Feather - Knowledge

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the height at which different species build their nests. Since females are the prime caregivers, evolution has helped select females to display duller colors down so that they may blend into the nesting environment. The position of the nest and whether it has a greater chance of being under predation has exerted constraints on female birds' plumage. A species of bird that nests on the ground, rather than the canopy of the trees, will need to have much duller colors in order not to attract attention to the nest. The height study found that birds that nest in the canopies of trees often have many more predator attacks due to the brighter color of feathers that the female displays. Another influence of evolution that could play a part in why feathers of birds are so colorful and display so many patterns could be due to that birds developed their bright colors from the vegetation and flowers that thrive around them. Birds develop their bright colors from living around certain colors. Most bird species often blend into their environment, due to some degree of camouflage, so if the species habitat is full of colors and patterns, the species would eventually evolve to blend in to avoid being eaten. Birds' feathers show a large range of colors, even exceeding the variety of many plants, leaf, and flower colors.

2485:. These pycnofibres likely provided both insulation and may have helped streamline the body and wings during flight. The identity of these branching structures as pycnofibres or feathers was challenged by Unwin & Martill (2020), who interpreted them as bunched-up and degraded aktinofibrils–stiffening fibres found in the wing membrane of pterosaurs–and attributed the melanosomes and keratin to skin rather than filaments. These claims were refuted by Yang and colleagues, who argue that Unwin and Martill's interpretations are inconsistent with the specimen's preservation. Namely, they argue that the consistent structure, regular spacing, and extension of the filaments beyond the wing membrane support their identification as pycnofibres. Further, they argue that the restriction of melanosomes and keratin to the fibres, as occurs in fossil dinosaur feathers, supports the case they are filaments and is not consistent with contamination from preserved skin. Protofeathers likely evolved in early archosaurs, not long after the P-T extinction event during the time metabolic rates of early archosaurs and synapsids were increasing, postures becoming erect, and sustained activity. 394: 778: 815:, depending on the stage of growth, are formed through the same follicles from which the old ones were fledged. The presence of melanin in feathers increases their resistance to abrasion. One study notes that melanin based feathers were observed to degrade more quickly under bacterial action, even compared to unpigmented feathers from the same species, than those unpigmented or with carotenoid pigments. However, another study the same year compared the action of bacteria on pigmentations of two song sparrow species and observed that the darker pigmented feathers were more resistant; the authors cited other research also published in 2004 that stated increased melanin provided greater resistance. They observed that the greater resistance of the darker birds confirmed 1141:. Theories of the scale-based origins of feathers suggest that the planar scale structure was modified for development into feathers by splitting to form the webbing; however, that developmental process involves a tubular structure arising from a follicle and the tube splitting longitudinally to form the webbing. The number of feathers per unit area of skin is higher in smaller birds than in larger birds, and this trend points to their important role in thermal insulation, since smaller birds lose more heat due to the relatively larger surface area in proportion to their body weight. The miniaturization of birds also played a role in the evolution of powered flight. The coloration of feathers is believed to have evolved primarily in response to 40: 1272: 1104: 5968: 887: 6007: 270: 1083: 901: 190: 278: 1524: 9557: 639: 540:. Powder down has evolved independently in several taxa and can be found in down as well as in pennaceous feathers. They may be scattered in plumage as in the pigeons and parrots or in localized patches on the breast, belly, or flanks, as in herons and frogmouths. Herons use their bill to break the powder down feathers and to spread them, while cockatoos may use their head as a powder puff to apply the powder. Waterproofing can be lost by exposure to 947: 552: 9581: 2449:. Mike Benton, the study's senior author, lent credence to the former theory, stating "We couldn't find any anatomical evidence that the four pycnofiber types are in any way different from the feathers of birds and dinosaurs. Therefore, because they are the same, they must share an evolutionary origin, and that was about 250 million years ago, long before the origin of birds." But the integumentary structures of the 9593: 518: 9569: 603: 762: 406: 1257:

fossil feathers was shown to be an artefact of the fossilization process, as beta-protein structures are readily altered to alpha-helices during thermal degradation. In 2019, scientists found that genes for the production of feathers evolved at the base of archosauria, supporting that feathers were present at early ornithodirans and is consistent with the fossil record.

800:, also called the preen gland. The yellow bill colors of many hornbills are produced by such secretions. It has been suggested that there are other color differences that may be visible only in the ultraviolet region, but studies have failed to find evidence. The oil secretion from the uropygial gland may also have an inhibitory effect on feather bacteria. 626:). Filoplumes and down may arise from the apterylae. The arrangement of these feather tracts, pterylosis or pterylography, varies across bird families and has been used in the past as a means for determining the evolutionary relationships of bird families. Species that incubate their own eggs often lose their feathers on a region of their belly, forming a 2924: 1469:

proves the existence of a modernly feathered theropod ancestor, providing insight into the dinosaur-bird transition. The specimen shows distribution of large pennaceous feathers on the forelimbs and tail, implying that pennaceous feathers spread to the rest of the body at an earlier stage in theropod

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The poultry industry produces a large amount of feathers as waste, which, like other forms of keratin, are slow to decompose. Feather waste has been used in a number of industrial applications as a medium for culturing microbes, biodegradable polymers, and production of enzymes. Feather proteins have

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The reds, orange and yellow colors of many feathers are caused by various carotenoids. Carotenoid-based pigments might be honest signals of fitness because they are derived from special diets and hence might be difficult to obtain, and/or because carotenoids are required for immune function and hence

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specimens is still based gross morphology as Liliana D'Alba pointed out. The pycnofibres of the two anurognathid specimens might not be homologous with the filamentous appendages on dinosaurs. Paul M. Barrett suspects that during the integumentary evolution of pterosaurs, pterosaurs primitively lost

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However, Foth (2011) showed that some of these purported stages (stages 2 and 5 in particular) are likely simply artifacts of preservation caused by the way fossil feathers are crushed and the feather remains or imprints are preserved. Foth re-interpreted stage 2 feathers as crushed or misidentified

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lived during the Early Cretaceous Period. Present on the forelimbs and tails, their integumentary structure has been accepted as pennaceous vaned feathers based on the rachis and herringbone pattern of the barbs. In the clade Deinonychosauria, the continued divergence of feathers is also apparent in

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Flight feathers are stiffened so as to work against the air in the downstroke but yield in other directions. It has been observed that the orientation pattern of β-keratin fibers in the feathers of flying birds differs from that in flightless birds: the fibers are better aligned along the shaft axis

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were not made of the feather β-keratins present in extant birds. However, a study of fossil feathers from the dinosaur Sinosauropteryx and other fossils revealed traces of beta-sheet proteins, using infrared spectroscopy and sulfur-X-ray spectroscopy. The presence of abundant alpha-proteins in some

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was found to have black-and-white-patterned feathers on the forelimbs and hindlimbs, with a reddish-brown crest. This pattern is similar to the coloration of many extant bird species, which use plumage coloration for display and communication, including sexual selection and camouflage. It is likely

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Although sexual selection plays a major role in the development of feathers, in particular, the color of the feathers it is not the only conclusion available. New studies are suggesting that the unique feathers of birds are also a large influence on many important aspects of avian behavior, such as

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The following simplified diagram of dinosaur relationships follows these results, and shows the likely distribution of plumaceous (downy) and pennaceous (vaned) feathers among dinosaurs and prehistoric birds. The diagram follows one presented by Xu and Guo (2009) modified with the findings of Foth

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Several studies of feather development in the embryos of modern birds, coupled with the distribution of feather types among various prehistoric bird precursors, have allowed scientists to attempt a reconstruction of the sequence in which feathers first evolved and developed into the types found on

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are all developmental expressions of the same primitive archosaur skin structures; suggesting that feathers and pycnofibers could be homologous. Molecular dating methods in 2011 show that the subfamily of feather β-keratins found in extant birds started to diverge 143 million years ago, suggesting

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The functional view on the evolution of feathers has traditionally focused on insulation, flight and display. Discoveries of non-flying Late Cretaceous feathered dinosaurs in China, however, suggest that flight could not have been the original primary function as the feathers simply would not have

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evolution. The development of pennaceous feathers did not replace earlier filamentous feathers. Filamentous feathers are preserved alongside modern-looking flight feathers – including some with modifications found in the feathers of extant diving birds – in 80 million year old amber from Alberta.

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are produced by constructive interference of light reflecting from different layers of structures in feathers. In the case of green plumage, in addition to yellow, the specific feather structure involved is called by some the Dyck texture. Melanin is often involved in the absorption of light; in

428:, is hairlike and are closely associated with pennaceous feathers and are often entirely hidden by them, with one or two filoplumes attached and sprouting from near the same point of the skin as each pennaceous feather, at least on a bird's head, neck and trunk. Filoplumes are entirely absent in 2440:

indicated that pterosaurs were covered in an array of differently-structured pycnofibres (rather than just filamentous ones), with several of these structures displaying diagnostic features of feathers, such as non-veined grouped filaments and bilaterally branched filaments, both of which were

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was almost entirely covered in an extensive coat of pycnofibres, which appear to have come in two types. The first are simple, curved filaments that range in length from 3.5–12.8 mm long. These filaments cover most of the animal, including the head, neck, body, limbs and tail. The second type

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that non-avian dinosaur species utilized plumage patterns for similar functions as modern birds before the origin of flight. In many cases, the physiological condition of the birds (especially males) is indicated by the quality of their feathers, and this is used (by the females) in

1511:. The study also suggested that if the feather-like structures of theropods and ornithischians are of common evolutionary origin then it would be possible that feathers were restricted to Ornithoscelida. If so, then the origin of feathers would have likely occurred as early as the 1411:

on the ulna of some birds, they consider it more likely that these are attachments for interosseous ligaments. This was refuted by Cuesta Fidalgo and her colleagues, they pointed out that these bumps on the ulna are posterolateral which is unlike that of interosseous ligaments.

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are peculiar in their habit of ingesting their own feathers and feeding them to their young. Observations on their diet of fish and the frequency of feather eating suggest that ingesting feathers, particularly down from their flanks, aids in forming easily ejectable pellets.

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was reported as having structures resembling stage-3 feathers. The likelihood of scales evolving on early dinosaur ancestors are high. However, this was by assuming that primitive pterosaurs were scaly. A 2016 study analyzes the pulp morphology of the tail bristles of

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are argued to support a thermoregulatory function, at least in smaller dinosaurs. Some researchers even argue that thermoregulation arose from bristles on the face that were used as tactile sensors. While feathers have been suggested as having evolved from reptilian

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have been found to determine feather development. They will be key to understand the evolution of feathers. For instance, some genes convert scales into feathers or feather-like structures when expressed or induced in bird feet, such as the scale-feather converters

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of many bird species and are particularly important in the selection of mating pairs. In some cases, there are differences in the UV reflectivity of feathers across sexes even though no differences in color are noted in the visible range. The wing feathers of male

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for cross-attachment. Down feathers are fluffy because they lack barbicels, so the barbules float free of each other, allowing the down to trap air and provide excellent thermal insulation. At the base of the feather, the rachis expands to form the hollow tubular

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for birds in their habitats, and serve as camouflage for predators looking for a meal. As with fish, the top and bottom colors may be different, in order to provide camouflage during flight. Striking differences in feather patterns and colors are part of the

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Feathers insulate birds from water and cold temperatures. They may also be plucked to line the nest and provide insulation to the eggs and young. The individual feathers in the wings and tail play important roles in controlling flight. Some species have a

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specimens, older individuals were found to have a pennibrachium (a wing-like structure consisting of elongate feathers), while younger ones did not. This suggests that the pennibrachium was a secondary sex characteristic and likely had a sexual function.

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Feather products manufacturing in Europe has declined in the last 60 years, mainly due to competition from Asia. Feathers have adorned hats at many prestigious events such as weddings and Ladies Day at racecourses (Royal Ascot).

1305:. Another theory posits that the original adaptive advantage of early feathers was their pigmentation or iridescence, contributing to sexual preference in mate selection. Dinosaurs that had feathers or protofeathers include 85:

Although feathers cover most of the bird's body, they arise only from certain well-defined tracts on the skin. They aid in flight, thermal insulation, and waterproofing. In addition, coloration helps in communication and

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scales. This type of keratin, previously thought to be specific to feathers, is suppressed during embryological development of the alligator and so is not present in the scales of mature alligators. The presence of this

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has endangered some species and helped to contribute to the extinction of others. Today, feathers used in fashion and in military headdresses and clothes are obtained as a waste product of poultry farming, including

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been capable of providing any form of lift. There have been suggestions that feathers may have had their original function in thermoregulation, waterproofing, or even as sinks for metabolic wastes such as sulphur.

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Some groups of Native people in Alaska have used ptarmigan feathers as temper (non-plastic additives) in pottery manufacture since the first millennium BC in order to promote thermal shock resistance and strength.

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Zelenitsky, D. K.; Therrien, F.; Erickson, G. M.; DeBuhr, C. L.; Kobayashi, Y.; Eberth, D. A.; Hadfield, F. (26 October 2012). "Feathered Non-Avian Dinosaurs from North America Provide Insight into Wing Origins".

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origin; related to Dutch "veer" and German "Feder", from an Indo-European root shared by Sanskrit's "patra" meaning 'wing', Latin's "penna" meaning 'feather', and Greek's "pteron", "pterux" meaning 'wing'.

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reflectance and in the enhancement of pigmentary colors. Structural iridescence has been reported in fossil feathers dating back 40 million years. White feathers lack pigment and scatter light diffusely;

469:. The basal part of the calamus is without vanes. This part is embedded within the skin follicle and has an opening at the base (proximal umbilicus) and a small opening on the side (distal umbilicus). 7602:"Feathers and Fur Fly Over Pterosaur Fossil Finding – An analysis of two fossils would push back the origins of feathers by about 70 million years, but more specimens may be needed for confirmation" 7041: 489:

of feathers on their heads. Although feathers are light, a bird's plumage weighs two or three times more than its skeleton, since many bones are hollow and contain air sacs. Color patterns serve as

581:. Although there is as yet no clear evidence, it has been suggested that rictal bristles have sensory functions and may help insectivorous birds to capture prey. In one study, willow flycatchers ( 6164:

Dimond, C. C.; R. J. Cabin; J. S. Brooks (2011). "Feathers, Dinosaurs, and Behavioral Cues: Defining the Visual Display Hypothesis for the Adaptive Function of Feathers in Non-Avian Theropods".

