331:. According to the study many of the dogs involved in these fatal incidents are classified as potentially dangerous dogs under Spanish legislation, which includes Pit Bull Terrier, Staffordshire Bull Terrier, American Staffordshire Terrier, Rottweiler, Bullmastiff, Neapolitan Mastiff, Argentina Mastiff, Bordeaux Mastiff, Canary Fighting Dog (Presa Canario), Fila Brasileiro, Doberman, Tosa Inu, Akita Inu, and their mixes as well as dogs declared dangerous by a veterinarian. The authors advocate for further research and the establishment of a national reporting system on dog bites and attacks and recommend utilizing a multidisciplinary approach to better understand and prevent such incidents in the future. Moreover, they note that other experts advocate for the necessity of conducting epidemiological studies in each country or region where prevention strategies are to be implemented. This is because the impact of risk factors may vary from one location to another. In every cultural context, devising prevention strategies for dog bites would be enhanced by assessing the types of human-canine interaction or environmental factors that commonly expose dogs to situations where they are prone to resort to biting.
371:, collected data from the CDC Wide-Ranging OnLine Data for Epidemiologic Research (CDC WONDER) program. It looked at cases in which the cause of death according to International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes was dog bites. It did not include fatalities secondary to an infection from a bite. During those 27 years, 504 deaths due to dog bites were reported (an average of 18.67 per year) to have occurred in every state except North Dakota. Six states (Texas, California, Florida, Illinois, Georgia and North Carolina) accounted for 37% of the reported cases (but they also compose 36% of the US population). The number of deaths per capita were highest in Alaska (11.83 deaths per 10 million inhabitants); the rest of the states ranged from 0 to 2.56 deaths per 10 million population. Most fatal dog bites occur in young children and the elderly. Elderly victims have a higher in-hospital fatality rate after the trauma compared to younger victims.
248:, but as in other European countries, there is an increasing trend. The severity of the damage caused by dogs ranges from scratches to loss of limbs. Attacks by several dogs and by certain types of dogs are described as particularly dangerous. The researchers came to the conclusion that certain types of dogs cause particularly serious injuries due to their way of biting, holding and shaking the victim. The Rottweiler, American Bulldog, Cane Corso, Japanese Tosa and Pit Bull are named as dogs that can kill an adult human without difficulty. Breeds such as the American Staffordshire Terrier, the Rottweiler and the German Shepherd caused the most serious injuries in the studies mentioned. The Swedish deaths in 2018 and 2019 were caused by a dog of the American Bulldog breed and a dog of the American Staffordshire Terrier/Rottweiler crossbreed.
352:(AVMA) in 2013. While earlier studies were based on television and newspaper reports, this was the first study to be based on law-enforcement reports, animal control reports, and investigator statements. It identified preventable factors in the fatal incidents. They found that the most common contributing factors were: absence of an able-bodied person to intervene, no familiar relationship of victims with dogs, owner failure to neuter dogs, compromised ability of victims to interact appropriately with dogs (e.g. mental disabilities), dogs kept isolated from regular positive human interactions versus family dogs (e.g. dogs kept chained in backyards), owners' prior mismanagement of dogs, and owners' history of abuse or neglect of dogs. Furthermore, they found that in 80% of the incidents, 4 or more of the above factors co-occurred.
375:
Males comprised 58.1% of the reported cases whereas females comprised 41.9%, compared to the US population with 48.87% males and 51.13% females. With respect to race percentages of victims, 81.3% were white (M: 46.8%, F: 34,5%), 14.3% were black (M: 8.5%, F: 5.7%) and 4.4% were listed as "other". When compared to the US population, there was no significant difference in frequency of dog-related deaths in relation to race; the study indicated the percentages of dog ownership to be 92% white, 3% black and 3% other races; however, it is important to note that most of the available data did not report the race of the victim.
186:
attacked can be necessary to hold someone legally responsible. Physical evidence such as saliva, fur, or skin cells left behind at the scene of the bite can be collected and analyzed for DNA matching to determine if it matches the suspected dog. Experts may examine the bite marks on the victim's body to assess characteristics such as size, shape, and pattern, which can sometimes be matched to the dental impressions of a specific dog. Since this methods can't always be applied (efforts to keep the victim alive for example can erase a dog’s biological traces), researchers from
302:
difficulties to stop a dog from attacking are common in fatal attacks. The researchers suggest more detailed national and regional studies to be carried out, since the increase in death could not be explained by the population increase of humans and dogs. The data available for this study lacked details of the circumstances and contributing factors of a fatal attack. They mention that research by other scientists utilizing media reports, legal proceedings, and surveys has already shed some light on the contexts of these fatal incidents.
379:
neutered or spayed, the health of the dog and victim, location of the wounds and other relative information. There is also the possibility that a few of the reported dog bite deaths had been miscoded or possibly omitted in cases where the cause of death was secondary to the bite. A mandatory national registration system on all animal attacks with detailed information was advised in an effort to provide more insight into the factors leading up to the attack.
256:
a serious risk when kept in families with children. Older people are also considered to be particularly susceptible to attacks by powerfully built dogs. The scientists refer to an
Australian study which states that the risk of injury from being pushed by a dog is particularly high in older people. The authors see imported and smuggled dogs as a further health risk, as they often appear in cases of assault and carry the additional risk of rabies infection.
