7376:
4184:
827:
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1008:
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1831:
1801:
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6424:
6382:
6236:
6190:
6144:
6094:
5984:
5935:
5770:
5660:
5557:
5460:
5410:
5207:
5161:
5115:
4959:
4758:
4706:
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4419:
4368:
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4012:
3910:
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14706:
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618:
8002:
733:
3925:
8053:
14712:
8910:
7663:
153:
1600:
1466:, or very similar to each other in most of their skeletal features due to convergent evolution rather than common ancestry. What appears fairly certain by now is that there were subdivisions within Enantiornithes possibly including some minor basal lineages in addition to the more advanced Euenantiornithes. The details of the interrelationship of all these lineages, indeed the validity of most, is disputed, although the Avisauridae, for one example, seem likely to constitute a valid group.
1920:
8946:
8836:
8774:
8614:
5010:
1897:
1430:". Furthermore, many species have been named based on extremely fragmentary specimens, which would not be very informative scientifically even if they were described sufficiently. Over one-third of all named species are based on only a fragment of a single bone. O'Connor and Dyke argued that while these specimens can help expand knowledge of the time span or geographic range of the Enantiornithes and it is important to describe them, naming such specimens is "unjustifiable".
7857:
4923:
4235:
1621:
7760:
7529:
1968:
1579:
5734:
5324:
7144:
16315:
14730:
6776:
5880:
5715:
5607:
4859:
4117:
3757:
4908:
3874:
9110:
9064:
8895:
7074:
6982:
6048:
5823:
5521:
4974:
4610:
4518:
16339:
8678:
8432:
5360:
5303:
5257:
1159:
8150:
5069:
4564:
3961:
8848:
8786:
8724:
8626:
3852:
5022:
8974:
8958:
8360:
6795:
125:
8309:
4332:
4271:
9014:
6037:
4809:
4064:
1746:
16351:
6332:
5506:
4656:
4220:
16327:
13550:
6896:
988:, also had an elaborate fan of tail feathers. More importantly, soft tissue preserved around the tail was interpreted as the remains of a rectrical bulb, suggesting that this feature was not in fact restricted to species with modern-looking pygostyles, but might have evolved much earlier than previously thought and been present in many Enantiornithes. At least one genus of Enantiornithes,
7478:
888:
1545:
6536:
5675:
3976:
1107:
gizzard and rely solely on strong stomachal acids. An example was discovered with what was suspected to be gastroliths in the what would have been the fossil's stomach, re-opening the discussion of the use of gastroliths by
Enantiornithes. X-ray and scanning microscope inspection of the rocks determined that they were actually chalcedony crystals, and not gastroliths.
1412:, which includes all living birds as a subset. This means that Enantiornithes were a successful branch of avialan evolution, but one that diversified entirely separately from the lineage leading to modern birds. One study has however found that the shared sternal anatomy was acquired independently and such a relationship needs to be reexamined.
1192:. Juvenile specimens can be identified by a combination of factors: rough texture of their bone tips indicating portions which were still made of cartilage at the time of death, relatively small breastbones, large skulls and eyes, and bones which had not yet fused to one another. Some hatchling specimens have been given formal names, including "
491:(the combined upper foot and ankle bone) is correct, but Walker did not use this reasoning in his original paper. Walker never described the fusion of the tarsometatarsus as opposite, but rather as "Only partial". Also, it is not certain that Enantiornithes had triosseal canals, since no fossil preserves this feature.
1424:
findings impossible. Because it is often unfeasible for other scientists to study each specimen in person given the worldwide distribution of the
Enantiornithes, and due to the many uninformative descriptions which have been published on possibly important specimens, many of these specimens become "functional
929:, evolved alongside a short, triangular pygostyle, like the ones in modern birds, rather than the long, rod- or dagger-shaped pygostyles in more primitive avialans like the Enantiornithes. Instead of a feather fan, most Enantiornithes had a pair of long specialized pinfeathers similar to those of the extinct
1106:
A study on paravian digestive systems indicates that known
Enantiornithes lacked a crop and a gizzard, didn't use gastroliths and didn't eject pellets. This is considered at odds with the high diversity of diets that their different teeth and skull shapes imply, though some modern birds have lost the
1337:
seems unable to support the muscles that control the modern tail feathers involved in flight. Though some basal
Enantiornithes exhibit ancestral flight apparatuses, by the end of the Mesozoic many Enantiornithes had several features convergent with the Neornithes including a deeply keeled sternum, a
1113:
is the most extensively studied family in terms of diet due to their rather unusual rostral anatomy, with long jaws and few teeth arranged at the jaw ends. They have variously been interpreted as piscivores, probers akin to shorebirds and as arboreal bark-probers. A 2022 study however does find them
1423:
outlined a number of criticisms against the prevailing practices of scientists failing to describe many specimens in enough detail for others to evaluate thoroughly. Some species have been described based on specimens which are held in private collections, making further study or review of previous
661:
deposits dated to 99 million years ago and include hatchlings described in 2017 and 2018, as well as isolated body parts such as wings and feet. These amber remains are among the most well-preserved of any mesozoic dinosaur. Fossils of this clade have been found in both inland and marine sediments,
3697:
Enantiornithes taxonomy is difficult to evaluate, and as a result few clades within the group are consistently found by phylogenetic analyses. Most
Enantiornithes are not included in any specific family, and as such are listed here. Many of these have been considered Euenantiornithes, although the
865:
remains preserved this way (a few isolated feathers are otherwise known, unassigned to any species), and one of the most exquisitely preserved dinosaurian fossils known. The preserved wings show variations in feather pigment and prove that
Enantiornithes had fully modern feathers, including barbs,
11474:
Sanz, JosΓ© L.; Chiappe, Luis M.; PΓ©rez-Moreno, Bernardino P.; Moratalla, JosΓ© J.; HernΓ‘ndez-Carrasquilla, Francisco; Buscalioni, Angela D.; Ortega, Francisco; Poyato-Ariza, Francisco J.; Rasskin-Gutman, Diego; MartΔ±Μnez-DelclΓ²s, Xavier (June 6, 1997). "A Nestling Bird from the Lower
Cretaceous of
9729:
You, Hai-lu; Lamanna, Matthew C.; Harris, Jerald D.; Chiappe, Luis M.; O'Connor, Jingmai; Ji, Shu-an; LΓΌ, Jun-chang; Yuan, Chong-xi; Li, Da-qing; Zhang, Xing; Lacovara, Kenneth J.; Dodson, Peter; Ji, Qiang (16 June 2006). "A Nearly Modern
Amphibious Bird from the Early Cretaceous of Northwestern
331:. Almost all retained teeth and clawed fingers on each wing, but otherwise looked much like modern birds externally. Over eighty species of Enantiornithes have been named, but some names represent only single bones, so it is likely that not all are valid. The Enantiornithes became extinct at the
1133:
in 2001 included the remains of four hatchling skeletons of three different species of
Enantiornithes. They are substantially complete, very tightly associated, and show surface pitting of the bones that indicates partial digestion. The authors concluded that this association was a regurgitated
11252:
OβConnor, Jingmai K.; Zhou, Zhonghe; Zhang, Fucheng (28 February 2011). "A reappraisal of
Boluochia zhengi (Aves: Enantiornithes) and a discussion of intraclade diversity in the Jehol avifauna, China". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 9 (1): 51β63. doi:10.1080/14772019.2010.512614. S2CID
838:
As a very large group of birds, the Enantiornithes displayed a high diversity of different body plans based on differences in ecology and feeding, reflected in an equal diversity of wing forms, many paralleling adaptions to different lifestyles seen in modern birds. In general, the wings of
1296:
Although the vast majority of histology studies and known remains of Enantiornithes point to superprecociality being the norm, one specimen, MPCM-LH-26189, seems to represent an altricial juvenile, implying that like modern birds Enantiornithes explored multiple reproductive strategies.
11262:
Lianhai Hou; LuisM. Chiappe; Fucheng Zhang; Cheng-Ming Chuong (2004). "New Early Cretaceous fossil from China documents a novel trophic specialization for Mesozoic birds". Naturwissenschaften. 91 (1): 22β25. Bibcode:2004NW.....91...22H. doi:10.1007/s00114-003-0489-1. PMC 4382005. PMID
8558:
is subjected to two differing definitions of varying inclusiveness. The more inclusive definition, which follows Cau & Arduini (2008), is used here. Avisaurids were a long-lasting and widespread family of Enantiornithes, which are mainly distinguished by specific features of their
11272:
Morschhauser, E. M.; Varricchio, D.J.; Gao, C.; Liu, J.; Wang, Z.; Cheng, X. & Meng, Q. (2009). "Anatomy of the Early Cretaceous bird Rapaxavis pani, a new species from Liaoning Province, China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (2): 545β554. doi:10.1671/039.029.0210. S2CID
9271:: Two different wings from hatchling specimens which were described in 2015. They attracted a significant amount of media attention upon their description. They were preserved in exceptional details due to having been trapped within Burmese amber for approximately 99 million years.
1202:
and colleagues considered the practice of naming new species based on juveniles detrimental to the study of Enantiornithes, because it is nearly impossible to determine which adult species a given juvenile specimen belongs to, making any species with a hatchling holotype a
494:
As a group, the Enantiornithes are often referred to as "enantiornithines" in literature. However, several scientists have noted that this is incorrect, because following the standard rules for forming the names of animal groups, it implies reference only to the subfamily
11720:
Cambra-Moo, Oscar; Buscalioni, Γngela Delgado; Cubo, Jorge; Castanet, Jacques; Loth, Marie-Madeleine; de Margerie, Emmanuel; de RicqlΓ¨s, Armand (2006). "Histological observations of Enantiornithine bone (Saurischia, Aves) from the Lower Cretaceous of Las Hoyas (Spain)".
9216:. This specimen was originally considered to be a tiny adult, but later found to be a hatchling. Other specimens have henceforth been assigned to the genus. Due to a lack of distinguishing feature, many paleontologists have considered this genus an undiagnostic
10964:
O'Connor, Jingmai K.; Li, Da-Qing; Lamanna, Matthew C.; Wang, Min; Harris, Jerald D.; Atterholt, Jessie; You, Hai-Lu (30 December 2015). "A new Early Cretaceous enantiornithine (Aves, Ornithothoraces) from northwestern China with elaborate tail ornamentation".
12833:
Bell, Alyssa K.; Chiappe, Luis M.; Erickson, Gregory M.; Suzuki, Shigeru; Watabe, Mahito; Barsbold, Rinchen; Tsogtbaatar, K. (February 2010). "Description and ecologic analysis of Hollanda luceria, a Late Cretaceous bird from the Gobi Desert (Mongolia)".
1252:
birds, which are known to reach adult size quickly). Studies of the rate of bone growth in a variety of Enantiornithes has shown that smaller species tended to grow faster than larger ones, the opposite of the pattern seen in more primitive species like
7592:
was a family of large early Enantiornithes. They had numerous small teeth and numerous primitive features which are lost in most other Enantiornithes. Mostly known from the early Cretaceous of China, with putative Late Cretaceous taxa from Madagascar.
10811:
O'Connor, Jingmai K.; Wang, Xuri; Chiappe, Luis M.; Gao, Chunling; Meng, Qingjin; Cheng, Xiaodong; Liu, Jinyuan (12 March 2009). "Phylogenetic support for a specialized clade of Cretaceous enantiornithine birds with information from a new species".
9693:
Harris, Jerald D.; Lamanna, Matthew C.; You, Hai-lu; Ji, Shu-an; Ji, Qiang (18 May 2006). "A second enantiornithean (Aves: Ornithothoraces) wing from the Early Cretaceous Xiagou Formation near Changma, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China".
1317:
However, several studies have shown that they were efficient flyers, like modern birds, possessing a similarly complex nervous system and wing feather ligaments. Additionally, the lack of a complex tail appears to not have been very relevant for
847:. While most Enantiornithes had claws on at least some of their fingers, many species had shortened hands, a highly mobile shoulder joint, and proportional changes in the wing bones similar to modern birds. Like modern birds, Enantiornithes had
751:
Given their wide range of habitats and diets, the cranial morphology of Enantiornithes varied considerably between species. Skulls of Enantiornithes combined a unique suite of primitive and advanced features. As in more primitive avialans like
1289:
A 2020 study on a juvenile's feathers further stresses the ontological similarities to modern megapodes, but cautions several differences such as the arboreal nature of most Enantiornithes as opposed to the terrestrial lifestyle of megapodes.
924:
in Enantiornithes must have been a function of tail shortening, not the development of a modern tail feather anatomy. These scientists suggested that a fan of tail feathers and the associated musculature needed to control them, known as the
13294:
O'Connor, Patrick M.; Turner, Alan H.; Groenke, Joseph R.; Felice, Ryan N.; Rogers, Raymond R.; Krause, David W.; Rahantarisoa, Lydia J. (10 December 2020). "Late Cretaceous bird from Madagascar reveals unique development of beaks".
7873:
were large but geologically short-lived early Enantiornithes, with long, hooked talons and robust teeth with curved tips. They may have been equivalent to birds of prey, although this interpretation is open to much debate. The
632:
Many fossils of Enantiornithes are very fragmentary, and some species are only known from a piece of a single bone. Almost all specimens that are complete, in full articulation, and with soft tissue preservation are known from
9865:
Xing, Lida; O'Connor, Jingmai K.; McKellar, Ryan C.; Chiappe, Luis M.; Tseng, Kuowei; Li, Gang; Bai, Ming (September 2017). "A mid-Cretaceous enantiornithine (Aves) hatchling preserved in Burmese amber with unusual plumage".
1076:
and other birds. The sap would have fossilized and become amber. However, more recently it has been suggested that the sap moved post-mortem, hence not representing true stomachal contents. Combined with the putative fish
1454:
studies have recovered Enantiornithes as a monophyletic group distinct from the modern birds and their closest relatives. The 2002 phylogenetic analysis by Clarke and Norell, though, reduced the number of Enantiornithes
700:(with the latter species being described as similar in size to modern turkeys,) although at least a few larger species may have also existed, including a potentially crane-sized species known only from footprints in the
1309:
Traditionally, they have been considered inferior flyers, due to the shoulder girdle anatomy being assumed to be more primitive and unable to support a ground-based launching mechanism, as well as due to the absence of
1248:, this small species did not reach adult size for a long time, probably several years. Other studies have all supported the view that growth to adult size was slow, as it is in living precocial birds (as opposed to
1120:
due to its larger size, poorly preserved skull and unusual pedal anatomy), being too small for specialised carnivory and herbivory; the atypical rostrum is tentatively speculated to be unrelated to feeding ecology.
8559:
tarsometatarsals (ankle bones). The largest and most advanced members of the group survived in North and South America up until the end of the Cretaceous, yet are very fragmentary compared to some earlier taxa.
2085:, 2022, and includes most named taxa and recovers several previously-named clades. Letters on branches indicate the positions of "wildcard" taxa, those which have been recovered in multiple disparate positions.
12719:
Wang, Li; O'Connor, Zhou; You (2015). "Second species of enantiornithine bird from the Lower Cretaceous Changma Basin, northwestern China with implications for the taxonomic diversity of the Changma avifauna".
12920:
Zelenkov, Nikita V.; Averianov, Alexander O. (13 June 2015). "A historical specimen of enantiornithine bird from the Early Cretaceous of Mongolia representing a new taxon with a specialized neck morphology".
9958:
Xing, Lida; McKellar, Ryan C.; Wang, Min; Bai, Ming; O'Connor, Jingmai K.; Benton, Michael J.; Zhang, Jianping; Wang, Yan; Tseng, Kuowei; Lockley, Martin G.; Li, Gang; Zhang, Weiwei; Xu, Xing (28 June 2016).
12162:
Houde, Peter W. (1988). "Paleognathous Birds from the Early Tertiary of the Northern Hemisphere". Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club (Cambridge Massachusetts, USA: Nuttall Ornithological Club)
11334:
Sanz, JosΓ© L.; Chiappe, Luis M.; FernΓ‘dez-Jalvo, Yolanda; Ortega, Francisco; SΓ‘nchez-ChillΓ³n, BegoΓ±a; Poyato-Ariza1, Francisco J.; PΓ©rez-Moreno, Bernardino P. (February 2001). "An early Cretaceous pellet".
481:
The birds are so named because, among many distinctive features, there is a unique formation of the triosseal canal and the metatarsals are fused proximally to distally, the opposite of that in modern birds
9838:ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π»-ΠΏΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π° Π‘Π‘Π‘Π ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ° (New Cretaceous-Paleogene birds of USSR and some remarks about history of the origin and evolution of class)
912:(2006) surveyed all fossils of Enantiornithes then known and concluded that none had preserved tail feathers that formed a lift-generating fan, as in modern birds. They found that all avialans outside of
609:). The widespread occurrence of this group suggests that at least some Enantiornithes were able to cross oceans under their own power; they are the first known avialan lineage with a global distribution.
13460:
Wang, Yan; Wang, Min; O'Connor, Jingmai K.; Wang, Xiaoli; Zheng, Xiaoting; Zhang, Xiaomei (11 January 2016). "A new Jehol enantiornithine bird with three-dimensional preservation and ovarian follicles".
1305:
Because many Enantiornithes lacked complex tails and possessed radically different wing anatomy compared to modern birds, they have been the subject of several studies testing their flight capabilities.
13259:
Hu, Dongyu; Liu, Ying; Li, Jinhua; Xu, Xing; Hou, Lianhai (July 2015). "Yuanjiawaornis viriosus, gen. et sp. nov., a large enantiornithine bird from the Lower Cretaceous of western Liaoning, China".
1232:
patterns of development in birds of today. In other words, Enantiornithes probably hatched from the egg already well developed and ready to run, forage, and possibly even fly at just a few days old.
9277:: A partial corpse of an Enantiornithes hatchling also preserved in Burmese amber. Although indeterminate, it attracted even more media attention than the two wings upon its description in 2017.
982:, suggesting that this might have been the ancestral condition, with pinfeathers being a feature evolved several times in early avialans for display purposes. Another species of Enantiornithes,
12423:
Chiappe, Luis M.; Suzuki, Shigeru; Dyke, Gareth J.; Watabe, Mahito; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Barsbold, Rinchen (January 2007). "A new Enantiornithine bird from the Late Cretaceous of the Gobi desert".
10271:
Hu, Dongyu; Xu, Xing; Hou, Lianhai; Sullivan, Corwin (2012). "A New Enantiornithine Bird from the Lower Cretaceous of Western Liaoning, China, and Its Implications for Early Avian Evolution".
1333:
in many anatomical features of the flight apparatus, but a sternal keel is absent in the basal-most members, only a single basal taxon appears to have had a triosseal canal, and their robust
390:, giving the entire group its name. Since the 1990s, many more complete specimens of Enantiornithes have been discovered, and it was determined that a few previously described "birds" (e.g.
11905:
FernΓ‘ndez, Mariela S.; GarcΓa, Rodolfo A.; Fiorelli, Lucas; Scolaro, Alejandro; Salvador, Rodrigo B.; Cotaro, Carlos N.; Kaiser, Gary W.; Dyke, Gareth J.; Farke, Andrew A. (17 April 2013).
557:
and western edge of prehistoric Asia suggest a worldwide distribution of this group or in the relatively warm regions, at least. Enantiornithes have been found on every continent except
4176:
One of the first Jehol biota Enantiornithes described. Known from many species, although some are now placed into their own genera. May have had a similar appearance and lifestyle to a
1052:
A few specimens preserve actual stomach contents. Unfortunately, none of these preserve the skull, so direct correlation between their known diet and snout/tooth shape cannot be made.
9315:
in Spain, including both slab and counter-slab components. Its 2018 description revealed how various features developed in Enantiornithes as they aged. Such features include the
4620:
Although only known from a few bones, this genus is the namesake of Enantiornithes. It was also one of the largest and last representative of the group prior to their extinction
11964:
O'Connor, Jingmai K.; Falk, Amanda; Wang, Min; Zheng, Xiao-Ting (2020). "First report of immature feathers in juvenile Enantiornithes from the Early Cretaceous Jehol avifauna".
9249:: Briefly described in 2004, this Yixian Enantiornithes specimen had advanced pennaceous feathers on its legs, similar to (albeit shorter than) those of other paravians such as
9625:"The coracoscapular joint of neornithine birdsβextensive homoplasy in a widely neglected articular surface of the avian pectoral girdle and its possible functional correlates"
7161:
was a family of long-snouted early Cretaceous Enantiornithes, with teeth only at the tips of the snout. They are generally considered to be fairly basal members of the group.
1493:
is often found to be the most primitive or basal member of the Enantiornithes, Euenantiornithes may be an extremely inclusive group, made up of all Enantiornithes except for
665:
Enantiornithes appear to have included waders, swimmers, granivores, insectivores, fishers, and raptors. The vast majority of Enantiornithes were small, between the size of a
473:
Walker was not clear on his reasons for giving this name in the etymology section of his paper, and this ambiguity led to some confusion among later researchers. For example,
1293:
It has been speculated that superprecociality in Enantiornithes might have prevented them from developing specialised toe arrangements seen in modern birds like zygodactyly.
948:, was initially interpreted as having at least four long tail feathers that overlapped each other and might have formed a lift-generating surface similar to the tail fans of
804:(holes in the side of the head) merged into the orbits as in modern birds due to the postorbitals either not being present or not being long enough to divide the openings. A
466:(the primary bone of the shoulder girdle in vertebrates other than mammals) that is the reverse of that of modern birds. Specifically, in the Enantiornithes, the scapula is
10544:
Wang, Min; Hu, Han; Li, Zhiheng (21 August 2015). "A new small enantiornithine bird from the Jehol Biota, with implications for early evolution of avian skull morphology".