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Dimond, C. C.; R. J. Cabin; J. S. Brooks (2011). "Feathers, Dinosaurs, and Behavioral Cues: Defining the Visual Display Hypothesis for the Adaptive Function of Feathers in Non-Avian Theropods".

3741: 1231:, and it was long thought that each type of keratin was exclusive to each skin structure (feathers and scales). However, feather keratin is also present in the early stages of development of 930:

to aircraft. The ratios of hydrogen isotopes in feathers help in determining the geographic origins of birds. Feathers may also be useful in the non-destructive sampling of pollutants.

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that induce the growth of feathers on the skin are not known, but it has been found that the transcription factor cDermo-1 induces the growth of feathers on skin and scales on the leg.

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Langer, Max C.; Ezcurra, Martín D.; Rauhut, Oliver W. M.; Benton, Michael J.; Knoll, Fabien; McPhee, Blair W.; Novas, Fernando E.; Pol, Diego; Brusatte, Stephen L. (2 November 2017).

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on the ulna suggesting it might have had quill-like structures on the ams. However, Foth et al. 2014 disagress with the publication where they point out that the bumps on the ulna of

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noted in 1886 that feathers of as many as 40 species of birds were used in about three-fourths of the 700 ladies' hats that he observed in New York City. For instance, South American

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Parasitic cuckoos which grow up in the nests of other species also have host-specific feather lice and these seem to be transmitted only after the young cuckoos leave the host nest.

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Wu, Ping; Yan, Jie; Lai, Yung-Chih; Ng, Chen Siang; Li, Ang; Jiang, Xueyuan; Elsey, Ruth M.; Widelitz, Randall; Bajpai, Ruchi; Li, Wen-Hsiung; Chuong, Cheng-Ming (1 February 2018).

2874: 2428:, which were generally considered distinct from the "true feathers" of birds and their dinosaur kin. However, a 2018 study of two small, well-preserved pterosaur fossils from the 9624: 544:

due to human pollution. Feathers can then become waterlogged, causing the bird to sink. It is also very difficult to clean and rescue birds whose feathers have been fouled by

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dinosaurs, around 2.5–8.0 mm long and only cover the wing membranes. Studies of sampled pycnofibres revealed the presence of microbodies within the filaments, resembling the

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Those feathers won't stick: maximum likelihood modelling supports scales as primitive for Dinosauria (The 66th Symposium on Vertebrate Palaeontology and Comparative Anatomy)

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originally thought to be exclusive to birds and other maniraptoran dinosaurs. Given these findings, it is possible that feathers have deep evolutionary origins in ancestral

839:. This life history has resulted in most of the parasite species being specific to the host and coevolving with the host, making them of interest in phylogenetic studies. 181:. These feathers are dyed and manipulated to enhance their appearance, as poultry feathers are naturally often dull in appearance compared to the feathers of wild birds. 1021:

wears one. Any member of the clan who does not meet the criteria is not authorized to wear feathers as part of traditional garb and doing so is considered presumptuous.

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Yang, Zixiao; Jiang, Baoyu; McNamara, Maria E.; Kearns, Stuart L.; Pittman, Michael; Kaye, Thomas G.; Orr, Patrick J.; Xu, Xing; Benton, Michael J. (17 December 2018).

1167:(pigment cells) structure can be observed. By comparing the shape of the fossil melanosomes to melanosomes from extant birds, the color and pattern of the feathers on 5434: 7827:

Yang, Z.; Jiang, B.; McNamara, M. E.; Kearns, S. L.; Pittman, M.; Kaye, T. G.; Orr, P. J.; Xu, X.; Benton, M. J. (2020). "Reply to: No protofeathers on pterosaurs".

1515:, though this has been disagreed upon. The lack of feathers present in large sauropods and ankylosaurs could be that feathers were suppressed by genomic regulators. 7498:

Yang, Zixiao; Jiang, Baoyu; McNamara, Maria E.; Kearns, Stuart L.; Pittman, Michael; Kaye, Thomas G.; Orr, Patrick J.; Xu, Xing; Benton, Michael J. (January 2019).

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of the wing, and rectrices, or flight feathers of the tail, are the most important feathers for flight. A typical vaned feather features a main shaft, called the

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Casarin, Franciani; Brandelli, Florencia Cladera-Olivera Adriano; Brandelli, Adriano (2008). "Use of Poultry Byproduct for Production of Keratinolytic Enzymes".

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During the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries, there was a booming international trade in plumes for extravagant women's hats and other headgear (including in

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Godefroit, Pascal; Sinitsa, Sofia M.; Dhouailly, Danielle; Bolotsky, Yuri L.; Sizov, Alexander V.; McNamara, Maria E.; Benton, Michael J.; Spagna, Paul (2014).

6577:""Integumentary Status: It's Complicated': Phylogenetic, Sedimentary, and Biological Impediments to Resolving the Ancestral Integument of Mesozoic Dinosauria" 1569:(2011) The numbers accompanying each name refer to the presence of specific feather stages. Note that 's' indicates the known presence of scales on the body. 472:

Hatchling birds of some species have a special kind of natal down feathers (neossoptiles) which are pushed out when the normal feathers (teleoptiles) emerge.

7176: 3680: 7045: 4857:"Evaluation of the usefulness of bird feathers as a non-destructive biomonitoring tool for organic pollutants: A comparative and meta-analytical approach" 4765:"Bactericidal and fungicidal activity of ant chemicals on feather parasites: an evaluation of anting behavior as a method of self-medication in songbirds" 1451:

Previously, a temporal paradox existed in the evolution of feathers—theropods with highly derived bird-like characteristics occurred at a later time than

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Xing, Lida; McKellar, Ryan C.; Wang, Min; Bai, Ming; O'Connor, Jingmai K.; Benton, Michael J.; Zhang, Jianping; Wang, Yan; Tseng, Kuowei (28 June 2016).

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Li, Quanguo; Gao, Ke-Qin; Vinther, Jakob; Shawkey, Matthew; Clarke, Julia; D'Alba, Liliana; Meng, Qingjin; Briggs, Derek; Prum, Richard (12 March 2010).

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properties; then, small dinosaur species which grew longer feathers may have found them helpful in gliding, leading to the evolution of proto-birds like

835:) and feather mites. Feather lice typically live on a single host and can move only from parents to chicks, between mating birds, and, occasionally, by 148:, the ability to expand from a compressed, stored state to trap large amounts of compartmentalized, insulating air. Feathers of large birds (most often 5232: 1288:

had feathers on their limbs that would not have functioned for flight. One theory suggests that feathers originally evolved on dinosaurs due to their

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are vaned feathers. Also called contour feathers, pennaceous feathers arise from tracts and cover the entire body. A third rarer type of feather, the

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Zheng, X. T.; H. L. You; X. Xu & Z. M. Dong (2009). "An Early Cretaceous heterodontosaurid dinosaur with filamentous integumentary structures".

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Cincotta, A., Nicolaï, M., Campos, H.B.N. et al. Pterosaur melanosomes support signalling functions for early feathers. Nature 604, 684–688 (2022).

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Zixiao Yang; Baoyu Jiang; Maria E. McNamara; Stuart L. Kearns; Michael Pittman; Thomas G. Kaye; Patrick J. Orr; Xing Xu; Michael J. Benton (2019).

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Foth, C (2011). "On the identification of feather structures in stem-line representatives of birds: evidence from fossils and actuopalaeontology".

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Bowen, Gabriel J; Wassenaar, Leonard I; Hobson, Keith A (2005). "Global application of stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes to wildlife forensics".

2702: 855:, and because of easy countability, many evolutionary, ecological, and behavioral publications use them to quantify the intensity of infestation. 3546: 4601:

Martin, T. E.; Badyaev, A. V. (1996). "Sexual dichromatic in birds; importance of nest predation and nest location for females versus males".

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is caused by defective pigment production, though structural coloration will not be affected (as can be seen, for example, in blue-and-white

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Hu, D. Y.; L. H. Hou; L. J. Zhang; X. Xu (2009). "A pre-Archaeopteryx troodontid theropod from China with long feathers on the metatarsus".

995:, a federal law limiting the possession of eagle feathers to certified and enrolled members of federally recognized Native American tribes. 7893: 5688:

Saino, Nicola; Riccardo Stradi (1999). "Carotenoid Plasma Concentration, Immune Profile, and Plumage Ornamentation of Male Barn Swallows".

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De Ricqles; A. J.; K. Padian; J. R. Horner; E. T. Lamm; N. Myhrvold (2003). "Osteohistology of confuciusornis sanctus (theropoda: Aves)".

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Neusius, Sarah W. and G. Timothy Gross 2007 Seeking Our Past: An Introduction to North American Archaeology. Oxford University Press, NY.

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Bonser, R.H.C.; Dawson, C. (1999). "The structural mechanical properties of down feathers and biomimicking natural insulation materials".

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feathers that grow continuously, with small particles regularly breaking off from the ends of the barbules. These particles produce a

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Xu, X.; Guo, Y. (2009). "The origin and early evolution of feathers: insights from recent paleontological and neontological data".

3008: 777: 8464: 5938:"Beta-keratin localization in developing alligator scales and feathers in relation to the development and evolution of feathers" 5899:"Beta-keratin localization in developing alligator scales and feathers in relation to the development and evolution of feathers" 7712: 6819:

Xu, X.; H. H. Zhou & R. O. Prum (2001). "Branched integumental structures in Sinornithosaurus and the origin of feathers".

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People use feathers in many ways that are practical, cultural, and religious. Feathers are both soft and excellent at trapping

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Baron, M.G.; Norman, D.B.; Barrett, P.M. (2017). "A new hypothesis of dinosaur relationships and early dinosaur evolution".

5248: 1431:, challenged the notion of feathers as a structure exclusive to Avialae. Buried in the Yixian Formation in Liaoning, China, 7971: 5426: 3821:

Hall, K.; Susanna S. (2005). "Do nine-primaried passerines have nine or ten primary feathers? The evolution of a concept".

2885: 4055: 6724:"Appendicular osteology of Concavenator corcovatus (Theropoda: Carcharodontosauridae) from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain" 3268:

Cameron, G.; Wess, T.; Bonser, R. (2003). "Young's modulus varies with differential orientation of keratin in feathers".

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they are white, and produced on the head and upper neck at the start of the breeding season, and shed soon after nesting.

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section below) such as those seen in these two ornithischians likely functioned in display. In 2014, the ornithischian

1138: 873:, in which ants are introduced into the plumage, helps to reduce parasites, but no supporting evidence has been found. 1408: 1404: 548:. The feathers of cormorants soak up water and help to reduce buoyancy, thereby allowing the birds to swim submerged. 7019: 6518:

Mayr, Gerald; Pittman, Michael; Saitta, Evan; Kaye, Thomas G.; Vinther, Jakob (30 August 2016). Benson, Roger (ed.).

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Poopathi, S.; Abidha, S. (2007). "Use of feather-based culture media for the production of mosquitocidal bacteria".

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in the Late Jurassic Tiaojishan Formation (160 MYA) in western Liaoning in 2009 resolved this paradox. By predating

1351:. The exact nature of these structures is still under study. However, it is believed that the stage-1 feathers (see 5028: 7976: 3663: 8008: 2570: 1048:). Conservationists led a major campaign against the use of feathers in hats. This contributed to passage of the 78:

and an example of a complex evolutionary novelty. They are among the characteristics that distinguish the extant

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Xu, Xing; Fucheng Zhang (2005). "A new maniraptoran dinosaur from China with long feathers on the metatarsus".

4223: 4206: 2500: 2445:, though there is also a possibility that these structures independently evolved to resemble bird feathers via 1366:

and finds they are similar to feathers but notes that they are also similar to the bristles on the head of the

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Brooke, M. de L.; Hiroshi Nakamura (1998). "The acquisition of host-specific feather lice by common cuckoos (

3807: 1029: 1137:, there are numerous objections to that idea, and more recent explanations have arisen from the paradigm of 5733:"Animal visual systems and the evolution of color patterns: Sensory processing illumiates signal evolution" 5228: 1059:

accessory, with feathers formerly used as fishing lures now being used to provide color and style to hair.

432:. In some passerines, filoplumes arise exposed beyond the pennaceous feathers on the neck. The remiges, or 286: 5292: 3400:"A new helical crossed-fibre structure of b-keratin in flight feathers and its biomechanical implications" 9597: 8454: 7601: 5266: 1276: 610:

Contour feathers are not uniformly distributed on the skin of the bird except in some groups such as the

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Feathers are also valuable in aiding the identification of species in forensic studies, particularly in

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Access to Eagles and Eagle Parts: Environmental Protection v. Native American Free Exercise of Religion

7324: 6091: 4963: 3032:"Studies on the Structure of Feather Keratin: II. A β-Helix Model for the Structure of Feather Keratin" 786: 8151: 8141: 7745: 7574: 7535: 7285: 7211: 6552: 6408: 5456:

Xu X.; Wang K.; Zhang K.; Ma Q.; Xing L.; Sullivan C.; Hu D.; Cheng S.; Wang S.; et al. (2012).

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A bird's feathers undergo wear and tear and are replaced periodically during the bird's life through

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feather extract for the better management of snakebites: Neutralization of inflammatory reactions".

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direction towards the tip, and the lateral walls of rachis region show structure of crossed fibers.

8477: 8459: 5053:"Traditional use of the Andean flicker (Colaptes rupicola) as a galactagogue in the Peruvian Andes" 3614: 2515: 536:

that sifts through the feathers on the bird's body and acts as a waterproofing agent and a feather

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Slater, Tiffany S; Edwards, Nicholas P; Webb, Samuel M; Zhang, Fucheng; McNamara, Maria E (2023).