323:). Fatal dog bites in Spain average 1.6 deaths annually, corresponding to a rate of 0.003 per 100,000 residents. The study identified 16 cases of fatal dog attacks resulting in 17 deaths, with a predominance of male victims. The mean age of the victims is 46 years, with significant representation from both older adults and young children. Fatal attacks occur across multiple provinces, with
399:(AVMA), this study published in 2000 evaluated 20 years (1979-1998) of fatalities by using 18-years of data collected previously for similar studies, newly identified data from media reports for 1997-1998, and a database from HSUS. The purpose was to summarize breeds associated with reported human DBRF during a 20-year period and assess policy implications.
217:
South
America and India. Free-ranging dogs can carry and transmit diseases such as rabies, which can be fatal to humans if not treated promptly. The researchers argue for evidence-based legislation and consensus-building, among other measures, to mitigate the negative impacts of free-ranging dogs, thereby reducing potential harm to humans and other animals.
452:(BSL) as well as generic non-breed-specific dangerous dog laws, listed some of the difficulties of enforcement and touched on several of the factors, but did not have any recommendations — citing that they were unaware of any formal evaluation of effectiveness of BSL or general non-BSL dangerous dog laws in preventing fatal or nonfatal dog bites.
565:
Kennel Club. The greater number of deaths may simply reflect a larger population. In relation to its small registration (929) the bullterrier (pit bull) was responsible for the highest number of deaths (6), but the popularity of this breed may be increasing and, therefore, its population might not be reflected by its registration."
426:
After excluding approximately 90 deaths from the study because no breed information was available, the researchers ended up with 238 deaths for their 20-year analysis representing 25 breeds of dog, or 227 deaths for which they had additional data for analysis. Using the 227 collection: 133 (58%) were
406:
to locate media reports was likely to only discover about 74% of the actual incidents; that dog attacks involving certain breeds may be more likely to have received media coverage in the first place; that identifications of the dog's breed is often subjective (causing possible misreporting of breed);
378:
At the time of the study, some of the limitations included the lack of information regarding many important factors about the reported attacks, such as the activity that was taking place at the time, whether or not it was provoked, a positive identification of the dog's breed, size and whether it was
251:
The researchers recommend that physicians treating minors with injuries from a dog attack notify the competent social authorities, as they consider the risk of further incidents to be increased. In 2022, a dog owner in Sweden was killed by her
American Staffordshire Terrier. The same dog had attacked
152:
The type of dog involved in the attack. Large and heavily built dogs are more prone to inflict severe injuries that lead to the death of the victim. Moreover, certain dog types exhibit distinct biting styles and prove exceptionally challenging to intervene once an attack has commenced. If the victims
144:
Certain characteristics of a victim may increase the risk of a fatal dog attack, such as age (young children and the elderly are more vulnerable) or physical condition. If an older person is pushed over by a dog and sustains serious injuries such as fractures, head trauma, or internal injuries, these
564:
When comparing number of deaths by each particular breed to the number of registrations of that breed, the authors wrote: "German shepherds were involved in more deaths (16) than any other breed, but German shepherds have the highest registration (74,723) of any large breed according to the
American
444:
Dog-based approach (each dog counted, even in multi-dog fatal incidents): Pit bull-type 118; Rottweiler 67; Mixed-breed 47; German
Shepherd 41; Chow 21; Husky-type 21; Malamute 16; Wolf-dog 15; Doberman 13; Great Dane 13; Sled-dog 12; Labrador 8; St. Bernard 8; Collie 6; Boxer 5; Mastiff 5; Akita 4;
255:
The authors see a change in the way people keep and interact with dogs, as well as a higher proportion of high-risk breeds in the population, as a possible explanation for the increase in fatalities. Strongly built and "hard biting" dogs are very popular in Sweden and, according to the authors, pose
230:
Researchers looked at the epidemiological profile of dog attacks to patients under 14 years old assisted at the pediatric referral emergency unit of a tertiary hospital in
Campinas, Brazil. This study did not find any death records at this hospital, but made a note on the age of the victims of fatal
216:
are very common in India and other countries with a high population of free-ranging dogs. Since these attacks frequently lead to deaths, governments are under pressure to address the problem. Researchers from
Argentina and India looked at problems related to free-ranging dogs in exemplary regions in
130:
An attack by more than one dog. A person attacked by multiple dogs will have more difficulties to defend themselves effectively against the dogs, increasing the likelihood of sustaining severe injuries. In addition, the behavior of a pack of dogs differs significantly from that of a solitary dog; if
355:
The authors found that in a significant number of DBRFs there was either a conflict between different media sources reporting breed and/or a conflict between media and animal control reports relative to the reporting of breed. For 401 dogs described in various media accounts of DBRFs, media sources
318:
examined fatal dog attacks that occurred in Spain within a ten-year period. They analyzed data from records of fatal dog attacks in Spain from 2004 to 2013 and examined the interplay among factors related to the victim, the dog, and the circumstances of the attack. A secondary aim was to assess the