11807:"Palaeohistological inferences of resting metabolic rates in Concornis and Iberomesornis (Enantiornithes, Ornithothoraces) from the Lower Cretaceous of las Hoyas (Spain)"
10179:
Zhang, Zihui; Chiappe, Luis M.; Han, Gang; Chinsamy, Anusuya (2013). "A large bird from the Early Cretaceous of China: new information on the skull of enantiornithines".
8878:
8707:
13091:
Hu, Han; O'Connor, Jingmai K. (14 November 2016). "First species of Enantiornithes from Sihedang elucidates skeletal development in Early Cretaceous enantiornithines".
13348:"A New Species of Pengornithidae (Aves: Enantiornithes) from the Lower Cretaceous of China Suggests a Specialized Scansorial Habitat Previously Unknown in Early Birds"
851:, or "bastard wings", small forward-pointing arrangements of feathers on the first digit that granted higher maneuverability in the air and aided in precise landings.
1462:
Enantiornithes systematics are highly provisional and notoriously difficult to study, due to their small size and the fact that Enantiornithes tend to be extremely
9845:
879:, however differ by the feathers being shorter, more disorganized (they do not clearly form a wing) and only extend down to the ankle rather than along the foot.
9904:
Xing, Lida; O'Connor, Jingmai K.; McKellar, Ryan C.; Chiappe, Luis M.; Bai, Ming; Tseng, Kuowei; Zhang, Jie; Yang, Haidong; Fang, Jun; Li, Gang (February 2018).
13504:
Kurochkin, E. N.; Chatterjee, S.; Mikhailov, K. E. (19 December 2013). "An embryonic enantiornithine bird and associated eggs from the cretaceous of Mongolia".
11655:
Kurochkin, E. N.; Chatterjee, S.; Mikhailov, K. E. (19 December 2013). "An embryonic enantiornithine bird and associated eggs from the cretaceous of Mongolia".
9806:
14201:
11612:
Kurochkin, E. N.; Chatterjee, S.; Mikhailov, K. E. (December 2013). "An embryonic enantiornithine bird and associated eggs from the cretaceous of Mongolia".
9138:
7920:
6544:
6500:
1083:
13212:
Herrera, Gerardo Γlvarez; AgnolΓn, Federico; Rozadilla, SebastiΓ‘n; Lo Coco, GastΓ³n E.; Manabe, Makoto; Tsuihiji, Takanobu; Novas, Fernando E. (2022-12-16).
14252:
11844:
Dyke, Gareth; Vremir, MΓ‘tyΓ‘s; Kaiser, Gary; Naish, Darren (June 2012). "A drowned Mesozoic bird breeding colony from the Late Cretaceous of Transylvania".
6803:
442:
Perhaps the most fundamental and characteristic difference between the Enantiornithes and all other birds is in the nature of the articulation between the
13169:
Wang, Min; Zhou, Zhonghe (12 April 2017). "A morphological study of the first known piscivorous enantiornithine bird from the Early Cretaceous of China".
10858:
Chiappe, Luis M.; Bo, Zhao; O'Connor, Jingmai K.; Chunling, Gao; Xuri, Wang; Habib, Michael; Marugan-Lobon, Jesus; Qingjin, Meng; Xiaodong, Cheng (2014).
1224:, these finds demonstrate that hatchling Enantiornithes had the skeletal ossification, well-developed wing feathers, and large brain which correlate with
1033:
Given the wide diversity of skull shape among Enantiornithes, many different dietary specializations must have been present among the group. Some, like
866:
barbules, and hooklets, and a modern arrangement of wing feather including long flight feathers, short coverts, a large alula and an undercoat of down.
499:. Following the naming conventions used for modern birds as well as extinct groups, it has been pointed out that the correct term is "enantiornithean".
14138:
6066:
7709:
The oldest known member of the family, and one of the oldest putative genera of Enantiornithes known. Possessed extremely well-preserved tail ribbons
14152:
6162:
15227:
13821:
7375:
3778:
351:
The first Enantiornithes to be discovered were incorrectly referred to modern bird groups. For example, the first known species of Enantiornithes,
11386:
12755:
Wang, M.; O'Connor, J. K.; Zhou, Z. (2014). "A new robust enantiornithine bird from the Lower Cretaceous of China with scansorial adaptations".
942:
However, further discoveries showed that at least among basal Enantiornithes, tail anatomy was more complex than previously thought. One genus,
470:
and dish-shaped at this joint, and the coracoid is convex. In modern birds, the coracoscapular joint has a concave coracoid and convex scapula.
13989:
5087:
3336:
1717:
13602:
6582:
Known from a disarticulated skeleton preserved overlying a piece of stomach content composed of fish bones, which may have been its last meal
1049:
suggest that they were predators of small to medium-sized vertebrates, but their robust teeth instead suggest a diet of hard-shelled animals.
14480:
14348:
14231:
8010:
7671:
6641:
3649:
3150:
3007:
1770:
1259:
and in non-avialan dinosaurs. Some analyses have interpreted the bone histology to indicate that Enantiornithes may not have had fully avian
1169:
810:
14487:
14208:
9389:"A new diverse enantiornithine family (Bohaiornithidae fam. nov.) from the Lower Cretaceous of China with information from two new species"
9232:
8061:
6315:
16471:
14180:
11907:"A Large Accumulation of Avian Eggs from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia (Argentina) Reveals a Novel Nesting Strategy in Mesozoic Birds"
6400:
14024:
5332:
10496:
O'Connor, Jingmai K.; Chiappe, Luis M. (28 February 2011). "A revision of enantiornithine (Aves: Ornithothoraces) skull morphology".
10119:
Xing, Lida; O'Connor, Jingmai K.; Chiappe, Luis M.; McKellar, Ryan C.; Carroll, Nathan; Hu, Han; Bai, Ming; Lei, Fumin (2019-07-22).
4183:
12629:
Wang, Xuri; Cau, Andrea; Luo, Xiaoling; KundrΓ‘t, Martin; Wu, Wensheng; Ju, Shubin; Guo, Zhen; Liu, Yichuan; Ji, Qiang (2022-02-11).
12024:
Kaye, Thomas G.; Pittman, Michael; MarugΓ‘n-LobΓ³n, JesΓΊs; MartΓn-Abad, Hugo; Sanz, JosΓ© Luis; Buscalioni, Angela D. (21 March 2019).
5516:
One of the first genera of Enantiornithes known from decent remains. Also one of the oldest and most primitive members of the group
1244:
bones showed a growth pattern different from modern birds; although growth was rapid for a few weeks after hatching, probably until
13581:
5374:
since its discovery in 1977 until it received a formal description in 2015. Possessed unique neck vertebrae and a primitive palate
13032:
Liu, Di; Chiappe, Luis M.; Serrano, Francisco; Habib, Michael; Zhang, Yuguang; Meng, Qinjing; Shawkey, Matthew (11 October 2017).
12991:
Wang, Xiaoli; Clark, Alexander D.; O'Connor, Jingmai K.; Zhang, Xiangyu; Wang, Xing; Zheng, Xiaoting; Zhou, Zhonghe (2024-02-27).
11698:
Dinosaur incubation periods directly determined from growth-line counts in embryonic teeth show reptilian-grade development - PNAS
5171:
The proportions of the wings of this genus of Enantiornithes as well as the presence of an alula suggest that it was a good flier
4918:
Developed a massive snout with only a single tooth, despite retaining a "primitive" skull arrangement in contrast to modern birds
920:) with preserved tail feathers had only short coverts or elongated paired tail plumes. They suggested that the development of the
15222:
10076:
Xing, Lida; McKellar, Ryan C.; O'Connor, Jingmai K. (June 2020). "An unusually large bird wing in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber".
9179:
due to having been described from the same specimen. Despite having been described in 1999, 5 years prior to the description of
10757:"Insight into the evolution of avian flight from a new clade of Early Cretaceous ornithurines from China and the morphology of
826:
13126:
Wang, Min; Zhou, Zhonghe; Xu, Guanghui (7 January 2014). "The first enantiornithine bird from the Upper Cretaceous of China".
8099:
A possible member of the family, known from a well-preserved skeleton complete with structures believed to be developing eggs
1415:
Enantiornithes classification and taxonomy has historically been complicated by a number of factors. In 2010, paleontologists
1238:
Analyses of Enantiornithes bone histology have been conducted to determine the growth rates of these animals. A 2006 study of
9677:
9607:
9458:
9433:
8442:
A toothless advanced genus of Enantiornithes, possessing a robust beak which convergently evolved with those of modern birds
12869:
Hartman, Scott; Mortimer, Mickey; Wahl, William R.; Lomax, Dean R.; Lippincott, Jessica; Lovelace, David M. (10 July 2019).
12175:"Soft-tissue and dermal arrangement in the wing of an Early Cretaceous bird: Implications for the evolution of avian flight"
8688:
Although incomplete, its skeleton possesses three-dimensional preservation. Possibly flightless due to its wing proportions
13405:
Chiappe, Luis M.; Qingjin, Meng; Serrano, Francisco; Sigurdsen, Trond; Min, Wang; Bell, Alyssa; Di, Liu (25 October 2019).
11005:"A bizarre Early Cretaceous enantiornithine bird with unique crural feathers and an ornithuromorph plough-shaped pygostyle"
9243:
of the skeleton, while later studies reported a squamosal bone present in the specimen but unknown in other Enantiornithes.
8637:
The eponymous avisaurid, as well as one of the largest members of the family. Originally considered a non-avialan dinosaur
7422:
Like other longipterygids, it possessed a thin snout which may have been used for probing for invertebrates in mud or bark
1397:, but in several respects they were more primitive than modern birds, perhaps following an intermediate evolutionary path.
12611:
10406:
Wang, Min; Zhou, Zhonghe; Xu, Guanghui (2014-01-01). "The first enantiornithine bird from the Upper Cretaceous of China".
1326:
also lacked complex tail feathers but were good flyers, and they appear to have been capable of a ground based launching.
9836:
9351:"Insights into the evolution of rachis dominated tail feathers from a new basal enantiornithine (Aves: Ornithothoraces)"
1072:
preserved corpuscles of amber among the fossilized bones, suggesting that this animal fed on tree sap, much like modern
16476:
12026:"Fully fledged enantiornithine hatchling revealed by Laser-Stimulated Fluorescence supports precocial nesting behavior"
7806:
The first pengornithid discovered, and also one of the largest members of the Enantiornithes known from decent remains
6531:
Small but fully mature at the time of its death. One of only a few Chinese Enantiornithes dated to the Late Cretaceous
814:. The presence of these primitive features of the skull would have rendered the Enantiornithes capable of only limited
11178:"The evolution of the modern avian digestive system: insights from paravian fossils from the Yanliao and Jehol biotas"
10224:"Insight into diversity, body size and morphological evolution from the largest Early Cretaceous enantiornithine bird"
12173:
NavalΓ³n, Guillermo; MarugΓ‘n-LobΓ³n, JesΓΊs; Chiappe, Luis M.; Luis Sanz, JosΓ©; Buscalioni, Γngela D. (6 October 2015).
10460:
Carvalho, Ismar; Novas, Fernando; Agnolin, Federico; Isasi, Marcelo; Freitas, Francisco; Andrade, JosΓ© (2015-06-05).
332:
8048:
Adapted for flapping, rather than soaring, flight. Its describers suggest paraphyly or polyphyly of Bohaiornithidae
6104:
A small member of the group which possessed several primitive and derived features compared to other Enantiornithes
1400:
A consensus of scientific analyses indicates that Enantiornithes is one of two major groups within the larger group
11285:"Diet of Mesozoic toothed birds (Longipterygidae) inferred from quantitative analysis of extant avian diet proxies"
11232:
10019:
Xing, Lida; McKellar, Ryan C.; O'Connor, Jingmai K.; Bai, Ming; Tseng, Kuowei; Chiappe, Luis M. (30 January 2019).
9818:
6679:
One disarticulated skeleton from this genus possesses well-preserved bones of the skull, including a quadratojugal
5313:
Originally identified as an ornithuromorph but since reinterpreted as a genus of Enantiornithes closely related to
843:, and displayed some features related to flight similar to those found in the lineage leading to modern birds, the
762:(bones of the snout tip) and most species had toothy jaws rather than toothless beaks. Only a few species, such as
14705:
11067:(Aves: Enantiornithes) from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain and a Reexamination of its Phylogenetic Relationships".
9808:
Discovery of a Cretaceous bird, apparently ancestral to the orders Coraciiformes and Piciformes (Aves: Carinatae)
1235:
Findings suggests Enantiornithes, especially the toothed species, had a longer incubation time than modern birds.
14766:
13554:
11805:
Cubo, Jorge; Buscalioni, Angela D.; Legendre, Lucas J.; Bourdon, Estelle; Sanz, Jose L.; Ricqlès, Armand (2021).
11502:
Zhou, Zhonghe; Zhang, Fucheng (October 22, 2004). "A Precocial Avian Embryo from the Lower Cretaceous of China".
11090:
Dalla Vecchia, Fabio M.; Chiappe, Luis M. (2003). "First avian skeleton from the Mesozoic of northern Gondwana".
10581:"A Comparative Morphological Study of the Jugal and Quadratojugal in Early Birds and Their Dinosaurian Relatives"
5670:
So well preserved that its flight pattern could be reconstructed using the proportions of its feathers and wings
17:
12798:
DalsΓ€tt, J.; Ericson, P. G.; Zhou, Z. (2015). "A New Enantiornithes (Aves) from the Early Cretaceous of China".
12582:
11103:
10365:
Martin, Anthony J.; Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Rich, Thomas H.; Hall, Michael; Angielczyk, Kenneth (January 2014).
7107:
6960:
6016:
5535:
438:
in his landmark paper which established the group. In his paper, Walker explained what he meant by "opposite":
270:
12124:
11757:
11563:
9598:
Hope, Sylvia (2002). "The Mesozoic Radiation of Neornithes". In Chiappe, Luis M.; Witmer, Lawrence M. (eds.).
9388:
673:, however display considerable variation in size with some species. The largest species in this clade include
12871:"A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight"
12143:
9225:"Wasaibpanchi": A supposed member of Enantiornithes from Pakistan; the describing paper is of dubious status.
7139:
A large, toothless genus of Enantiornithes, one of the most-well preserved members from the Late Cretaceous.
4327:
Had an unusual ornithuromorph-like pygostyle and brush-like thigh feathers. One of the oldest Enantiornithes
4030:
654:
14711:
12366:"Avian Wing Proportions and Flight Styles: First Step towards Predicting the Flight Modes of Mesozoic Birds"
10920:
O'Connor, Jingmai K.; Wang, Xiaoli; Zheng, Xiaoting; Hu, Han; Zhang, Xiaomei; Zhou, Zhonghe (January 2016).
13574:
12631:"A new bohaiornithid-like bird from the Lower Cretaceous of China fills a gap in enantiornithine disparity"
10661:
Becker, Rachel (28 June 2016). "Bird wings trapped in amber are a fossil first from the age of dinosaurs".
4969:
Possessed an elaborate set of tail feathers, unlike the paired ribbon-like feathers of most Enantiornithes
152:
11782:
Chiappe, L.M. (1995). "The phylogenetic position of the Cretaceous birds of Argentina: Enantiornithes and
9422:"Skeletal Morphology and Systematics of the Cretaceous Euenantiornithes (Ornithothoraces: Enantiornithes)"
6200:
Known from a juvenile specimen which depicts how various features developed in Enantiornithes as they age
4482:
A genus of Enantiornithes from the Changma basin, an area which is unusually dominated by ornithuromorphs
1134:
pellet and, from the details of the digestion and the size, that the hatchlings were swallowed whole by a
16355:
15212:
13411:-like bird from the Early Cretaceous of China: enantiornithine interrelationships and flight performance"
13214:"New enantiornithine bird from the uppermost Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of southern Patagonia, Argentina"
8905:
Although closely related to some of the largest avisaurids, members of this genus were very small birds
4430:
565:
in age, and it is believed that the Enantiornithes became extinct at the same time as their non-avialan
14994:
10922:"An Enantiornithine with a Fan-Shaped Tail, and the Evolution of the Rectricial Complex in Early Birds"
9047:
8819:
8373:
Some members of the group are obscure or poorly described and may be synonymous with its type species,
1007:
800:. In modern birds these bones are assimilated into the cranium. Some Enantiornithes may have had their
13213:
12992:
7852:
Possesses an elaborate "pintail" tail fan longer than its body, which may have had a display function
5837:
1267:. However a 2021 study rejects the idea that they had less endothermic metabolisms than modern birds.
834:
scan of an amber-encased wing attributable to Enantiornithes showing rachises, skin, muscle and claws.
16466:
16461:
14909:
14899:
14733:
12307:"The most complete enantiornithine from North America and a phylogenetic analysis of the Avisauridae"
11449:
10367:"Oldest known avian footprints from Australia: Eumeralla Formation (Albian), Dinosaur Cove, Victoria"
10316:"The most complete enantiornithine from North America and a phylogenetic analysis of the Avisauridae"
9519:
8738:
beads, however this was later determined as an artefact of preservation and not an indicator of diet
5267:
A poorly known genus of Enantiornithes, but evidently a large and late-surviving member of the group
1498:
712:). Among the smallest described specimens are unnamed hatchlings, although the holotype specimens of
12573:
11866:
11426:
Mikhailov, Konstantin E. (1996). "New Genera of Fossil Eggs from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia".
10021:"A fully feathered enantiornithine foot and wing fragment preserved in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber"
16411:
15235:
15217:
13678:
12993:"First Edentulous Enantiornithine (Aves: Ornithothoraces) from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Avifauna"
9305:: Another corpse of an indeterminate hatchling preserved in Burmese amber. Described in early 2018.
3835:
1087:
turning out to be fish excrement, the strange stomachal contents of some species turning out to be
1039:, had large, robust jaws suitable for eating hard-shelled invertebrates. The short, blunt teeth of
8489:
Poorly known and described from a skeleton which has now been lost. May have been synonymous with
7524:
Acquired multiple tail feathers which may have been capable of generating lift as in modern birds
4281:
A very well-preserved South American member of the group, complete with ribbon-like tail feathers
3698:
controversy behind this name means that it is not used consistently in studies of Enantiornithes.
15240:
13567:
6632:
14914:
12956:
Wang, M.; Liu, D. (2015). "Taxonomical reappraisal of Cathayornithidae (Aves: Enantiornithes)".
11708:
7426:
4772:
1830:
1800:
524:, may have been the earliest known member of Enantiornithes according to Agnolin et al. (2017).
16438:
16373:
16331:
15207:
15019:
14969:
13034:"Flight aerodynamics in enantiornithines: Information from a new Chinese Early Cretaceous bird"
12568:
11861:
11401:
8757:
435:
12144:"New basal beaked ornithurine bird found from the lower cretaceous of Western Liaoning, China"
11552:"Juvenile Birds from the Early Cretaceous of China: Implications for Enantiornithine Ontogeny"
11283:
Miller, Case Vincent; Pittman, Michael; Wang, Xiaoli; Zheng, Xiaoting; Bright, Jen A. (2022).
9421:
3944:
16433:
15044:
11993:"Exploring the Ecomorphology of Two Cretaceous Enantiornithines With Unique Pedal Morphology"
11380:
9208:
9143:
8929:
8641:
8415:
7277:
6992:
The southernmost known member of Enantiornithes and one of the youngest members of the group
5343:
5286:
4026:
that suggests a feeding specialization similar to hummingbirds, honeyeaters, and woodpeckers
1467:
1194:
831:
369:. The Enantiornithes were first recognized as a distinct lineage, or "subclass" of birds, by
11445:
9515:
6292:
Fragmentary, but may have been a seabird because remains from this genus have been found as
5033:
One of the oldest North American avialans found, albeit known only from fragmentary remains
16420:
15672:
13732:
13513:
13470:
13359:
13304:
13268:
13178:
13135:
13045:
12843:
12764:
12729:
12642:
12479:
12432:
12377:
12243:
12186:
12037:
11918:
11853:
11730:
11664:
11621:
11344:
11142:
11016:
10821:
10708:
10505:
10415:
10378:
10280:
10188:
10085:
10032:
9972:
9917:
9875:
9739:
9703:
9564:
9187:
that the latter name is considered to take priority by most authors. As a result, the name
9088:
9042:
8988:
8924:
8873:
8814:
8752:
8702:
8656:
8597:
8592:
8506:
8456:
8410:
8323:
8264:
8213:
8164:
8113:
8067:
8016:
7961:
7915:
7820:
7774:
7723:
7677:
7626:
7543:
7492:
7441:
7390:
7339:
7293:
7240:
7194:
7052:
7006:
6943:
6910:
6855:
6809:
6750:
6693:
6647:
6596:
6550:
6495:
6481:
Seemingly had four ribbon-like tail feathers instead of only two as in most Enantiornithes
6448:
6411:
6406:
6360:
6310:
6260:
6214:
6168:
6118:
6072:
6011:
5962:
5913:
5854:
5801:
5748:
5689:
5638:
5581:
5484:
5438:
5388:
5338:
5281:
5235:
5185:
5139:
5093:
5047:
4988:
4937:
4886:
4833:
4787:
4736:
4684:
4634:
4588:
4542:
4496:
4450:
4397:
4346:
4295:
4249:
4198:
4144:
4091:
4045:
3990:
3939:
3888:
3830:
3784:
3731:
1501:, this definition of Euenantiornithes was severely criticized by some researchers, such as
1342:
with a short hypocleidium, and ulnar quill knobs that indicate increased aerial abilities.