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Ribak, G.; Weihs, D.; Arad, Z. (2005). "Water retention in the plumage of diving great cormorants

9617: 8482: 6497: 4182:

Dyck, J. (1971). "Structure and spectral reflectance of green and blue feathers of the Lovebird (

3194: 2505: 1159: 980: 537: 8156: 4157: 1457:—suggesting that the descendants of birds arose before the ancestor. However, the discovery of 1271: 9702: 9573: 8449: 8261: 8211: 6921:

Xu, X.; Q. Zhao; M. Norell; C. Sullivan; D. Hone; G. Erickson; X. L. Wang; et al. (2009).

4383:"Evolution of sexual dichromatism: contribution of carotenoid versus melanin-based colouration" 2986: 2850: 2843: 1444:. Branched feathers with rachis, barbs, and barbules were discovered in many members including 1103: 1072: 893: 870: 416:

There are two basic types of feather: vaned feathers which cover the exterior of the body, and

7914: 5731:

Endler, John A.; David A. Westcott; Joah R. Madden; Tim Robson & Patrick Phillips (2005).

3351:"Light like a feather: A fibrous natural composite with a shape changing from round to square" 8286: 6923:"A new feathered maniraptoran dinosaur fossil that fills a morphological gap in avian origin" 6723: 2982: 2756: 2696: 2474: 2473:

pigments identified in other fossil integuments, specifically phaeomelanosomes. Furthermore,

1386: 961:

era, integrates featherwork of pre-Hispanic origin with Christian iconography. 18th century,

957:

made from duck, hummingbird, and canary feathers. This style of painting, popular during the

738: 677: 614:, ratites and screamers. In most birds the feathers grow from specific tracts of skin called 410: 4240:"Optical properties of the uropygial gland secretion: no evidence for UV cosmetics in birds" 886: 587:) were found to catch insects equally well before and after removal of the rictal bristles. 8914: 7836: 7785: 7724: 7514: 7448: 7339: 7323:

Benton, Michael J.; Dhouailly, Danielle; Jiang, Baoyu; McNamara, Maria (1 September 2019).

7265: 7191: 7133: 7080: 6975: 6934: 6879: 6828: 6785: 6680: 6669:"New specimen of Archaeopteryx provides insights into the evolution of pennaceous feathers" 6617: 6531: 6387: 6308: 6208: 6106: 6090:

Benton, Michael J.; Dhouailly, Danielle; Jiang, Baoyu; McNamara, Maria (1 September 2019).

6045: 5983: 5790: 5629: 5504: 5472: 4921: 4868: 4813: 4431: 4251: 4113:

Vinther, Jakob; Briggs, Derek E. G.; Clarke, Julia; Mayr, Gerald; Prum, Richard O. (2009).

3411: 3312: 3100: 3043: 2794: 2732: 2653: 2446: 556: 294: 4689:"Are lice good proxies for host history? A comparative analysis of the Australian magpie, 4274: 3303:

Bonser, R.; Saker, L.; Jeronimidis, G. (2004). "Toughness anisotropy in feather keratin".

1052:

in 1900, and to changes in fashion. The ornamental feather market then largely collapsed.

8: 8444: 8336: 8276: 8221: 8001: 6519: 5969:"Linking the molecular evolution of avian beta (β) keratins to the evolution of feathers" 4550: 4517: 3746:: a unique solution to the problems of debris and gastric parasites in fish-eating birds" 3671: 3324: 3188: 2644: 2636: 2562: 2495: 2162: 1600: 1379: 1285: 1266: 1014: 954: 950: 785:

wearing a wide collar of orange toucan feathers around his shoulders and elements of the

504: 305: 51: 7840: 7789: 7728: 7629: 7518: 7452: 7343: 7269: 7195: 7137: 7084: 6979: 6938: 6883: 6832: 6789: 6684: 6621: 6535: 6391: 6312: 6212: 6110: 6049: 5987: 5794: 5730: 5633: 5476: 4925: 4872: 4817: 4435: 4255: 3415: 3316: 3104: 3047: 2798: 2736: 2657: 9227: 8291: 8251: 8216: 7940: 7933: 7870: 7809: 7758: 7710: 7693: 7606: 7556: 7480: 7417: 7379: 7305: 7231: 7157: 7101: 7068: 7001: 6903: 6852: 6801: 6751: 6704: 6649: 6557: 6465: 6440: 6421: 6332: 6281: 6232: 6181: 6146: 6069: 5874: 5841: 5822: 5762: 5749: 5732: 5713: 5653: 5614: 5595: 5560: 5496: 5374: 5297: 5169: 5143:"Traditional knowledge on zootherapeutic uses by the Saharia tribe of Rajasthan, India" 5142: 5079: 5052: 5020: 4981: 4837: 4786: 4618: 4573: 4494: 4455: 4447: 4404: 4399: 4382: 4355: 4144: 4083: 4031: 4006: 3982: 3957: 3923: 3877: 3838: 3799: 3764: 3718: 3606: 3538: 3483: 3458: 3434: 3399: 3375: 3350: 3328: 3123: 3088: 3064: 3031: 3000: 2963: 2818: 2595: 2478: 1396: 1289: 1237: 1232: 1150: 782: 660: 583: 533: 421: 384: 223: 7956: 7575:"Pterosaurs Had Four Types of Feathers, New Study Shows | Paleontology | Sci-News.com" 6770: 6606:"A bizarre, humped Carcharodontosauria (Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain" 3281: 3222:"A study of the structure of feathers, with reference to their taxonomic significance" 3055: 2910:

Langenscheidt Fachwörterbuch Biologie Englisch: englisch – deutsch, deutsch – englisch

2884:. Charles Darwin Collections Database by the Charles Darwin Foundation. Archived from 2665: 9697: 9671: 9580: 9353: 9300: 9250: 8393: 8383: 8326: 8126: 8121: 8061: 7899: 7874: 7862: 7813: 7801: 7750: 7685: 7677: 7548: 7540: 7484: 7472: 7464: 7436: 7383: 7371: 7363: 7309: 7297: 7289: 7223: 7215: 7161: 7149: 7106: 7005: 6993: 6907: 6895: 6844: 6805: 6743: 6696: 6641: 6633: 6470: 6425: 6413: 6324: 6273: 6268: 6251: 6224: 6150: 6138: 6130: 6073: 6061: 6033: 5999: 5949: 5918: 5910: 5879: 5861: 5814: 5806: 5754: 5705: 5657: 5645: 5552: 5544: 5488: 5174: 5123: 5084: 4933: 4894: 4829: 4714: 4626: 4408: 4363: 4338:

Endler, J. A. (1980). "Natural selection on color patterns in Poeci-lia reticulata".

4317: 4279: 4149: 4088: 4036: 3987: 3915: 3648: 3598: 3530: 3488: 3439: 3380: 3332: 3285: 3248: 3169: 3128: 3069: 2967: 2914: 2854: 2822: 2810: 2748: 2669: 2587: 2424:

were long known to have filamentous fur-like structures covering their body known as

2185: 1858: 1335:, however featherlike "filamentous integumentary structures" are also known from the 1213: 1025: 992: 751: 499: 7921:. Vol. Part 1. Washington D.C.: US Department of Agriculture. pp. 235–276. 7762: 7697: 7560: 7421: 7235: 6755: 6561: 6185: 5766: 5599: 5564: 5500: 5378: 5102:

Murari, S.K.; Frey, F.J.; Frey, B.M.; Gowda, T.V.; Vishwanath, B.S. (2005). "Use of

4985: 4790: 4551:"Gloger's Rule, feather-degrading bacteria, and color variation among Song Sparrows" 4459: 3927: 3842: 3610: 3542: 3221: 1247:

This may suggest that crocodilian scales, bird and dinosaur feathers, and pterosaur

684:

The colors of feathers are produced by pigments, by microscopic structures that can

9219: 8361: 8033: 7852: 7844: 7793: 7740: 7732: 7667: 7530: 7522: 7456: 7409: 7355: 7347: 7281: 7273: 7207: 7199: 7141: 7096: 7088: 6983: 6942: 6887: 6856: 6836: 6793: 6735: 6708: 6688: 6653: 6625: 6547: 6539: 6460: 6452: 6403: 6395: 6336: 6316: 6285: 6263: 6216: 6173: 6122: 6114: 6053: 5991: 5937: 5898: 5869: 5853: 5826: 5798: 5744: 5717: 5697: 5671: 5637: 5587: 5534: 5480: 5405: 5366: 5337: 5164: 5154: 5115: 5074: 5064: 5024: 5012: 4973: 4947:

Schmidt, W.F.; Barone, J.R. (2004). "New uses for chicken feathers keratin fiber".

4929: 4884: 4876: 4841: 4821: 4803: 4776: 4745: 4704: 4672: 4667: 4657: 4610: 4577: 4565: 4518:"The evolution of bird plumage colouration: A role for feather-degrading bacteria?" 4486: 4439: 4394: 4347: 4313: 4269: 4259: 4218: 4139: 4131: 4078: 4070: 4026: 4018: 3977: 3969: 3907: 3873: 3830: 3791: 3760: 3710: 3644: 3590: 3522: 3478: 3470: 3429: 3419: 3370: 3362: 3320: 3277: 3159: 3118: 3108: 3059: 3051: 2955: 2802: 2740: 2661: 2599: 2579: 2093: 2016: 1876: 1669: 1535:

Feather evolution was broken down into the following stages by Xu and Guo in 2009:

1424: 1420: 1314: 1142: 1037: 816: 486: 6739: 6236: 3857: 1013:

are known to wear feathers on their bonnets to signify authority within the clan.

790: 688:, reflect, or scatter selected wavelengths of light, or by a combination of both. 9451: 9279: 8749: 8271: 8256: 8194: 8093: 8021: 7966: 5252: 5245: 4880: 4122: 3424: 1993: 1934: 1747: 1512: 1489: 1441: 1415:

Since the 1990s, dozens of feathered dinosaurs have been discovered in the clade

1375: 1134: 797: 796:

In some birds, feather colors may be created, or altered, by secretions from the

398: 328: 269: 126: 3164: 3147: 1565:

feathers of at least stage 3, and stage 5 feathers as crushed stage 6 feathers.

1036:

feathers were used in the past to dress some of the miniature birds featured in

9666: 9656: 9561: 9491: 9443: 9377: 9316: 9271: 9258: 9132: 9095: 8946: 8720: 8557: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8281: 8266: 8161: 8136: 8131: 8113: 7994: 7848: 7797: 7460: 7351: 6118: 6057: 5675: 4096: 3093:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2466: 2433: 2258: 2234: 1508: 1478: 1357: 1347: 1319: 1045: 1006:

have been used in traditional medicine for snakebite, infertility, and coughs.

1003: 912: 712: 627: 433: 364: 7934:

Polly want a pigment? Cracking the chemical code to red coloration in parrots.

7736: 7672: 7655: 7526: 7413: 7203: 6947: 6922: 6668: 6605: 6491: 6376:"A Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur from Siberia with both feathers and scales" 6220: 5523:"Bristles before down: A new perspective on the functional origin of feathers" 5119: 5016: 4977: 4854: 4825: 4749: 4264: 4239: 3834: 2959: 2461:

consists of tufts of filaments joined near the base, similar to the branching

1382:

finds that filaments were more likely to be the ancestral state of dinosaurs.

831:

The feather surface is the home for some ectoparasites, notably feather lice (

9691: 9499: 9483: 9406: 9398: 9232: 9030: 8880: 8767: 8725: 8525: 8517: 8439: 8403: 8321: 8245: 8073: 7681: 7544: 7468: 7367: 7293: 7219: 6747: 6637: 6134: 5976:

Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution

5914: 5865: 5810: 5548: 4999:

Jiang, Z.; Qin, D.; Hse, C.; Kuo, M.; Luo, Z.; Wang, G.; et al. (2008).

4321: 2725:

Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution

2530: 2462: 1970: 1837: 1485: 1453: 1419:, which includes the clade Avialae and the recent common ancestors of birds, 1371: 1367: 1336: 1324: 1294: 1113: 1093: 1088: 1010: 976: 962: 900: 842: 462: 340: 170: 157: 71: 6399: 6252:"Feathered dinosaurs from China and the evolution of major avian characters" 5857: 5802: 5641: 4855:

Jaspers, V.; Voorspoels, S.; Covaci, A.; Lepoint, G. & Eens, M. (2007).

4662: 4645: 3526: 2806: 189: 9585: 9329: 9174: 8990: 8828: 8776: 8648: 8609: 8378: 8366: 8356: 8346: 8043: 7866: 7805: 7754: 7689: 7552: 7476: 7375: 7301: 7227: 7153: 7110: 6997: 6899: 6848: 6700: 6645: 6474: 6456: 6417: 6328: 6277: 6228: 6142: 6065: 6003: 5953: 5922: 5883: 5818: 5758: 5709: 5649: 5556: 5492: 5410: 5393: 5342: 5325: 5178: 5159: 5127: 5088: 5069: 4898: 4833: 4718: 4630: 4367: 4283: 4153: 4135: 4092: 4074: 4040: 4022: 3991: 3973: 3602: 3534: 3492: 3474: 3443: 3384: 3366: 3289: 3173: 3132: 3073: 2814: 2752: 2745:

10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19991215)285:4<291::AID-JEZ1>3.0.CO;2-9

2673: 2591: 2558: 2450: 2049: 1814: 1685: 1587: 1501: 1497: 1437: 1390: 1186: 987:

as religious objects. In the United States, the religious use of eagle and

920: 866: 852: 832: 724: 651: 618:; between the pterylae there are regions which are free of feathers called 511: 417: 388: 141: 130: 5842:"Multiple Regulatory Modules Are Required for Scale-to-Feather Conversion" 4299:"Chemical warfare? Effects of uropygial oil on feather-degrading bacteria" 3919: 3113: 1331:

The majority of dinosaurs known to have had feathers or protofeathers are

1082: 356: 316: 9676: 9390: 9237: 9043: 9022: 9011: 8976: 8843: 8833: 8791: 8682: 8549: 8351: 8176: 8171: 8103: 8088: 8056: 6667:

Foth, Christian; Tischlinger, Helmut; Rauhut, Oliver W.M. (2 June 2014).