276:
for 30 European countries. This data excludes death due to complications after dog bites like infections. For 2016 they found 45 recorded deaths, corresponding to a rate of 0.009 per 100,000 residents. They come to the conclusion that "the number of
European fatalities due to dog attacks increased
140:
Responsible ownership, including proper care, socialization, training, and supervision of dogs, plays a crucial role in preventing fatal attacks. Owners who fail to fulfill these responsibilities increase the risk of their dogs posing a danger to others. Fatal attacks often occur when dogs are left
581:
The study covers eleven fatality cases. Based on circumstances in each case, the author theorizes that most of the fatalities were territorial issues (in the dog's mind). He also concludes that most fatal attacks by dogs were initiated with intent to kill. He concludes this by comparing the 75% of
440:
Death-based approach (each breed counted only once per fatal incident): Pit bull-type 76; Rottweiler 44; German
Shepherd 27; Husky-type 21; Malamute 15; Wolf-dog 14; Mixed-breed 12; Chow 11; Doberman 10; St. Bernard 8; Great Dane 7; Labrador 5; Akita 4; 3 each of Sled dog, Bulldog, Mastiff, Boxer,
190:
suggested an additional method to prove the involvement of a specific dog. They suggested to detect the victim's profile in the dog's mouth through buccal swabs on the suspected dog. Further methods to identify an offending dog include witness statements, CCTV footage, 3D modelling to show matches
185:
Whether a dog owner is legally responsible for a fatal dog attack depends on various factors, including the jurisdiction's laws and the circumstances surrounding the incident. In many places, dog owners can be held liable for injuries or fatalities caused by their dogs. Proving that a specific dog
277:
significantly at a rate of several % per year 1995–2016." The looked at the impact of age, gender and geography. They state that people younger than 10 and older than 39 are more likely to be killed by dogs and male victims are overpresented in certain age groups and regions. The study names
374:
The study indicated that, in the US, incidents of dog-related injury and death increased along with the increases in dog and human populations. Males and children comprised the majority of fatal dog attacks, with children under age 10 representing 70% of deaths from dog bites from 1979 to 1988.
560:
Only 16 breeds of dog were represented in the 74 cases: German
Shepherd 16, Mixed breed 10, Husky 9, St. Bernard 8, Bullterrier (pit bull) 6, Great Dane 6, Malamute 5, Unknown breed 5, Golden Retriever 3, Boxer 2, Dachshund 2, Doberman Pinscher 2, Collie 2, Rottweiler 1, Basenji 1, Chow Chow 1,
430:
The authors expressed disappointment that they could not adequately evaluate a "risk rate" for each dog breed (number of fatalities divided by the number of dogs), citing unavailability of population figures for each breed. Instead, they simply tabulated the fatalities by breed. Despite that
301:
as high-incidence countries. Severe and fatal dog attacks have in common that the dog or dogs involved carry out multiple, targeted bites (focused bites to bring the victim down and subsequent bites to the neck and face) and shaking until the victim ceases movement. It is also described that
182:, and law enforcement to comprehensively assess the circumstances surrounding the incident. These cases can involve certain complexities, such as determining liability, identifying the dog or dogs that attacked, and assessing any negligence on the part of owners or other parties involved.
131:
one dog within a pack initiates an attack, it is more probable that others will join in. Furthermore it is more challenging for bystanders or first responders to intervene and stop an attack involving multiple dogs, especially if the dogs are highly aggressive or in a frenzied state.
2069:
Medeiros MM, Marson FAL, Marques LS, Peixoto AO and Fraga AdMA (2022) Epidemiological profile of dog attacks to patients under 14 years old assisted at the pediatric referral emergency unit of a tertiary hospital in Campinas, Brazil. Front. Pediatr. 10:963803. doi:
585:
The author also rues the lack of "comprehensive surveillance" of dog bite related fatalities, and counsels that fatalities should be examined to determine the magnitude of the problem and to identify causative factors which can be eliminated to reduce fatalities.
231:
dog attacks: "Some accidents might be serious and result in death, while accidents, even if not so serious, might result in irreversible consequences. There is some evidence that 56% of casualties related to dog bites occur with children under 16 years old."
1824:
Iarussi, Fabrizio; Cipolloni, Luigi; Bertozzi, Giuseppe; Sasso, Luigi; Ferrara, Michela; Salerno, Monica; Rubino, Giuseppe Tommaso Roberto; Maglietta, Francesca; Dinisi, Armida; Albano, Davide; Iarussi, Valerio; Pomara, Cristoforo; Sessa, Francesco (2020).
173:
Determining the cause of death and understanding the extent of injuries often requires detailed forensic analysis, including examination of bite marks, trauma patterns, and other physical evidence. Fatal dog attacks often necessitate collaboration between
445:
Bulldog 3; Australian Shepherd 3; Bullmastiff 2; Hound-type 2; and 1 each of Chesapeake Bay Retriever, Cocker Spaniel, Coonhound, Japanese Hunting Dog, Newfoundland, Retriever-type, Rhodesian Ridgeback, Sheepdog, Terrier-type, West Highland Terrier.
441:
Collie; 2 each of Bullmastiff, Hound-type; 1 each of Retriever-type, Chesapeake Bay Retriever, West Highland Terrier, Terrier-type, Japanese Hunting Dog, Newfoundland, Coonhound, Sheepdog, Australian Shepherd, Rhodesian Ridgeback, Cocker Spaniel.
516:
Of the 199 incidents in which breed was known, the report tabulates the breeds by most fatalities first, presenting: Pit bull 60, Rottweiler 29, German shepherd 19, Husky 14, Malamute 12, Doberman 8, Chow 8, Great Dane 6, St. Bernard 4, Akita 4.
