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Feline calicivirus

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31: 56: 2321: 344: 506:)) and attenuated (live, but not virulent; in various combination vaccines). They have been shown to be effective for at least three years. Attenuated FCV vaccine has been shown to possibly cause mild upper respiratory infection. Inactivated vaccine does not, but it causes more local inflammation and possibly predisposes the cat to 487:
lasts in the kitten from three to nine weeks. After that, kittens are susceptible to FCV. Previous infection does not guarantee lifelong immunity, since an antigenically dissimilar FCV (such as VS-FCV) can cause infection. However, usually after the age of three years, FCV infections are mild or
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significantly inhibited entry of FCV into cells. On the contrary, authors of the second article claimed that kaempherol showed anti-FCV activity, but theaflavin treatment was insufficient. This striking difference may be (at least partially) explained by differences in testing conditions. Indeed,
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and secondary host immune response. Strains of VS-FCV have seemingly risen independently of one another since first being described, meaning that not all cases of VS-FCV have spread from a single case. Most of the outbreaks of VS-FCV have been reported in the
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Gore T, Lakshmanan N, Williams J, Jirjis F, Chester S, Duncan K, Coyne M, Lum M, Sterner F (2006). "Three-year duration of immunity in cats following vaccination against feline rhinotracheitis virus, feline calicivirus, and feline panleukopenia virus".
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Herbal extracts as a source of compounds with an antiviral activity has attracted significant attention recently. Two researches independently published in 2016 screened a library of natural chemicals against FCV. The first one showed that
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Clinical signs in cats infected with FCV may develop acutely, chronically, or not at all. Latent or subclinical infections often become clinical when the cat is stressed, such as at the time of adoption. Acute signs of FCV include fever,
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Seo, Dong Joo; Jeon, Su Been; Oh, Hyejin; Lee, Bog-Hieu; Lee, Sook-Young; Oh, Seung Hyun; Jung, Ji Youn; Choi, Changsun (2016). "Comparison of the antiviral activity of flavonoids against murine norovirus and feline calicivirus".
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is very difficult to treat. Antibiotics, corticosteroids, and tooth extractions all have been used with varying success. Cats on corticosteroids must be monitored carefully for worsening of any upper respiratory infection.
412:, with a mortality rate of up to 67%. Initial clinical signs include discharge from the eyes and nose, ulceration in the mouth, anorexia, and lethargy, and occur in the first one to five days. Later signs include fever, 578:
gas to inactivate FCV found in hotel rooms, cruise ship cabins, and healthcare facilities. It is also used in general Caliciviridae research due to its being one of the few of that group of viruses that grows well
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can develop in chronic cases secondary to immune complex deposition. The great variability of clinical signs in individual cases of FCV is related to the relative virulence of different strains of the virus.
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in humans, FCV has been used as a surrogate for it in research. For instance, studies have been done on the survival of FCV in foodstuffs, the effectiveness of handwashing on FCV removal, and the use of
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of FCV varies depending on the environment. In private households, FCV is present in about 10% of cats (either in active or carrier state), while the prevalence in shelters or catteries is 25 to 40%.
241:(the degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host). Being an 323:. Infected cats usually shed the virus for two weeks. Following this period, infected cats never shed the virus again or become latently infected and shed the virus continuously or intermittently. 249:, which makes it more adaptable to environmental pressures. This not only makes the development of vaccines more difficult, but also allows for the development of more 524:
and kennels. However, FCV is very contagious, and latently infected cats will continue to shed viruses, so complete control is difficult. An outbreak of VS-FCV at a
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of the entire cat population (almost 200 cats) to contain it. FCV may survive several days to weeks in a dry environment and longer in a cooler, wet environment.
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deposition. Stomatitis and polyarthritis can develop without any upper respiratory infection signs, but fever and loss of appetite may occur. Less commonly,
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Ohba, Mai; Oka, Tomoichiro; Ando, Takayuki; Arahata, Saori; Ikegaya, Asaka; Takagi, Hirotaka; Ogo, Naohisa; Zhu, Chelsea; Owada, Kazuhiro (April 2017).
765:"Feline caliciviruses (FCVs) isolated from cats with virulent systemic disease possess in vitro phenotypes distinct from those of other FCV isolates" 2414: 2427: 971: 2132: 427:
Diagnosis of FCV is difficult without specific tests, because the signs are similar to other feline respiratory diseases, especially
1667: 858:"Long-term analysis of feline calicivirus prevalence and viral shedding patterns in naturally infected colonies of domestic cats" 1647: 1286: 2470: 840: 655: 510:. The only vaccine licensed for prevention of VS-FCV is CaliciVax, manufactured by Fort Dodge Animal Health, a division of 2162: 2275: 421: 646:
Fenner, Frank J.; Gibbs, E. Paul J.; Murphy, Frederick A.; Rott, Rudolph; Studdert, Michael J.; White, David O. (1993).