6177: 5370: 5000: 4856: 2425: 2111: 1957: 1916: 1796: 1646: 1623: 1523: 1416: 1300: 1241: 1181: 1033: 927: 812: 746: 742: 696: 655: 529: 522: 332: 219: 7713:"Pterosaur integumentary structures with complex feather-like branching" 7500:"Pterosaur integumentary structures with complex feather-like branching" 7277: 7177:"Pterosaur integumentary structures with complex feather-like branching" 7145: 7092: 6891: 6692: 6629: 6439:

Barrett, Paul M.; Evans, David C.; Campione, Nicolás E. (30 June 2015).

6320: 5995: 5484: 4709: 4688: 3146:

Hornik, C.; Krishan, K.; Yusuf, F.; Scaal, M.; Brand-Saberi, B. (2005).

569:

are found around the eyes and bill. They may serve a similar purpose to

9507: 9369: 9308: 9287: 9119: 9103: 9038: 8983: 8955: 8887: 8852: 8730: 8578: 8413: 8388: 8146: 7857: 7776:

Unwin, D. M.; Martill, D. M. (2020). "No protofeathers on pterosaurs".

6604:

Ortega, Francisco; Escaso, Fernando; Sanz, José L. (9 September 2010).

6543: 4622: 4498: 4451: 4359: 3803: 3722: 2482: 2470: 2274: 2209: 1778: 1734: 1577: 1477:

existed in some bird predecessors. The wings most probably belonged to

1341: 1248: 1164: 1129: 1110: 755: 704: 685: 668: 638: 490: 348: 344: 301: 297: 75: 7986: 7981: 7359: 6768: 6126: 5539: 5522: 4422:

Lozano, G. A. (1994). "Carotenoids, parasites, and sexual selection".

946: 551: 9467: 9422: 9211: 9004: 8921: 8905: 8894: 8804: 8740: 8699: 8398: 8199: 8186: 8166: 8066: 6840: 4889: 4238:

Delhey, K.; Peters, A.; Biedermann, P. H. W.; Kempenaers, B. (2008).

2520: 2442: 2421: 1554:

Pennaceous feather with vane of barbs and barbules and central rachis

1493: 1332: 1307: 1155: 1056: 1049: 958: 909: 728: 700: 574: 545: 352: 282: 67: 7977:

U.S. National Fish and Wildlife Forensics Laboratory's Feather Atlas

6988: 6963: 6298: 6163: 5577: 5356: 5215:

Feather Fashions and Bird Preservation, A Study in Nature Protection

4646:"How colorful are birds? Evolution of the avian plumage color gamut" 4614: 4490: 4443: 4351: 3795: 3714: 1040:. This trade caused severe losses to bird populations (for example, 9661: 9435: 9165: 9140: 9086: 8997: 8969: 8859: 8823: 8815: 8797: 8692: 8677: 8661: 8408: 8371: 8204: 5701: 5293:"That Thing With Feathers Trapped in Amber? It Was a Dinosaur Tail" 5001:"Preliminary Study on Chicken Feather Protein-Based Wood Adhesives" 3911: 3594: 3148:"cDermo-1 misexpression induces dense dermis, feathers, and scales" 2583: 2429: 916: 896:

curated at the Jesse Peter Multicultural Museum, Santa Rosa College

862: 847: 774:

combination with a yellow pigment, it produces a dull olive-green.

541: 494: 174: 122: 118: 63: 6869: 6797: 5458:"A gigantic feathered dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of China" 4474: 4005:

Hausmann, F.; Arnold, K.E.; Marshall, N.J.; Owens, I.P.F. (2003).

3698: 3576:"Cosmetic coloration in birds: occurrence, function and evolution" 1551:

Multiple filaments arising from the edge of a membranous structure

277: 9609: 9345: 9198: 9077: 8962: 8928: 8866: 8687: 8541: 8533: 8226: 8098: 6920: 6722:

Cuesta, Elena; Ortega, Francisco; Sanz, José Luis (4 July 2018).

6373: 4762: 4569: 3893:"On the Thermal Capacity of a Bird's Egg Warmed by a Brood Patch" 3779: 2525: 2029: 1474: 1228: 1146: 1018: 851:

spp. lice) on the wing and tail feathers. They were described on

836: 720: 692: 672: 647: 611: 570: 562: 405: 336: 312: 309: 178: 162: 114: 106: 87: 55: 7069:"Mummified precocial bird wings in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber" 5779: 4731: 4237: 565:

are stiff, tapering feathers with a large rachis but few barbs.

517: 9475: 9414: 9190: 9182: 9111: 9051: 8935: 8873: 8756: 8423: 8418: 8296: 2510: 1091:

fossil feather of an unidentified dinosaur, once thought to be

1055:

More recently, rooster plumage has become a popular trend as a

1002:

are used in traditional medications. In India, feathers of the

999: 984: 770: 732: 716: 578: 437: 429: 372: 368: 110: 4998: 9651: 9361: 9148: 8711: 2437: 1545:

Multiple filaments joined at their base to a central filament

1505: 1448:, a dromaeosaurid found in the Yixian formation (124.6 MYA). 1221: 1217: 1041: 968: 590: 458: 289:. Interlocking barbules are clearly seen in the middle image. 239: 231: 166: 153: 149: 138: 134: 7322: 6089: 5967:

Greenwold, Matthew J.; Sawyer, Roger H. (15 December 2011).

5687: 3780:"A Study of the Pterylosis and Pneumaticity of the Screamer" 761: 707:(red, yellow, orange); other pigments occur only in certain 9337: 8704: 8667: 8637: 8051: 8017: 5592:

10.1671/0272-4634(2003)023[0373:oocsta]2.0.co;2

4782:

10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[1262:BAFAOA]2.0.CO;2

4004: 1427:. In 1998, the discovery of a feathered oviraptorosaurian, 1209: 1205: 1200: 988: 890: 869:. It has been suggested that a peculiar behavior of birds, 808: 708: 602: 510:

have special structures that are used to produce sounds by

466: 360: 324: 320: 102: 79: 59: 6818: 6034:"Preservation of corneous β-proteins in Mesozoic feathers" 5227:

Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David S.; Wheye, Darryl (1988).

4224:

10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0652:FAAFS]2.0.CO;2

2981:

Johnston, Nicole & Parsons, Jean (20 September 2018).

2913:(1. Aufl. ed.). Berlin : Langenscheidt. p. 537. 1378:. A reestimation of maximum likelihoods by paleontologist 9459: 8316: 8078: 7248: 5455: 4946: 2563:"The evolutionary origin and diversification of feathers" 1548:

Multiple filaments along the length of a central filament

1227:

Feathers and scales are made up of two distinct forms of

6520:"Structure and homology of Psittacosaurus tail bristles" 3958:"Distribution of unique red feather pigments in parrots" 2945: 2557: 1473:

Two small wings trapped in amber dating to 100 mya show

1244:

indicates that it was inherited from a common ancestor.

7826: 7497: 7174: 5897:

Alibardi, L.; Knapp, L. W.; Sawyer, R. H. (June 2006).

4112: 3459:"The ubiquity of avian ultraviolet plumage reflectance" 3145: 397:

Filoplumes can be important in nuptial display; in the

158:

hunting of birds for decorative and ornamental feathers

7951:

Title 50: Wildlife and Fisheries PART 22—EAGLE PERMITS

6031: 4911: 3573: 3302: 444:; the barbs themselves are also branched and form the 7042:"Rare Dinosaur-Era Bird Wings Found Trapped in Amber" 6769:

Ji, Q.; P. J. Currie; M. A. Norell; S. A. Ji (1998).

6666: 6517: 6198: 3508:"Courting Bird Sings with Stridulating Wing Feathers" 7435:

Unwin, David M.; Martill, David M. (December 2020).

6438: 5427:"Largest feathered dinosaur yet discovered in China" 5267:"High fashion or bait? Fly ties now hair extensions" 4643: 3344: 3342: 2634: 971:

feathers have great cultural and spiritual value to

273:

Feather microstructure showing interlocking barbules

8608: 7066: 5935: 5896: 5612: 5323: 5101: 4516:Grande, J. M.; Negro, J. J.; Torres, M. J. (2004). 4297:Shawkey, M. D.; Pillai, S. R.; Hill, G. E. (2003). 2845:

Ornithology in Laboratory and Field. Fourth edition

440:. Fused to the rachis are a series of branches, or 234:, which were early pens used for writing, the word 54:growths that form a distinctive outer covering, or 7123: 5226: 4686: 3820: 3505: 2842: 2840: 998:In South America, brews made from the feathers of 6771:"Two feathered dinosaurs from northeastern China" 6350: 6348: 6346: 5326:"Phylogenetic context for the origin of feathers" 4644:Caswell Stoddard, Mary; Prum, Richard O. (2011). 4515: 4475:"Melanin and the abrasion resistance of feathers" 4296: 3739: 3339: 3267: 2718:"Development and Evolutionary Origin of Feathers" 264: 9689: 7949:Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (e-CFR), 7913:Lucas, Alfred M.; Stettenheim, Peter R. (1972). 6721: 6603: 5942:Journal of Submicroscopic Cytology and Pathology 5903:Journal of Submicroscopic Cytology and Pathology 3506:Bostwick, Kimberly S.; Richard O., Prum (2005). 3226:University of California Publications in Zoology 642:Colors resulting from different feather pigments 7117: 5966: 5615:"Plumage Color Patterns of an Extinct Dinosaur" 5424: 5394:"Explanatory History of the Origin of Feathers" 5286: 5284: 2980: 2900: 2781:Li, Quanguo (9 March 2012). "Reconstruction of 2715: 915:. Colorful feathers such as those belonging to 804:sexual displays come at the expense of health. 6486: 6484: 6343: 5521:Persons, Walter S.; Currie, Philip J. (2015). 4950:Poultry Waste Management Symposium Proceedings 4549:Burtt, Edward H. Jr.; Ichida, Jann M. (2004). 4056:"Carotenoids need structural colours to shine" 3699:"Rictal bristle function in willow flycatcher" 3630: 3574:Delhey, K; Peters, A.; Kempenaers, B. (2007). 3397: 1557:Pennaceous feather with an asymmetrical rachis 1488:analysis of early dinosaurs by Matthew Baron, 1163:, the features are so well preserved that the 741:is involved in the production of blue colors, 355:bridges into structures even tougher than the 230:Because of feathers being an integral part of 105:; thus, they are sometimes used in high-class 9625: 8002: 7593: 6961: 6367: 5520: 5140: 4600: 4596: 4594: 4054:Shawkey, Matthew D; Hill, Geoffrey E (2005). 3696: 420:which are underneath the vaned feathers. The 8516: 7895:Feathers: The Evolution of a Natural Miracle 7775: 7434: 7395: 7393: 6441:"Evolution of dinosaur epidermal structures" 5281: 4763:Revis, Hannah C.; Deborah A. Waller (2004). 3955: 3086: 2989:'s Historic Costume and Textiles Collection. 2836: 2834: 2832: 2701:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 ( 2637:"Which Came First, the Feather or the Bird?" 1122: 281:Anterior region of a contour feather from a 6481: 5936:Alibardi, L; Knapp, LW; Sawyer, RH (2006). 5217:. University of California Press. Page 197. 4548: 4380: 4204: 4115:"Structural coloration in a fossil feather" 4053: 3456: 3201: 3180: 2454:scales and pycnofibers started to appear. 1322:which is 60 to 70 million years older than 606:Feather tracts or pterylae and their naming 121:. They are also used as filling for winter 9632: 9618: 8009: 7995: 7936:Australian Birdkeeper Magazine 18:608–611. 7653: 7020:"Dinosaur feathers found in Alberta amber" 5839: 5449: 5005:Journal of Wood Chemistry & Technology 4591: 4007:"Ultraviolet signals in birds are special" 3029: 2983:"Feathers: Endangered – Fauna and Fashion" 2785:and the Evolution of Iridescent Plumage". 2774: 2635:Prum, R.O. & Brush, A.H (March 2003). 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 941: 934:been tried as an adhesive for wood board. 861:Birds maintain their feather condition by 845:are chewing traces of lice (most probably 448:. These barbules have minute hooks called 7957:U.S. v. Thirty Eight Golden Eagles (1986) 7856: 7746:1983/1f7893a1-924d-4cb3-a4bf-c4b1592356e9 7744: 7671: 7599: 7536:1983/1f7893a1-924d-4cb3-a4bf-c4b1592356e9 7534: 7390: 7286:1983/d088dae2-c7fa-4d41-9fa2-aeebbfcd2fa3 7212:1983/1f7893a1-924d-4cb3-a4bf-c4b1592356e9 7100: 6987: 6946: 6553:1983/029c668f-08b9-45f6-a0c5-30ce9256e593 6551: 6464: 6409:1983/a7ae6dfb-55bf-4ca4-bd8b-a5ea5f323103 6407: 6267: 5873: 5748: 5538: 5409: 5341: 5290: 5168: 5158: 5147:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 5078: 5068: 5057:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 5050: 4888: 4780: 4708: 4671: 4661: 4398: 4387:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 4273: 4263: 4222: 4143: 4082: 4030: 3981: 3569: 3567: 3482: 3457:Eaton, Muir D.; Lanyon, Scott M. (2003). 3433: 3423: 3374: 3242: 3163: 3122: 3112: 3089:"The Structure of Feather Rachis Keratin" 3087:Pauling, Linus; Corey, Robert B. (1951). 3063: 2829: 1560:Undifferentiated vane with central rachis 1184:. Additionally, when comparing different 811:. New feathers, known when developing as 7967:Documentary on the evolution of feathers 7600:St. Fleur, Nicholas (17 December 2018). 6249: 5391: 5193:"Scottish Highland Dress: Clan Campbell" 3742:"Feather eating in Great Crested Grebes 3219: 3207: 2906: 1527:Diagram illustrating stages of evolution 1522: 1352: 1270: 945: 899: 885: 776: 760: 637: 601: 550: 516: 404: 392: 304:and are formed in tiny follicles in the 276: 268: 188: 38: 8016: 7704: 7030:from the original on 15 September 2011. 5291:St. Fleur, Nicholas (8 December 2016). 5235:from the original on 30 September 2008. 4538:from the original on 10 September 2008. 3855: 3661: 3186: 2974: 2867: 2849:. Burgess Publishing Company. pp. 2709: 2621: 2544: 1542:Multiple filaments joined at their base 1407:which is unlike remiges which are in a 1017:wear three, chieftains wear two and an 14: 9690: 7630:"Fur flies over new pterosaur fossils" 7627: 5317: 5264: 5141:Mahawar, M. M.; Jaroli, D. P. (2007). 5031:from the original on 19 February 2014. 4587:from the original on 20 November 2012. 4505:from the original on 23 February 2014. 4472: 4421: 4337: 3890: 3858:"On the pterylography of the hoatzin ( 3810:from the original on 21 February 2014. 3740:Piersma, T; van Eerden, M. R. (1989). 3729:from the original on 22 February 2014. 3697:Conover, M. R.; Miller, D. E. (1980). 3564: 3011:from the original on 19 September 2011 1518: 1481:, a diverse group of avian dinosaurs. 1260: 1194: 908:Bird feathers have long been used for 9613: 8501: 7990: 7972:Lecture notes on the avian integument 7251:"Untangling the dinosaur family tree" 6574: 6500:from the original on 11 December 2021 6354: 6085: 6083: 3777: 3686:from the original on 4 February 2014. 3236: 3005:The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary 2927:from the original on 17 December 2017 1109:Rachis-dominated feathers inside mid- 347:, which are then further twisted and 125:and outdoor bedding, such as quilted 9568: 7579:Breaking Science News | Sci-News.com 7399: 5305:from the original on 8 December 2016 4381:Badyaev, A. V.; Hill, G. E. (2000). 4205:Shawkey, M. D.; Hill, G. E. (2005). 4181: 3348: 2948:Journal of Materials Science Letters 2907:Eichhorn, hrsg. von Manfred (2005). 1496:is actually more closely related to 769:The blues and bright greens of many 308:, or outer skin layer, that produce 293:Feathers are among the most complex 9592: 4693:, and two species of feather louse" 3664:"The role of avian rictal bristles" 3398:Lingham-Soliar, Theagarten (2013). 1492:and Paul Barrett (2017) found that 1374:, and the spine on the head of the 245:, meaning feather. The French word 24: 9639: 7885: 7628:Briggs, Helen (17 December 2018). 6728:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 6584:Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 6080: 5750:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb01827.x 5580:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 5277:from the original on 10 June 2011. 4687:Toon, A. & Hughes, J. (2008). 4400:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2000.tb01196.x 4011:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 3878:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1895.tb06744.x 3765:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1989.tb04784.x 3325:10.1023/B:JMSC.0000021474.75864.ff 3187:Nitzsch, Christian Ludwig (1867). 2780: 2477:of these pycnofibres show similar 1139:evolutionary developmental biology 654:(green, with some structural blue 339:– are composed of protein strands 90:. The study of feathers is called 25: 9714: 8470:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds 7926: 7332:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 6964:"Feathered dinosaurs in a tangle" 6575:Holtz, Thomas (19 October 2018). 6099:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 5437:from the original on 6 April 2012 5265:Bonner, Jessie L. (6 June 2011). 2683:from the original on 29 June 2011 2666:10.1038/scientificamerican0303-84 2609:from the original on 29 June 2011 378: 152:) have been and are used to make 9591: 9579: 9567: 9556: 9555: 9446:(New World vultures and condors) 7962:Mechanical structure of feathers 7820: 7769: 7647: 7621: 7567: 7491: 7437:"No protofeathers on pterosaurs" 7428: 7316: 7242: 7168: 7060: 7034: 7012: 6955: 6914: 6863: 6812: 6269:10.1111/j.1749-4877.2006.00004.x 5425:Whitfield, John (4 April 2012). 4934:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2007.04.019 4318:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2003.03193.x 3649:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2005.03499.x 3552:from the original on 7 July 2010 3463:Proceedings: Biological Sciences 2416: 1102: 1081: 27:Body-covering structure of birds 6762: 6715: 6660: 6597: 6568: 6511: 6432: 6292: 6243: 6192: 6157: 6025: 5960: 5929: 5890: 5846:Molecular Biology and Evolution 5833: 5773: 5724: 5681: 5664: 5606: 5571: 5514: 5418: 5385: 5350: 5258: 5239: 5220: 5207: 5185: 5134: 5095: 5044: 5035: 4992: 4957: 4940: 4905: 4848: 4797: 4756: 4725: 4680: 4637: 4542: 4509: 4466: 4415: 4374: 4331: 4290: 4231: 4198: 4175: 4106: 4047: 3998: 3956:McGraw, KH; Nogare, MC (2005). 3949: 3884: 3849: 3814: 3771: 3733: 3690: 3655: 3624: 3499: 3450: 3391: 3296: 3261: 3213: 3139: 3080: 3023: 2993: 2571:The Quarterly Review of Biology 597: 8502: 7829:Nature Ecology & Evolution 7778:Nature Ecology & Evolution 7717:Nature Ecology & Evolution 7660:Nature Ecology & Evolution 7507:Nature Ecology & Evolution 7441:Nature Ecology & Evolution 7325:"The Early Origin of Feathers" 7184:Nature Ecology & Evolution 7044:. 28 June 2016. Archived from 6092:"The Early Origin of Feathers" 6038:Nature Ecology & Evolution 5324:Sumida, SS; CA Brochu (2000). 4966:Food and Bioprocess Technology 4275:11858/00-001M-0000-0010-509C-A 3245:A color atlas of avian anatomy 2939: 2501:Delayed feathering in chickens 881: 876: 265:Structures and characteristics 13: 1: 6740:10.1080/02724634.2018.1485153 3282:10.1016/S1047-8477(03)00142-4 3270:Journal of Structural Biology 3056:10.1016/S0006-3495(61)86904-X 3030:Schor, R.; Krimm, S. (1961). 2537: 1145:. In fossil specimens of the 658:at lower end) on the wing of 633: 7402:Paläontologische Zeitschrift 5108:Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4881:10.1016/j.envint.2006.11.011 3633:Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis 3425:10.1371/journal.pone.0065849 3305:Journal of Materials Science 1066: 991:feathers is governed by the 826: 789:. Detail from a painting by 528:Some birds have a supply of 479: 287:scanning electron microscopy 184: 70:. They are the most complex 7: 9510:(woodpeckers and relatives) 3165:10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.08.050 2841:Pettingill, OS Jr. (1970). 2488: 1277:Archaeopteryx lithographica 1252:the pennaceous feathers of 919:have been used to decorate 238:itself is derived from the 10: 9719: 9372:(cormorants and relatives) 8465:Extinct species since 1500 7849:10.1038/s41559-020-01309-8 7798:10.1038/s41559-020-01308-9 7461:10.1038/s41559-020-01308-9 7352:10.1016/j.tree.2019.04.018 6119:10.1016/j.tree.2019.04.018 6058:10.1038/s41559-023-02177-8 5676:10.1038/s41586-022-04622-3 4207:"Feathers at a fine scale" 3662:Lederer, Roger J. (1972). 2475:infrared spectral analysis 1264: 1240:keratin in both birds and 1070: 904:Female model with feathers 691:Most feather pigments are 382: 82:from other living groups. 62:(bird) and some non-avian 29: 9647: 9551: 9502:(kingfishers and rollers) 9434: 9389: 9356:(albatrosses and petrels) 9328: 9299: 9270: 9249: 9240:(swifts and hummingbirds) 9222:(nightjars and relatives) 9210: 9173: 9164: 9131: 9094: 9085: 9076: 9072: 9046:(pheasants and relatives) 9021: 8945: 8904: 8842: 8814: 8790: 8766: 8739: 8660: 8647: 8604: 8577: 8573: 8512: 8508: 8497: 8493: 8432: 8335: 8235: 8185: 8112: 8042: 8029: 7898:. New York: Basic Books. 7737:10.1038/s41559-018-0728-7 7673:10.1038/s41559-018-0767-0 7527:10.1038/s41559-018-0728-7 7414:10.1007/s12542-011-0111-3 7204:10.1038/s41559-018-0728-7 6948:10.1007/s11434-009-0009-6 6221:10.1007/s00114-004-0604-y 5255:, Smithsonian Institution 5120:10.1016/j.jep.2005.02.027 5051:Froemming, Steve (2006). 5017:10.1080/02773810802347073 4978:10.1007/s11947-008-0091-9 4861:Environment International 4826:10.1007/s00442-004-1813-y 4750:10.1017/S0952836998002027 4473:Bonser, R. H. C. (1995). 4265:10.1007/s00114-008-0406-8 3891:Turner, J. Scott (1997). 3835:10.1007/s10336-004-0070-5 3220:Chandler, Asa C. (1916). 2668:(inactive 30 June 2024). 2272: 2256: 2249: 2231: 2224: 2206: 2199: 2183: 2176: 2160: 2153: 2108: 2090: 2083: 2070: 2063: 2047: 2040: 2033: 2014: 2007: 1991: 1984: 1968: 1961: 1931: 1913: 1906: 1899: 1873: 1855: 1848: 1841: 1811: 1793: 1775: 1768: 1761: 1745: 1738: 1683: 1667: 1660: 1644: 1637: 1621: 1614: 1598: 1591: 1581: 1500:, to which it formed the 1446:Sinornithosaurus millenii 1187:Ornithomimus edmontonicus 1123:Functional considerations 765:A feather with no pigment 675:(dark) on belly/wings of 521:A contour feather from a 508:Machaeropterus deliciosus 218:Feather derives from the 9401:(seriemas and relatives) 9380:(pelicans and relatives) 7919:Avian Anatomy Integument 7654:D'Alba, Liliana (2019). 6927:Chinese Science Bulletin 4306:Journal of Avian Biology 3007:. Merriam-Webster, Inc. 2716:Prum, Richard O (1999). 2516:List of poultry feathers 865:and bathing in water or 208:Aftershaft, afterfeather 156:pens. Historically, the 32:Feather (disambiguation) 9494:(hornbills and hoopoes) 9409:(falcons and relatives) 7915:"Structure of feathers" 6400:10.1126/science.1253351 5803:10.1126/science.1225376 5642:10.1126/science.1186290 5231:. Stanford University. 5195:. Clan Campbell Society 3856:Pycraft, W. P. (1895). 3527:10.1126/science.1111701 3193:. Ray Society. p. 3190:Nitzsch's Pterylography 2960:10.1023/A:1006631328233 2807:10.1126/science.1213780 2506:Hen feathering in cocks 1392:Concavenator corcovatus 1160:Tupandactylus imperator 942:In religion and culture 731:pigments found only in 461:) which inserts into a 409:Feather structure of a 9478:(trogons and quetzals) 9290:(cranes and relatives) 8560:(emus and cassowaries) 8450:Glossary of bird terms 8262:Confuciusornithiformes 6962:Witmer, L. M. (2009). 