160:, hyposplenia or people suffering from alcoholism have a higher risk of developing fulminant bacterial sepsis caused by a dog bite injury, a minor dog bite injury, a scratch or even just the contact with a dog's saliva and the bacteria
148:
Dogs with a history of aggression, whether towards humans or other animals, are at a higher risk of being involved in fatal attacks. Past incidents of aggression should be taken seriously and addressed through appropriate training and
541:
The dogs were mostly described as pets or family dogs, and in 29 cases prior behavior was specifically stated as friendly or without viciousness. Only three of the dogs were considered guard dogs and two known to have prior bite
334:
Spain identifies three categories of potentially dangerous dogs, which all have restrictions placed upon ownership. Those include specific breeds, dogs with specific appearances and dogs who have behaved dangerously in the past.
1901:
937:
427:
unrestrained dogs and on the owners' property; 55 (24%) were loose off the owners' property; 38 (17%) were restrained dogs on their owners' property; and only one (less than 1%) was restrained off the owners' property.
153:
survives, extensive surgery and lifelong treatment often becomes necessary. Small dogs generally have less physical strength and lower bite force, which may lead to less severe injuries and a lower risk of mortality.
199:
Scientists, scholars, medical personnel, veterinarians, and lawmakers have been documenting the societal problem of fatal dog attacks for several decades in an effort to identify causes and come up with solutions.
628:
Giovannini, E.; Roccaro, M.; Peli, A.; Bianchini, S.; Bini, C.; Pelotti, S.; Fais, P. (2023). Giovannini, Elena; Roccaro, Mariana; Peli, Angelo; Bianchini, Simone; Bini, Carla; Pelotti, Susi; Fais, Paolo (eds.).
356:
reported conflicting breed attributions for 124 of the dogs (30.9%); and where there were media reports and an animal control report (346 dogs), there were conflicting breed attributions for 139 dogs (40.2%)
512:
and death certificates, this 1997 write-up analysed 279 USA dog-bite related deaths from 1979-1994, briefly mentioned three specific cases from 1995-1996, and tabulated breed-specific data from 1979-1996.
876:
410:
The study defined dog attacks as "a human death caused by trauma from a dog bite". Excluded from the study were deaths by disease caused by dog bites, strangulation on a scarf or leash pulled by a dog,
850:
2196:"BOE-A-2002-6016 Real Decreto 287/2002, de 22 de marzo, por el que se desarrolla la Ley 50/1999, de 23 de diciembre, sobre el rĂ©gimen jurĂdico de la tenencia de animales potencialmente peligrosos"
433:"It is extremely unlikely that they accounted for anywhere near 60% of dogs in the United States during that same period and, thus, there appears to be a breed-specific problem with fatalities."
523:
The report suggested improvements in three categories for preventing dog bites: owner and public education, better enforcement by animal control, and better bite reporting for future analyses.
582:
these cases of attack by a single dog (which attacked the head and neck) to the statistic that 75% of nonfatal attack wounds are being inflicted on extremities (which are not usually fatal).
929:
2081:
26:. The study of fatal dog attacks can lead to prevention techniques which can help to reduce all dog bite injuries, not only fatalities. Dog bites and attacks can result in
531:
A study conducted at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School identified 74 fatal dog bites during the period 1966–1980 from news media and medical literature.
806:
Tsokos, M (June 28, 2007). "Extensive and mutilating craniofacial trauma involving defleshing and decapitation: unusual features of fatal dog attacks in the young".
431:
limitation, the data indicated that Rottweilers and pit bull-type dogs accounted for 67% of human DBRF in the United States between 1997 and 1998, and followed with
145:
injuries can be life-threatening, particularly if they are not promptly treated or if the individual has underlying health issues that complicate their recovery.
191:
between the wound and a specific dog's dental arches (applicable if the dogs in question have different characteristics) or genetic analysis of the dog hairs.
252:
and severely bitten her two-year-old grandson two years earlier, but the police stopped the investigation and no report was made to the relevant authorities.
1798:
969:
842:
2481:
489:
Improve surveillance and reporting for fatal and nonfatal dog bites, including collecting details of event, circumstances and the dogs and parties involved
415:
or traffic accident, and falling injury or fire ant bites from being pushed down by a dog. The study also excluded four deaths by trauma from dog bites by
1705:
1923:
114:, loss of blood through severing an artery or vein, or from bleeding out from multiple wounds, or bleeding for an excessive time before victim is found
899:
1752:
402:
The authors postulated that the resulting tabulations by breed may be biased due to four factors: that their method of searching for DBRFs by using
1320:
2522:
2266:
2527:
992:
1195:
264:
The authors of the study "Bitten or struck by dog: A rising number of fatalities in Europe, 1995–2016" looked at data officially recorded by
104:
brought on by exertion during a dog attack, from loss of blood pressure due to bleeding, from the stress of an attack, or resultant injuries
2365:
1071:
872:
776:
575:
388:
742:
319:
consistency between the dogs implicated in fatal attacks and those identified in Spanish legislation as potentially dangerous dogs (
2474:
1164:
Borchelt, P. L.; Lockwood, R.; Beck, A. M.; Voith, V. L. (1983). "Attacks by packs of dogs involving predation on human beings".
396:
349:
368:
1948:
Goel, Kapil; Sen, Arunima; Satapathy, Prakasini; Kumar, Pawan; Aggarwal, Arun Kumar; Sah, Ranjit; Padhi, Bijaya Kumar (2023).