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Hudson J, Sharma M, Petric M (2007). "Inactivation of Norovirus by ozone gas in conditions relevant to healthcare".
1068:"Survival of calicivirus in foods and on surfaces: experiments with feline calicivirus as a surrogate for norovirus" 2432: 1716: 2465: 280:(VS-FCV) or FCV-associated virulent systemic disease (VSD). The disease is caused by direct viral invasion of 2172: 2167: 1235: 332: 492:
will not always prevent disease, but can reduce the severity. FCV vaccines come in two types, inactivated (
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A form of FCV has been found to cause a particularly severe systemic disease in cats, similar to
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Rosenthal, Marie (February 2007). "VS-FCV may be more prevalent than previously thought".
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Foley, Janet E. (2005). "Calicivirus: Spectrum of Disease". In August, John R. (ed.).
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Mattison K, Karthikeyan K, Abebe M, Malik N, Sattar S, Farber J, Bidawid S (2007).
1052: 1048: 1002: 877: 869: 776: 735: 694: 221:. FCV can be isolated from about 50% of cats with upper respiratory infections. 2364: 2207: 1899: 1624: 1470: 1446: 1406: 1258:
poor cat was living his last moments on the roadside but no one came to help him!
972:"Humane Society has to put down facility's 200 felines after mass virus outbreak" 873: 856:
Coyne K, Dawson S, Radford A, Cripps P, Porter C, McCracken C, Gaskell R (2006).
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Mori K, Hayashi Y, Noguchi Y, Kai A, Ohe K, Sakai S, Hara M, Morozumi S (2006).
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further studies of activity, as well as molecular mechanisms of action, needed.
2197: 2045: 2014: 1944: 1734: 1577: 1161: 1084: 1067: 724:"Recombination of Feline calicivirus within an endemically infected cat colony" 544:
used with a detergent and sufficient contact time does seem to kill the virus.
525: 468: 397: 377: 128: 1256: 431:. The presence of stomatitis may indicate FCV. Specific tests include virus 2449: 2324: 2232: 2217: 2122: 2055: 2004: 1974: 1954: 1849: 1739: 1617: 1386: 1016: 699: 540:
are not thought to be completely effective, but a 1:32 dilution of household
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are used for secondary bacterial infections, and immune modulators, such as
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FCV replicates in the oral and respiratory tissues, and is secreted in
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Hurley, Kate Frances (June 2007). "Facts about Feline Calicivirus".
2358: 2147: 2142: 2069: 1994: 1889: 1779: 1607: 1540: 1530: 1396: 1336: 807:"CaliciVax updated to cover virulent systemic feline calicivirus". 581: 529: 417: 409: 389: 368: 364: 360: 722:
Coyne K, Reed F, Porter C, Dawson S, Gaskell R, Radford A (2006).
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infections. In addition to stomatitis, some cats may develop a
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Ossiboff R, Sheh A, Shotton J, Pesavento P, Parker J (2007).
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Radford A, Coyne K, Dawson S, Porter C, Gaskell R (2007).