1078:
323:, also known as enantiornithines or enantiornitheans in literature, are a group of extinct
12125:"A new basal beaked ornithurine bird from the Lower Cretaceous of Western Liaoning, China"
11551:
9906:"A flattened enantiornithine in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber: morphology and preservation"
5125:
Had robust bones, including feet and claws which may have been adapted for climbing trees
4819:
Known only from a tarsometatarsus which shares some features with those of Enantiornithes
3924:
8:
15202:
15094:
15034:
14979:
14759:
12997:
11806:
11756:
O'Connor, Jingmai K.; Wang, Min; Zheng, Xiao-Ting; Wang, Xiao-Li; Zhou, Zhong-He (2014).
9817:. Vol. 27. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. pp. 67β73. Archived from
9288:
9204:" is an informally-named bird from North Korea. It may not be a member of Enantiornithes.
9074:
Possessed long wings and a reverse hallux, indicating good flight and perching abilities
8661:
8512:
8462:
8328:
8219:
8169:
8118:
8072:
7966:
7825:
7779:
7728:
7682:
7631:
7548:
7446:
7344:
7298:
7245:
7199:
7092:
7011:
6965:
6915:
6860:
6814:
6652:
6601:
6555:
6454:
6365:
6219:
6154:
Holotype was a small osteologically immature female preserved with medullary bone tissue
6077:
5967:
5833:
A large and long-legged member of the group, proportionally similar to modern shorebirds
5753:
5540:
5443:
5393:
5190:
5098:
4891:
4689:
4351:
4300:
4149:
3995:
3789:
1416:
777:
705:
701:
13517:
13474:
13363:
13308:
13272:
13182:
13139:
13049:
12847:
12768:
12733:
12646:
12483:
12436:
12381:
12247:
12190:
12041:
11922:
11857:
11734:
11697:
11668:
11625:
11348:
11146:
11020:
10825:
10712:
10509:
10419:
10382:
10284:
10192:
10089:
10036:
9976:
9921:
9879:
9743:
9707:
9568:
4528:
Only known from wing bones. May be synonymous with other Lecho formation Enantiornithes
4382:
1470:
have hitherto been very reluctant to suggest delimitations of clades of Enantiornithes.
15985:
15049:
15009:
14974:
14305:
13705:
13529:
13486:
13437:
13406:
13382:
13347:
13328:
13241:
13194:
13151:
13108:
13068:
13033:
12973:
12938:
12897:
12870:
12815:
12780:
12668:
12586:
12559:
Clarke, Julia A.; Norell, Mark A. (2002). "The Morphology and Phylogenetic Position of
12448:
12400:
12365:
12364:
Wang, Xia; McGowan, Alistair J.; Dyke, Gareth J.; Turvey, Samuel T. (7 December 2011).
12341:
12306:
12287:
12207:
12174:
12105:
12101:
12058:
12025:
11941:
11906:
11887:
11826:
11680:
11637:
11575:
11527:
11368:
11311:
11284:
11158:
11115:
11107:
11037:
11004:
10982:
10890:
10859:
10837:
10785:
10756:
10734:
10674:
10610:
10561:
10521:
10439:
10342:
10315:
10296:
10248:
10223:
10204:
10158:
10101:
10053:
10020:
9993:
9960:
9763:
9666:
9646:
9580:
9534:
9497:
7879:
6755:
6265:
6246:
Most similar to bohaiornithids but also has features of other groups of Enantiornithes
5859:
5694:
5586:
4993:
4838:
4096:
3736:
805:
801:
638:
147:
12468:"Insight into the early evolution of the avian sternum from juvenile enantiornithines"
12082:
1282:. Evidence from nesting sites shows that Enantiornithes buried their eggs like modern
780:, and dentaries (the main toothed bones of the lower jaw) without forked rear tips. A
16338:
16111:
16058:
16008:
15151:
15141:
15084:
14884:
14879:
14819:
13884:
13442:
13387:
13332:
13320:
13245:
13233:
13073:
13014:
12902:
12819:
12688:"A new genus and species of enantiornithine bird from the Early Cretaceous of Brazil"
12672:
12660:
12544:
12497:
12405:
12346:
12328:
12279:
12271:
12212:
12063:
11977:
11946:
11879:
11830:
11519:
11360:
11316:
11162:
11119:
11042:
10943:
10895:
10841:
10790:
10776:
10726:
10602:
10462:"A new genus and species of enantiornithine bird from the Early Cretaceous of Brazil"
10461:
10431:
10347:
10253:
10239:
10162:
10150:
10142:
10105:
10058:
9998:
9935:
9755:
9673:
9650:
9603:
9454:
9429:
9163:
5470:
May have been a very maneuverable flier due to the structure of its hand and sternum
4340:
4254:
1270:
Evidence of colonial nesting has been found in Enantiornithes, in sediments from the
1164:
764:
681:
666:
513:
353:
13533:
13490:
13198:
13155:
13112:
12977:
12942:
12784:
12590:
12452:
12109:
11684:
11641:
11579:
11531:
11210:
10986:
10678:
10565:
10525:
10443:
10300:
10208:
9767:
9538:
9501:
15977:
15119:
14791:
13849:
13521:
13478:
13432:
13422:
13377:
13367:
13312:
13276:
13225:
13186:
13143:
13100:
13063:
13053:
13006:
12965:
12930:
12892:
12882:
12851:
12807:
12772:
12737:
12699:
12650:
12578:
12539:
12487:
12440:
12395:
12385:
12336:
12318:
12291:
12261:
12251:
12202:
12194:
12097:
12053:
12045:
12004:
11973:
11936:
11926:
11891:
11871:
11818:
11738:
11672:
11629:
11567:
11559:
11511:
11484:
11352:
11306:
11296:
11189:
11150:
11099:
11072:
11032:
11024:
10974:
10933:
10885:
10875:
10833:
10829:
10780:
10772:
10738:
10716:
10666:
10641:
10614:
10592:
10553:
10513:
10473:
10423:
10386:
10337:
10327:
10288:
10243:
10235:
10196:
10132:
10093:
10048:
10040:
9988:
9980:
9925:
9883:
9789:
9747:
9711:
9636:
9584:
9572:
9555:
Walker, C.A. (1981). "New subclass of birds from the Cretaceous of South America".
9520:"Preliminary note on the palaeognathous bird from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia"
9487:
9362:
9213:
9159:
8997:
8516:
8466:
8332:
8273:
8269:
8223:
8173:
8122:
8076:
8025:
8021:
7970:
7924:
7829:
7783:
7732:
7686:
7635:
7552:
7501:
7497:
7450:
7399:
7395:
7348:
7302:
7249:
7203:
7015:
6919:
6864:
6818:
6702:
6698:
6656:
6605:
6559:
6458:
6415:
6369:
6319:
6269:
6223:
6177:
6173:
6127:
6123:
6081:
5971:
5922:
5918:
5757:
5647:
5643:
5544:
5493:
5447:
5397:
5347:
5275:
5240:
5194:
5148:
5144:
5102:
4946:
4942:
4796:
4745:
4741:
4693:
4643:
4459:
4455:
4406:
4402:
4355:
4304:
4258:
4207:
4153:
4039:
3999:
3897:
3893:
3793:
2297:
1375:, anatomically modern birds), and place Enantiornithes in the more inclusive group
1189:
936:
869:
One fossil of Enantiornithes shows wing-like feather tufts on its legs, similar to
785:
617:
570:
496:
377:
40:
13482:
13280:
13229:
13190:
13104:
13010:
12934:
12855:
12741:
12466:
Zheng, Xiaoting; Wang, Xiaoli; O'Connor, Jingmai; Zhou, Zhonghe (9 October 2012).
11488:
11372:
10978:
10557:
10314:
Atterholt, Jessie; Hutchison, J. Howard; O'Connor, Jingmai K. (13 November 2018).
10097:
9793:
9474:
O'Connor, Jingmai K.; Chiappe, Luis M.; Gao, Chunling; Zhao, Bo (September 2011).
8734:
Was once believed to have fed on tree sap as it was preserved in association with
8246:
The first known member of the family, although not considered a close relative of
8001:
7755:
Proposed to have a woodpecker-like lifestyle due to features of the foot and tail
6725:
Some of this genus's remains include well-preserved hindlimbs. the species names,
1513:
1363:
Some researchers classify Enantiornithes, along with the true birds, in the class
1045:
were likely used to feed on soft-bodied arthropods. The strongly hooked talons of
732:
16209:
16037:
15507:
15029:
15014:
14952:
14851:
14779:
14457:
14403:
14396:
14380:
14187:
14088:
13842:
13663:
13647:
13372:
13147:
13058:
12969:
12776:
12704:
12687:
12615:
12390:
11931:
11154:
11063:
Sanz, JosΓ© L.; Chiappe, Luis M.; Buscalioni, Angela D. (1995). "The Osteology of
10517:
10478:
10427:
10292:
10200:
9097:
9093:
9051:
8933:
8882:
8823:
8761:
8711:
8665:
8601:
8419:
7870:
7287:
7234:
7158:
7116:
7112:
7085:
7061:
7057:
6969:
6759:
6504:
6442:
6058:
Although known only from humeri, this genus was large and lived in a broad range
6024:
6020:
5863:
5810:
5806:
5742:
5698:
5590:
5290:
5244:
5056:
4997:
4895:
4842:
4597:
4593:
4551:
4505:
4501:
4100:
4051:
3984:
3948:
3862:
One of the first Enantiornithes known. Once thought to be an ancient relative of
3839:
3740:
3271:
2205:
1741:
1616:
1527:
1447:
1409:
1401:
1352:
1271:
1110:
1046:
962:
898:
844:
815:
773:
744:
594:
487:
370:
327:("birds" in the broad sense), the most abundant and diverse group known from the
301:
291:
249:
133:
44:
8052:
6392:
Many soft tissue details of specimens from this genus were revealed by UV light
467:
373:
in 1981. Walker made this discovery based on some partial remains from the late
16319:
16249:
16201:
16135:
16074:
16029:
16016:
15890:
15853:
15704:
15478:
15315:
15069:
15064:
15059:
15039:
14919:
14894:
14889:
14871:
14752:
14608:
14533:
14501:
14446:
14425:
14332:
14280:
14124:
13877:
12608:
12230:
Brusatte, Stephen L.; O'Connor, Jingmai K.; Jarvis, Erich D. (5 October 2015).
12049:
11742:
11301:
10044:
9930:
9905:
9641:
9624:
8993:
8909:
8696:
8539:
A small and short-snouted genus of Enantiornithes which may be synonymous with
8158:
7589:
7537:
7384:
7000:
5956:
4792:
4289:
3691:
3669:
3639:
3609:
3225:
2942:
2249:
2104:
1595:
1420:
1387:
1330:
1323:
1264:
1229:
1116:
1068:
990:
973:
931:
893:
781:
687:
675:
336:
306:
296:
138:
13525:
13346:
Hu, Han; O'Connor, Jingmai K.; Zhou, Zhonghe; Farke, Andrew A. (3 June 2015).
13316:
12444:
12256:
12231:
11875:
11676:
11633:
10938:
10921:
10670:
10646:
10629:
10137:
10120:
7662:
6942:
The hand of this genus was similar to that of ornithuromorphs, likely through
1599:
16455:
16396:
16257:
16241:
16164:
16156:
15990:
15788:
15638:
15525:
15483:
15283:
15275:
15197:
15161:
15079:
15003:
14831:
14686:
14355:
14314:
14287:
14109:
13947:
13940:
13891:
13237:
13018:
12664:
12332:
12275:
12009:
11992:
10435:
10146:
9887:
9387:
Wang, Min; Zhou, Zhong-He; O'Connor, Jingmai K.; Zelenkov, Nikita V. (2014).
9284:
9101:
9082:
8951:
8841:
8779:
8619:
8605:
7717:
7120:
7065:
7046:
6973:
6028:
5907:
5814:
5478:
5248:
5052:
5015:
4899:
4730:
4678:
4601:
4547:
4509:
4391:
3679:
3312:
3024:
2680:
2598:
2497:
2219:
1919:
1795:
1649:
1485:
1381:
1275:
1177:
976:, had a fan of tail feathers similar to that of more primitive avialans like
855:
769:
754:
658:
623:
536:
527:
Birds with confidently identified characteristics of Enantiornithes found in
474:
412:
392:
82:
12811:
11709:
The origin of the bird's beak: new insights from dinosaur incubation periods
11515:
11133:
O'Connor, Jingmai K. (1 January 2019). "The trophic habits of early birds".
9751:
1896:
16343:
16087:
15932:
15748:
15586:
15534:
15406:
15367:
15136:
15124:
15114:
15104:
14801:
14679:
14494:
14073:
14045:
14038:
13982:
13912:
13856:
13446:
13391:
13324:
13077:
12906:
12501:
12409:
12350:
12283:
12216:
12067:
11950:
11883:
11523:
11364:
11320:
11046:
11003:
Wang, Min; O'Connor, Jingmai K.; Pan, Yanhong; Zhou, Zhonghe (2017-01-31).
10947:
10899:
10794:
10730:
10606:
10351:
10257:
10154:
10062:
10002:
9939:
9784:
Rautian, 1978 a fossil feather from the early Late Jurassic of Kazakhstan.
9759:
9316:
9218:
9036:
8301:
8107:
6734:
6730:
5683:
5432:
5041:
4536:
4085:
4075:
3208:
2854:
2416:
1873:
1451:
1426:
1205:
1199:
517:
328:
10121:"A New Enantiornithine Bird with Unusual Pedal Proportions Found in Amber"
9492:
9475:
7856:
5945:
Originally believed to be an ornithuran, but now considered a relative of
4922:
4234:
1620:
16405:
16148:
15995:
15801:
15780:
15769:
15734:
15601:
15591:
15549:
15440:
15307:
15109:
14934:
14929:
14861:
14846:
14814:
14633:
14592:
14569:
14508:
14439:
14418:
14369:
14341:
14321:
14224:
14173:
14116:
14010:
14003:
13975:
13961:
13954:
13926:
13905:
13863:
13717:
9349:
Wang, X.; O'Connor, J. K.; Zheng, X.; Wang, M.; Hu, H.; Zhou, Z. (2014).
9292:
9251:
9193:
8555:
8207:
7994:
7814:
7759:
7690:
7620:
7528:
7486:
7333:
6787:
6609:
6590:
6373:
6354:
6343:
6304:
6293:
5896:
5179:
5133:
4982:
4880:
4827:
4718:
4582:
4490:
4308:
4138:
3933:
3867:
3629:
3599:
3384:
3085:
2983:
2642:
2351:
2176:
2128:
1967:
1825:
1578:
1573:
1502:
1456:
1368:
1319:
1059:
1035:
1013:
968:
944:
875:
790:
646:
605:
589:
579:
398:
386:
286:
57:
12655:
12630:
11028:
9984:
7143:
5733:
5323:
5079:
Had an enlarged outer toe that may have been an adaptation for perching
16265:
16127:
16066:
16045:
15877:
15861:
15796:
15741:
15713:
15645:
15610:
15488:
15336:
15171:
15146:
14904:
14622:
14615:
14542:
14473:
14466:
14266:
14131:
14102:
14059:
13968:
13933:
13898:
13629:
13620:
13427:
12887:
12492:
12467:
12323:
12266:
11822:
11194:
11177:
11111:
10391:
10366:
10332:
9296:
9257:
9170:
8982:
8808:
8715:
8404:
7955:
7909:
6904:
6781:
6005:
5885:
5848:
5725:
One of the many fragmentary Bissekty Enantiornithes, known only from a
5720:
5612:
5575:
5060:
5001:
4931:
4913:
4864:
4628:
4555:
4444:
4122:
3873:
3863:
3762:
3360:
3285:
2884:
2820:
2547:
2530:
2480:
2375:
1914:
1891:
1699:
1540:
1520:
in 2015, updated from a previous data set created by Jingmai O'Connor.
1439:
1405:
1372:
1255:
1214:
1099:
1093:
1063:
1054:
1019:
984:
949:
917:
913:
759:
738:
657:). Extraordinary remains of Enantiornithes have also been preserved in
562:
558:
521:
374:
358:
210:
102:
67:
14744:
12305:
Atterholt, Jessie; Hutchison, J. Howard; O'Connor, Jingmai K. (2018).
12198:
11176:
O'Connor, Jingmai K.; Zhou, Zhonghe; Smith, Andrew (6 November 2019).
10880:
9367:
9350:
5520:
4973:
4670:, a specialized type of feather which controls air flow over the wing
1286:, which is consistent with their inferred superprecocial adaptations.
839:
Enantiornithes were advanced compared to more primitive avialans like
16225:
16180:
15969:
15762:
15679:
15663:
15652:
15562:
15498:
15457:
15156:
14957:
14944:
14924:
14824:
14665:
14651:
14600:
14557:
14522:
14432:
14410:
14389:
14362:
14273:
14216:
14166:
14159:
14145:
14080:
14052:
14017:
13996:
13870:
13828:
13814:
13690:
13638:
11571:
11356:
11076:
10597:
10580:
9576:
9476:"Anatomy of the Early Cretaceous Enantiornithine Bird Rapaxavis pani"
9324:
9312:
9240:
9231:: A juvenile of an indeterminate specimen of Enantiornithes from the
9115:
9069:
9055:
9001:
8937:
8900:
8886:
8867:
8827:
8765:
8669:
8586:
8500:
8423:
8317:
8149:
8029:
7875:
7768:
7435:
7188:
7079:
6987:
6954:
6767:
6512:
6323:
6287:
6254:
6208:
6131:
6112:
6053:
5891:
5871:
5828:
5706:
5598:
5529:
5497:
5489:
5371:
5294:
5229:
5152:
4850:
4800:
4781:
4647:
4639:
4615:
4523:
4243:
4211:
4203:
4192:
4108:
4055:
3952:
3843:
3824:
3748:
3725:
3589:
3258:
3133:
2956:
2904:
2713:
2663:
2399:
2266:
1962:
1855:
1463:
1393:
1334:
1283:
1260:
1249:
1240:
1225:
1220:
1185:
1158:
1135:
1073:
1041:
1025:
978:
921:
902:
796:
719:
634:
599:
549:
540:
532:
508:
381:
223:
164:
107:
51:
16367:
12519:
12172:
11593:
ElΕΌanowski, Andrzej (1995). "Cretaceous birds and avian phylogeny".
10864:: insights into the aerodynamics and diet of a basal ornithuromorph"
10721:
10696:
9715:
9323:
from various smaller bones, and the fusion of tail vertebrae into a
9142:: Described in 2013 from embryo specimens within eggshells from the
1477:, was defined by Chiappe (2002) as comprising all species closer to
873:. The leg feathers are also reminiscent of the four-winged dinosaur
16390:
16193:
15923:
15898:
15844:
15755:
15727:
15617:
15581:
15573:
15555:
15450:
15435:
15419:
15166:
15129:
14962:
14549:
14515:
14259:
14238:
14194:
14095:
14066:
14031:
13919:
13614:
12023:
9844:(in Russian). Vol. 197. USSR Academy of scienses. p. 82.
9212:: Described in 1999 from a specimen of Enantiornithes found in the
9201:
9147:
8683:
8650:
8450:
8437:
8258:
6849:
6786:
One of many fragmentary Bissekty Enantiornithes, known only from a
6763:
6687:
6508:
6489:
5890:
One of many fragmentary Bissekty Enantiornithes, known only from a
5867:
5795:
5702:
5632:
5618:
5594:
5382:
5365:
5315:
5308:
5262:
4870:
4846:
4128:
4127:
One of many fragmentary Bissekty Enantiornithes, known only from a
4104:
3768:
3744:
3619:
3401:
3109:
2629:
2324:
2159:
1944:
1674:
1479:
1347:
1311:
1245:
1147:
1143:
1139:
862:
859:
713:
670:
650:
566:
554:
455:
447:
404:
340:
197:
184:
97:
92:
77:
72:
62:
10630:"Downsized Dinosaurs: The Evolutionary Transition to Modern Birds"
9780:
Agnolin, F.L., Rozadilla, S., and Ismar de Souza Carvalho (2017).
9028:, although most closely resembles avisaurids among sampled groups
6887:
One of the first Jehol biota Enantiornithes described. Similar to
4574:
Known from a foot preserved in amber with an elongated middle toe
16425:
16103:
15956:
15835:
15720:
15686:
15624:
15445:
15299:
15291:
14984:
14856:
14841:
14672:
14658:
14294:
14245:
13835:
13559:
11211:"Bone digestion and intestinal morphology of the Bearded Vulture"
9320:
9025:
8973:
8918:
8853:
8791:
8746:
8729:
8631:
8359:
8308:
7101:
6794:
6744:
5726:
5617:
One of many fragmentary Bissekty Enantiornithes, known only from
5074:
4869:
One of many fragmentary Bissekty Enantiornithes, known only from
4569:
4331:
3966:
3920:
One specimen from this genus died with an unlaid egg in its body
3882:
3767:
One of many fragmentary Bissekty Enantiornithes, known only from
2757:
2737:
1745:
1376:
1339:
1279:
1188:. An embryo, still curled in its egg, has been reported from the
1088:
709:
692:
443:
366:
362:
324:
236:
124:
112:
87:
11719:
11473:
9961:"Mummified precocial bird wings in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber"
4378:
Originally mistakenly believed to have possessed a pointed beak
16233:
16172:
15948:
15940:
15869:
15809:
15693:
15631:
15514:
15181:
15176:
15054:
13608:
13549:
13293:
11450:"Embryonic bird skeletons from the late Cretaceous of Mongolia"
11333:
10118:
9903:
9864:
9131:
9019:
9005:
8520:
8470:
8336:
8277:
8227:
8177:
8126:
8080:
7974:
7928:
7833:
7787:
7736:
7639:
7556:
7505:
7454:
7403:
7352:
7306:
7253:
7226:
Originally mistakenly believed to have possessed a hooked beak
7207:
7019:
6923:
6868:
6822:
6706:
6660:
6563:
6462:
6273:
6227:
6181:
6135:
6085:
6042:
5975:
5926:
5761:
5651:
5548:
5451:
5401:
5351:
5198:
5106:
4950:
4814:
4749:
4697:
4463:
4434:
4410:
4359:
4276:
4262:
4157:
4069:
4003:
3971:
Fragmentary but unique in the structure of its tarsometatarsus
3901:
3857:
3797:
3659:
1509:
a good example of a poor choice in a phylogenetic definition".