310:
In the study "Fatal dog attacks in Spain under a breed-specific legislation: A ten-year retrospective study" researchers from
2007:"Evidence-based legislation, strong institutions and consensus needed to mitigate the negative impacts of free-ranging dogs"
2517:
2502:
520:
For crossbreeds, they present: Wolf hybrid 14, German shepherd 11, Pit bull 10, Husky 6, Malamute 3, Rottweiler 3, Chow 3.
2005:
Lambertucci, Sergio A.; Zamora-Nasca, LucĂa B.; Sengupta, Asmita; de la Reta, Marina; Plaza, Pablo I. (February 1, 2024).
483:
Educate owners with respect to selection of breed, decisions to neuter/spay their dogs, and importance of socializing dogs
2512:
2507:
2467:
392:
320:
574:
The first epidemiological study of dog-bite fatalities in the United States was conducted by an epidemiologist with the
244:
The Swedish scientists looked at the consequences of dog bites and deaths caused by dogs. Fatal dog attacks are rare in
2553:
1477:"Dog owners' supervising duty and criminal negligence – A critical review of two judgments by Swedish courts of appeal"
548:
Of the 23 victims less than one year in age, 22 occurred inside a home, and in 16 cases both child and dog lived there.
2223:"Co-occurrence of potentially preventable factors in 256 dog bite-related fatalities in the United States (2000–2009)"
348:
The most recent study of the epidemiology of fatal dog bites in the United States was published in the Journal of the
2222:
959:
407:
and that the researchers weren't sure how to account for crossbreed dogs (more than one breed in a single dog).
1706:"Fatal Dog Bite in the Absence of Significant Trauma: Capnocytophaga canimorsus Infection and Unexpected Death"
1119:"Severe dog-bite injuries, introducing the concept of pack attack: a literature review and seven case reports"
2387:
Pinckney, Lee; Leslie A. Kennedy (February 1982). "Traumatic Deaths from Dog Attacks in the United States".
907:
359:
According to this study, reliable verification of the breed of dog was only possible in 18% of incidents.
480:
Evaluate the effects of regulations that limit fences to heights insufficient for controlling large dogs
225:
2297:
449:
213:
2157:
630:
2532:
1242:
595:
161:
2156:
Mora, Esther; Fonseca, Gabriel M.; Navarro, Pablo; Castaño, Antonio; Lucena, Joaquin (May 1, 2018).
1290:
1000:
930:"'I know he's a hero': Woman mourns adult son who died saving his daughter from dog attack in Iowa"
1667:"Microvascular replantation of a composite facial avulsion in a 24-month-old child after dog bite"
1524:
Di Donato, Sabina; Ricci, Pietrantonio; Panarese, Fernando; Turillazzi, Emanuela (June 1, 2006).
2558:
2357:
2158:"Fatal dog attacks in Spain under a breed-specific legislation: A ten-year retrospective study"
1571:
Oshima, Toru; Mimasaka, Sohtaro; Yonemitsu, Kosei; Kita, Katsumi; Tsunenari, Shigeyuki (2008).
179:
178:, forensic experts (DNA analysis), odontologists (for bite mark analysis), behavioral experts,
1241:
Westgarth, Carri; Christley, Robert M; Marvin, Garry; Perkins, Elizabeth (September 3, 2019).
465:
Enact dangerous dog laws that place primary responsibility for a dog’s behavior on the owner
2267:"Breeds of dogs involved in fatal human attacks in the United States between 1979 and 1998"
2018:
1874:"Breeds of dogs involved in fatal human attacks in the United States between 1979 and 1998"
1488:
1383:"Life-threatening dog attacks: A devastating combination of penetrating and blunt injuries"
1025:
Di Nunzio, M.; Della Valle, A.; Serino, A.; Corrado, F.; Di Nunzio, C. (November 8, 2023).
712:
486:
Add education in schools and adult-education programs about bite prevention and canine care
545:
In 64 out of the 74 cases the location of attack was within or adjacent to a home or yard.
526:
8:
1666:
239:
2047:
2022:
1982:
1799:"Charlbi Dean's cause of death revealed after 'Triangle of Sadness' star died at age 32"
1492:
765:
2440:
2423:
2195:
1381:
Calkins, Casey M.; Bensard, Denis D.; Partrick, David A.; Karrer, Frederick M. (2001).
819:
175:
43:
551:
In most cases the dog was not provoked, and in many instances the dog knew the victim.
2445:
2404:
2339:
2289:
2244:
2177:
2138:
2130:
2052:
2034:
1987:
1969:
1893:
1854:
1846:
1780:
1772:
1733:
1725:
1686:
1647:
1639:
1600:
1592:
1553:
1545:
1506:
1457:
1449:
1410:
1402:
1363:
1312:
1262:
1223:
1215:
1173:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1052:
1044:
823:
734:
681:
668:
660:
610:
471:
Encourage dog owners to seek professional help in training and socializing their pets
343:
226:
2022 study: Frontiers in Pediatrics - General Pediatrics and Pediatric Emergency Care
89:
2125:
2108:
1842:
1635:
646:
499:
74:
There are several ways a person can die from a dog bite or a dog attack, including:
2435:
2396:
2331:
2281:
2234:
2169:
2120:
2042:
2026:
1977:
1961:
1885:
1838:
1764:
1717:
1678:
1631:
1584:
1537:
1496:
1441:
1394:
1355:
1302:
1254:
1207:
1130:
1083:
1034:
815:
724:
650:
642:
605:
1619:
1258:
538:
The dogs were owned by the victim's family in 38 cases and a neighbor in 25 cases.