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International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
265:, which allows the virus to escape detection by the 293:. It was originally described in 1998 in Northern 232: 1147: 988: 1252:featuring Dr. Gary Norsworthy on VS-FCV July 2007 2447: 833:Consultations in Feline Internal Medicine Vol. 5 1244:PDF file of an excellent journal article on FCV 830: 347:Feline calicivirus infection in a cat, showing 257:for the major structural protein of the viral 253:strains. In persistently infected cats, the 1280: 641: 639: 1037: 826: 824: 822: 820: 818: 463:and rehydration are used for dehydrated and 1182: 501: 446: 1287: 1273: 636: 29: 1208: 1124: 1083: 1006: 904: 881: 815: 780: 739: 698: 673: 671: 669: 667: 451:There is no specific treatment for FCV. 396:, both probably immune-mediated through 342: 1126:10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.80.496 2448: 1648:Associazione Nazionale Felina Italiana 951: 664: 2340: 2339: 1268: 802: 800: 650:(2nd ed.). Academic Press, Inc. 459:, have been used for immune support. 237:Different strains of FCV can vary in 898: 565:Because of the similarity of FCV to 278:virulent systemic feline calicivirus 229:known to become infected naturally. 225:are the other species of the family 607: 422:multiple organ dysfunction syndrome 245:, FCV has a high elasticity of its 13: 1673:Governing Council of the Cat Fancy 1260:Example of disease partial healing 797: 560: 457:lymphocyte T-cell immune modulator 14: 2482: 2133:Congenital sensorineural deafness 1688:The International Cat Association 1643:American Cat Fanciers Association 1294: 1229: 338: 2320: 2319: 1668:FĂ©dĂ©ration Internationale FĂ©line 1237:Feline Upper Respiratory Disease 233:Viral structure and pathogenesis 54: 1176: 1141: 1100: 1059: 1031: 982: 964: 945: 917: 475:may be used for polyarthritis. 1053:10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.07.023 849: 756: 715: 520:is best for control of FCV in 335:causes a more severe disease. 1: 600: 538:Quaternary ammonium compounds 333:feline immunodeficiency virus 2471:Vaccine-preventable diseases 874:10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.06.026 552:and its derivatives but not 441:immunohistochemical staining 429:feline viral rhinotracheitis 7: 2302:List of longest-living cats 2183:Lower urinary tract disease 2163:Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 1683:Southern Africa Cat Council 1250:Wyeth Animal Health Podcast 1239:from The Pet Health Library 588: 388:may develop with secondary 10: 2487: 1658:Cat Aficionado Association 1183:Stuart A, Brown T (2006). 1162:10.1016/j.jhin.2006.12.021 1085:10.4315/0362-028X-70.2.500 995:The Journal of Antibiotics 508:vaccine-associated sarcoma 274:rabbit hemorrhagic disease 2348: 2315: 2289: 2246: 2138:Feline corneal sequestrum 2106: 2068: 2028: 1725: 1706: 1663:Cat Fanciers' Association 1633: 1499: 1422: 1377: 1302: 437:polymerase chain reaction 408:VS-FCV can cause a rapid 181: 174: 49: 37: 28: 21: 1653:Canadian Cat Association 615:"ICTV Taxonomy history: 447:Treatment and prevention 351:over the rostral end of 218:Felid alphaherpesvirus 1 2297:List of individual cats 416:of the limbs and face, 211:that causes disease in 2173:Infectious peritonitis 2168:Immunodeficiency virus 700:10.1051/vetres:2006056 483:Natural immunity from 372: 2466:Animal viral diseases 2238:Viral rhinotracheitis 2213:Tritrichomonas foetus 1678:New Zealand Cat Fancy 1546:Cats in ancient Egypt 835:. Elsevier Saunders. 782:10.1099/vir.0.82488-0 741:10.1099/vir.0.81537-0 346: 1800:Colorpoint Shorthair 1698:World Cat Federation 1432:Cat–dog relationship 1201:10.1128/JVI.02452-05 1113:Kansenshogaku Zasshi 811:: 61. February 2007. 