6457:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0229 6357:Vertebrata PalAsiatica 5160:10.1186/1746-4269-3-25 5070:10.1186/1746-4269-2-23 4136:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0524 4075:10.1098/rsbl.2004.0289 4023:10.1098/rspb.2002.2200 3974:10.1098/rsbl.2004.0269 3860:Opisthocomus cristatus 3823:Journal of Ornithology 3778:Demay, Ida S. (1940). 3475:10.1098/rspb.2003.2431 3367:10.1002/advs.201600360 3243:McLelland, J. (1991). 2987:University of Missouri 1528: 1281: 1073:Origin of avian flight 1009:Members of Scotland's 965: 905: 897: 894:fully feathered basket 813:blood, or pin feathers 793: 766: 681: 607: 559: 525: 413: 402: 290: 274: 215: 44: 9319:(kagu and sunbittern) 9282:(gulls and relatives) 8287:Songlingornithiformes 8252:Omnivoropterygiformes 7892:Hanson, Thor (2011). 7073:Nature Communications 7026:. 15 September 2011. 5858:10.1093/molbev/msx295 4673:10.1093/beheco/arr088 4663:10.1093/beheco/arr088 4327:on 10 September 2008. 4184:Agapornis roseicollis 3900:Physiological Zoology 3152:Developmental Biology 3114:10.1073/pnas.37.5.256 2875:"Galapagos plumology" 2072:Other dromaeosaurids 1526: 1274: 1175:could be determined. 949: 903: 889: 780: 764: 739:Structural coloration 678:Ramphocelus bresilius 641: 605: 555:Rictal bristles of a 554: 520: 411:blue-and-yellow macaw 408: 396: 280: 272: 222:"feþer", which is of 192: 42: 9141:Phoenicopteriformes 7932:McGraw, K. J. 2005. 6178:10.1893/011.082.0302 5411:10.1093/icb/40.4.478 5371:10.1893/011.082.0302 5343:10.1093/icb/40.4.486 5251:23 June 2008 at the 3247:. W.B. Saunders Co. 2882:darwinfoundation.org 2561:.; AH Brush (2002). 2447:convergent evolution 711:– the yellow to red 557:white-cheeked barbet 505:club-winged manakins 74:structures found in 30:For other uses, see 9112:Mesitornithiformes 9106:(doves and pigeons) 8440:Families and orders 8302:Ichthyornithiformes 8277:Patagopterygiformes 7841:2020NatEE...4.1592Y 7790:2020NatEE...4.1590U 7729:2018NatEE...3...24Y 7656:"Pterosaur plumage" 7519:2018NatEE...3...24Y 7453:2020NatEE...4.1590U 7344:2019TEcoE..34..856B 7278:10.1038/nature24011 7270:2017Natur.551E...1L 7196:2018NatEE...3...24Y 7146:10.1038/nature21700 7138:2017Natur.543..501B 7093:10.1038/ncomms12089 7085:2016NatCo...712089X 6980:2009Natur.461..601W 6939:2009SciBu..54..430X 6892:10.1038/nature08322 6884:2009Natur.461..640H 6833:2001Natur.410..200X 6790:1998Natur.393..753Q 6693:10.1038/nature13467 6685:2014Natur.511...79F 6630:10.1038/nature09181 6622:2010Natur.467..203O 6536:2016Palgy..59..793M 6496:, 9 November 2018, 6392:2014Sci...345..451G 6321:10.1038/nature07856 6313:2009Natur.458..333Z 6256:Integrative Zoology 6213:2005NW.....92..173X 6201:Naturwissenschaften 6111:2019TEcoE..34..856B 6050:2023NatEE...7.1706S 5996:10.1002/jez.b.21436 5988:2011JEZB..316..609G 5795:2012Sci...338..510Z 5690:American Naturalist 5634:2010Sci...327.1369L 5628:(5971): 1369–1372. 5485:10.1038/nature10906 5477:2012Natur.484...92X 4926:2007BiolC..43...49P 4873:2007EnInt..33..328J 4818:2005Oecol.143..337B 4710:10.1038/hdy.2008.37 4436:1994Oikos..70..309L 4256:2008NW.....95..939D 4244:Naturwissenschaften 3672:The Wilson Bulletin 3620:on 3 December 2007. 3469:(1525): 1721–1726. 3416:2013PLoSO...865849L 3317:2004JMatS..39.2895B 3105:1951PNAS...37..256P 3048:1961BpJ.....1..489S 2799:2012Sci...335.1215L 2793:(6073): 1215–1219. 2737:1999JEZ...285..291P 2658:2003SciAm.288c..84P 2645:Scientific American 2496:Feather development 2465:of birds and other 2163:Scansoriopterygidae 1601:Heterodontosauridae 1519:Evolutionary stages 1387:carcharodontosaurid 1370:, the beard of the 1353:Evolutionary stages 1267:Feathered dinosaurs 1261:Feathered dinosaurs 1195:Molecular evolution 955:Isidore the Laborer 951:Mexican featherwork 422:pennaceous feathers 285:, visualized using 194:Parts of a feather: 9454:(eagles and hawks) 9354:Procellariiformes 9259:Opisthocomiformes 9228:Steatornithiformes 8455:List by population 8292:Hongshanornithidae 8217:Evolution of birds 7939:DeMeo, Antonia M. 7607:The New York Times 7581:. 18 December 2018 6544:10.1111/pala.12257 6013:on 15 October 2022 5330:American Zoologist 5298:The New York Times 5213:Doughty, Robin W. 4953:. pp. 99–101. 4914:Biological Control 4738:Journal of Zoology 4691:Gymnorhina tibicen 4650:Behavioral Ecology 3945:– via EBSCO. 3937:on 20 October 2022 3744:Podiceps cristatus 3349:Wang, Bin (2016). 2479:absorption spectra 1529: 1459:Anchiornis huxleyi 1395:was found to have 1284:Several non-avian 1282: 1233:American alligator 1151:Anchiornis huxleyi 1130:Recent discoveries 1038:singing bird boxes 966: 906: 898: 794: 783:Pedro II of Brazil 767: 682: 661:Tauraco bannermani 608: 584:Empidonax traillii 560: 542:emulsifying agents 526: 414: 403: 385:Pennaceous feather 291: 275: 216: 45: 43:Feather variations 9685: 9684: 9607: 9606: 9547: 9546: 9543: 9542: 9539: 9538: 9535: 9534: 9531: 9530: 9527: 9526: 9523: 9522: 9519: 9518: 9340:(loons or divers) 9309:Phaethontiformes 9301:Phaethontimorphae 9251:Opisthocomiformes 9220:Caprimulgiformes 9160: 9159: 9149:Podicipediformes 9068: 9067: 9064: 9063: 9060: 9059: 8786: 8785: 8569: 8568: 8526:Struthioniformes 8394:Waterfowl hunting 8327:Gastornithiformes 8322:Aepyornithiformes 8312:Lithornithiformes 7905:978-0-465-02013-3 7835:(12): 1592–1593. 7784:(12): 1590–1591. 7447:(12): 1590–1591. 7132:(7646): 501–506. 6974:(7264): 601–602. 6878:(7264): 640–643. 6827:(6825): 200–204. 6784:(6687): 753–761. 6616:(7312): 203–206. 6386:(6195): 451–455. 6307:(7236): 333–336. 6250:Xu, Xing (2006). 6044:(10): 1706–1713. 5789:(6106): 510–514. 5540:10.1111/evo.12634 5510:on 17 April 2012. 5392:Bock, WJ (2000). 5271:The Seattle Times 4102:on 26 March 2009. 2954:(21): 1769–1770. 2412: 2411: 2403: 2402: 2394: 2393: 2385: 2384: 2376: 2375: 2367: 2366: 2358: 2357: 2349: 2348: 2340: 2339: 2331: 2330: 2322: 2321: 2313: 2312: 2304: 2303: 2295: 2294: 2286: 2285: 2186:Archaeopterygidae 2142: 2141: 2133: 2132: 2124: 2123: 1947: 1946: 1888: 1887: 1827: 1826: 1724: 1723: 1715: 1714: 1706: 1705: 1697: 1696: 1325:Tyrannosaurus rex 1280:(Berlin specimen) 1026:Victorian fashion 993:eagle feather law 752:albinism in birds 699:, black and grey 695:(brown and beige 500:sexual dimorphism 327:– and the claws, 16:(Redirected from 9710: 9634: 9627: 9620: 9611: 9610: 9595: 9594: 9583: 9571: 9570: 9559: 9558: 9511: 9503: 9495: 9487: 9484:Leptosomiformes 9479: 9471: 9463: 9455: 9452:Accipitriformes 9447: 9426: 9425:(perching birds) 9418: 9410: 9402: 9381: 9373: 9365: 9357: 9349: 9346:Sphenisciformes 9341: 9320: 9312: 9291: 9283: 9280:Charadriiformes 9262: 9241: 9223: 9202: 9194: 9191:Musophagiformes 9186: 9171: 9170: 9152: 9144: 9123: 9115: 9107: 9092: 9091: 9083: 9082: 9074: 9073: 9047: 9034: 8812: 8811: 8808: 8801: 8714: 8707: 8671: 8658: 8657: 8654: 8645: 8644: 8641: 8606: 8605: 8602: 8601: 8575: 8574: 8561: 8553: 8545: 8537: 8529: 8514: 8513: 8510: 8509: 8499: 8498: 8495: 8494: 8362:Bird collections 8317:Dinornithiformes 8222:Darwin's finches 8212:Origin of flight 8152:Seabird breeding 8142:Sexual selection 8011: 8004: 7997: 7988: 7987: 7922: 7909: 7879: 7878: 7860: 7824: 7818: 7817: 7773: 7767: 7766: 7748: 7708: 7702: 7701: 7675: 7651: 7645: 7644: 7642: 7640: 7625: 7619: 7618: 7616: 7614: 7597: 7591: 7590: 7588: 7586: 7571: 7565: 7564: 7538: 7504: 7495: 7489: 7488: 7432: 7426: 7425: 7397: 7388: 7387: 7329: 7320: 7314: 7313: 7255: 7246: 7240: 7239: 7181: 7172: 7166: 7165: 7121: 7115: 7114: 7104: 7064: 7058: 7057: 7055: 7053: 7038: 7032: 7031: 7016: 7010: 7009: 6991: 6959: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6918: 6912: 6911: 6867: 6861: 6860: 6841:10.1038/35065589 6816: 6810: 6809: 6775: 6766: 6760: 6759: 6719: 6713: 6712: 6664: 6658: 6657: 6601: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6581: 6572: 6566: 6565: 6555: 6515: 6509: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6488: 6479: 6478: 6468: 6436: 6430: 6429: 6411: 6371: 6365: 6364: 6352: 6341: 6340: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6271: 6247: 6241: 6240: 6196: 6190: 6189: 6161: 6155: 6154: 6096: 6087: 6078: 6077: 6029: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6018: 6012: 6006:. Archived from 5973: 5964: 5958: 5957: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5909:(2–3): 175–192. 5894: 5888: 5887: 5877: 5837: 5831: 5830: 5777: 5771: 5770: 5752: 5743:(8): 1795–1818. 5728: 5722: 5721: 5685: 5679: 5668: 5662: 5661: 5619: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5575: 5569: 5568: 5542: 5518: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5503:. Archived from 5462: 5453: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5431:Nature News Blog 5422: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5389: 5383: 5382: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5288: 5279: 5278: 5262: 5256: 5243: 5237: 5236: 5224: 5218: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5189: 5183: 5182: 5172: 5162: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5082: 5072: 5048: 5042: 5039: 5033: 5032: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4892: 4852: 4846: 4845: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4784: 4775:(4): 1262–1268. 4760: 4754: 4753: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4712: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4665: 4656:(5): 1042–1052. 4641: 4635: 4634: 4609:(6): 2454–2460. 4598: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4555: 4546: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4522: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4402: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4320:. Archived from 4303: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4277: 4267: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4162: 4156:. Archived from 4147: 4119: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4095:. Archived from 4086: 4060: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4034: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3985: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3936: 3930:. Archived from 3897: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3750: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3668: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3613:. Archived from 3580: 3571: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3551: 3512: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3486: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3437: 3427: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3378: 3355:Advanced Science 3346: 3337: 3336: 3311:(8): 2895–2896. 3300: 3294: 3293: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3167: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3126: 3116: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3067: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3016: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2888:on 17 March 2016 2879: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2848: 2838: 2827: 2826: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2761: 2755:. Archived from 2722: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2700: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2682: 2641: 2632: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2608: 2567: 2555: 2252: 2251: 2227: 2226: 2202: 2201: 2179: 2178: 2156: 2155: 2094:Sinornithosaurus 2086: 2085: 2066: 2065: 2043: 2042: 2036: 2035: 2017:Oviraptorosauria 2010: 2009: 1987: 1986: 1964: 1963: 1909: 1908: 1902: 1901: 1851: 1850: 1844: 1843: 1771: 1770: 1764: 1763: 1741: 1740: 1670:Psittacosauridae 1663: 1662: 1640: 1639: 1617: 1616: 1594: 1593: 1584: 1583: 1574: 1573: 1429:Caudipteryx zoui 1425:Deinonychosauria 1421:Oviraptorosauria 1315:Dilong paradoxus 1143:sexual selection 1106: 1085: 973:Native Americans 787:Imperial Regalia 345:β-pleated sheets 21: 9718: 9717: 9713: 9712: 9711: 9709: 9708: 9707: 9688: 9687: 9686: 9681: 9667:flight feathers 9643: 9638: 9608: 9603: 9515: 9509: 9501: 9493: 9492:Bucerotiformes 9486:(cuckoo-roller) 9485: 9477: 9469: 9461: 9453: 9445: 9444:Cathartiformes 9430: 9424: 9416: 9415:Psittaciformes 9408: 9400: 9385: 9379: 9378:Pelecaniformes 9371: 9363: 9355: 9347: 9339: 9324: 9318: 9317:Eurypygiformes 9310: 9295: 9289: 9281: 9266: 9260: 9245: 9239: 9221: 9206: 9200: 9192: 9184: 9156: 9150: 9142: 9127: 9121: 9120:Pterocliformes 9113: 9105: 9056: 9045: 9032: 9017: 8941: 8900: 8838: 8803: 8802: 8795: 8794: 8782: 8762: 8735: 8712: 8705: 8665: 8664: 8652: 8651: 8635: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8627: 8625: 8623: 8621: 8619: 8617: 8615: 8613: 8611: 8596: 8594: 8592: 8590: 8588: 8586: 8584: 8582: 8580: 8565: 8559: 8558:Casuariiformes 8551: 8550:Apterygiformes 8543: 8535: 8527: 8504: 8489: 8460:Lists by region 8428: 8338: 8331: 8272:Chaoyangiformes 8257:Jeholornithidae 8231: 8195:Origin of birds 8181: 8162:Brood parasites 8108: 8038: 8025: 8015: 7929: 7912: 7906: 7891: 7888: 7886:Further reading 7883: 7882: 7825: 7821: 7774: 7770: 7709: 7705: 7652: 7648: 7638: 7636: 7626: 7622: 7612: 7610: 7598: 7594: 7584: 7582: 7573: 7572: 7568: 7502: 7496: 7492: 7433: 7429: 7398: 7391: 7327: 7321: 7317: 7264:(7678): E1–E3. 7253: 7247: 7243: 7179: 7173: 7169: 7122: 7118: 7065: 7061: 7051: 7049: 7048:on 28 June 2016 7040: 7039: 7035: 7018: 7017: 7013: 6989:10.1038/461601a 6960: 6956: 6919: 6915: 6868: 6864: 6817: 6813: 6773: 6767: 6763: 6734:(4): (1)–(24). 6720: 6716: 6679:(7507): 79–82. 6665: 6661: 6602: 6598: 6588: 6586: 6579: 6573: 6569: 6516: 6512: 6503: 6501: 6490: 6489: 6482: 6451:(6): 20150229. 6445:Biology Letters 6437: 6433: 6372: 6368: 6353: 6344: 6297: 6293: 6248: 6244: 6197: 6193: 6162: 6158: 6094: 6088: 6081: 6030: 6026: 6016: 6014: 6010: 5971: 5965: 5961: 5948:(2–3): 175–92. 5934: 5930: 5895: 5891: 5838: 5834: 5778: 5774: 5729: 5725: 5686: 5682: 5669: 5665: 5617: 5611: 5607: 5576: 5572: 5519: 5515: 5507: 5471:(7392): 92–95. 5460: 5454: 5450: 5440: 5438: 5423: 5419: 5390: 5386: 5355: 5351: 5322: 5318: 5308: 5306: 5289: 5282: 5263: 5259: 5253:Wayback Machine 5244: 5240: 5225: 5221: 5212: 5208: 5198: 5196: 5191: 5190: 5186: 5139: 5135: 5100: 5096: 5049: 5045: 5040: 5036: 4997: 4993: 4962: 4958: 4945: 4941: 4910: 4906: 4853: 4849: 4802: 4798: 4761: 4757: 4734:Cuculus canorus 4730: 4726: 4685: 4681: 4642: 4638: 4615:10.2307/2410712 4599: 4592: 4584: 4553: 4547: 4543: 4535: 4520: 4514: 4510: 4491:10.2307/1369048 4471: 4467: 4444:10.2307/3545643 4420: 4416: 4379: 4375: 4352:10.2307/2408316 4336: 4332: 4324: 4301: 4295: 4291: 4236: 4232: 4203: 4199: 4180: 4176: 4166: 4164: 4163:on 21 June 2010 4160: 4123:Biology Letters 4117: 4111: 4107: 4099: 4058: 4052: 4048: 4017:(1510): 61–67. 