:
1143:
1132:
1093:
1086:
1047:
1038:
1007:
1000:
985:
981:
972:
968:
941:New Labor Forum
937:
902:
879:10.2307/2109304
859:
852:
847:
816:
807:
803:
794:
790:
785:
705:
682:
644:
584:Mary van Kleeck
560:
490:
422:
273:
230:
180:
104:
98:Alma mater
82:
79:
75:
66:
60:
54:
52:
51:
50:
31:
30:Florence Kelley
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1907:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1710:
1701:
1691:
1690:
1682:
1681:External links
1679:
1678:
1677:
1663:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1629:
1622:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1577:
1556:
1534:
1487:
1469:
1458:
1449:
1442:
1424:
1415:
1412:on 2007-11-02.
1406:binghamton.edu
1393:
1384:
1382:Sklar, pp. 465
1375:
1326:
1319:
1299:
1290:
1277:
1264:
1237:(4): 249–261.
1208:
1193:
1166:(4): 249–261.
1150:
1130:
1109:10.1086/639501
1084:
1063:10.1086/494177
1057:(4): 658–677.
1036:
1017:(3): 289–309.
998:
979:
966:
900:
850:
814:
801:
787:
786:
784:
781:
704:
701:
681:
678:
643:
640:
602:Brandeis Brief
580:anti-sweatshop
566:Kelley in 1925
559:
556:
489:
486:
460:Alzina Stevens
421:
418:
366:Alice Hamilton
272:
269:
242:Phi Beta Kappa
229:
226:
179:
176:
136:
135:
129:
125:
124:
121:
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
99:
95:
94:
88:
84:
83:
80:
78:(aged 72)
72:
68:
67:
61:
48:
46:
42:
41:
33:
32:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1906:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1602:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1578:0-88286-093-3
1574:
1570:
1563:
1561:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1462:
1453:
1445:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1391:Sklar, p. 463
1388:
1379:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1322:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1303:
1297:Sklar, p. 464
1294:
1287:
1281:
1274:
1268:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1089:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1005:
1003:
994:
990:
983:
976:
970:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
857:
855:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
811:
805:
798:
792:
788:
780:
777:
773:
769:
768:
766:
761:
760:
758:
753:
752:
750:
745:
744:
742:
737:
736:
734:
729:
725:
724:
722:
717:
713:
712:
710:
700:
698:
693:
691:
687:
677:
674:
672:
668:
663:
661:
656:
651:
649:
639:
635:
633:
632:
626:
624:
620:
615:
613:
609:
608:
603:
599:
598:
593:
592:Supreme Court
587:
585:
581:
577:
576:New York City
573:
564:
555:
553:
549:
545:
540:
536:
534:
530:
526:
521:
517:
513:
509:
507:
506:W.E.B. DuBois
503:
499:
495:
485:
483:
478:
476:
472:
468:
463:
461:
456:
451:
447:
445:
440:
438:
433:
431:
426:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
382:
378:
376:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
354:Julia Lathrop
351:
346:
343:
338:
335:
330:
328:
324:
320:
315:
313:
312:
307:
303:
299:
295:
288:
287:
282:
277:
268:
266:
261:
259:
255:
251:
246:
243:
239:
234:
225:
221:
217:
213:
210:
208:
203:
201:
195:
193:
189:
185:
175:
173:
169:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
133:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
107:
103:
100:
96:
92:
89:
87:Resting place
85:
73:
69:
64:
47:
43:
39:
34:
27:
22:
1753:
1666:
1659:
1642:
1635:
1625:
1618:
1568:
1550:
1537:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1481:
1472:
1461:
1452:
1433:
1427:
1418:
1410:the original
1405:
1396:
1387:
1378:
1343:
1339:
1329:
1309:
1302:
1293:
1285:
1280:
1272:
1267:
1234:
1230:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1145:
1103:(1): 12–19.