1181:
957:
808:, which in modern birds is fused to the jugal, is preserved in
544:
528:
454:
This refers to an anatomical feature β the articulation of the
174:
13404:
13211:
12304:
11904:
10755:
Clarke, Julia A.; Zhou, Zhonghe; Zhang, Fucheng (March 2006).
10313:
3975:
16119:
15906:
15469:
11804:
11233:"Short Crystal: Quartz and the Fossilized Bird | GeoRarities"
10857:
9291:. A 2016 analysis of its feathering found elongated putative
9236:
9183:, the description was so poor compared to the description of
8735:
8534:
8484:
8355:
A large member of the family with a well-preserved braincase
8350:
8291:
8241:
8191:
8140:
8094:
8043:
7988:
7942:
7847:
7801:
7750:
7704:
7653:
7570:
7519:
7468:
7417:
7366:
7320:
7267:
7221:
7134:
7033:
6937:
6882:
6836:
6720:
6674:
6623:
6577:
6526:
6476:
6429:
6387:
6337:
6241:
6195:
6149:
6099:
5989:
5940:
5775:
5665:
5562:
5511:
5465:
5415:
5212:
5166:
5120:
5027:
4964:
4763:
4711:
4667:
4661:
4477:
4424:
4373:
4322:
4225:
4177:
4171:
4023:
4017:
3915:
3811:
1506:
1443:
848:
642:
584:
574:
429:
419:
13503:
11654:
11611:
11402:"Classification of fossil eggshells of amniotic vertebrates"
9451:
Glorified Dinosaurs: The Origin and Early Evolution of Birds
9386:
8250:
until a few years later. Preserves a large postorbital bone
7997:, although later these were found to be mineral concretions
7477:
7038:
One of the largest Enantiornithes known from decent remains
6895:
1544:
887:
784:
is preserved in an indeterminate juvenile specimen, while a
458:
bones β which has a concave-convex socket joint between the
16095:
15462:
15425:
15395:
14809:
14775:
12583:
10.1206/0003-0082(2002)387<0001:TMAPPO>2.0.CO;2
12123:
Zhou, Shuang; Zhou, Zhong-He; O'Connor, Jingmai K. (2012).
11104:
10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0856:FASFTM]2.0.CO;2
10018:
8963:
6535:
5674:
1364:
1114:
most likely to be generalistic insectivores (sans possibly
1011:
Life reconstruction of enantiornithine birds feeding (left
768:, were fully toothless and had beaks. They also had simple
12990:
12686:
Carvalho; Novas; AgnolΓn; Isasi; Freitas; Andrade (2015).
12229:
11991:
Clark, Alexander D.; O'Connor, Jingmai K. (15 June 2021).
10810:
10364:
9473:
7473:
Specialized for perching due to the structure of its feet
6628:
One of the oldest and most primitive members of the group
5424:, although a 2015 study considered it to be a valid genus
4768:
Well-preserved but inconsistent in phylogenetic placement
818:(the ability to move the jaw independent of the cranium).
569:
relatives. The earliest known Enantiornithes are from the
16217:
15074:
14836:
13287:
12832:
12685:
12513:
12511:
12465:
11963:
11755:
11564:
10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3594[1:JBFTEC]2.0.CO;2
11475:
Spain: Implications for Avian Skull and Neck Evolution".
11083:
10963:
10697:"Palaeontology: Leg feathers in an Early Cretaceous bird"
10459:
10222:
Zhou, Zhonghe; Clarke, Julia; Zhang, Fucheng (May 2008).
9834:
9348:
6346:, a skin flap on the shoulder which forms part of a wing
5567:
The earliest known enantiornithine with a toothless beak
854:
Several wings with preserved feathers have been found in
662:
suggesting that they were an ecologically diverse group.
13459:
12868:
10806:
10804:
10491:
10489:
10075:
9415:
9413:
9411:
9409:
9295:, suggesting that a large portion of its feathering was
994:, had a modern-looking pygostyle but lacked a tail fan.
960:-dominated tail feathers similar to feathers present in
13345:
12422:
11545:
11543:
11541:
11002:
10919:
10178:
9728:
4722:, although now considered to be more distantly related
411:
The name "Enantiornithes" means "opposite birds", from
13031:
12508:
11549:
11282:
9024:
Possesses a myriad of features from various groups in
7658:
Possessed a fan-shaped tail composed of many feathers
758:, they retained several separate cranial bones, small
724:
are comparable in size to small tits or hummingbirds.
450:, where the 'normal' condition is completely reversed.
12552:
12363:
11843:
11175:
11062:
10801:
10486:
9406:
7878:
of this group is doubtful, and it may actually be an
561:. Fossils attributable to this group are exclusively
12949:
12754:
12122:
11758:"The histology of two female Early Cretaceous birds"
11538:
11089:
7371:
The most common and well-known member of the family
7325:
May have had a thorn-like structure on its forehead
6841:
Unusually, the premaxillae of this genus were fused
15366:
12718:
12081:Padian, Kevin; Chiappe, Luis M. (11 January 2007).
10495:
10455:
10453:
9957:
9602:. University of California Press. pp. 339β88.
9428:. University of California Press. pp. 240β67.
9424:. In Chiappe, Luis M.; Witmer, Lawrence M. (eds.).
1212:Together with hatchling specimens of the Mongolian
1146:avialans were prey animals, and that some Mesozoic
12797:
12619:. Version 1.0, 2005-NOV- 7. Retrieved 2006-OCT-02.
11713:
10654:
9692:
9665:
9158:(a set of controversial paleontologists including
7993:Originally considered to have been preserved with
4230:One of the most complete Las Hoyas Enantiornithes
12919:
12628:
11990:
11135:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
10750:
10748:
9382:
9380:
9378:
9150:. These specimens were very similar to embryonic
8969:The most complete known North American avisaurid
16453:
12517:
11550:Chiappe, Luis M.; Shu'an, Ji; Qiang, Ji (2007).
10450:
4716:Once considered to be a basal close relative of
12602:
12600:
11058:
11056:
10853:
10851:
10754:
10270:
10221:
9804:
5621:. One species was once considered to belong to
13662:
13339:
13252:
13090:
11605:
10915:
10913:
10911:
10909:
10745:
10695:Zhang, Fucheng; Zhou, Zhonghe (October 2004).
10539:
10537:
10535:
10215:
10174:
10172:
9953:
9951:
9949:
9860:
9858:
9774:
9686:
9375:
5420:Once considered to be dubious or a species of
14760:
13798:
13575:
12080:
11208:
10959:
10957:
10860:"A new specimen of the Early Cretaceous bird
10690:
10688:
9419:
9344:
9342:
9340:
5894:fragment. Originally considered to belong to
15274:
12748:
12597:
12558:
11327:
11132:
11053:
10848:
9600:Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs
9550:
9548:
9453:. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons.
9426:Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs
9132:Dubious genera and notable unnamed specimens
8561:
8379:
7884:
7595:
7276:, although that genus name is occupied by a
7163:
5836:
3700:
1097:being random mineral precipitates, only the
13453:
11385:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
10906:
10621:
10532:
10169:
9946:
9855:
9722:
9420:Chiappe, Luis M.; Walker, Cyril A. (2002).
1142:dinosaur. This was the first evidence that
14767:
14753:
13582:
13568:
13497:
13125:
12712:
12116:
11592:
11444:
10954:
10685:
10405:
9514:
9337:
8859:Would have lived in a coastal environment
4381:
4029:
123:
13436:
13426:
13381:
13371:
13258:
13205:
13067:
13057:
12984:
12896:
12886:
12703:
12679:
12654:
12572:
12543:
12491:
12399:
12389:
12340:
12322:
12265:
12255:
12232:"The Origin and Diversification of Birds"
12206:
12083:"The origin and early evolution of birds"
12057:
12008:
11940:
11930:
11865:
11501:
11425:
11399:
11310:
11300:
11209:Houston, David C.; Copsey, J. A. (1994).
11193:
11036:
10937:
10889:
10879:
10784:
10720:
10694:
10645:
10596:
10477:
10390:
10341:
10331:
10247:
10136:
10052:
9992:
9929:
9640:
9545:
9491:
9366:
9355:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
9311:: A partial skeleton of a hatchling from
4429:Was well-adapted for climbing due to its
1497:itself. Despite being in accordance with
1379:. Enantiornithes were more advanced than
1150:regurgitated pellets like owls do today.
13168:
12913:
12826:
12518:O'Connor, Jingmai; Dyke, Gareth (2010).
10543:
9663:
8304:on its teeth, unique among fossil birds
1371:definition of Aves (which only includes
1176:Known fossils of Enantiornithes include
1157:
1006:
886:
825:
731:
616:
14774:
12955:
12563:from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia".
11781:
10627:
9448:
1516:below was found by an analysis by Wang
346:
14:
16454:
11788:Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg
11595:Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg
10660:
10578:
9554:
9154:specimens, although the describers of
8145:A fairly typical member of the family
6891:but usually considered to be distinct
5221:with characteristically slender bones
1438:Enantiornithes is the sister group to
1404:. The other ornithothoracine group is
1066:preserved in its digestive tract, and
952:, though a later study indicates that
704:(and possibly also represented in the
16372:
16371:
15259:
14748:
13601:
13563:
10998:
10996:
10014:
10012:
9899:
9897:
7947:Had a short but robust manual ungual
1322:as a whole - some extinct birds like
1129:A fossil from Spain reported by Sanz
16326:
9672:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
9622:
9597:
384:, which he assigned to a new genus,
16350:
13093:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
12958:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
12923:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
12425:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
10579:Wang, Min; Hu, Han (January 2017).
10546:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
10498:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
9851:from the original on 27 March 2019.
9239:. Its 2006 description studied the
1351:appears to have become secondarily
502:
434:) "birds" . The name was coined by
24:
16472:Early Cretaceous first appearances
13589:
13463:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
13171:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
13128:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
12757:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
12102:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1997.tb00024.x
11997:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
11092:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
10993:
10967:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
10814:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
10408:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
10273:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
10181:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
10009:
9894:
9835:L. A. Nesov, A. A. Yarkov (1989).
9696:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
7865:
7152:
1367:. Others use the more restrictive
1103:displays actual stomach contents.
25:
16488:
15228:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
13543:
11400:Mikhailov, Konstantin E. (1991).
10634:Evolution: Education and Outreach
9668:The Origin and Evolution of Birds
8368:
7583:
3690:
3685:
2081:The cladogram below is from Wang
1358:
1263:, instead having an intermediate
1058:was found to have the remains of
772:, a complete bar separating each
736:A reconstruction of the skull of
628:a species of early Enantiornithes
597:of North and South America (e.g.
16349:
16337:
16325:
16314:
16313:
16204:(New World vultures and condors)
14729:
14728:
14710:
14704:
13548:
13398:
12545:10.3853/j.0067-1975.62.2010.1540
12532:Records of the Australian Museum
11978:10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.190823
10777:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00534.x
10240:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00880.x
9108:
9062:
9012:
8972:
8956:
8944:
8908:
8893:
8846:
8834:
8784:
8772:
8722:
8676:
8640:
8624:
8612:
8527:
8477:
8430:
8358:
8343:
8307:
8284:
8234:
8184:
8148:
8133:
8087:
8051:
8036:
8000:
7981:
7935:
7855:
7840:
7794:
7758:
7743:
7697:
7661:
7646:
7563:
7527:
7512:
7476:
7461:
7425:
7410:
7374:
7359:
7313:
7260:
7214:
7142:
7127:
7091:
7072:
7026:
6980:
6930:
6894:
6875:
6829:
6793:
6774:
6713:
6667:
6631:
6616:
6570:
6534:
6519:
6469:
6422:
6380:
6330:
6280:
6234:
6188:
6142:
6092:
6046:
6035:
5982:
5933:
5878:
5821:
5768:
5732:
5713:
5673:
5658:
5605:
5555:
5519:
5504:
5458:
5408:
5358:
5322:
5301:
5255:
5205:
5159:
5113:
5067:
5020:
5008:
4972:
4957:
4921:
4906:
4857:
4807:
4771:
4756:
4704:
4666:Preserves feathers including an
4654:
4608:
4562:
4516:
4470:
4417:
4366:
4330:
4315:
4269:
4233:
4218:
4182:
4164:
4115:
4062:
4010:
3974:
3959:
3923:
3908:
3872:
3850:
3804:
3755:
1966:
1918:
1895:
1829:
1799:
1744:
1619:
1598:
1577:
1543:
1433:
1091:and the supposed gastroliths of
151:
55:
13162:
13119:
13084:
13025:
12862:
12791:
12622:
12459:
12416:
12357:
12298:
12223:
12166:
12156:
12074:
12017:
11984:
11957:
11898:
11837:
11798:
11775:
11749:
11702:
11691:
11648:
11586:
11495:
11467:
11438:
11419:
11393:
11276:
11266:
11256:
11246:
11225:
11202:
11169:
11126:
10572:
10399:
10358:
10307:
10264:
10112:
10069:
9828:
9798:
9657:
7084:Had a large and unusually wide
1505:, who called it "a ill-defined
1473:One such delineation named the
1153:
916:(the clade they referred to as
858:. These are the first complete
15260:
11215:The Journal of Raptor Research
10834:10.1080/02724634.2009.10010371
9616:
9591:
9508:
9467:
9442:
8550:
6946:. A large member of the group
612:
357:, was originally considered a
13:
1:
13483:10.1080/02724634.2015.1054496
13281:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.02.013
13230:10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105452
13191:10.1080/02724634.2017.1278702
13105:10.1080/14772019.2016.1246111
13011:10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105867
12935:10.1080/14772019.2015.1051146
12856:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.09.001
12742:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.01.008
12609:TaxonSearch: Stem Archosauria
11489:10.1126/science.276.5318.1543
11409:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
10979:10.1080/02724634.2015.1054035
10558:10.1080/14772019.2015.1073801
10098:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104412
9794:10.1080/08912963.2017.1413102
9480:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
9331:
7575:A large member of the family
333:CretaceousβPaleogene boundary
13373:10.1371/journal.pone.0126791
13148:10.1080/02724634.2013.794814
13059:10.1371/journal.pone.0184637
12970:10.1080/14772019.2014.994087
12777:10.1080/02724634.2013.812101
12705:10.1590/23174889201500020001
12692:Brazilian Journal of Geology
12391:10.1371/journal.pone.0028672
11932:10.1371/journal.pone.0061030
11155:10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.03.006
10518:10.1080/14772019.2010.526639
10479:10.1590/23174889201500020001
10466:Brazilian Journal of Geology
10428:10.1080/02724634.2013.794814
10293:10.1080/02724634.2012.652321
10201:10.1080/02724634.2013.762708
9283:: An indeterminate juvenile
4074:May have been the size of a
1124:
408:) were also Enantiornithes.
7:
16268:(woodpeckers and relatives)
6342:Preserves impressions of a
5994:May have been a synonym of
1442:, and together they form a
485:Feduccia's point about the
10:
16493:
16130:(cormorants and relatives)
15223:Extinct species since 1500
12050:10.1038/s41598-019-41423-7
11743:10.1016/j.crpv.2005.12.018
11302:10.1186/s12915-022-01294-3
10045:10.1038/s41598-018-37427-4
9931:10.1016/j.scib.2018.01.019
9642:10.1007/s00435-021-00528-2
9048:Bajo de la Carpa Formation
8820:Mooreville Chalk Formation
997:
593:) and the latest from the
430:
420:
27:Extinct clade of dinosaurs
16477:Maastrichtian extinctions
16380:
16309:
16260:(kingfishers and rollers)
16192:
16147:
16114:(albatrosses and petrels)
16086:
16057:
16028:
16007:
15998:(swifts and hummingbirds)
15980:(nightjars and relatives)
15968:
15931:
15922:
15889:
15852:
15843:
15834:
15830:
15804:(pheasants and relatives)
15779:
15703:
15662:
15600:
15572:
15548:
15524:
15497:
15418:
15405:
15362:
15335:
15331:
15270:
15266:
15255:
15251:
15190:
15093:
14993:
14943:
14870:
14800:
14787:
14724:
14702:
14632:
14587:
14568:
14532:
14456:
14379:
14331:
14304:
13809:
13794:
13775:
13743:
13725:
13716:
13698:
13689:
13671:
13658:
13597:
13526:10.1134/s0031030113110087
13317:10.1038/s41586-020-2945-x
12565:American Museum Novitates
12445:10.1017/S1477201906001969
12257:10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.003
11876:10.1007/s00114-012-0917-1
11784:Patagopteryx deferrariisi
11677:10.1134/S0031030113110087
11634:10.1134/S0031030113110087
11556:American Museum Novitates
11069:American Museum Novitates
10939:10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.036
10862:Hongshanornis longicresta
10671:10.1038/nature.2016.20162
10647:10.1007/s12052-009-0133-4
10628:Chiappe, Luis M. (2009).
10138:10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.077
9810:[File size 70 MB]
9449:Chiappe, Luis M. (2007).
9120:A very close relative of
8879:Las Curtiembres Formation
8708:Ouadi al Gabour Formation
6017:Grès à Reptiles Formation
3398:
3381:
3374:
3357:
3350:
3333:
3326:
3309:
3302:
3282:
3275:
3255:
3248:
3222:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3147:
3130:
3123:
3106:
3099:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3021:
3004:
2997:
2980:
2973:
2953:
2946:
2936:
2901:
2881:
2871:
2851:
2841:
2834:
2817:
2810:
2754:
2734:
2727:
2710:
2703:
2677:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2595:
2588:
2544:
2527:
2520:
2494:
2477:
2470:
2460:
2413:
2396:
2389:
2372:
2365:
2348:
2341:
2321:
2311:
2301:
2263:
2246:
2236:
2216:
2209:
2199:
2173:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2125:
2118:
2101:
2094:
1958:
1940:
1933:
1910:
1887:
1869:
1851:
1844:
1821:
1814:
1791:
1784:
1766:
1759:
1738:
1731:
1713:
1695:
1688:
1670:
1663:
1645:
1638:
1613:
1592:
1569:
1562:
1538:
1531:
1499:phylogenetic nomenclature
1450:(though see above). Most
1300:
283:
278:
148:Scientific classification
146:
131:
122:
34:
16159:(seriemas and relatives)
16138:(pelicans and relatives)
14579:Cau & Arduini, 2008)
12010:10.3389/fevo.2021.654156
9888:10.1016/j.gr.2017.06.001
9805:Pierce Brodkorb (1976).
3836:La Bocana Roja Formation
1468:Phylogenetic taxonomists
1329:Enantiornithes resemble
956:was more likely to have
727:
339:and all other non-avian
16252:(hornbills and hoopoes)
16167:(falcons and relatives)
13506:Paleontological Journal
12812:10.1111/1755-6724.12270
12635:Journal of Paleontology
12528:(Aves: Enantiornithes)"
11846:Die Naturwissenschaften
11657:Paleontological Journal
11614:Paleontological Journal
11516:10.1126/science.1100000
11457:Palaeontologia Polonica
11428:Paleontological Journal
9752:10.1126/science.1126377
9664:Feduccia, Alan (1996).
9527:Palaeontologia Polonica
9166:) consider it distinct.
5217:A possible relative of
1002:
882:
821:
16236:(trogons and quetzals)
16048:(cranes and relatives)
15318:(emus and cassowaries)
15208:Glossary of bird terms
15020:Confuciusornithiformes
12132:Vertebrata PalAsiatica
11966:Vertebrata PalAsiatica
11765:Vertebrata PalAsiatica
11723:Comptes Rendus Palevol
9396:Vertebrata PalAsiatica
8758:Two Medicine Formation
8511:Qiaotou member of the
8461:Qiaotou member of the
8218:Qiaotou member of the
6453:Qiaotou member of the
5841:
4022:Possessed an enlarged
1173:
1030:
905:
835:
748:
715:Parvavis chuxiongensis
629:
621:A life restoration of
539:of South America, and
483:
452:
436:Cyril Alexander Walker
16434:Paleobiology Database
16077:(kagu and sunbittern)
16040:(gulls and relatives)
15045:Songlingornithiformes
15010:Omnivoropterygiformes
13557:at Wikimedia Commons
12800:Acta Geologica Sinica
12472:Nature Communications
11009:Nature Communications
10585:The Anatomical Record
9965:Nature Communications
9493:10.4202/app.2010.0047
9209:Liaoxiornis delicatus
9144:Barun Goyot Formation
8930:Kaiparowits Formation
8416:Barun Goyot Formation
5840:
5344:Andaikhudag Formation
5287:Barun Goyot Formation
1195:Liaoxiornis delicatus
1161:
1010:
890:
829:
776:(eye hole) from each
735:
620:
479:
462:(shoulder blade) and
440:
132:Fossil specimen of a
15899:Phoenicopteriformes
13005:(in press): 105867.
12606:Sereno, P.C. (2005)
12150:. February 13, 2012.
10131:(14): 2396β2401.e2.