4003: 3999: 3962:Biology Letters 3954: 3950: 3940: 3938: 3934: 3895: 3889: 3885: 3854: 3850: 3819: 3815: 3796:10.2307/1364475 3776: 3772: 3748: 3738: 3734: 3715:10.2307/1367580 3695: 3691: 3683: 3666: 3660: 3656: 3629: 3625: 3617: 3578: 3572: 3565: 3555: 3553: 3549: 3510: 3504: 3500: 3455: 3451: 3396: 3392: 3347: 3340: 3301: 3297: 3266: 3262: 3255: 3241: 3237: 3232:(11): 243–446 . 3218: 3214: 3206: 3202: 3185: 3181: 3144: 3140: 3085: 3081: 3028: 3024: 3014: 3012: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2979: 2975: 2944: 2940: 2930: 2928: 2921: 2905: 2901: 2891: 2889: 2877: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2861: 2839: 2830: 2779: 2775: 2765: 2763: 2762:on 9 April 2011 2759: 2720: 2714: 2710: 2694: 2693: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2639: 2633: 2622: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2565: 2559:Prum, Richard O 2556: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2491: 2419: 2414: 2413: 2404: 2395: 2386: 2377: 2368: 2359: 2350: 2341: 2332: 2323: 2314: 2305: 2296: 2287: 2143: 2134: 2125: 1994:Alvarezsauridae 1971:Therizinosauria 1948: 1935:Sinosauropteryx 1889: 1877:tyrannosauroids 1828: 1748:Sauropodomorpha 1725: 1716: 1707: 1698: 1539:Single filament 1521: 1513:Middle Triassic 1490:David B. Norman 1442:Dromaeosauridae 1376:horned screamer 1269: 1263: 1197: 1125: 1120: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1107: 1099: 1098: 1086: 1075: 1069: 1046:whooping cranes 944: 884: 879: 829: 798:uropygial gland 715:(found in some 713:psittacofulvins 664: 643: 636: 600: 567:Rictal bristles 482: 434:flight feathers 399:great cormorant 391: 381: 341:hydrogen-bonded 267: 214: 187: 96:plumage science 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9716: 9706: 9705: 9700: 9683: 9682: 9680: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9648: 9645: 9644: 9641:Feather tracts 9637: 9636: 9629: 9622: 9614: 9605: 9604: 9602: 9601: 9589: 9577: 9565: 9552: 9549: 9548: 9545: 9544: 9541: 9540: 9537: 9536: 9533: 9532: 9529: 9528: 9525: 9524: 9521: 9520: 9517: 9516: 9514: 9513: 9505: 9500:Coraciiformes 9497: 9489: 9481: 9476:Trogoniformes 9473: 9465: 9457: 9449: 9440: 9438: 9432: 9431: 9429: 9428: 9423:Passeriformes 9420: 9412: 9407:Falconiformes 9404: 9399:Cariamiformes 9395: 9393: 9387: 9386: 9384: 9383: 9375: 9367: 9362:Ciconiiformes 9359: 9351: 9343: 9334: 9332: 9326: 9325: 9323: 9322: 9314: 9305: 9303: 9297: 9296: 9294: 9293: 9285: 9276: 9274: 9272:Cursorimorphae 9268: 9267: 9265: 9264: 9255: 9253: 9247: 9246: 9244: 9243: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9216: 9214: 9208: 9207: 9205: 9204: 9196: 9188: 9179: 9177: 9168: 9162: 9161: 9158: 9157: 9155: 9154: 9146: 9137: 9135: 9133:Mirandornithes 9129: 9128: 9126: 9125: 9117: 9109: 9104:Columbiformes 9100: 9098: 9096:Columbimorphae 9089: 9080: 9070: 9069: 9066: 9065: 9062: 9061: 9058: 9057: 9055: 9054: 9049: 9041: 9036: 9031:Meleagridinae 9027: 9025: 9019: 9018: 9016: 9015: 9008: 9001: 8994: 8987: 8980: 8973: 8966: 8959: 8951: 8949: 8947:Odontophoridae 8943: 8942: 8940: 8939: 8932: 8925: 8918: 8910: 8908: 8902: 8901: 8899: 8898: 8891: 8884: 8877: 8870: 8863: 8856: 8848: 8846: 8840: 8839: 8837: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8820: 8818: 8809: 8788: 8787: 8784: 8783: 8781: 8780: 8772: 8770: 8764: 8763: 8761: 8760: 8753: 8745: 8743: 8737: 8736: 8734: 8733: 8728: 8726:Stictonettinae 8723: 8721:Dendrocygninae 8718: 8717: 8716: 8709: 8697: 8696: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8674: 8672: 8655: 8642: 8599: 8571: 8570: 8567: 8566: 8564: 8563: 8555: 8547: 8539: 8531: 8522: 8520: 8506: 8505: 8491: 8490: 8488: 8487: 8486: 8485: 8480: 8474:Notable birds 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8436: 8434: 8430: 8429: 8427: 8426: 8424:Egg collecting 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8375: 8374: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8343: 8341: 8333: 8332: 8330: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8307:Hesperornithes 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8282:Ambiortiformes 8279: 8274: 8269: 8267:Enantiornithes 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8241: 8239: 8233: 8232: 8230: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8208: 8207: 8202: 8191: 8189: 8183: 8182: 8180: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8118: 8116: 8110: 8109: 8107: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8070: 8069: 8059: 8054: 8048: 8046: 8040: 8039: 8037: 8036: 8030: 8027: 8026: 8014: 8013: 8006: 7999: 7991: 7985: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7946: 7937: 7928: 7927:External links 7925: 7924: 7923: 7910: 7904: 7887: 7884: 7881: 7880: 7819: 7768: 7703: 7646: 7620: 7592: 7566: 7490: 7427: 7389: 7338:(9): 856–869. 7315: 7241: 7167: 7116: 7059: 7033: 7011: 6954: 6933:(3): 430–435. 6913: 6862: 6811: 6761: 6714: 6659: 6596: 6567: 6530:(6): 793–802. 6510: 6480: 6431: 6366: 6342: 6291: 6242: 6207:(4): 173–177. 6191: 6156: 6105:(9): 856–869. 6079: 6024: 5982:(8): 609–616. 5959: 5928: 5889: 5852:(2): 417–430. 5832: 5772: 5723: 5702:10.1086/303246 5696:(4): 441–448. 5680: 5663: 5605: 5586:(2): 373–386. 5570: 5533:(4): 857–862. 5513: 5448: 5417: 5404:(4): 478–485. 5384: 5349: 5336:(4): 486–503. 5316: 5280: 5257: 5238: 5219: 5206: 5184: 5133: 5114:(2): 229–237. 5104:Pavo cristatus 5094: 5043: 5034: 5011:(3): 240–246. 4991: 4972:(3): 301–305. 4956: 4939: 4904: 4867:(3): 328–337. 4847: 4812:(3): 337–348. 4796: 4755: 4744:(2): 167–173. 4724: 4703:(2): 127–135. 4679: 4636: 4590: 4564:(3): 681–686. 4541: 4531:(2): 375–383. 4508: 4485:(2): 590–591. 4465: 4430:(2): 309–311. 4414: 4393:(2): 153–172. 4373: 4330: 4312:(4): 345–349. 4289: 4250:(10): 939–46. 4230: 4217:(3): 652–655. 4197: 4174: 4105: 4069:(2): 121–124. 4046: 3997: 3948: 3912:10.1086/515854 3883: 3872:(3): 345–373. 3848: 3829:(2): 121–126. 3813: 3790:(2): 112–118. 3770: 3759:(4): 477–486. 3732: 3709:(4): 469–471. 3689: 3654: 3623: 3595:10.1086/510095 3563: 3498: 3449: 3390: 3361:(3): 1600360. 3338: 3295: 3260: 3253: 3235: 3212: 3200: 3179: 3138: 3099:(5): 256–261. 3079: 3042:(6): 489–515. 3022: 2992: 2973: 2938: 2919: 2899: 2866: 2859: 2828: 2773: 2731:(4): 291–306. 2708: 2620: 2584:10.1086/341993 2578:(3): 261–295. 2542: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2467:coelurosaurian 2434:Inner Mongolia 2418: 2415: 2410: 2409: 2406: 2405: 2401: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2392: 2391: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2382: 2379: 2378: 2374: 2373: 2370: 2369: 2365: 2364: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2355: 2352: 2351: 2347: 2346: 2343: 2342: 2338: 2337: 2334: 2333: 2329: 2328: 2325: 2324: 2320: 2319: 2316: 2315: 2311: 2310: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2301: 2298: 2297: 2293: 2292: 2289: 2288: 2284: 2283: 2280: 2279: 2271: 2268: 2267: 2264: 2263: 2259:Enantiornithes 2255: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2244: 2241: 2240: 2235:Confuciusornis 2230: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2205: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2194: 2191: 2190: 2182: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2171: 2168: 2167: 2159: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2140: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2122: 2121: 2118: 2117: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2089: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2075: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2058: 2055: 2054: 2046: 2041: 2039: 2034: 2032: 2026: 2025: 2022: 2021: 2013: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1990: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1967: 1962: 1960: 1954: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1945: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1912: 1907: 1905: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1872: 1869: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1854: 1849: 1847: 1842: 1840: 1834: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1825: 1824: 1821: 1820: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1731: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1713: 1712: 1709: 1708: 1704: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1695: 1694: 1691: 1690: 1682: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1666: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1652: 1651: 1643: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1620: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1582: 1580: 1572: 1571: 1562: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1532:modern birds. 1520: 1517: 1509:Ornithoscelida 1479:enantiornithes 1409:posterolateral 1364:Psittacosaurus 1358:Kulindadromeus 1348:Psittacosaurus 1320:tyrannosauroid 1265:Main article: 1262: 1259: 1196: 1193: 1124: 1121: 1108: 1101: 1100: 1087: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1076: 1071:Main article: 1068: 1065: 1004:Indian peacock 943: 940: 883: 880: 878: 875: 828: 825: 719:) and the red 635: 632: 628:brooding patch 599: 596: 481: 478: 380: 379:Classification 377: 266: 263: 213: 212: 211:Quill, calamus 209: 206: 203: 200: 196: 186: 183: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9715: 9704: 9703:Bird products 9701: 9699: 9696: 9695: 9693: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9649: 9646: 9642: 9635: 9630: 9628: 9623: 9621: 9616: 9615: 9612: 9600: 9599: 9590: 9588: 9587: 9582: 9578: 9576: 9575: 9566: 9564: 9563: 9554: 9553: 9550: 9512: 9506: 9504: 9498: 9496: 9490: 9488: 9482: 9480: 9474: 9472: 9466: 9464: 9460:Strigiformes 9458: 9456: 9450: 9448: 9442: 9441: 9439: 9437: 9433: 9427: 9421: 9419: 9413: 9411: 9405: 9403: 9397: 9396: 9394: 9392: 9388: 9382: 9376: 9374: 9368: 9366: 9360: 9358: 9352: 9350: 9344: 9342: 9336: 9335: 9333: 9331: 9327: 9321: 9315: 9313: 9311:(tropicbirds) 9307: 9306: 9304: 9302: 9298: 9292: 9286: 9284: 9278: 9277: 9275: 9273: 9269: 9263: 9257: 9256: 9254: 9252: 9248: 9242: 9236: 9234: 9233:Podargiformes 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9218: 9217: 9215: 9213: 9209: 9203: 9197: 9195: 9189: 9187: 9183:Cuculiformes 9181: 9180: 9178: 9176: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9163: 9153: 9147: 9145: 9139: 9138: 9136: 9134: 9130: 9124: 9118: 9116: 9110: 9108: 9102: 9101: 9099: 9097: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9075: 9071: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9029: 9028: 9026: 9024: 9020: 9014: 9013: 9009: 9007: 9006: 9002: 9000: 8999: 8995: 8993: 8992: 8988: 8986: 8985: 8981: 8979: 8978: 8974: 8972: 8971: 8967: 8965: 8964: 8960: 8958: 8957: 8953: 8952: 8950: 8948: 8944: 8938: 8937: 8933: 8931: 8930: 8926: 8924: 8923: 8919: 8917: 8916: 8912: 8911: 8909: 8907: 8903: 8897: 8896: 8892: 8890: 8889: 8885: 8883: 8882: 8881:Macrocephalon 8878: 8876: 8875: 8871: 8869: 8868: 8864: 8862: 8861: 8857: 8855: 8854: 8850: 8849: 8847: 8845: 8841: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8821: 8819: 8817: 8813: 8810: 8806: 8799: 8793: 8789: 8779: 8778: 8774: 8773: 8771: 8769: 8768:Anseranatidae 8765: 8759: 8758: 8754: 8752: 8751: 8747: 8746: 8744: 8742: 8738: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8715: 8710: 8708: 8703: 8702: 8701: 8698: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8680: 8679: 8676: 8675: 8673: 8669: 8663: 8659: 8656: 8650: 8646: 8643: 8639: 8633: 8607: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8576: 8572: 8562: 8556: 8554: 8548: 8546: 8542:Tinamiformes 8540: 8538: 8532: 8530: 8524: 8523: 8521: 8519: 8518:Palaeognathae 8515: 8511: 8507: 8500: 8496: 8492: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8475: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8437: 8435: 8431: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8404:Pigeon racing 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8373: 8370: 8369: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8344: 8342: 8340: 8334: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8247: 8246:Archaeopteryx 8243: 8242: 8240: 8238: 8234: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8197: 8196: 8193: 8192: 8190: 8188: 8184: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8119: 8117: 8115: 8111: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8068: 8065: 8064: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8049: 8047: 8045: 8041: 8035: 8032: 8031: 8028: 8023: 8019: 8012: 8007: 8005: 8000: 7998: 7993: 7992: 7989: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7952: 7947: 7945: 7943: 7938: 7935: 7931: 7930: 7920: 7916: 7911: 7907: 7901: 7897: 7896: 7890: 7889: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7850: 7846: 7842: 7838: 7834: 7830: 7823: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7772: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7707: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7650: 7635: 7631: 7624: 7609: 7608: 7603: 7596: 7580: 7576: 7570: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7501: 7494: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7431: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7396: 7394: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7326: 7319: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7252: 7245: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7178: 7171: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7120: 7112: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7063: 7047: 7043: 7037: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7015: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6958: 6949: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6917: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6866: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6815: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6798:10.1038/31635 6795: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6772: 6765: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6718: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6663: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6600: 6585: 6578: 6571: 6563: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6524:Palaeontology 6521: 6514: 6499: 6495: 6494: 6487: 6485: 6476: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6435: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6370: 6363:(4): 311–329. 