1100:
1096:
1054:
1050:
1014:
1010:
992:
982:
974:
969:
944:
940:
870:
866:
809:
804:
796:
791:
778:
774:
770:
764:
763:
762:
756:
755:
754:
748:
747:
746:
740:
739:
738:
732:
731:
730:
726:
720:
719:
718:
714:
708:
707:
706:
703:Publications
694:
683:
675:
664:
659:
652:
645:
636:
629:
627:
616:
605:
595:
588:
569:
541:
537:
522:
518:
514:
510:
491:
479:
464:
452:
448:
441:
434:
427:
423:
383:
379:
362:Edith Abbott
339:
331:
316:
309:
291:
284:
262:
247:
235:
231:
222:
218:
214:
211:
207:John Bartram
204:
199:
196:
188:Philadelphia
181:
165:
153:minimum wage
151:and for the
140:
139:
76:(1932-02-17)
1799:1932 deaths
1794:1859 births
482:Jane Addams
364:as well as
350:Jane Addams
325:and led by
1788:Categories
1482:myhero.com
783:References
686:Germantown
430:Hull House
412:, and the
377:movement.
342:Hull House
178:Early life
149:sweatshops
112:Occupation
55:1859-09-12
1595:cite book
1529:145100553
1346:(1): 50.
1259:150176400
1188:150176400
1125:144075882
1079:144726094
1031:145006141
961:153894180
947:: 71–76.
887:0026-3397
574:house on
492:Asked by
302:Karl Marx
228:Education
174:(NAACP).
128:Parent(s)
1717:LibriVox
1587:13818491
1370:15623858
1117:30019232
283:for the
198:volume,
1706:at the
1653:Sources
1521:1010993
1361:1449850
1251:2716966
1180:2716966
1071:3174308
895:2109304
767:. 1887.
1673:
1628:(1953)
1621:(1966)
1585:
1575:
1527:
1519:
1440:
1368:
1358:
1317:
1257:
1249:
1186:
1178:
1123:
1115:
1077:
1069:
1029:
959:
893:
885:
594:case,
159:, and
120:Spouse
1547:(PDF)
1525:S2CID
1517:JSTOR
1255:S2CID
1247:JSTOR
1184:S2CID
1176:JSTOR
1121:S2CID
1113:JSTOR
1075:S2CID
1067:JSTOR
1051:Signs
1027:S2CID
957:S2CID
891:JSTOR
680:Death
619:NAACP
502:NAACP
406:NAACP
358:Grace
1671:ISBN
1601:link
1583:OCLC
1573:ISBN
1438:ISBN
1366:PMID
1315:ISBN
883:ISSN
496:and
360:and
352:and
332:The
71:Died
65:, US
45:Born
1715:at
1697:at
1509:doi
1356:PMC
1348:doi
1239:doi
1168:doi
1105:doi
1059:doi
1019:doi
949:doi
875:doi
1790::
1597:}}
1593:{{
1581:.
1559:^
1549:.
1523:.
1515:.
1505:32
1503:.
1499:.
1480:.
1404:.
1364:.
1354:.
1344:95
1342:.
1338:.
1253:.
1245:.
1235:56
1233:.
1211:^
1196:^
1182:.
1174:.
1164:56
1162:.
1133:^
1119:.
1111:.
1101:28
1099:.
1087:^
1073:.
1065:.
1055:10
1053:.
1039:^
1025:.
1013:.
1001:^
991:.
955:.
943:.
903:^
889:.
881:.
869:.
865:.
853:^
817:^
699:.
692:.
634:.
416:.
408:,
404:,
400:,
396:,
392:,
388:,
202:.
155:,
1603:)
1589:.
1531:.
1511::
1484:.
1446:.
1372:.
1350::
1323:.
1261:.
1241::
1190:.
1170::
1127:.
1107::
1081:.
1061::
1033:.
1021::
1015:4
963:.
951::
945:1
897:.
877::
871:1
57:)
53:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.