8598:Hell Creek Formation
8296:A close relative of
8196:A close relative of
6944:convergent evolution
6412:Yijinholuo Formation
5780:Possibly related to
347:Discovery and naming
15870:Mesitornithiformes
15864:(doves and pigeons)
15198:Families and orders
15060:Ichthyornithiformes
15035:Patagopterygiformes
14202:Piscivorenantiornis
13518:2013PalJ...47.1252K
13475:2016JVPal..36E4496W
13364:2015PLoSO..1026791H
13309:2020Natur.588..272O
13273:2015CrRes..55..210H
13261:Cretaceous Research
13218:Cretaceous Research
13183:2017JVPal..37E8702W
13140:2014JVPal..34..135W
13050:2017PLoSO..1284637L
12998:Cretaceous Research
12848:2010CrRes..31...16B
12836:Cretaceous Research
12769:2014JVPal..34..657W
12734:2015CrRes..55...56W
12722:Cretaceous Research
12656:10.1017/jpa.2022.12
12647:2022JPal...96..961W
12526:Cathayornis yandica
12520:"A Reassessment of
12484:2012NatCo...3.1116Z
12437:2007JSPal...5..193C
12382:2011PLoSO...628672W
12248:2015CBio...25.R888B
12191:2015NatSR...514864N
12042:2019NatSR...9.5006K
11923:2013PLoSO...861030F
11858:2012NW.....99..435D
11735:2006CRPal...5..685C
11669:2013PalJ...47.1252K
11626:2013PalJ...47.1252K
11446:ElΕΌanowski, Andrzej
11349:2001Natur.409..998S
11147:2019PPP...513..178O
11065:Concornis lacustris
11029:10.1038/ncomms14141
11021:2017NatCo...814141W
10826:2009JVPal..29..188O
10759:Yixianornis grabaui
10713:2004Natur.431..925Z
10510:2011JSPal...9..135O
10420:2014JVPal..34..135W
10383:2014Palgy..57....7M
10285:2012JVPal..32..639H
10193:2013JVPal..33.1176Z
10090:2020CrRes.11004412X
10078:Cretaceous Research
10037:2019NatSR...9..927X
9985:10.1038/ncomms12089
9977:2016NatCo...712089X
9922:2018SciBu..63..235X
9880:2017GondR..49..264X
9824:on 19 October 2014.
9744:2006Sci...312.1640Y
9738:(5780): 1640β1643.
9708:2006CaJES..43..547H
9569:1981Natur.292...51W
9516:Elzanowski, Andrzej
9289:Jiufotang Formation
9139:Gobipipus reshetovi
8662:Djadochta Formation
8513:Huajiying Formation
8463:Huajiying Formation
8329:Jiufotang Formation
8220:Huajiying Formation
8170:Jiufotang Formation
8119:Jiufotang Formation
8073:Jiufotang Formation
7967:Jiufotang Formation
7921:Longjiang Formation
7826:Jiufotang Formation
7780:Jiufotang Formation
7729:Jiufotang Formation
7683:Huajiying Formation
7632:Jiufotang Formation
7549:Jiufotang Formation
7447:Jiufotang Formation
7345:Jiufotang Formation
7299:Jiufotang Formation
7246:Jiufotang Formation
7200:Jiufotang Formation
7012:Jiufotang Formation
6966:Chorrillo Formation
6916:Jiufotang Formation
6861:Jiufotang Formation
6815:Jiufotang Formation
6653:Jiufotang Formation
6602:Huajiying Formation
6556:Jiufotang Formation
6545:Piscivorenantiornis
6501:Jiangdihe Formation
6455:Huajiying Formation
6366:Huajiying Formation
6220:Jiufotang Formation
6078:Jiufotang Formation
5968:Jiufotang Formation
5754:Jiufotang Formation
5541:Jiufotang Formation
5444:Jiufotang Formation
5394:Jiufotang Formation
5370:Considered a small
5191:Jiufotang Formation
5099:Jiufotang Formation
4892:Maevarano Formation
4690:Jiufotang Formation
4352:Jiufotang Formation
4301:Huajiying Formation
4150:Jiufotang Formation
4050:Unnamed formation (
3996:Jiufotang Formation
3945:CsehbΓ‘nya Formation
3790:Jiufotang Formation
1162:Fossilized eggs of
1084:Piscivorenantiornis
935:and certain extant
901:) with a preserved
891:Fossil skeleton of
778:antorbital fenestra
721:Cratoavis cearensis
706:Wonthaggi Formation
702:Eumeralla Formation
16212:(eagles and hawks)
16112:Procellariiformes
16017:Opisthocomiformes
15986:Steatornithiformes
15213:List by population
15050:Hongshanornithidae
14975:Evolution of birds
14306:Iberomesornithidae
13428:10.7717/peerj.7846
12888:10.7717/peerj.7247
12614:2007-02-19 at the
12522:Sinornis santensis
12493:10.1038/ncomms2104
12324:10.7717/peerj.5910
12179:Scientific Reports
12090:Biological Reviews
12030:Scientific Reports
11823:10.1111/pala.12583
11343:(6823): 998β1000.
11195:10.1111/pala.12453
10765:Journal of Anatomy
10392:10.1111/pala.12082
10333:10.7717/peerj.5910
10228:Journal of Anatomy
10025:Scientific Reports
9786:Historical Biology
7880:evolutionary grade
7272:Originally called
6756:Bissekty Formation
6266:Toolebuc Formation
5860:Bissekty Formation
5842:
5695:Bissekty Formation
5587:Bissekty Formation
4994:Woodbine Formation
4839:Bissekty Formation
4433:, like those of a
4097:Bissekty Formation
3737:Bissekty Formation
1174:
1031:
906:
836:
806:quadratojugal bone
802:temporal fenestrae
749:
630:
16449:
16448:
16374:Taxon identifiers
16365:
16364:
16305:
16304:
16301:
16300:
16297:
16296:
16293:
16292:
16289:
16288:
16285:
16284:
16281:
16280:
16277:
16276:
16098:(loons or divers)
16067:Phaethontiformes
16059:Phaethontimorphae
16009:Opisthocomiformes
15978:Caprimulgiformes
15918:
15917:
15907:Podicipediformes
15826:
15825:
15822:
15821:
15818:
15817:
15544:
15543:
15327:
15326:
15284:Struthioniformes
15152:Waterfowl hunting
15085:Gastornithiformes
15080:Aepyornithiformes
15070:Lithornithiformes
14742:
14741:
14720:
14719:
14700:
14699:
14696:
14695:
13885:Cuspirostrisornis
13790:
13789:
13786:
13785:
13771:
13770:
13767:
13766:
13763:
13762:
13553:Media related to
13512:(11): 1252β1269.
13303:(7837): 272β276.
12561:Apsaravis ukhaana
12199:10.1038/srep14864
11663:(11): 1252β1269.
11620:(11): 1252β1269.
10881:10.7717/peerj.234
9868:Gondwana Research
9782:Praeornis sharovi
9679:978-0-300-06460-5
9623:Mayr, G. (2021).
9609:978-0-520-20094-4
9460:978-0-471-24723-4
9435:978-0-520-20094-4
9368:10.1111/bij.12313
9309:MPCM-LH-26189 a/b
9164:Sankar Chatterjee
9129:
9128:
8799:Avisaurus gloriae
8548:
8547:
8375:Gobipteryx minuta
8366:
8365:
7863:
7862:
7581:
7580:
7150:
7149:
6729:, is named after
5782:Cuspirostrisornis
4431:heterodactyl feet
4341:Cuspirostrisornis
4255:Santana Formation
3578:
3577:
3566:
3565:
3557:
3556:
3548:
3547:
3539:
3538:
3530:
3529:
3521:
3520:
3512:
3511:
3503:
3502:
3494:
3493:
3485:
3484:
3476:
3475:
3467:
3466:
3458:
3457:
3449:
3448:
3440:
3439:
3431:
3430:
3422:
3421:
3413:
3412:
3237:
3236:
3180:
3179:
3171:
3170:
3162:
3161:
3054:
3053:
3045:
3044:
3036:
3035:
2925:
2924:
2916:
2915:
2799:
2798:
2787:
2786:
2778:
2777:
2769:
2768:
2692:
2691:
2577:
2576:
2568:
2567:
2559:
2558:
2509:
2508:
2446:
2445:
2437:
2436:
2428:
2427:
2287:
2286:
2278:
2277:
2188:
2187:
2078:
2077:
2069:
2068:
2060:
2059:
2051:
2050:
2042:
2041:
2033:
2032:
2024:
2023:
2015:
2014:
2006:
2005:
1997:
1996:
1988:
1987:
1979:
1978:
1314:in many species.
1165:Gobipteryx minuta
937:birds-of-paradise
765:Gobipteryx minuta
682:Xiangornis shenmi
354:Gobipteryx minuta
317:
316:
274:
16:(Redirected from
16484:
16467:Cretaceous birds
16462:Enantiornitheans
16442:
16441:
16429:
16428:
16416:
16415:
16414:
16401:
16400:
16399:
16369:
16368:
16353:
16352:
16341:
16329:
16328:
16317:
16316:
16269:
16261:
16253:
16245:
16242:Leptosomiformes
16237:
16229:
16221:
16213:
16210:Accipitriformes
16205:
16184:
16183:(perching birds)
16176:
16168:
16160:
16139:
16131:
16123:
16115:
16107:
16104:Sphenisciformes
16099:
16078:
16070:
16049:
16041:
16038:Charadriiformes
16020:
15999:
15981:
15960:
15952:
15949:Musophagiformes
15944:
15929:
15928:
15910:
15902:
15881:
15873:
15865:
15850:
15849:
15841:
15840:
15832:
15831:
15805:
15792:
15570:
15569:
15566:
15559:
15472:
15465:
15429:
15416:
15415:
15412:
15403:
15402:
15399:
15364:
15363:
15360:
15359:
15333:
15332:
15319:
15311:
15303:
15295:
15287:
15272:
15271:
15268:
15267:
15257:
15256:
15253:
15252:
15120:Bird collections
15075:Dinornithiformes
14980:Darwin's finches
14970:Origin of flight
14910:Seabird breeding
14900:Sexual selection
14769:
14762:
14755:
14746:
14745:
14732:
14731:
14715:
14714:
14708:
14644:
14643:
14585:
14584:
14581:
14580:
14139:Microenantiornis
13850:Castignovolucris
13807:
13806:
13796:
13795:
13723:
13722:
13696:
13695:
13669:
13668:
13660:
13659:
13653:
13652:
13599:
13598:
13584:
13577:
13570:
13561:
13560:
13552:
13538:
13537:
13501:
13495:
13494:
13457:
13451:
13450:
13440:
13430:
13402:
13396:
13395:
13385:
13375:
13343:
13337:
13336:
13291:
13285:
13284:
13256:
13250:
13249:
13209:
13203:
13202:
13166:
13160:
13159:
13123:
13117:
13116:
13088:
13082:
13081:
13071:
13061:
13044:(10): e0184637.
13029:
13023:
13022:
12988:
12982:
12981:
12953:
12947:
12946:
12917:
12911:
12910:
12900:
12890:
12866:
12860:
12859:
12830:
12824:
12823:
12795:
12789:
12788:
12752:
12746:
12745:
12716:
12710:
12709:
12707:
12683:
12677:
12676:
12658:
12626:
12620:
12604:
12595:
12594:
12576:
12556:
12550:
12549:
12547:
12515:
12506:
12505:
12495:
12463:
12457:
12456:
12420:
12414:
12413:
12403:
12393:
12361:
12355:
12354:
12344:
12326:
12302:
12296:
12295:
12269:
12259:
12242:(19): R888β898.
12227:
12221:
12220:
12210:
12170:
12164:
12160:
12154:
12151:
12139:
12129:
12120:
12114:
12113:
12087:
12078:
12072:
12071:
12061:
12021:
12015:
12014:
12012:
11988:
11982:
11981:
11961:
11955:
11954:
11944:
11934:
11902:
11896:
11895:
11869:
11841:
11835:
11834:
11802:
11796:
11795:
11779:
11773:
11772:
11762:
11753:
11747:
11746:
11717:
11711:
11706:
11700:
11695:
11689:
11688:
11652:
11646:
11645:
11609:
11603:
11602:
11590:
11584:
11583:
11547:
11536:
11535:
11499:
11493:
11492:
11483:(5318): 1543β6.
11471:
11465:
11464:
11454:
11442:
11436:
11435:
11423:
11417:
11416:
11406:
11397:
11391:
11390:
11384:
11376:
11357:10.1038/35059172
11331:
11325:
11324:
11314:
11304:
11280:
11274:
11270:
11264:
11260:
11254:
11250:
11244:
11243:
11241:
11240:
11229:
11223:
11222:
11206:
11200:
11199:
11197:
11173:
11167:
11166:
11130:
11124:
11123:
11087:
11081:
11080:
11060:
11051:
11050:
11040:
11000:
10991:
10990:
10961:
10952:
10951:
10941:
10917:
10904:
10903:
10893:
10883:
10855:
10846:
10845:
10808:
10799:
10798:
10788:
10752:
10743:
10742:
10724:
10692:
10683:
10682:
10658:
10652:
10651:
10649:
10625:
10619:
10618:
10600:
10598:10.1002/ar.23446
10576:
10570:
10569:
10541:
10530:
10529:
10493:
10484:
10483:
10481:
10457:
10448:
10447:
10403:
10397:
10396:
10394:
10362:
10356:
10355:
10345:
10335:
10311:
10305:
10304:
10268:
10262:
10261:
10251:
10219:
10213:
10212:
10176:
10167:
10166:
10140:
10116:
10110:
10109:
10073:
10067:
10066:
10056:
10016:
10007:
10006:
9996:
9955:
9944:
9943:
9933:
9910:Science Bulletin
9901:
9892:
9891:
9862:
9853:
9852:
9850:
9843:
9832:
9826:
9825:
9823:
9816:
9802:
9796:
9778:
9772:
9771:
9726:
9720:
9719:
9690:
9684:
9683:
9671:
9661:
9655:
9654:
9644:
9620:
9614:
9613:
9595:
9589:
9588:
9577:10.1038/292051a0
9552:
9543:
9542:
9524:
9512:
9506:
9505:
9495:
9471:
9465:
9464:
9446:
9440:
9439:
9417:
9404:
9403:
9393:
9384:
9373:
9372:
9370:
9346:
9214:Yixian Formation
9191:is considered a
9160:Evgeny Kurochkin
9114:
9112:
9111:
9068:
9066:
9065:
9018:
9016:
9015:
8998:Early Cretaceous
8976:
8962:
8960:
8959:
8950:
8948:
8947:
8912:
8899:
8897:
8896:
8852:
8850:
8849:
8840:
8838:
8837:
8797:A new genus for
8790:
8788:
8787:
8778:
8776:
8775:
8728:
8726:
8725:
8682:
8680:
8679:
8644:
8630:
8628:
8627:
8618:
8616:
8615:
8562:
8533:
8531:
8530:
8517:Early Cretaceous
8483:
8481:
8480:
8467:Early Cretaceous
8436:
8434:
8433:
8380:
8362:
8349:
8347:
8346:
8333:Early Cretaceous
8311:
8290:
8288:
8287:
8274:Early Cretaceous
8270:Yixian Formation
8240:
8238:
8237:
8224:Early Cretaceous
8190:
8188:
8187:
8174:Early Cretaceous
8152:
8139:
8137:
8136:
8123:Early Cretaceous
8093:
8091:
8090:
8077:Early Cretaceous
8055:
8042:
8040:
8039:
8026:Early Cretaceous
8022:Yixian Formation
8004:
7987:
7985:
7984:
7971:Early Cretaceous
7941:
7939:
7938:
7925:Early Cretaceous
7885:
7859:
7846:
7844:
7843:
7830:Early Cretaceous
7800:
7798:
7797:
7784:Early Cretaceous
7762:
7749:
7747:
7746:
7733:Early Cretaceous
7703:
7701:
7700:
7687:Early Cretaceous
7665:
7652:
7650:
7649:
7636:Early Cretaceous
7596:
7569:
7567:
7566:
7553:Early Cretaceous
7531:
7518:
7516:
7515:
7502:Early Cretaceous
7498:Yixian Formation
7480:
7467:
7465:
7464:
7451:Early Cretaceous
7429:
7416:
7414:
7413:
7400:Early Cretaceous
7396:Yixian Formation
7378:
7365:
7363:
7362:
7349:Early Cretaceous
7319:
7317:
7316:
7303:Early Cretaceous
7266:
7264:
7263:
7250:Early Cretaceous
7220:
7218:
7217:
7204:Early Cretaceous
7164:
7146:
7133:
7131:
7130:
7095:
7078:
7076:
7075:
7032:
7030:
7029:
7016:Early Cretaceous
6986:
6984:
6983:
6936:
6934:
6933:
6920:Early Cretaceous
6898:
6881:
6879:
6878:
6865:Early Cretaceous
6835:
6833:
6832:
6819:Early Cretaceous
6797:
6780:
6778:
6777:
6719:
6717:
6716:
6703:Early Cretaceous
6699:Xiagou Formation
6673:
6671:
6670:
6657:Early Cretaceous
6635:
6622:
6620:
6619:
6606:Early Cretaceous
6576:
6574:
6573:
6560:Early Cretaceous
6538:
6525:
6523:
6522:
6475:
6473:
6472:
6459:Early Cretaceous
6428:
6426:
6425:
6416:Early Cretaceous
6386:
6384:
6383:
6370:Early Cretaceous
6336:
6334:
6333:
6320:Early Cretaceous
6286:
6284:
6283:
6270:Early Cretaceous
6240:
6238:
6237:
6224:Early Cretaceous
6194:
6192:
6191:
6178:Early Cretaceous
6174:Yixian Formation
6148:
6146:
6145:
6128:Early Cretaceous
6124:Yixian Formation
6098:
6096:
6095:
6082:Early Cretaceous
6067:Microenantiornis
6052:
6050:
6049:
6041:
6039:
6038:
5988:
5986:
5985:
5972:Early Cretaceous
5939:
5937:
5936:
5923:Early Cretaceous
5919:Yixian Formation
5884:
5882:
5881:
5827:
5825:
5824:
5784:or a synonym of
5774:
5772:
5771:
5758:Early Cretaceous
5736:
5719:
5717:
5716:
5677:
5664:
5662:
5661:
5648:Early Cretaceous
5644:Yixian Formation
5611:
5609:
5608:
5561:
5559:
5558:
5545:Early Cretaceous
5523:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5494:Early Cretaceous
5464:
5462:
5461:
5448:Early Cretaceous
5414:
5412:
5411:
5398:Early Cretaceous
5364:
5362:
5361:
5348:Early Cretaceous
5326:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5261:
5259:
5258:
5241:Nemegt Formation
5211:
5209:
5208:
5195:Early Cretaceous
5165:
5163:
5162:
5149:Early Cretaceous
5145:Yixian Formation
5119:
5117:
5116:
5103:Early Cretaceous
5073:
5071:
5070:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5014:
5012:
5011:
4976:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4947:Early Cretaceous
4943:Xiagou Formation
4925:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4863:
4861:
4860:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4797:Early Cretaceous
4775:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4746:Early Cretaceous
4742:Yixian Formation
4710:
4708:
4707:
4694:Early Cretaceous
4660:
4658:
4657:
4644:Early Cretaceous
4614:
4612:
4611:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4460:Early Cretaceous
4456:Xiagou Formation
4423:
4421:
4420:
4407:Early Cretaceous
4403:Yixian Formation
4385:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4356:Early Cretaceous
4334:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4305:Early Cretaceous
4275:
4273:
4272:
4259:Early Cretaceous
4237:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4208:Early Cretaceous
4186:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4154:Early Cretaceous
4121:
4119:
4118:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4040:Castignovolucris
4033:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4000:Early Cretaceous
3978:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3927:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3898:Early Cretaceous
3894:Xiagou Formation
3876:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3794:Early Cretaceous
3761:
3759:
3758:
3701:
3581:Key to letters:
3377:
3376:
3353:
3352:
3329:
3328:
3305:
3304:
3278:
3277:
3251:
3250:
3201:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3126:
3125:
3102:
3101:
3078:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3000:
2999:
2976:
2975:
2949:
2948:
2939:
2938:
2874:
2873:
2844:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2813:
2812:
2730:
2729:
2706:
2705:
2656:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2622:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2591:
2590:
2523:
2522:
2473:
2472:
2463:
2462:
2392:
2391:
2368:
2367:
2344:
2343:
2314:
2313:
2304:
2303:
2298:Euenantiornithes
2239:
2238:
2212:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2152:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2121:
2120:
2097:
2096:
2089:
2088:
1970:
1936:
1935:
1922:
1899:
1847:
1846:
1833:
1817:
1816:
1803:
1787:
1786:
1762:
1761:
1748:
1734:
1733:
1691:
1690:
1666:
1665:
1641:
1640:
1635:Euenantiornithes
1623:
1602:
1581:
1565:
1564:
1547:
1534:
1533:
1524:
1523:
1475:Euenantiornithes
1417:Jingmai O'Connor
1190:Yixian Formation
788:is preserved in
571:Early Cretaceous
503:Origin and range
497:Enantiornithinae
477:stated in 1996:
433:
432:
423:
422:
269:
264:
156:
155:
127:
117:
54:
41:Early Cretaceous
38:Temporal range:
32:
31:
21:
16492:
16491:
16487:
16486:
16485:
16483:
16482:
16481:
16452:
16451:
16450:
16445:
16437:
16432:
16424:
16419:
16410:
16409:
16404:
16395:
16394:
16389:
16376:
16366:
16361:
16273:
16267:
16259:
16251:
16250:Bucerotiformes
16244:(cuckoo-roller)
16243:
16235:
16227:
16219:
16211:
16203:
16202:Cathartiformes
16188:
16182:
16174:
16173:Psittaciformes
16166:
16158:
16143:
16137:
16136:Pelecaniformes
16129:
16121:
16113:
16105:
16097:
16082:
16076:
16075:Eurypygiformes
16068:
16053:
16047:
16039:
16024:
16018:
16003:
15997:
15979:
15964:
15958:
15950:
15942:
15914:
15908:
15900:
15885:
15879:
15878:Pterocliformes
15871:
15863:
15814:
15803:
15790:
15775:
15699:
15658:
15596:
15561:
15560:
15553:
15552:
15540:
15520:
15493:
15470:
15463:
15423:
15422:
15410:
15409:
15393:
15392:
15389:
15387:
15385:
15383:
15381:
15379:
15377:
15375:
15373:
15371:
15369:
15354:
15352:
15350:
15348:
15346:
15344:
15342:
15340:
15338:
15323:
15317:
15316:Casuariiformes
15309:
15308:Apterygiformes
15301:
15293:
15285:
15262:
15247:
15218:Lists by region
15186:
15096:
15089:
15030:Chaoyangiformes
15015:Jeholornithidae
14989:
14953:Origin of birds
14939:
14920:Brood parasites
14866:
14796:
14783:
14773:
14743:
14738:
14716:
14709:
14692:
14637:
14636:
14628:
14574:
14573:
14572:
14564:
14528:
14458:Bohaiornithidae
14452:
14404:Dapingfangornis
14397:Camptodontornis
14381:Longipterygidae
14375:
14327:
14300:
14188:Paraprotopteryx
14153:Monoenantiornis
14089:Largirostrornis
13843:Brevirostruavis
13803:
13782:
13759:
13739:
13712:
13685:
13679:Avemetatarsalia
13664:Avemetatarsalia
13654:
13648:Ornithothoraces
13604:
13603:
13593:
13588:
13546:
13541:
13502:
13498:
13469:(2): e1054496.