6362: 6358: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6295: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6246: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6195: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6160: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6093: 6086: 6084: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6028: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5970: 5963: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5932: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5893: 5885: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5836: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5776: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5727: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5684: 5677: 5673: 5667: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5616: 5609: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5574: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5517: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5459: 5452: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5421: 5412: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5388: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5353: 5344: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5320: 5304: 5300: 5299: 5294: 5287: 5285: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5261: 5254: 5250: 5247: 5246:Feather trade 5242: 5234: 5230: 5229:"Plume Trade" 5223: 5216: 5210: 5194: 5188: 5180: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5137: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5098: 5090: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5047: 5038: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4995: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4960: 4952: 4951: 4943: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4908: 4900: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4851: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4800: 4792: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4759: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4728: 4720: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4692: 4683: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4640: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4597: 4595: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4552: 4545: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4519: 4512: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4469: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4418: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4377: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4334: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4300: 4293: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4234: 4225: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4201: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4178: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4130:(1): 128–31. 4129: 4125: 4124: 4116: 4109: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4057: 4050: 4042: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4001: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3952: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3906:(4): 470–80. 3905: 3901: 3894: 3887: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3861: 3852: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3817: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3747: 3745: 3736: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3693: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3673: 3665: 3658: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3637:J. Avian Biol 3634: 3627: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3577: 3570: 3568: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3521:(5735): 736. 3520: 3516: 3509: 3502: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3453: 3445: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3410:(6): e65849. 3409: 3405: 3401: 3394: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3345: 3343: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3299: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3276:(2): 118–23. 3275: 3271: 3264: 3256: 3254:0-7216-3536-9 3250: 3246: 3239: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3216: 3210:, p. 261 3209: 3208:Chandler 1916 3204: 3196: 3192: 3191: 3183: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3142: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3083: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3026: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2996: 2988: 2984: 2977: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2942: 2926: 2922: 2920:3-86117-228-3 2916: 2912: 2911: 2903: 2887: 2883: 2876: 2870: 2862: 2860:0-8087-1609-3 2856: 2852: 2847: 2846: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2777: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2719: 2712: 2704: 2698: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2646: 2638: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2572: 2564: 2560: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2543: 2532: 2531:White feather 2529: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2493: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2463:down feathers 2459: 2455: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2417:In pterosaurs 2408: 2407: 2399: 2398: 2390: 2389: 2381: 2380: 2372: 2371: 2363: 2362: 2354: 2353: 2345: 2344: 2336: 2335: 2327: 2326: 2318: 2317: 2309: 2308: 2300: 2299: 2291: 2290: 2282: 2281: 2278: 2277:(4, 6, 7, 8) 2276: 2270: 2269: 2266: 2265: 2262: 2261:(4, 6, 7, 8) 2260: 2254: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2243: 2242: 2239: 2238:(4, 6, 7, 8) 2237: 2236: 2229: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2211: 2204: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2181: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2170: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2158: 2157: 2151: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2138: 2137: 2129: 2128: 2120: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2113: 2106: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2095: 2088: 2087: 2081: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2073: 2068: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2057: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2045: 2044: 2038: 2037: 2031: 2028: 2027: 2024: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2012: 2011: 2005: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1989: 1988: 1982: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1966: 1965: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1943: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1936: 1929: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1918: 1911: 1910: 1904: 1903: 1897: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1884: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1871: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1860: 1853: 1852: 1846: 1845: 1839: 1838:Coelurosauria 1836: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1823: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1816: 1809: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1798: 1791: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1780: 1773: 1772: 1766: 1765: 1759: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1743: 1742: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1728: 1720: 1719: 1711: 1710: 1702: 1701: 1693: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1665: 1664: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1642: 1641: 1635: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1619: 1618: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1596: 1595: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1525: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1468: 1464: 1463:Archaeopteryx 1460: 1456: 1455: 1454:Archaeopteryx 1449: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1436:the families 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1410: 1406: 1405:anterolateral 1402: 1398: 1394: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1368:Congo peafowl 1365: 1360: 1359: 1354: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1343: 1338: 1337:ornithischian 1334: 1329: 1328: 1326: 1321: 1317: 1316: 1311: 1310:daohugouensis 1309: 1304: 1302: 1297: 1296: 1295:Archaeopteryx 1291: 1287: 1279: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1258: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1202: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1173:Tupandactylus 1170: 1166: 1162: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1131: 1115: 1114:Burmese amber 1112: 1105: 1096: 1095: 1094:Archaeopteryx 1090: 1089:Late Jurassic 1084: 1074: 1064: 1060: 1058: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1030:Frank Chapman 1027: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1011:Clan Campbell 1007: 1005: 1001: 996: 994: 990: 986: 982: 981:First Nations 978: 977:United States 974: 970: 964: 963:Museo Soumaya 960: 956: 952: 948: 939: 935: 931: 929: 924: 922: 921:fishing lures 918: 914: 911: 902: 895: 892: 888: 874: 872: 868: 864: 859: 856: 854: 853:barn swallows 850: 849: 844: 843:Feather holes 840: 838: 834: 824: 820: 818: 817:Gloger's rule 814: 810: 805: 801: 799: 792: 791:Pedro Américo 788: 784: 779: 775: 772: 763: 759: 757: 753: 748: 744: 740: 736: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 689: 687: 680: 679: 674: 670: 667: 663: 662: 657: 653: 649: 646: 640: 631: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 604: 595: 592: 588: 586: 585: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 558: 553: 549: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 524: 519: 515: 513: 509: 506: 501: 496: 492: 488: 477: 473: 470: 468: 464: 460: 456: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 418:down feathers 412: 407: 400: 395: 390: 386: 376: 374: 370: 366: 362: 359:of mammalian 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 319:in feathers, 318: 314: 311: 307: 303: 299: 296: 295:integumentary 288: 284: 279: 271: 262: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 241: 237: 233: 228: 225: 221: 210: 207: 204: 202:Shaft, rachis 201: 198: 197: 195: 191: 182: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 140: 136: 132: 131:sleeping bags 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 109:, especially 108: 104: 99: 97: 93: 89: 83: 81: 77: 73: 72:integumentary 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 41: 37: 33: 19: 9640: 9596: 9584: 9572: 9560: 9470:(mousebirds) 9468:Coliiformes 9338:Gaviiformes 9330:Aequornithes 9238:Apodiformes 9199:Otidiformes 9175:Otidimorphae 9122:(sandgrouse) 9044:Phasianinae 9010: 9003: 8996: 8991:Odontophorus 8989: 8982: 8975: 8968: 8961: 8954: 8934: 8927: 8920: 8913: 8893: 8886: 8879: 8872: 8865: 8858: 8851: 8829:Oreophasinae 8775: 8755: 8748: 8653:(waterfowls) 8649:Anseriformes 8399:Cockfighting 8384:Conservation 8379:Bird feeding 8367:Birdwatching 8357:Ornithomancy 8297:Gansuiformes 8244: 8237:Fossil birds 8127:Intelligence 8083: 7950: 7941: 7918: 7894: 7832: 7828: 7822: 7781: 7777: 7771: 7723:(1): 24–30. 7720: 7716: 7706: 7666:(1): 12–13. 7663: 7659: 7649: 7637:. Retrieved 7633: 7623: 7611:. Retrieved 7605: 7595: 7583:. Retrieved 7578: 7569: 7513:(1): 24–30. 7510: 7506: 7493: 7444: 7440: 7430: 7405: 7401: 7335: 7331: 7318: 7261: 7257: 7244: 7190:(1): 24–30. 7187: 7183: 7170: 7129: 7125: 7119: 7076: 7072: 7062: 7050:. Retrieved 7046:the original 7036: 7023: 7014: 6971: 6967: 6957: 6930: 6926: 6916: 6875: 6871: 6865: 6824: 6820: 6814: 6781: 6777: 6764: 6731: 6727: 6717: 6676: 6672: 6662: 6613: 6609: 6599: 6587:. Retrieved 6583: 6570: 6527: 6523: 6513: 6502:, retrieved 6492: 6448: 6444: 6434: 6383: 6379: 6369: 6360: 6356: 6304: 6300: 6294: 6259: 6255: 6245: 6204: 6200: 6194: 6172:(3): 58–63. 6169: 6165: 6159: 6102: 6098: 6041: 6037: 6027: 6015:. Retrieved 6008:the original 5979: 5975: 5962: 5945: 5941: 5931: 5906: 5902: 5892: 5849: 5845: 5835: 5786: 5782: 5775: 5740: 5736: 5726: 5693: 5689: 5683: 5666: 5625: 5621: 5608: 5583: 5579: 5573: 5530: 5526: 5516: 5505:the original 5468: 5464: 5451: 5439:. 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Retrieved 2575: 2569: 2457: 2456: 2451:anurognathid 2420: 2273: 2257: 2233: 2232: 2208: 2207: 2184: 2161: 2110: 2109: 2092: 2091: 2071: 2050:Troodontidae 2048: 2015: 1992: 1969: 1933: 1932: 1915: 1914: 1874: 1857: 1856: 1815:Ceratosaurus 1813: 1812: 1795: 1794: 1777: 1776: 1746: 1686:Ceratopsidae 1684: 1668: 1645: 1622: 1599: 1588:Ornithischia 1567: 1563: 1534: 1530: 1502:sister group 1498:Ornithischia 1486:phylogenetic 1483: 1472: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1452: 1450: 1445: 1438:Troodontidae 1432: 1428: 1414: 1401:Concavenator 1400: 1391: 1384: 1380:Thomas Holtz 1363: 1356: 1346: 1340: 1330: 1323: 1313: 1306: 1299: 1293: 1283: 1275: 1253: 1246: 1242:crocodilians 1226: 1198: 1185: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1158: 1149: 1126: 1092: 1061: 1054: 1023: 1008: 997: 967: 959:Novohispanic 953:painting of 936: 932: 928:bird strikes 925: 907: 860: 857: 846: 841: 833:Phthiraptera 830: 821: 806: 802: 795: 768: 737: 725:turacoverdin 697:pheomelanins 690: 683: 676: 665: 659: 652:turacoverdin 644: 623: 619: 615: 609: 598:Distribution 589: 582: 566: 561: 527: 512:stridulation 507: 483: 474: 471: 454: 449: 445: 441: 425: 415: 389:Down feather 371:. The exact 292: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 235: 229: 217: 193: 145: 100: 95: 91: 84: 47: 46: 36: 9677:supercilium 9598:WikiProject 9508:Piciformes 9391:Australaves 9370:Suliformes 9288:Gruiformes 9143:(flamingos) 9052:Tetraoninae 9023:Phasianidae 9012:Rhynchortyx 8977:Dactylortyx 8844:Megapodidae 8834:Penelopinae 8792:Galliformes 8534:Rheiformes 8528:(ostriches) 8478:individuals 8352:Ornithology 8339:interaction 8094:Preen gland 7858:10468/11874 7639:19 December 7613:19 December 7585:19 December 6262:(1): 4–11. 5199:10 November 2783:Microraptor 2426:pycnofibres 2188:(3+, 6, 7) 2165:(3+, 6, 8) 2115:(3+, 6, 7) 2112:Microraptor 1958:Maniraptora 1917:Juravenator 1797:Carnotaurus 1647:Ornithopoda 1624:Thyreophora 1504:within the 1417:Maniraptora 1403:are on the 1385:In 2010, a 1301:Microraptor 1249:pycnofibres 1182:mate choice 1034:hummingbird 1015:Clan chiefs 983:peoples in 882:Utilitarian 877:Human usage 756:budgerigars 747:ultraviolet 743:iridescence 705:carotenoids 669:carotenoids 656:iridescence 538:conditioner 530:powder down 523:Guinea fowl 349:crosslinked 302:vertebrates 220:Old English 144:have great 76:vertebrates 58:, on both 9692:Categories 9348:(penguins) 9201:(bustards) 9039:Perdicinae 8984:Dendrortyx 8956:Callipepla 8888:Megapodius 8853:Aepypodius 8731:Tadorninae 8713:true geese 8544:(tinamous) 8503:Neornithes 8414:Pheasantry 8389:Aviculture 8157:Incubation 8147:Lek mating 7982:Federn.org 7408:: 91–102. 7360:10468/8068 6127:10468/8068 6017:15 October 5309:8 December 4063:Biol. 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