680:"Feline calicivirus" 569:, a common cause of 51:Virus classification 2000:Traditional Persian 1785:California Spangled 1755:Brazilian Shorthair 1551:Cultural depictions 1536:Cat-scratch disease 1008:10.1038/ja.2016.128 648:Veterinary Virology 532:in 2007 led to the 488:asymptomatic. FCV 485:maternal antibodies 184:Feline picornavirus 39:Electron micrograph 2380:Feline calicivirus 2350:Feline calicivirus 1920:Oriental Shorthair 1830:European Shorthair 1745:American Shorthair 1693:World Cat Congress 617:Feline calicivirus 595:Feline vaccination 402:glomerulonephritis 373: 329:feline herpesvirus 263:positive selection 194:Feline calicivirus 167:Feline calicivirus 43:Feline calicivirus 23:Feline calicivirus 2443: 2442: 2342:Taxon identifiers 2333: 2332: 2158:Hepatic lipidosis 2064: 2063: 1760:British Shorthair 1369:Tortoiseshell cat 978:: 20S. 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1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1498: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1481:Play and toys 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1455: 1454:Communication 1452: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1415: 1412: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1402:dental health 1400: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1343:Coat genetics 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1296:Domestic cats 1290: 1285: 1283: 1278: 1276: 1271: 1270: 1267: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1233: 1220: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1179: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1150:J Hosp Infect 1144: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1103: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1062: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1034: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 985: 977: 973: 967: 959: 955: 948: 940: 936: 933:(3): 213–22. 932: 928: 920: 912: 908: 901: 893: 889: 884: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 862:Vet Microbiol 859: 852: 844: 838: 834: 827: 825: 823: 821: 819: 810: 803: 801: 792: 788: 783: 778: 774: 770: 766: 759: 751: 747: 742: 737: 733: 729: 725: 718: 710: 706: 701: 696: 693:(2): 319–35. 692: 688: 681: 674: 672: 670: 668: 659: 653: 649: 642: 640: 624: 620: 618: 610: 606: 596: 593: 592: 586: 584: 583: 577: 572: 568: 558: 555: 551: 545: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 513: 509: 504: 499: 495: 491: 486: 481: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 444: 442: 438: 434: 430: 425: 423: 419: 415: 411: 406: 403: 399: 395: 394:polyarthritis 391: 387: 383: 379: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 345: 336: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 305: 303: 298: 296: 292: 291:United States 287: 283: 279: 275: 270: 268: 267:immune system 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 230: 228: 224: 220: 219: 214: 210: 209: 208:Caliciviridae 204: 200: 196: 195: 186: 185: 180: 177: 173: 169: 168: 163: 160: 159: 156: 155: 151: 148: 147: 144: 143: 142:Caliciviridae 139: 136: 135: 132: 131: 127: 124: 123: 120: 119: 115: 112: 111: 108: 107: 103: 100: 99: 96: 95: 94:Orthornavirae 91: 88: 87: 84: 83: 79: 76: 73: 72: 69: 66: 63: 62: 57: 52: 48: 44: 40: 36: 32: 27: 24: 20: 2461:Cat diseases 2349: 2127: 2108:Diseases and 1950:Russian Blue 1825:Egyptian Mau 1717:experimental 1568:Dog-like cat 1511:Ailurophobia 1476:Intelligence 1332:Odd-eyed cat 1257: 1249: 1236: 1192: 1188: 1178: 1153: 1149: 1143: 1116: 1112: 1102: 1078:(2): 500–3. 1075: 1071: 1061: 1044: 1041:Food Control 1040: 1033: 998: 994: 984: 975: 966: 957: 953: 947: 930: 926: 919: 910: 906: 900: 865: 861: 851: 832: 808: 772: 768: 758: 731: 727: 717: 690: 686: 647: 626:. Retrieved 622: 616: 609: 580: 564: 546: 516: 482: 473:azathioprine 461:Nursing care 450: 426: 407: 374: 367:. Note that 327:with either 325:Co-infection 306: 299: 277: 271: 236: 216: 206: 198: 193: 192: 191: 183: 182: 166: 165: 153: 141: 129: 117: 106:Pisuviricota 105: 93: 81: 74: 64:(unranked): 42: 22: 2456:Vesiviruses 2374:Wikispecies 2271:New Zealand 2198:Polydactyly 2128:Calicivirus 2020:Turkish Van 1960:Selkirk Rex 1915:Ojos Azules 1805:Cornish Rex 1613:Library cat 1598:Working cat 1526:Cat massage 1521:Cat killers 1503:interaction 1414:Vaccination 1349:Bicolor cat 1156:(1): 40–5. 