1965:
1768:
1721:
1211:
1665:
Macias, David; Kwon, Daniel I.; Walker, Paul C.; Peterson, Nathaniel R. (2018).
1501:
1476:
437:
In the 20 years from 1979 to 1998, the breeds of dogs involved were as follows:
2285:
2173:
2030:
1950:"Emergence of rabies among vaccinated humans in India: a public health concern"
1949:
1889:
1704:
Stiegler, Denise; Gilbert, John D.; Warner, Morgyn S.; Byard, Roger W. (2010).
1588:
1541:
1118:
1039:
1027:"How the forensic multidisciplinary approach can solve a fatal dog pack attack"
1026:
600:
554:
Dogs were either killed on scene or quarantined for rabies (all negative), and
290:
111:
2239:
1359:
2547:
2459:
2181:
2134:
2109:"Bitten or struck by dog: A rising number of fatalities in Europe, 1995–2016"
2038:
2006:
1973:
1850:
1776:
1729:
1690:
1643:
1596:
1572:
1549:
1510:
1453:
1406:
1367:
1344:"Forensic approach of fatal dog attacks: a case report and literature review"
1307:
1291:"Human Fatalities Resulting From Dog Attacks in the United States, 1979–2005"
1266:
1219:
1177:
1142:
1095:
1048:
680:
Fonseca, Gabriel; Mora, Esther; Lucena, Joaquin; Cantin, Mario, eds. (2015).
664:
615:
59:
1826:
1398:
1343:
960:"Devastated daughter says mum, 55, died of sepsis after being mauled by dog"
556:"once subdued, no further viciousness by the dogs was reported in any case."
492:
Collect data on the entire dog population for comparison/percentage purposes
2293:
2265:
Sacks, Jeffrey; Sinclair, Gilchrist; Golab, Lockwood (September 15, 2000).
2248:
2142:
2056:
1991:
1924:"Fatal dog attacks in India prompt growing calls for action against strays"
1897:
1873:
1858:
1784:
1737:
1651:
1604:
1557:
1429:
1414:
1316:
1227:
1103:
1056:
964:
827:
766:"Emergency Department Visits and Inpatient Stays Involving Dog Bites, 2008"
672:
569:
412:
101:
95:
83:
78:
47:
2408:
2400:
2343:
2335:
1461:
1445:
1382:
1150:
738:
729:
682:"Forensic studies of dog attacks on humans: a focus on bite mark analysis"
208:
2449:
2004:
655:
2264:
1682:
1525:
527:
1982 study by University of Texas and Children's Medical Center, Dallas
416:
403:
107:
51:
362:
240:
2023 study: Bitten or struck by dog – an increasingly common diagnosis
631:"Medico-legal implications of dog bite injuries: A systematic review"
420:
324:
86:, usually to the head, is more common with infants or small children
328:
265:
157:
55:
39:
31:
459:
Regulate individual dogs and owners on the basis of their behavior
344:
2013 study: Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
1428:
Sacks, J. J.; Lockwood, R.; Hornreich, J.; Sattin, R. W. (1996).
1024:
713:"Incidence of Dog Bite Injuries Treated in Emergency Departments"
500:
1997 study by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and HSUS
298:
286:
278:
69:
1872:
Sacks JJ, Sinclair L, Gilchrist J, Golab GC, Lockwood R (2000).
1523:
873:"Daytona Beach Sunday News-Journal – Google News Archive Search"
1243:"The Responsible Dog Owner: The Construction of Responsibility"
1240:
294:
282:
269:
245:
117:
35:
1194:
Loewe, Cheryl L.; Diaz, Francisco J.; Bechinski, John (2007).
627:
1823:
1620:"Canines seized by the Swedish Police Authority in 2015–2016"
509:
315:
311:
305:
259:
187:
98:, the removal of the head or brain from the rest of the spine
63:
1427:
1380:
462:
Enact stringent animal control laws and increase enforcement
2424:"Human Deaths Induced by dog bites, United States, 1974–75"
1871:
1570:
505:
27:
23:
2082:"Biten eller angripen av hund – en allt vanligare diagnos"
1703:
2386:
2358:"Dog-Bite-Related Fatalities -- United States, 1995-1996"
2155:
2107:
Sarenbo, Sirkku; Svensson, P. Andreas (January 1, 2021).
1163:
2322:
Sacks, J J (June 1996). "Fatal dog attacks, 1989-1994".
1664:
1481:
Forensic Science International: Animals and Environments
1341:
993:"Family of man who died after dog bite sues dog's owner"
900:"Spanaway woman dies week after attack by two pit bulls"
570:
1977 study by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2080:
Striwing, Sirkku; Sarenbo, Helena (February 20, 2023).
1757:
The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology
1710:
The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology
1200:
The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology
1076:
The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology
679:
209:
2023 research: AMBIO A Journal of the Human Environment
1342:
De Munnynck, K.; Van de Voorde, W. (October 1, 2002).
1947:
495:
Maintain adequate funding for animal control agencies
382:
455:
Some other recommendations by the authors included:
137:
Lack of awareness that dogs can see infants as prey.