13458:
13454:
13403:
13399:
13358:(6): e0126791.
13344:
13340:
13292:
13288:
13257:
13253:
13210:
13206:
13177:(2): e1278702.
13167:
13163:
13124:
13120:
13099:(11): 909β926.
13089:
13085:
13030:
13026:
12989:
12985:
12954:
12950:
12918:
12914:
12867:
12863:
12831:
12827:
12796:
12792:
12753:
12749:
12717:
12713:
12684:
12680:
12627:
12623:
12616:Wayback Machine
12605:
12598:
12574:10.1.1.693.8475
12557:
12553:
12516:
12509:
12464:
12460:
12421:
12417:
12362:
12358:
12303:
12299:
12236:Current Biology
12228:
12224:
12171:
12167:
12161:
12157:
12142:
12127:
12121:
12117:
12085:
12079:
12075:
12022:
12018:
11989:
11985:
11962:
11958:
11903:
11899:
11867:10.1.1.394.9006
11842:
11838:
11803:
11799:
11780:
11776:
11760:
11754:
11750:
11718:
11714:
11707:
11703:
11696:
11692:
11653:
11649:
11610:
11606:
11591:
11587:
11548:
11539:
11500:
11496:
11472:
11468:
11452:
11443:
11439:
11424:
11420:
11404:
11398:
11394:
11378:
11377:
11332:
11328:
11281:
11277:
11271:
11267:
11261:
11257:
11251:
11247:
11238:
11236:
11231:
11230:
11226:
11207:
11203:
11174:
11170:
11131:
11127:
11088:
11084:
11061:
11054:
11001:
10994:
10973:(1): e1054035.
10962:
10955:
10926:Current Biology
10918:
10907:
10856:
10849:
10809:
10802:
10753:
10746:
10722:10.1038/431925a
10693:
10686:
10659:
10655:
10626:
10622:
10577:
10573:
10542:
10533:
10494:
10487:
10458:
10451:
10404:
10400:
10363:
10359:
10312:
10308:
10269:
10265:
10220:
10216:
10177:
10170:
10125:Current Biology
10117:
10113:
10074:
10070:
10017:
10010:
9956:
9947:
9902:
9895:
9863:
9856:
9848:
9841:
9833:
9829:
9821:
9814:
9803:
9799:
9779:
9775:
9727:
9723:
9716:10.1139/e06-007
9691:
9687:
9680:
9662:
9658:
9621:
9617:
9610:
9596:
9592:
9553:
9546:
9522:
9513:
9509:
9472:
9468:
9461:
9447:
9443:
9436:
9418:
9407:
9391:
9385:
9376:
9347:
9338:
9334:
9197:("naked name").
9175:: A synonym of
9134:
9109:
9107:
9098:Late Cretaceous
9094:Lecho Formation
9063:
9061:
9052:Late Cretaceous
9013:
9011:
8957:
8955:
8945:
8943:
8934:Late Cretaceous
8894:
8892:
8883:Late Cretaceous
8847:
8845:
8835:
8833:
8824:Late Cretaceous
8785:
8783:
8773:
8771:
8762:Late Cretaceous
8723:
8721:
8712:Late Cretaceous
8677:
8675:
8666:Late Cretaceous
8625:
8623:
8613:
8611:
8602:Late Cretaceous
8553:
8528:
8526:
8478:
8476:
8431:
8429:
8420:Late Cretaceous
8371:
8344:
8342:
8285:
8283:
8235:
8233:
8185:
8183:
8134:
8132:
8088:
8086:
8037:
8035:
7982:
7980:
7936:
7934:
7868:
7866:Bohaiornithidae
7841:
7839:
7795:
7793:
7744:
7742:
7698:
7696:
7647:
7645:
7586:
7564:
7562:
7513:
7511:
7462:
7460:
7411:
7409:
7360:
7358:
7314:
7312:
7288:Dapingfangornis
7261:
7259:
7235:Camptodontornis
7215:
7213:
7159:Longipterygidae
7155:
7153:Longipterygidae
7128:
7126:
7117:Late Cretaceous
7113:Qiupa Formation
7086:tarsometatarsal
7073:
7071:
7062:Late Cretaceous
7058:Lecho Formation
7027:
7025:
6981:
6979:
6970:Late Cretaceous
6931:
6929:
6876:
6874:
6830:
6828:
6775:
6773:
6760:Late Cretaceous
6714:
6712:
6668:
6666:
6617:
6615:
6571:
6569:
6520:
6518:
6505:Late Cretaceous
6470:
6468:
6443:Paraprotopteryx
6423:
6421:
6381:
6379:
6331:
6329:
6281:
6279:
6235:
6233:
6189:
6187:
6163:Monoenantiornis
6143:
6141:
6093:
6091:
6047:
6045:
6036:
6034:
6025:Late Cretaceous
6021:Lecho Formation
5983:
5981:
5934:
5932:
5879:
5877:
5864:Late Cretaceous
5822:
5820:
5811:Late Cretaceous
5807:Lecho Formation
5769:
5767:
5743:Largirostrornis
5714:
5712:
5699:Late Cretaceous
5659:
5657:
5606:
5604:
5591:Late Cretaceous
5556:
5554:
5505:
5503:
5459:
5457:
5409:
5407:
5359:
5357:
5302:
5300:
5291:Late Cretaceous
5256:
5254:
5245:Late Cretaceous
5206:
5204:
5160:
5158:
5114:
5112:
5068:
5066:
5057:Late Cretaceous
5021:
5019:
5009:
5007:
4998:Late Cretaceous
4958:
4956:
4907:
4905:
4896:Late Cretaceous
4858:
4856:
4843:Late Cretaceous
4808:
4806:
4757:
4755:
4705:
4703:
4655:
4653:
4609:
4607:
4598:Late Cretaceous
4594:Lecho Formation
4563:
4561:
4552:Late Cretaceous
4517:
4515:
4506:Late Cretaceous
4502:Lecho Formation
4471:
4469:
4418:
4416:
4367:
4365:
4316:
4314:
4270:
4268:
4219:
4217:
4165:
4163:
4116:
4114:
4101:Late Cretaceous
4063:
4061:
4052:Late Cretaceous
4011:
4009:
3985:Brevirostruavis
3960:
3958:
3949:Late Cretaceous
3909:
3907:
3851:
3849:
3840:Late Cretaceous
3805:
3803:
3756:
3754:
3741:Late Cretaceous
3695:
3688:
3673:
3663:
3653:
3643:
3633:
3623:
3613:
3603:
3593:
3579:
3567:
3558:
3549:
3540:
3531:
3522:
3513:
3504:
3495:
3486:
3477:
3468:
3459:
3450:
3441:
3432:
3423:
3414:
3272:Bohaiornithidae
3238:
3181:
3172:
3163:
3055:
3046:
3037:
2926:
2917:
2800:
2788:
2779:
2770:
2693:
2578:
2569:
2560:
2510:
2447:
2438:
2429:
2288:
2279:
2206:Longipterygidae
2189:
2092:Enantiornithes
2079:
2070:
2061:
2052:
2043:
2034:
2025:
2016:
2007:
1998:
1989:
1980:
1742:Bohaiornithidae
1617:Longipterygidae
1528:Ornithothoraces
1448:Ornithothoraces
1436:
1410:Ornithuromorpha
1402:Ornithothoraces
1361:
1331:Ornithuromorphs
1303:
1272:Late Cretaceous
1156:
1127:
1111:Longipterygidae
1047:Bohaiornithidae
1005:
1000:
963:Paraprotopteryx
885:
845:Ornithuromorpha
824:
816:cranial kinesis
730:
615:
595:Late Cretaceous
505:
488:tarsometatarsus
424:) "opposite" +
380:of what is now
371:Cyril A. Walker
349:
302:Longipterygidae
292:Bohaiornithidae
268:
262:
250:Ornithothoraces
150:
118:
116:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
49:
48:
45:Late Cretaceous
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
18:Enantiornithine
15:
12:
11:
5:
16490:
16480:
16479:
16474:
16469:
16464:
16447:
16446:
16444:
16443:
16430:
16417:
16412:Enantiornithes
16402:
16386:
16384:
16382:Enantiornithes
16378:
16377:
16363:
16362:
16360:
16359:
16347:
16335:
16323:
16310:
16307:
16306:
16303:
16302:
16299:
16298:
16295:
16294:
16291:
16290:
16287:
16286:
16283:
16282:
16279:
16278:
16275:
16274:
16272:
16271:
16263:
16258:Coraciiformes
16255:
16247:
16239:
16234:Trogoniformes
16231:
16223:
16215:
16207:
16198:
16196:
16190:
16189:
16187:
16186:
16181:Passeriformes
16178:
16170:
16165:Falconiformes
16162:
16157:Cariamiformes
16153:
16151:
16145:
16144:
16142:
16141:
16133:
16125:
16120:Ciconiiformes
16117:
16109:
16101:
16092:
16090:
16084:
16083:
16081:
16080:
16072:
16063:
16061:
16055:
16054:
16052:
16051:
16043:
16034:
16032:
16030:Cursorimorphae
16026:
16025:
16023:
16022:
16013:
16011:
16005:
16004:
16002:
16001:
15993:
15988:
15983:
15974:
15972:
15966:
15965:
15963:
15962:
15954:
15946:
15937:
15935:
15926:
15920:
15919:
15916:
15915:
15913:
15912:
15904:
15895:
15893:
15891:Mirandornithes
15887:
15886:
15884:
15883:
15875:
15867:
15862:Columbiformes
15858:
15856:
15854:Columbimorphae
15847:
15838:
15828:
15827:
15824:
15823:
15820:
15819:
15816:
15815:
15813:
15812:
15807:
15799:
15794:
15789:Meleagridinae
15785:
15783:
15777:
15776:
15774:
15773:
15766:
15759:
15752:
15745:
15738:
15731:
15724:
15717:
15709:
15707:
15705:Odontophoridae
15701:
15700:
15698:
15697:
15690:
15683:
15676:
15668:
15666:
15660:
15659:
15657:
15656:
15649:
15642:
15635:
15628:
15621:
15614:
15606:
15604:
15598:
15597:
15595:
15594:
15589:
15584:
15578:
15576:
15567:
15546:
15545:
15542:
15541:
15539:
15538:
15530:
15528:
15522:
15521:
15519:
15518:
15511:
15503:
15501:
15495:
15494:
15492:
15491:
15486:
15484:Stictonettinae
15481:
15479:Dendrocygninae
15476:
15475:
15474:
15467:
15455:
15454:
15453:
15448:
15443:
15432:
15430:
15413:
15400:
15357:
15329:
15328:
15325:
15324:
15322:
15321:
15313:
15305:
15297:
15289:
15280:
15278:
15264:
15263:
15249:
15248:
15246:
15245:
15244:
15243:
15238:
15232:Notable birds
15230:
15225:
15220:
15215:
15210:
15205:
15200:
15194:
15192:
15188:
15187:
15185:
15184:
15182:Egg collecting
15179:
15174:
15169:
15164:
15159:
15154:
15149:
15144:
15139:
15134:
15133:
15132:
15122:
15117:
15112:
15107:
15101:
15099:
15091:
15090:
15088:
15087:
15082:
15077:
15072:
15067:
15065:Hesperornithes
15062:
15057:
15052:
15047:
15042:
15040:Ambiortiformes
15037:
15032:
15027:
15025:Enantiornithes
15022:
15017:
15012:
15007:
14999:
14997:
14991:
14990:
14988:
14987:
14982:
14977:
14972:
14967:
14966:
14965:
14960:
14949:
14947:
14941:
14940:
14938:
14937:
14932:
14927:
14922:
14917:
14912:
14907:
14902:
14897:
14892:
14887:
14882:
14876:
14874:
14868:
14867:
14865:
14864:
14859:
14854:
14849:
14844:
14839:
14834:
14829:
14828:
14827:
14817:
14812:
14806:
14804:
14798:
14797:
14795:
14794:
14788:
14785:
14784:
14772:
14771:
14764:
14757:
14749:
14740:
14739:
14737:
14736:
14725:
14722:
14721:
14718:
14717:
14703:
14701:
14698:
14697:
14694:
14693:
14691:
14690:
14683:
14676:
14669:
14662:
14655:
14647:
14645:
14642:Chiappe, 1992)
14630:
14629:
14627:
14626:
14619:
14612:
14609:Enantiophoenix
14605:
14597:
14588:
14582:
14566:
14565:
14563:
14562:
14554:
14546:
14538:
14536:
14534:Gobipterygidae
14530:
14529:
14527:
14526:
14519:
14512:
14505:
14502:Parabohaiornis
14498:
14491:
14484:
14477:
14470:
14462:
14460:
14454:
14453:
14451:
14450:
14447:Shengjingornis
14443:
14436:
14429:
14426:Longirostravis
14422:
14415:
14407:
14400:
14393:
14385:
14383:
14377:
14376:
14374:
14373:
14366:
14359:
14352:
14345:
14337:
14335:
14333:Pengornithidae
14329:
14328:
14326:
14325:
14318:
14310:
14308:
14302:
14301:
14299:
14298:
14291:
14284:
14281:Yuanjiawaornis
14277:
14270:
14263:
14256:
14249:
14242:
14235:
14228:
14221:
14213:
14205:
14198:
14191:
14184:
14177:
14170:
14163:
14156:
14149:
14142:
14135:
14128:
14125:Longchengornis
14121:
14113:
14106:
14099:
14092:
14085:
14077:
14070:
14063:
14056:
14049:
14042:
14035:
14028:
14021:
14014:
14007:
14000:
13993:
13986:
13979:
13972:
13965:
13958:
13951:
13944:
13937:
13930:
13923:
13916:
13909:
13902:
13895:
13888:
13881:
13878:Cruralispennia
13874:
13867:
13860:
13853:
13846:
13839:
13832:
13825:
13822:Alethoalaornis
13818:
13810:
13804:
13801:Enantiornithes
13799:
13792:
13791:
13788:
13787:
13784:
13783:
13779:Enantiornithes
13776:
13773:
13772:
13769:
13768:
13765:
13764:
13761:
13760:
13758:
13757:
13756:
13755:
13749:
13747:
13745:Enantiornithes
13741:
13740:
13738:
13737:
13736:
13735:
13726:
13720:
13714:
13713:
13711:
13710:
13709:
13708:
13699:
13693:
13687:
13686:
13684:
13683:
13682:
13681:
13672:
13666:
13656:
13655:
13651:
13650:
13641:
13632:
13623:
13617:
13611:
13595:
13594:
13591:Enantiornithes
13587:
13586:
13579:
13572:
13564:
13555:Enantiornithes
13545:
13544:External links
13542:
13540:
13539:
13496:
13452:
13397:
13338:
13286:
13251:
13204:
13161:
13134:(1): 135β145.
13118:
13083:
13024:
12983:
12948:
12929:(4): 319β338.
12912:
12861:
12825:
12806:(2): 801β807.
12790:
12763:(3): 657β671.
12747:
12711:
12698:(2): 161β171.
12678:
12641:(4): 961β976.
12621:
12596:
12567:(3387): 1β46.
12551:
12507:
12458:
12431:(2): 193β208.
12415:
12376:(12): e28672.
12356:
12297:
12222:
12165:
12155:
12153:
12152:
12115:
12073:
12016:
11983:
11956:
11897:
11836:
11797:
11774:
11748:
11712:
11701:
11690:
11647:
11604:
11585:
11558:(3594): 1β46.
11537:
11494:
11466:
11437:
11418:
11392:
11326:
11275:
11265:
11255:
11245:
11224:
11201:
11168:
11125:
11082:
11071:(3133): 1β23.
11052:
10992:
10953:
10932:(1): 114β119.
10905:
10847:
10820:(1): 188β204.
10800:
10771:(3): 287β308.
10744:
10684:
10653:
10620:
10571:
10552:(6): 481β497.
10531:
10504:(1): 135β157.
10485:
10472:(2): 161β171.
10449:
10414:(1): 135β145.
10398:
10357:
10306:
10263:
10214:
10187:(5): 1176β89.
10168:
10111:
10068:
10008:
9945:
9916:(4): 235β243.
9893:
9854:
9827:
9797:
9773:
9721:
9702:(5): 547β554.
9685:
9678:
9656:
9615:
9608:
9590:
9563:(5818): 51β3.
9544:
9507:
9486:(3): 463β475.
9466:
9459:
9441:
9434:
9405:
9374:
9361:(3): 805β819.
9335:
9333:
9330:
9329:
9328:
9306:
9300:
9278:
9272:
9262:
9244:
9226:
9223:
9205:
9198:
9167:
9133:
9130:
9127:
9126:
9124:
9118:
9105:
9091:
9086:
9078:
9077:
9075:
9072:
9059:
9045:
9040:
9032:
9031:
9029:
9022:
9009:
8994:Ilek Formation
8991:
8986:
8978:
8977:
8970:
8967:
8941:
8927:
8922:
8914:
8913:
8906:
8903:
8890:
8876:
8871:
8863:
8862:
8860:
8857:
8831:
8817:
8812:
8804:
8803:
8801:
8795:
8769:
8755:
8750:
8742:
8741:
8739:
8732:
8719:
8705:
8700:
8697:Enantiophoenix
8692:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8673:
8659:
8654:
8646:
8645:
8638:
8635:
8609:
8595:
8590:
8582:
8581:
8578:
8575:
8572:
8569:
8566:
8552:
8549:
8546:
8545:
8543:
8537:
8524:
8509:
8504:
8496:
8495:
8493:
8487:
8474:
8459:
8454:
8446:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8427:
8413:
8408:
8400:
8399:
8396:
8393:
8390:
8387:
8384:
8370:
8369:Gobipterygidae
8367:
8364:
8363:
8356:
8353:
8340:
8326:
8321:
8313:
8312:
8305:
8294:
8281:
8267:
8262:
8254:
8253:
8251:
8244:
8231:
8216:
8211:
8203:
8202:
8200:
8194:
8181:
8167:
8162:
8159:Parabohaiornis
8154:
8153:
8146:
8143:
8130:
8116:
8111:
8103:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8084:
8070:
8065:
8057:
8056:
8049:
8046:
8033:
8019:
8014:
8006:
8005:
7998:
7991:
7978:
7964:
7959:
7951:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7932:
7918:
7913:
7905:
7904:
7901:
7898:
7895:
7892:
7889:
7871:Bohaiornithids
7867:
7864:
7861:
7860:
7853:
7850:
7837:
7823:
7818:
7810:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7791:
7777:
7772:
7764:
7763:
7756:
7753:
7740:
7726:
7721:
7713:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7694:
7680:
7675:
7667:
7666:
7659:
7656:
7643:
7629:
7624:
7616:
7615:
7612:
7609:
7606:
7603:
7600:
7590:Pengornithidae
7585:
7584:Pengornithidae
7582:
7579:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7560:
7546:
7541:
7538:Shengjingornis
7533:
7532:
7525:
7522:
7509:
7495:
7490:
7482:
7481:
7474:
7471:
7458:
7444:
7439:
7431:
7430:
7423:
7420:
7407:
7393:
7388:
7385:Longirostravis
7380:
7379:
7372:
7369:
7356:
7342:
7337:
7329:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7310:
7296:
7291:
7283:
7282:
7280:
7270:
7257:
7243:
7238:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7211:
7197:
7192:
7184:
7183:
7180:
7177:
7174:
7171:
7168:
7154:
7151:
7148:
7147:
7140:
7137:
7124:
7110:
7105:
7097:
7096:
7089:
7082:
7069:
7055:
7050:
7042:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7023:
7009:
7004:
7001:Yuanjiawaornis
6996:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6977:
6963:
6958:
6950:
6949:
6947:
6940:
6927:
6913:
6908:
6900:
6899:
6892:
6885:
6872:
6858:
6853:
6845:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6826:
6812:
6807:
6799:
6798:
6791:
6784:
6771:
6753:
6748:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6733:from the band
6723:
6710:
6696:
6691:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6664:
6650:
6645:
6637:
6636:
6629:
6626:
6613:
6599:
6594:
6586:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6567:
6553:
6548:
6540:
6539:
6532:
6529:
6516:
6498:
6493:
6485:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6466:
6451:
6446:
6438:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6419:
6409:
6404:
6396:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6377:
6363:
6358:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6340:
6327:
6313:
6308:
6300:
6299:
6297:
6290:
6277:
6263:
6258:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6231:
6217:
6212:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6185:
6171:
6166:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6139:
6121:
6116:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6089:
6075:
6070:
6062:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6032:
6014:
6009:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5992:
5979:
5965:
5960:
5957:Longchengornis
5952:
5951:
5949:
5943:
5930:
5916:
5911:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5888:
5875:
5857:
5852:
5844:
5843:
5834:
5831:
5818:
5804:
5799:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5778:
5765:
5751:
5746:
5738:
5737:
5730:
5723:
5710:
5692:
5687:
5679:
5678:
5671:
5668:
5655:
5641:
5636:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5615:
5602:
5584:
5579:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5552:
5538:
5533:
5525:
5524:
5517:
5514:
5501:
5487:
5482:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5455:
5441:
5436:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5418:
5405:
5391:
5386:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5368:
5355:
5341:
5336:
5328:
5327:
5320:
5311:
5298:
5284:
5279:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5252:
5238:
5233:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5215:
5202:
5188:
5183:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5156:
5142:
5137:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5110:
5096:
5091:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5064:
5050:
5045:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5005:
4991:
4986:
4978:
4977:
4970:
4967:
4954:
4940:
4935:
4927:
4926:
4919:
4916:
4903:
4889:
4884:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4867:
4854:
4836:
4831:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4804:
4793:Ilek Formation
4790:
4785:
4777:
4776:
4769:
4766:
4753:
4739:
4734:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4714:
4701:
4687:
4682:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4664:
4651:
4637:
4632:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4605:
4591:
4586:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4559:
4545:
4540:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4513:
4499:
4494:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4467:
4453:
4448:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4427:
4414:
4400:
4395:
4387:
4386:
4379:
4376:
4363:
4349:
4344:
4336:
4335:
4328:
4325:
4312:
4298:
4293:
4290:Cruralispennia
4285:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4266:
4252:
4247:
4239:
4238:
4231:
4228:
4215:
4201:
4196:
4188:
4187:
4180:
4174:
4161:
4147:
4142:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4125:
4112:
4094:
4089:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4072:
4059:
4048:
4043:
4035:
4034:
4027:
4020:
4007:
3993:
3988:
3980:
3979:
3972:
3969:
3956:
3942:
3937:
3929:
3928:
3921:
3918:
3905:
3891:
3886:
3878:
3877:
3870:
3860:
3847:
3833:
3828:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3801:
3787:
3782:
3779:Alethoalaornis
3774:
3773:
3771:
3765:
3752:
3734:
3729:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3694:
3692:Incertae sedis
3689:
3687:
3686:List of genera
3684:
3670:Yuanjiawaornis
3640:Parabohaiornis
3610:Enantiophoenix
3576:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3380:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3356:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3332:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3308:
3303:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3281:
3276:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3254:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3226:Shengjingornis
3221:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3204:
3199:
3197:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3129:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3105:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3081:
3076:
3074:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3003:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2979:
2974:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2952:
2947:
2945:
2943:Pengornithidae
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2880:
2872:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2850:
2842:
2840:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2816:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2733:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2709:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2659:
2654:
2652:
2647:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2625:
2620:
2618:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2526:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2476:
2471:
2469:
2461:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2395:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2371:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2347:
2342:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2320:
2312:
2310:
2302:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2250:Longirostravis
2245:
2237:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2155:
2150:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2105:Cruralispennia
2100:
2095:
2093:
2087:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1850:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1644:
1639:
1637:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1596:Pengornithidae
1591:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1559:Enantiornithes
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1522:
1459:to just four.