1072:J Food Prot 769:J Gen Virol 728:J Gen Virol 490:vaccination 453:Antibiotics 286:endothelium 2450:Categories 2193:Giardiasis 2046:Highlander 1945:Ragamuffin 1885:Maine Coon 1865:Khao Manee 1845:German Rex 1735:Abyssinian 1635:Registries 1618:Ship's cat 1603:Bodega cat 1359:Calico cat 1304:Felinology 601:References 554:Kaempferol 550:Theaflavin 534:euthanasia 518:Quarantine 477:Stomatitis 382:stomatitis 357:gingivitis 349:ulceration 302:prevalence 295:California 282:epithelium 2365:Q13499373 2256:Australia 2218:Roundworm 2153:Heartworm 2110:disorders 2070:Landraces 2056:Serengeti 2005:Tonkinese 1975:Singapura 1935:Pixie-bob 1930:Peterbald 1850:Himalayan 1815:Devon Rex 1790:Chartreux 1711:full list 1573:Feral cat 1556:fictional 1516:Cat cafĂ©s 1501:Human–cat 1392:Declawing 1364:Tabby cat 1354:Black cat 1322:Dwarf cat 1047:: 25–30. 1017:0021-8820 628:9 January 567:norovirus 522:catteries 390:bacterial 386:Pneumonia 243:RNA virus 239:virulence 161:Species: 154:Vesivirus 89:Kingdom: 82:Riboviria 2420:11459796 2359:Wikidata 2325:Category 2208:Ringworm 2148:Coccidia 2051:Savannah 1980:Snowshoe 1970:Siberian 1895:Munchkin 1860:Javanese 1780:Burmilla 1750:Balinese 1728:domestic 1625:Zoonosis 1608:Farm cat 1561:Internet 1541:Cat show 1531:Cat meat 1471:Kneading 1447:valerian 1437:Catfight 1424:Behavior 1337:Squitten 1317:Genetics 1219:16840330 1170:17350729 1135:17073262 1094:17340890 1025:27756911 960:(6): 30. 939:17039444 927:Vet Ther 913:(2): 23. 892:16911860 791:17251569 750:16528041 709:17296159 589:See also 582:in vitro 530:Missouri 498:QI06AA07 465:anorexic 418:jaundice 410:epidemic 369:rhinitis 365:ptyalism 361:faucitis 251:virulent 223:Cheetahs 176:Synonyms 137:Family: 101:Phylum: 45:virions 2290:Related 2041:Chausie 1965:Siamese 1940:Ragdoll 1925:Persian 1820:Donskoy 1775:Burmese 1593:Pet cat 1312:Anatomy 1210:1563722 1189:J Virol 883:7117452 687:Vet Res 500: ( 467:cats. 433:culture 321:fomites 227:Felidae 201:) is a 149:Genus: 125:Order: 113:Class: 2407:541572 2261:Canada 2203:Rabies 2123:Asthma 2093:Sokoke 2088:Kellas 2083:Cyprus 2078:Aegean 2036:Bengal 2029:Hybrid 2010:Toyger 1990:Sphynx 1985:Somali 1910:Ocicat 1840:Foldex 1810:Cymric 1770:Bombay 1765:Birman 1707:Breeds 1583:Lolcat 1491:Senses 1442:Catnip 1407:senior 1379:Health 1327:Kitten 1217:  1207:  1168:  1133:  1092:  1023:  1015:  937:  890:  880:  839:  789:  748:  707:  654:  542:bleach 496:code: 494:ATCvet 439:, and 420:, and 353:tongue 309:saliva 259:capsid 247:genome 2433:11978 2415:IRMNG 2394:3DXSR 2266:Japan 1880:Lykoi 1870:Korat 1726:Fully 1387:Aging 683:(PDF) 576:ozone 512:Wyeth 414:edema 317:urine 313:feces 203:virus 75:Realm 68:Virus 2428:NCBI 2228:Tick 2143:Flea 2118:Acne 1995:Thai 1890:Manx 1464:Purr 1459:Meow 1397:Diet 1215:PMID 1166:PMID 1131:PMID 1090:PMID 1021:PMID 1013:ISSN 935:PMID 888:PMID 837:ISBN 787:PMID 746:PMID 705:PMID 652:ISBN 630:2019 384:). 363:and 300:The 284:and 255:gene 213:cats 2402:EoL 2389:CoL 2098:Van 1205:PMC 1197:doi 1158:doi 1121:doi 1080:doi 1049:doi 1003:doi 976:DVM 878:PMC 870:doi 866:118 809:DVM 777:doi 736:doi 695:doi 528:in 503:WHO 471:or 331:or 199:FCV 41:of 2452:: 2430:: 2417:: 2404:: 2391:: 2376:: 2361:: 1213:. 1203:. 1193:80 1191:. 1187:. 1164:. 1154:66 1152:. 1129:. 1117:80 1115:. 1111:. 1088:. 1076:70 1074:. 1070:. 1045:60 1043:. 1019:. 1011:. 999:70 997:. 993:. 974:. 956:. 929:. 911:24 909:. 886:. 876:. 864:. 860:. 817:^ 799:^ 785:. 773:88 771:. 767:. 744:. 732:87 730:. 726:. 703:. 691:38 689:. 685:. 666:^ 638:^ 621:. 585:. 443:. 435:, 424:. 359:, 315:, 311:, 297:. 269:. 77:: 1719:) 1715:( 1713:) 1709:( 1288:e 1281:t 1274:v 1221:. 1199:: 1172:. 1160:: 1137:. 1123:: 1096:. 1082:: 1055:. 1051:: 1027:. 1005:: 958:5 941:. 931:7 894:. 872:: 845:. 793:. 779:: 752:. 738:: 711:. 697:: 660:. 632:. 619:" 197:(

Index

Electron micrograph of "Feline calicivirus" virions
Electron micrograph
Virus classification
Edit this classification
Virus
Riboviria
Orthornavirae
Pisuviricota
Pisoniviricetes
Picornavirales
Caliciviridae
Vesivirus
Synonyms
virus
Caliciviridae
cats
Felid alphaherpesvirus 1
Cheetahs
Felidae
virulence
RNA virus
genome
virulent
gene
capsid
positive selection
immune system
rabbit hemorrhagic disease
epithelium
endothelium

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