1827:"Dog-bite-related attacks: A new forensic approach"
363:
2009 study: Wilderness & Environmental Medicine
1573:"Vertebral arterial injury due to fatal dog bites"
1193:
843:"Preliminary autopsy: Dog attack death accidental"
2545:
686:Research and Reports in Forensic Medical Science
2106:
2079:
1474:
2489:
1751:Byard, Roger W.; Langlois, Neil E. I. (2020).
1166:Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C.: 1974)
1116:
448:The authors attempted to evaluate efficacy of
70:Causes of death in dog bite related fatalities
16:Dog attack resulting in a human victim's death
2475:
1750:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
2260:
2258:
1865:
801:
799:
797:
757:
203:
2422:Winkler, William (September–October 1977).
1954:The Lancet Regional Health - Southeast Asia
1753:"Variable Mechanisms of Dog-Related Deaths"
468:Target chronically irresponsible dog owners
387:A joint project between researchers in the
338:
2482:
2468:
1475:Striwing, Helena; Sarenbo, Sirkku (2021).
1273:
840:
576:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
561:Labrador Retriever 1, Yorkshire Terrier 1.
389:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
327:showing the highest incidence followed by
306:2018 study: Journal of Veterinary Behavior
260:2022 study: Forensic Science International
134:Victim is alone at the time of the attack.
2439:
2255:
2238:
2124:
2046:
1981:
1530:Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology
1500:
1306:
1038:
794:
728:
654:
168:
2380:
2220:
2214:
1031:Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology
897:
704:
2421:
2415:
1904:from the original on September 18, 2020
1617:
1348:International Journal of Legal Medicine
1323:from the original on September 18, 2020
1295:Wilderness & Environmental Medicine
1288:
898:Sullivan, Jennifer (November 7, 2013).
773:Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project
397:American Veterinary Medical Association
369:Wilderness & Environmental Medicine
350:American Veterinary Medical Association
2546:
2368:from the original on November 16, 2019
1577:Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine
853:from the original on September 6, 2019
805:
782:from the original on September 3, 2019
141:unsupervised or improperly restrained.
2463:
2321:
1189:
1187:
1020:
1018:
990:
879:from the original on December 3, 2019
763:
710:
194:
1069:
940:from the original on August 31, 2020
367:This 27-year study published in the
22:are human victim's deaths caused by
1196:"Pitbull Mauling Deaths in Detroit"
1117:Kneafsey, B.; Condon, K.C. (1995).
991:Tsong, Nicole (September 9, 2010).
906:. The Seattle Times. Archived from
841:McGuinness, Chris (March 6, 2014).
711:Weiss, Harold B (January 7, 1998).
393:Humane Society of the United States
13:
1184:
1015:
972:from the original on June 17, 2019
820:10.1097/01.paf.0000257395.90724.39
745:from the original on April 8, 2019
621:
383:2000 study by CDC, HSUS & AVMA
14:
2570:
1072:"Dog Pack Attack: Hunting Humans"
534:Summary of some of the findings:
477:Enforce laws against dog fighting
62:, life-threatening injuries, and
1289:Langley, Ricky L. (March 2009).
1088:10.1097/00000433-199909000-00005
321:perros potencialmente peligrosos
2350:
2315:
2188:
2149:
2126:10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110592
2100:
2073:
2063:
1998:
1941:
1916:
1843:10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110254
1817:
1791:
1744:
1697:
1658:
1636:10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.01.013
1611:
1564:
1517:
1468:
1421:
1374:
1335:
1234:
1157:
1110:
1063:
647:10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111849
124:
2162:Journal of Veterinary Behavior
2113:Forensic Science International
1831:Forensic Science International
1624:Forensic Science International
1430:"Fatal dog attacks, 1989-1994"
984:
952:
922:
891:
865:
834:
635:Forensic Science International
1:
2523:Attacks in the United Kingdom
1259:10.1080/08927936.2019.1645506
697:
2528:Attacks in the United States
1966:10.1016/j.lansea.2022.100109
1769:10.1097/PAF.0000000000000578
1722:10.1097/PAF.0b013e3181dfc98b
1387:Journal of Pediatric Surgery
1212:10.1097/PAF.0b013e31815b4c19
1135:10.1016/0020-1383(95)90550-h
423:employed by the government.
7:
1618:Sarenbo, Sirkku L. (2019).
1502:10.1016/j.fsiae.2021.100031
589:
274:W54 Bitten or struck by dog
10:
2575:
2533:Attacks in other countries
2286:10.2460/javma.2000.217.836
2174:10.1016/j.jveb.2018.03.011
2031:10.1007/s13280-023-01928-y
1890:10.2460/javma.2000.217.836
1589:10.1016/j.jflm.2008.04.004
1040:10.1007/s12024-023-00746-8
450:breed-specific legislation
2554:Deaths due to dog attacks
2498:
2240:10.2460/javma.243.12.1726
1360:10.1007/s00414-002-0332-9
596:List of fatal dog attacks
234:
220:
204:South America & India
162:capnocytophaga canimorsus
2070:10.3389/fped.2022.963803
1308:10.1580/08-WEME-OR-213.1
847:The Killeen Daily Herald
808:Am J Forensic Med Pathol
339:United States of America
1399:10.1053/jpsu.2001.25670
1070:Avis, Simon P. (1999).