1457:autapomorphies
1435:
1432:
1388:Confuciusornis
1360:
1359:Classification
1357:
1302:
1299:
1265:metabolic rate
1230:superprecocial
1155:
1152:
1126:
1123:
1117:Shengjingornis
1069:Enantiophoenix
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
991:Cruralispennia
972:, a primitive
932:Confuciusornis
927:rectrical bulb
894:Rapaxavis pani
884:
881:
823:
820:
782:squamosal bone
770:quadrate bones
729:
726:
694:Mirarce eatoni
688:Zhouornis hani
676:Pengornis houi
614:
611:
504:
501:
348:
345:
337:Hesperornithes
321:Enantiornithes
315:
314:
310:
309:
307:Pengornithidae
304:
299:
297:Gobipterygidae
294:
289:
281:
280:
276:
275:
266:Enantiornithes
260:
253:
252:
247:
240:
239:
234:
227:
226:
221:
214:
213:
208:
201:
200:
195:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
144:
143:
139:Zhouornis hani
129:
128:
120:
119:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
37:
35:Enantiornithes
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
16489:
16478:
16475:
16473:
16470:
16468:
16465:
16463:
16460:
16459:
16457:
16440:
16435:
16431:
16427:
16422:
16418:
16413:
16407:
16403:
16398:
16392:
16388:
16387:
16385:
16383:
16379:
16375:
16370:
16358:
16357:
16348:
16346:
16345:
16340:
16336:
16334:
16333:
16324:
16322:
16321:
16312:
16311:
16308:
16270:
16264:
16262:
16256:
16254:
16248:
16246:
16240:
16238:
16232:
16230:
16224:
16222:
16218:Strigiformes
16216:
16214:
16208:
16206:
16200:
16199:
16197:
16195:
16191:
16185:
16179:
16177:
16171:
16169:
16163:
16161:
16155:
16154:
16152:
16150:
16146:
16140:
16134:
16132:
16126:
16124:
16118:
16116:
16110:
16108:
16102:
16100:
16094:
16093:
16091:
16089:
16085:
16079:
16073:
16071:
16069:(tropicbirds)
16065:
16064:
16062:
16060:
16056:
16050:
16044:
16042:
16036:
16035:
16033:
16031:
16027:
16021:
16015:
16014:
16012:
16010:
16006:
16000:
15994:
15992:
15991:Podargiformes
15989:
15987:
15984:
15982:
15976:
15975:
15973:
15971:
15967:
15961:
15955:
15953:
15947:
15945:
15941:Cuculiformes
15939:
15938:
15936:
15934:
15930:
15927:
15925:
15921:
15911:
15905:
15903:
15897:
15896:
15894:
15892:
15888:
15882:
15876:
15874:
15868:
15866:
15860:
15859:
15857:
15855:
15851:
15848:
15846:
15842:
15839:
15837:
15833:
15829:
15811:
15808:
15806:
15800:
15798:
15795:
15793:
15787:
15786:
15784:
15782:
15778:
15772:
15771:
15767:
15765:
15764:
15760:
15758:
15757:
15753:
15751:
15750:
15746:
15744:
15743:
15739:
15737:
15736:
15732:
15730:
15729:
15725:
15723:
15722:
15718:
15716:
15715:
15711:
15710:
15708:
15706:
15702:
15696:
15695:
15691:
15689:
15688:
15684:
15682:
15681:
15677:
15675:
15674:
15670:
15669:
15667:
15665:
15661:
15655:
15654:
15650:
15648:
15647:
15643:
15641:
15640:
15639:Macrocephalon
15636:
15634:
15633:
15629:
15627:
15626:
15622:
15620:
15619:
15615:
15613:
15612:
15608:
15607:
15605:
15603:
15599:
15593:
15590:
15588:
15585:
15583:
15580:
15579:
15577:
15575:
15571:
15568:
15564:
15557:
15551:
15547:
15537:
15536:
15532:
15531:
15529:
15527:
15526:Anseranatidae
15523:
15517:
15516:
15512:
15510:
15509:
15505:
15504:
15502:
15500:
15496:
15490:
15487:
15485:
15482:
15480:
15477:
15473:
15468:
15466:
15461:
15460:
15459:
15456:
15452:
15449:
15447:
15444:
15442:
15439:
15438:
15437:
15434:
15433:
15431:
15427:
15421:
15417:
15414:
15408:
15404:
15401:
15397:
15391:
15365:
15361:
15358:
15356:
15334:
15330:
15320:
15314:
15312:
15306:
15304:
15300:Tinamiformes
15298:
15296:
15290:
15288:
15282:
15281:
15279:
15277:
15276:Palaeognathae
15273:
15269:
15265:
15258:
15254:
15250:
15242:
15239:
15237:
15234:
15233:
15231:
15229:
15226:
15224:
15221:
15219:
15216:
15214:
15211:
15209:
15206:
15204:
15201:
15199:
15196:
15195:
15193:
15189:
15183:
15180:
15178:
15175:
15173:
15170:
15168:
15165:
15163:
15162:Pigeon racing
15160:
15158:
15155:
15153:
15150:
15148:
15145:
15143:
15140:
15138:
15135:
15131:
15128:
15127:
15126:
15123:
15121:
15118:
15116:
15113:
15111:
15108:
15106:
15103:
15102:
15100:
15098:
15092:
15086:
15083:
15081:
15078:
15076:
15073:
15071:
15068:
15066:
15063:
15061:
15058:
15056:
15053:
15051:
15048:
15046:
15043:
15041:
15038:
15036:
15033:
15031:
15028:
15026:
15023:
15021:
15018:
15016:
15013:
15011:
15008:
15006:
15005:
15004:Archaeopteryx
15001:
15000:
14998:
14996:
14992:
14986:
14983:
14981:
14978:
14976:
14973:
14971:
14968:
14964:
14961:
14959:
14956:
14955:
14954:
14951:
14950:
14948:
14946:
14942:
14936:
14933:
14931:
14928:
14926:
14923:
14921:
14918:
14916:
14913:
14911:
14908:
14906:
14903:
14901:
14898:
14896:
14893:
14891:
14888:
14886:
14883:
14881:
14878:
14877:
14875:
14873:
14869:
14863:
14860:
14858:
14855:
14853:
14850:
14848:
14845:
14843:
14840:
14838:
14835:
14833:
14830:
14826:
14823:
14822:
14821:
14818:
14816:
14813:
14811:
14808:
14807:
14805:
14803:
14799:
14793:
14790:
14789:
14786:
14781:
14777:
14770:
14765:
14763:
14758:
14756:
14751:
14750:
14747:
14735:
14727:
14726:
14723:
14713:
14707:
14689:
14688:
14687:Soroavisaurus
14684:
14682:
14681:
14677:
14675:
14674:
14670:
14668:
14667:
14663:
14661:
14660:
14656:
14654:
14653:
14649:
14648:
14646:
14641:
14635:
14631:
14625:
14624:
14620:
14618:
14617:
14613:
14611:
14610:
14606:
14603:
14602:
14598:
14595:
14594:
14590:
14589:
14586:
14583:
14578:
14571:
14567:
14560:
14559:
14555:
14552:
14551:
14547:
14545:
14544:
14540:
14539:
14537:
14535:
14531:
14525:
14524:
14520:
14518:
14517:
14513:
14511:
14510:
14506:
14504:
14503:
14499:
14497:
14496:
14492:
14490:
14489:
14485:
14483:
14482:
14478:
14476:
14475:
14471:
14469:
14468:
14464:
14463:
14461:
14459:
14455:
14449:
14448:
14444:
14442:
14441:
14437:
14435:
14434:
14430:
14428:
14427:
14423:
14421:
14420:
14416:
14413:
14412:
14408:
14406:
14405:
14401:
14399:
14398:
14394:
14392:
14391:
14387:
14386:
14384:
14382:
14378:
14372:
14371:
14367:
14365:
14364:
14360:
14358:
14357:
14356:Parapengornis
14353:
14351:
14350:
14346:
14344:
14343:
14339:
14338:
14336:
14334:
14330:
14324:
14323:
14319:
14317:
14316:
14315:Iberomesornis
14312:
14311:
14309:
14307:
14303:
14297:
14296:
14292:
14290:
14289:
14288:Yungavolucris
14285:
14283:
14282:
14278:
14276:
14275:
14271:
14269:
14268:
14264:
14262:
14261:
14257:
14255:
14254:
14250:
14248:
14247:
14243:
14241:
14240:
14236:
14234:
14233:
14229:
14227:
14226:
14222:
14219:
14218:
14214:
14211:
14210:
14206:
14204:
14203:
14199:
14197:
14196:
14192:
14190:
14189:
14185:
14183:
14182:
14178:
14176:
14175:
14171:
14169:
14168:
14164:
14162:
14161:
14157:
14155:
14154:
14150:
14148:
14147:
14143:
14141:
14140:
14136:
14134:
14133:
14129:
14127:
14126:
14122:
14119:
14118:
14114:
14112:
14111:
14110:Liaoningornis
14107:
14105:
14104:
14100:
14098:
14097:
14093:
14091:
14090:
14086:
14083:
14082:
14078:
14076:
14075:
14071:
14069:
14068:
14064:
14062:
14061:
14057:
14055:
14054:
14050:
14048:
14047:
14043:
14041:
14040:
14036:
14034:
14033:
14029:
14027:
14026:
14022:
14020:
14019:
14015:
14013:
14012:
14008:
14006:
14005:
14001:
13999:
13998:
13994:
13992:
13991:
13987:
13985:
13984:
13980:
13978:
13977:
13973:
13971:
13970:
13966:
13964:
13963:
13959:
13957:
13956:
13952:
13950:
13949:
13948:Eoenantiornis
13945:
13943:
13942:
13941:Eocathayornis
13938:
13936:
13935:
13931:
13929:
13928:
13924:
13922:
13921:
13917:
13915:
13914:
13910:
13908:
13907:
13903:
13901:
13900:
13896:
13894:
13893:
13892:Dalingheornis
13889:
13887:
13886:
13882:
13880:
13879:
13875:
13873:
13872:
13868:
13866:
13865:
13861:
13859:
13858:
13854:
13852:
13851:
13847:
13845:
13844:
13840:
13838:
13837:
13833:
13831:
13830:
13826:
13824:
13823:
13819:
13817:
13816:
13812:
13811:
13808:
13805:
13802:
13797:
13793:
13781:
13780:
13774:
13753:
13752:
13751:
13750:
13748:
13746:
13742:
13734:
13730:
13729:
13728:
13727:
13724:
13721:
13719:
13715:
13707:
13703:
13702:
13701:
13700:
13697:
13694:
13692:
13688:
13680:
13676:
13675:
13674:
13673:
13670:
13667:
13665:
13661:
13657:
13649:
13645:
13642:
13640:
13636:
13633:
13631:
13627:
13624:
13622:
13618:
13616:
13612:
13610:
13606:
13605:
13600:
13596:
13592:
13585:
13580:
13578:
13573:
13571:
13566:
13565:
13562:
13558:
13556:
13551:
13535:
13531:
13527:
13523:
13519:
13515:
13511:
13507:
13500:
13492:
13488:
13484:
13480:
13476:
13472:
13468:
13464:
13456:
13448:
13444:
13439:
13434:
13429:
13424:
13420:
13416:
13412:
13410:
13401:
13393:
13389:
13384:
13379:
13374:
13369:
13365:
13361:
13357:
13353:
13349:
13342:
13334:
13330:
13326:
13322:
13318:
13314:
13310:
13306:
13302:
13298:
13290:
13282:
13278:
13274:
13270:
13266:
13262:
13255:
13247:
13243:
13239:
13235:
13231:
13227:
13223:
13219:
13215:
13208:
13200:
13196:
13192:
13188:
13184:
13180:
13176:
13172:
13165:
13157:
13153:
13149:
13145:
13141:
13137:
13133:
13129:
13122:
13114:
13110:
13106:
13102:
13098:
13094:
13087:
13079:
13075:
13070:
13065:
13060:
13055:
13051:
13047:
13043:
13039:
13035:
13028:
13020:
13016:
13012:
13008:
13004:
13000:
12999:
12994:
12987:
12979:
12975:
12971:
12967:
12963:
12959:
12952:
12944:
12940:
12936:
12932:
12928:
12924:
12916:
12908:
12904:
12899:
12894:
12889:
12884:
12880:
12876:
12872:
12865:
12857:
12853:
12849:
12845:
12841:
12837:
12829:
12821:
12817:
12813:
12809:
12805:
12801:
12794:
12786:
12782:
12778:
12774:
12770:
12766:
12762:
12758:
12751:
12743:
12739:
12735:
12731:
12727:
12723:
12715:
12706:
12701:
12697:
12693:
12689:
12682:
12674:
12670:
12666:
12662:
12657:
12652:
12648:
12644:
12640:
12636:
12632:
12625:
12618:
12617:
12613:
12610:
12603:
12601:
12592:
12588:
12584:
12580:
12575:
12570:
12566:
12562:
12555:
12546:
12541:
12537:
12533:
12529:
12527:
12523:
12514:
12512:
12503:
12499:
12494:
12489:
12485:
12481:
12477:
12473:
12469:
12462:
12454:
12450:
12446:
12442:
12438:
12434:
12430:
12426:
12419:
12411:
12407:
12402:
12397:
12392:
12387:
12383:
12379:
12375:
12371:
12367:
12360:
12352:
12348:
12343:
12338:
12334:
12330:
12325:
12320:
12316:
12312:
12308:
12301:
12293:
12289:
12285:
12281:
12277:
12273:
12268:
12263:
12258:
12253:
12249:
12245:
12241:
12237:
12233:
12226:
12218:
12214:
12209:
12204:
12200:
12196:
12192:
12188:
12184:
12180:
12176:
12169:
12159:
12149:
12145:
12141:
12140:
12137:
12133:
12126:
12119:
12111:
12107:
12103:
12099:
12095:
12091:
12084:
12077:
12069:
12065:
12060:
12055:
12051:
12047:
12043:
12039:
12035:
12031:
12027:
12020:
12011:
12006:
12002:
11998:
11994:
11987:
11979:
11975:
11971:
11967:
11960:
11952:
11948:
11943:
11938:
11933:
11928:
11924:
11920:
11917:(4): e61030.
11916:
11912:
11908:
11901:
11893:
11889:
11885:
11881:
11877:
11873:
11868:
11863:
11859:
11855:
11852:(6): 435β42.
11851:
11847:
11840:
11832:
11828:
11824:
11820:
11816:
11812:
11811:Palaeontology
11808:
11801:
11793:
11789:
11785:
11778:
11770:
11766:
11759:
11752:
11744:
11740:
11736:
11732:
11729:(5): 685β91.
11728:
11724:
11716:
11710:
11705:
11699:
11694:
11686:
11682:
11678:
11674:
11670:
11666:
11662:
11658:
11651:
11643:
11639:
11635:
11631:
11627:
11623:
11619:
11615:
11608:
11600:
11596:
11589:
11581:
11577:
11573:
11569:
11565:
11561:
11557:
11553:
11546:
11544:
11542:
11533:
11529:
11525:
11521:
11517:
11513:
11510:(5696): 653.
11509:
11505:
11498:
11490:
11486:
11482:
11478:
11470:
11462:
11458:
11451:
11447:
11441:
11433:
11429:
11422:
11415:(2): 193β238.
11414:
11410:
11403:
11396:
11388:
11382:
11374:
11370:
11366:
11362:
11358:
11354:
11350:
11346:
11342:
11338:
11330:
11322:
11318:
11313:
11308:
11303:
11298:
11294:
11290:
11286:
11279:
11269:
11259:
11249:
11234:
11228:
11220:
11216:
11212:
11205:
11196:
11191:
11187:
11183:
11182:Palaeontology
11179:
11172:
11164:
11160:
11156:
11152:
11148:
11144:
11140:
11136:
11129:
11121:
11117:
11113:
11109:
11105:
11101:
11098:(4): 856β60.
11097:
11093:
11086:
11078:
11074:
11070:
11066:
11059:
11057:
11048:
11044:
11039:
11034:
11030:
11026:
11022:
11018:
11014:
11010:
11006:
10999:
10997:
10988:
10984:
10980:
10976:
10972:
10968:
10960:
10958:
10949:
10945:
10940:
10935:
10931:
10927:
10923:
10916:
10914:
10912:
10910:
10901:
10897:
10892:
10887:
10882:
10877:
10873:
10869:
10865:
10863:
10854:
10852:
10843:
10839:
10835:
10831:
10827:
10823:
10819:
10815:
10807:
10805:
10796:
10792:
10787:
10782:
10778:
10774:
10770:
10766:
10762:
10760:
10751:
10749:
10740:
10736:
10732:
10728:
10723:
10718:
10714:
10710:
10707:(7011): 925.
10706:
10702:
10698:
10691:
10689:
10680:
10676:
10672:
10668:
10664:
10657:
10648:
10643:
10640:(2): 248β56.
10639:
10635:
10631:
10624:
10616:
10612:
10608:
10604:
10599:
10594:
10590:
10586:
10582:
10575:
10567:
10563:
10559:
10555:
10551:
10547:
10540:
10538:
10536:
10527:
10523:
10519:
10515:
10511:
10507:
10503:
10499:
10492:
10490:
10480:
10475:
10471:
10467:
10463:
10456:
10454:
10445:
10441:
10437:
10433:
10429:
10425:
10421:
10417:
10413:
10409:
10402:
10393:
10388:
10384:
10380:
10376:
10372:
10371:Palaeontology
10368:
10361:
10353:
10349:
10344:
10339:
10334:
10329:
10325:
10321:
10317:
10310:
10302:
10298:
10294:
10290:
10286:
10282:
10279:(3): 639β45.
10278:
10274:
10267:
10259:
10255:
10250:
10245:
10241:
10237:
10234:(5): 565β77.