180:animal control officers
2202:. pp. 12290–12292
169:Forensic investigation
2428:Public Health Reports
2401:10.1542/peds.69.2.193
2336:10.1542/peds.97.6.891
2221:Patronek, GJ (2013).
1446:10.1542/peds.97.6.891
730:10.1001/jama.279.1.51
611:Behavioral euthanasia
504:Collecting data from
176:forensic pathologists
1542:10.1385/FSMP:2:2:137
272:cause of death code
2023:2024Ambio..53..299L
1805:. December 22, 2022
1526:"Cane Corso attack"
1493:2021FSIAE...100031S
1440:(6 Pt 1): 891–895.
934:Des Moines Register
910:on November 9, 2013
764:Holmquist, Laurel.
2518:Attacks in Germany
2503:Attacks in Austria
2227:J Am Vet Med Assoc
1878:J Am Vet Med Assoc
1683:10.1002/micr.30275
601:Aggression in dogs
474:Enforce leash laws
195:Published research
84:Blunt force trauma
44:soft tissue injury
2541:
2540:
2513:Attacks in Canada
2508:Attacks in Brazil
2492:fatal dog attacks
2303:on April 11, 2015
1803:Los Angeles Times
214:Stray dog attacks
90:Cervical fracture
20:Fatal dog attacks
2566:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2461:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2443:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2302:
2296:. Archived from
2271:
2262:
2253:
2252:
2242:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2128:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2077:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2050:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1985:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1504:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1393:(8): 1115–1117.
1378:
1372:
1371:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1310:
1286:
1271:
1270:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1191:
1182:
1181:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1042:
1022:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1008:
999:. Archived from
988:
982:
981:
979:
977:
968:. June 9, 2019.
956:
950:
949:
947:
945:
936:. June 7, 2019.
926:
920:
919:
917:
915:
895:
889:
888:
886:
884:
875:. May 28, 1976.
869:
863:
862:
860:
858:
838:
832:
831:
803:
792:
791:
789:
787:
781:
770:
761:
755:
754:
752:
750:
732:
708:
693:
676:
658:
120:from bite wounds
2574:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2494:
2488:
2458:
2457:
2420:
2416:
2385:
2381:
2371:
2369:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2269:
2263:
2256:
2233:(12): 1726–36.
2219:
2215:
2205:
2203:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2154:
2150:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2089:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2064:
2003:
1999:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1905:
1870:
1866:
1822:
1818:
1808:
1806:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1749:
1745:
1702:
1698:
1663:
1659:
1616:
1612:
1569:
1565:
1522:
1518:
1473:
1469:
1426:
1422:
1379:
1375:
1340:
1336:
1326:
1324:
1287:
1274:
1239:
1235:
1192:
1185:
1162:
1158:
1115:
1111:
1068:
1064:
1023:
1016:
1006:
1004:
1003:on May 12, 2014
989:
985:
975:
973:
958:
957:
953:
943:
941:
928:
927:
923:
913:
911:
896:
892:
882:
880:
871:
870:
866:
856:
854:
839:
835:
804:
795:
785:
783:
779:
768:
762:
758:
748:
746:
709:
705:
700:
624:
622:Further reading
606:Dog behaviorist
592:
578:(CDC) in 1977.
572:
529:
502:
385:
365:
346:
341:
308:
262:
242:
237:
228:
223:
211:
206:
197:
171:
127:
72:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2572:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2487:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2464:
2456:
2455:
2414:
2379:
2362:wonder.cdc.gov
2349:
2314:
2254:
2213:
2187:
2148:
2099:
2086:Läkartidningen
2072:
2062:
2017:(2): 299–308.
1997:
1940:
1915:
1864:
1816:
1790:
1743:
1716:(2): 198–199.
1696:
1677:(2): 218–221.
1657:
1610:
1583:(8): 529–532.
1563:
1536:(2): 137–141.
1516:
1467:
1420:
1373:
1354:(5): 295–300.
1334:
1272:
1253:(5): 631–646.
1233:
1183:
1156:
1109:
1082:(3): 243–246.
1062:
1014:
983:
951:
921:
890:
864:
833:
793:
756:
702:
701:
699:
696:
695:
694:
677:
623:
620:
619:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
591:
588:
571:
568:
567:
566:
562:
558:
552:
549:
546:
543:
539:
528:
525:
501:
498:
497:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
384:
381:
364:
361:
345:
342:
340:
337:
307:
304:
261:
258:
241:
238:
236:
233:
227:
224:
222:
219:
210:
207:
205:
202:
196:
193:
170:
167:
166:
165:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
135:
132:
126:
123:
122:
121:
115:
112:exsanguination
105:
99:
93:
87:
81:
71:
68:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2571:
2560:
2559:Canid attacks
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2485:
2480:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2280:(6): 836–40.
2279:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2259:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1929:
1928:Deccan Herald
1925:
1919:
1908:September 18,
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1884:(6): 836–40.
1883:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1820:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1327:September 25,
1322:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1188:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1019:
1002:
998:
997:Seattle Times
994:
987:
971:
967:
966:
961:
955:
939:
935:
931:
925:
909:
905:
901:
894:
878:
874:
868:
852:
848:
844:
837:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
802:
800:
798:
778:
774:
767:
760:
744:
740:
736:
731:
726:
722:
718:
714:
707:
703:
691:
687:
683:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
657:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
626:
625:
617:
616:Rage syndrome
614:
612:
609:
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