10233:
10229:
10225:
10218:
10210:
10206:
10202:
10198:
10194:
10190:
10186:
10182:
10175:
10173:
10164:
10160:
10156:
10152:
10148:
10144:
10139:
10134:
10130:
10126:
10122:
10115:
10107:
10103:
10099:
10095:
10091:
10087:
10083:
10079:
10072:
10064:
10060:
10055:
10050:
10046:
10042:
10038:
10034:
10030:
10026:
10022:
10015:
10013:
10004:
10000:
9995:
9990:
9986:
9982:
9978:
9974:
9970:
9966:
9962:
9954:
9952:
9950:
9941:
9937:
9932:
9927:
9923:
9919:
9915:
9911:
9907:
9900:
9898:
9889:
9885:
9881:
9877:
9873:
9869:
9861:
9859:
9847:
9840:
9839:
9831:
9820:
9813:
9812:
9811:
9801:
9795:
9791:
9787:
9783:
9777:
9769:
9765:
9761:
9757:
9753:
9749:
9745:
9741:
9737:
9733:
9725:
9717:
9713:
9709:
9705:
9701:
9697:
9689:
9681:
9675:
9670:
9669:
9660:
9652:
9648:
9643:
9638:
9635:(2): 217β28.
9634:
9630:
9629:Zoomorphology
9626:
9619:
9611:
9605:
9601:
9594:
9586:
9582:
9578:
9574:
9570:
9566:
9562:
9558:
9551:
9549:
9540:
9536:
9532:
9528:
9521:
9517:
9511:
9503:
9499:
9494:
9489:
9485:
9481:
9477:
9470:
9462:
9456:
9452:
9445:
9437:
9431:
9427:
9423:
9416:
9414:
9412:
9410:
9401:
9397:
9390:
9383:
9381:
9379:
9369:
9364:
9360:
9356:
9352:
9345:
9343:
9341:
9336:
9326:
9322:
9318:
9314:
9310:
9307:
9304:
9301:
9298:
9294:
9290:
9286:
9285:bohaiornithid
9282:
9279:
9276:
9273:
9270:
9266:
9263:
9260:
9259:
9254:
9253:
9248:
9245:
9242:
9238:
9235:Formation of
9234:
9230:
9227:
9224:
9221:
9220:
9215:
9211:
9210:
9206:
9203:
9199:
9196:
9195:
9190:
9186:
9182:
9178:
9174:
9173:fengningensis
9172:
9168:
9165:
9161:
9157:
9153:
9149:
9145:
9141:
9140:
9136:
9135:
9125:
9123:
9119:
9117:
9106:
9103:
9102:Maastrichtian
9099:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9085:
9084:
9083:Soroavisaurus
9080:
9079:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9060:
9057:
9053:
9049:
9046:
9044:
9041:
9039:
9038:
9034:
9033:
9030:
9027:
9023:
9021:
9010:
9007:
9003:
8999:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8984:
8980:
8979:
8975:
8971:
8968:
8965:
8953:
8952:United States
8942:
8939:
8935:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8920:
8916:
8915:
8911:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8891:
8888:
8884:
8880:
8877:
8875:
8872:
8870:
8869:
8865:
8864:
8861:
8858:
8855:
8843:
8842:United States
8832:
8829:
8825:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8810:
8806:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8796:
8793:
8781:
8780:United States
8770:
8767:
8763:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8748:
8744:
8743:
8740:
8737:
8733:
8731:
8720:
8717:
8713:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8698:
8694:
8693:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8674:
8671:
8667:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8652:
8648:
8647:
8643:
8639:
8636:
8633:
8621:
8620:United States
8610:
8607:
8606:Maastrichtian
8603:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8589:
8588:
8584:
8583:
8579:
8576:
8573:
8570:
8567:
8564:
8563:
8560:
8557:
8544:
8542:
8538:
8536:
8525:
8522:
8518:
8514:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8503:
8502:
8498:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8488:
8486:
8475:
8472:
8468:
8464:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8452:
8448:
8447:
8444:
8441:
8439:
8428:
8425:
8421:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8406:
8402:
8401:
8397:
8394:
8391:
8388:
8385:
8382:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8361:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8341:
8338:
8334:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8319:
8315:
8314:
8310:
8306:
8303:
8300:with grooved
8299:
8295:
8293:
8282:
8279:
8275:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8260:
8256:
8255:
8252:
8249:
8245:
8243:
8232:
8229:
8225:
8221:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8209:
8205:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8195:
8193:
8182:
8179:
8175:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8160:
8156:
8155:
8151:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8131:
8128:
8124:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8109:
8105:
8104:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8085:
8082:
8078:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8063:
8059:
8058:
8054:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8034:
8031:
8027:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8012:
8008:
8007:
8003:
7999:
7996:
7992:
7990:
7979:
7976:
7972:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7957:
7953:
7952:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7933:
7930:
7926:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7911:
7907:
7906:
7902:
7899:
7896:
7893:
7890:
7887:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7877:
7872:
7858:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7838:
7835:
7831:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7816:
7812:
7811:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7792:
7789:
7785:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7770:
7766:
7765:
7761:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7741:
7738:
7734:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7719:
7718:Parapengornis
7715:
7714:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7695:
7692:
7688:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7673:
7669:
7668:
7664:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7644:
7641:
7637:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7622:
7618:
7617:
7613:
7610:
7607:
7604:
7601:
7598:
7597:
7594:
7591:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7561:
7558:
7554:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7539:
7535:
7534:
7530:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7510:
7507:
7503:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7488:
7484:
7483:
7479:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7459:
7456:
7452:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7437:
7433:
7432:
7428:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7408:
7405:
7401:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7386:
7382:
7381:
7377:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7357:
7354:
7350:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7335:
7331:
7330:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7311:
7308:
7304:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7289:
7285:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7269:
7258:
7255:
7251:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7236:
7232:
7231:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7212:
7209:
7205:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7190:
7186:
7185:
7181:
7178:
7175:
7172:
7169:
7166:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7145:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7125:
7122:
7121:Maastrichtian
7118:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7103:
7099:
7098:
7094:
7090:
7088:(ankle bone)
7087:
7083:
7081:
7070:
7067:
7066:Maastrichtian
7063:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7048:
7047:Yungavolucris
7044:
7043:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7024:
7021:
7017:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7002:
6998:
6997:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6978:
6975:
6974:Maastrichtian
6971:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6956:
6952:
6951:
6948:
6945:
6941:
6939:
6928:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6906:
6902:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6890:
6886:
6884:
6873:
6870:
6866:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6851:
6847:
6846:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6827:
6824:
6820:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6805:
6801:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6789:
6785:
6783:
6772:
6769:
6765:
6761:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6746:
6742:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6722:
6711:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6689:
6685:
6684:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6665:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6643:
6639:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6614:
6611:
6607:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6592:
6588:
6587:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6568:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6546:
6542:
6541:
6537:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6517:
6514:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6491:
6487:
6486:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6467:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6444:
6440:
6439:
6436:
6434:Poorly known
6433:
6431:
6420:
6417:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6402:
6398:
6397:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6378:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6356:
6352:
6351:
6348:
6345:
6341:
6339:
6328:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6306:
6302:
6301:
6298:
6295:
6291:
6289:
6278:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6256:
6252:
6251:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6232:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6210:
6206:
6205:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6186:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6164:
6160:
6159:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6140:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6114:
6110:
6109:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6090:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6068:
6064:
6063:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6044:
6033:
6030:
6029:Maastrichtian
6026:
6022:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6007:
6003:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5993:
5991:
5980:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5954:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5944:
5942:
5931:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5909:
5908:Liaoningornis
5905:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5898:
5893:
5889:
5887:
5876:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5850:
5846:
5845:
5839:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5819:
5816:
5815:Maastrichtian
5812:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5797:
5793:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5777:
5766:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5744:
5740:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5728:
5724:
5722:
5711:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5685:
5681:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5656:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5630:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5614:
5603:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5577:
5573:
5572:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5553:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5527:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5502:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5480:
5479:Iberomesornis
5476:
5475:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5456:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5434:
5430:
5429:
5426:
5423:
5419:
5417:
5406:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5380:
5379:
5376:
5373:
5369:
5367:
5356:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5334:
5330:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5312:
5310:
5299:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5277:
5273:
5272:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5253:
5250:
5249:Maastrichtian
5246:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5227:
5226:
5223:
5220:
5216:
5214:
5203:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5177:
5176:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5157:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5135:
5131:
5130:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5111:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5089:
5085:
5084:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5065:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5053:Burmese amber
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5017:
5016:United States
5006:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4980:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4955:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4904:
4901:
4900:Maastrichtian
4897:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4878:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4866:
4855:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4805:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4754:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4731:Eoenantiornis
4728:
4727:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4715:
4713:
4702:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4679:Eocathayornis
4676:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4665:
4663:
4652:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4626:
4625:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4606:
4603:
4602:Maastrichtian
4599:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4560:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4548:Burmese Amber
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4514:
4511:
4510:Maastrichtian
4507:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4426:
4415:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4392:Dalingheornis
4389:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4364:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4313:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4267:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4216:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4173:
4162:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4124:
4113:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4071:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4019:
4008:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3906:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3859:
3848:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3816:Poorly known
3815:
3813:
3802:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3764:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3693:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3680:Yungavolucris
3676:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3562:
3561:
3553:
3552:
3544:
3543:
3535:
3534:
3526:
3525:
3517:
3516:
3508:
3507:
3499:
3498:
3490:
3489:
3481:
3480:
3472:
3471:
3463:
3462:
3454:
3453:
3445:
3444:
3436:
3435:
3427:
3426:
3418:
3417:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3379:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3355:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3331:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3313:Eoenantiornis
3307:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3280:
3279:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3253:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3203:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3176:
3175:
3167:
3166:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3128:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3104:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3080:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3050:
3049:
3041:
3040:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3025:Parapengornis
3019:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3002:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2978:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2951:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2921:
2920:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2815:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2783:
2782:
2774:
2773:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2732:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2708:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2681:Soroavisaurus
2675:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2658:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2624:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2599:Eocathayornis
2593:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2573:
2572:
2564:
2563:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2525:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2498:Liaoningornis
2492:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2475:
2474:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2442:
2441:
2433:
2432:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2394:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2370:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2346:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2283:
2282:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2220:Iberomesornis
2214:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2154:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2123:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2099:
2098:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2084:
2074:
2073:
2065:
2064:
2056:
2055:
2047:
2046:
2038:
2037:
2029:
2028:
2020:
2019:
2011:
2010:
2002:
2001:
1993:
1992:
1984:
1983:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1938:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1819:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1796:Eoenantiornis
1789:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1693:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1668:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1650:Eocathayornis
1643:
1642:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1567:
1566:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1495:Iberomesornis
1492:
1491:Iberomesornis
1488:
1487:
1486:Iberomesornis
1482:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1434:Relationships
1431:
1429:
1428:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1382:Archaeopteryx
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1343:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1307:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1276:Maastrichtian
1273:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1160:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1062:from aquatic
1061:
1057:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1009:
995:
993:
992:
987:
986:
981:
980:
975:
971:
970:
965:
964:
959:
955:
951:
947:
946:
940:
938:
934:
933:
928:
923:
919:
915:
911:
904:
900:
899:longipterygid
896:
895:
889:
880:
878:
877:
872:
871:Archaeopteryx
867:
864:
861:
857:
856:Burmese amber
852:
850:
846:
842:
841:Archaeopteryx
833:
828:
819:
817:
813:
812:
807:
803:
799:
798:
793:
792:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
766:
761:
757:
756:
755:Archaeopteryx
746:
745:bohaiornithid
742:
740:
734:
725:
723:
722:
717:
716:
711:
707:
703:
699:
696:
695:
690:
689:
684:
683:
678:
677:
672:
668:
663:
660:
659:Burmese amber
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
627:
625:
624:Iberomesornis
619:
610:
608:
607:
602:
601:
596:
592:
591:
586:
582:
581:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
551:
546:
542:
538:
537:Maastrichtian
534:
530:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
510:
500:
498:
492:
490:
489:
482:
478:
476:
475:Alan Feduccia
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
451:
449:
445:
439:
437:
427:
417:
414:
413:Ancient Greek
409:
407:
406:
401:
400:
395:
394:
393:Iberomesornis
389:
388:
383:
379:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
355:
344:
342:
338:
335:, along with
334:
330:
326:
322:
313:
312:and see text
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
284:
282:
277:
272:
267:
261:
258:
255:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
241:
238:
235:
232:
229:
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
154:
149:
145:
141:
140:
135:
134:bohaiornithid
130:
126:
121:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
53:
46:
42:
33:
30:
19:
16381:
16354:
16342:
16330:
16318:
16228:(mousebirds)
16226:Coliiformes
16096:Gaviiformes
16088:Aequornithes
15996:Apodiformes
15957:Otidiformes
15933:Otidimorphae
15880:(sandgrouse)
15802:Phasianinae
15768:
15761:
15754:
15749:Odontophorus
15747:
15740:
15733:
15726:
15719:
15712:
15692:
15685:
15678:
15671:
15651:
15644:
15637:
15630:
15623:
15616:
15609:
15587:Oreophasinae
15533:
15513:
15506:
15411:(waterfowls)
15407:Anseriformes
15157:Cockfighting
15142:Conservation
15137:Bird feeding
15125:Birdwatching
15115:Ornithomancy
15055:Gansuiformes
15024:
15002:
14995:Fossil birds
14885:Intelligence
14685:
14680:Neuquenornis
14678:
14671:
14664:
14657:
14650:
14639:
14621:
14614:
14607:
14599:
14591:
14576:
14556:
14548:
14541:
14521:
14514:
14507:
14500:
14495:Longusunguis
14493:
14486:
14479:
14472:
14465:
14445:
14438:
14431:
14424:
14417:
14409:
14402:
14395:
14388:
14368:
14361:
14354:
14347:
14340:
14320:
14313:
14293:
14286:
14279:
14272:
14265:
14258:
14251:
14244:
14237:
14230:
14223:
14215:
14207:
14200:
14193:
14186:
14179:
14172:
14165:
14158:
14151:
14144:
14137:
14130:
14123:
14115:
14108:
14101:
14094:
14087:
14079:
14074:Kizylkumavis
14072:
14065:
14058:
14051:
14046:Ilerdopteryx
14044:
14039:Huoshanornis
14037:
14030:
14023:
14016:
14009:
14002:
13995:
13990:Fortunguavis
13988:
13983:Fortipesavis
13981:
13974:
13967:
13960:
13953:
13946:
13939:
13932:
13925:
13918:
13913:Elektorornis
13911:
13904:
13897:
13890:
13883:
13876:
13869:
13862:
13857:Catenoleimus
13855:
13848:
13841:
13834:
13827:
13820:
13813:
13800:
13778:
13777:
13744:
13643:
13634:
13625:
13590:
13547:
13509:
13505:
13499:
13466:
13462:
13455:
13418:
13414:
13408:
13400:
13355:
13351:
13341:
13300:
13296:
13289:
13264:
13260:
13254:
13221:
13217:
13207:
13174:
13170:
13164:
13131:
13127:
13121:
13096:
13092:
13086:
13041:
13037:
13027:
13002:
12996:
12986:
12961:
12957:
12951:
12926:
12922:
12915:
12878:
12874:
12864:
12842:(1): 16β26.
12839:
12835:
12828:
12803:
12799:
12793:
12760:
12756:
12750:
12725:
12721:
12714:
12695:
12691:
12681:
12638:
12634:
12624:
12607:
12564:
12560:
12554:
12535:
12531:
12525:
12521:
12475:
12471:
12461:
12428:
12424:
12418:
12373:
12369:
12359:
12314:
12310:
12300:
12239:
12235:
12225:
12185:(1): 14864.
12182:
12178:
12168:
12158:
12147:
12135:
12131:
12118:
12093:
12089:
12076:
12033:
12029:
12019:
12000:
11996:
11986:
11969:
11965:
11959:
11914:
11910:
11900:
11849:
11845:
11839:
11814:
11810:
11800:
11791:
11787:
11783:
11777:
11771:(1): 112β28.
11768:
11764:
11751:
11726:
11722:
11715:
11704:
11693:
11660:
11656:
11650:
11617:
11613:
11607:
11598:
11594:
11588:
11555:
11507:
11503:
11497:
11480:
11476:
11469:
11460:
11456:
11440:
11431:
11427:
11421:
11412:
11408:
11395:
11381:cite journal
11340:
11336:
11329:
11292:
11288:
11278:
11268:
11258:
11248:
11237:. Retrieved
11235:. 2021-03-12
11227:
11218:
11214:
11204:
11188:(1): 13β27.
11185:
11181:
11171:
11138:
11134:
11128:
11095:
11091:
11085:
11068:
11064:
11012:
11008:
10970:
10966:
10929:
10925:
10871:
10867:
10861:
10817:
10813:
10768:
10764:
10758:
10704:
10700:
10662:
10656:
10637:
10633:
10623:
10591:(1): 62β75.
10588:
10584:
10574:
10549:
10545:
10501:
10497:
10469:
10465:
10411:
10407:
10401:
10374:
10370:
10360:
10323:
10319:
10309:
10276:
10272:
10266:
10231:
10227:
10217:
10184:
10180:
10128:
10124:
10114:
10081:
10077:
10071:
10028:
10024:
9971:(1): 12089.
9968:
9964:
9913:
9909:
9871:
9867:
9837:
9830:
9819:the original
9809:
9807:
9800:
9785:
9781:
9776:
9735:
9731:
9724:
9699:
9695:
9688:
9667:
9659:
9632:
9628:
9618:
9599:
9593:
9560:
9556:
9530:
9526:
9510:
9483:
9479:
9469:
9450:
9444:
9425:
9399:
9395:
9358:
9354:
9317:ossification
9308:
9302:
9280:
9274:
9268:
9264:
9256:
9250:
9247:IVPP V 13939
9246:
9228:
9219:nomen dubium
9217:
9207:
9192:
9188:
9184:
9180:
9176:
9169:
9155:
9151:
9137:
9121:
9081:
9037:Neuquenornis
9035:
8981:
8917:
8866:
8807:
8798:
8745:
8695:
8649:
8585:
8554:
8540:
8499:
8490:
8449:
8403:
8374:
8372:
8316:
8297:
8257:
8247:
8206:
8197:
8157:
8108:Longusunguis
8106:
8060:
8009:
7954:
7908:
7869:
7813:
7767:
7716:
7670:
7619:
7587:
7536:
7485:
7434:
7383:
7332:
7286:
7274:Camptodontus
7273:
7233:
7187:
7156:
7100:
7045:
6999:
6953:
6903:
6888:
6848:
6802:
6790:(shin bone)
6743:
6735:Bad Religion
6731:Greg Graffin
6726:
6686:
6640:
6589:
6543:
6488:
6441:
6399:
6353:
6303:
6296:gut content
6253:
6207:
6161:
6111:
6065:
6004:
5995:
5955:
5946:
5906:
5895:
5847:
5794:
5785:
5781:
5741:
5684:Kizylkumavis
5682:
5631:
5622:
5574:
5528:
5477:
5433:Huoshanornis
5431:
5421:
5381:
5331:
5314:
5274:
5228:
5218:
5178:
5132:
5088:Fortunguavis
5086:
5042:Fortipesavis
5040:
4981:
4930:
4879:
4826:
4780:
4729:
4717:
4677:
4627:
4581:
4537:Elektorornis
4535:
4489:
4443:
4390:
4339:
4288:
4242:
4191:
4137:
4086:Catenoleimus
4084:
4076:Canada goose
4038:
3983:
3932:
3881:
3823:
3777:
3724:
3696:
3678:
3674:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3654:
3648:
3644:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3614:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3594:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3580:
3572:
3400:
3399:
3383:
3382:
3359:
3358:
3337:Fortunguavis
3335:
3334:
3311:
3310:
3298:
3284:
3283:
3257:
3256:
3224:
3223:
3209:Huoshanornis
3207:
3206:
3149:
3148:
3132:
3131:
3108:
3107:
3084:
3083:
3060:
3023:
3022:
3006:
3005:
2982:
2981:
2969:
2955:
2954:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2867:
2855:Longusunguis
2853:
2852:
2847:
2819:
2818:
2793:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2736:
2735:
2712:
2711:
2679:
2678:
2662:
2661:
2628:
2627:
2597:
2596:
2546:
2545:
2529:
2528:
2496:
2495:
2479:
2478:
2466:
2456:
2417:Neuquenornis
2415:
2414:
2398:
2397:
2374:
2373:
2350:
2349:
2337:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2307:
2265:
2264:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2232:
2218:
2217:
2175:
2174:
2158:
2157:
2127:
2126:
2103:
2102:
2082:
2080:
1961:
1959:
1943:
1941:
1913:
1911:
1890:
1888:
1874:Neuquenornis
1872:
1870:
1854:
1852:
1824:
1822:
1794:
1792:
1769:
1767:
1739:
1718:Fortunguavis
1716:
1714:
1698:
1696:
1673:
1671:
1648:
1646:
1634:
1614:
1593:
1572:
1570:
1558:
1539:
1517:
1511:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1474:
1472:
1461:
1452:phylogenetic
1437:
1427:nomina dubia
1425:
1414:
1399:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1362:
1346:
1344:
1328:
1320:avian flight
1316:
1308:
1304:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1269:
1254:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1219:
1213:
1211:
1206:nomen dubium
1204:
1200:Luis Chiappe
1198:"; however,
1193:
1175:
1163:
1154:Life history
1130:
1128:
1115:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1092:
1082:
1067:
1060:exoskeletons
1053:
1051:
1040:
1034:
1032:
1024:
1018:
1012:
989:
983:
977:
974:pengornithid
967:
961:
953:
943:
941:
930:
926:
909:
907:
892:
874:
870:
868:
853:
840:
837:
809:
795:
789:
763:
753:
750:
737:
720:
714:
708:by a single
698:
693:
686:
680:
674:
664:
631:
622:
604:
598:
588:
578:
548:
526:
518:Kimmeridgian
507:
506:
493:
486:
484:
480:
472:
463:
459:
453:
441:
425:
415:
410:
403:
397:
391:
385:
352:
350:
329:Mesozoic era
320:
318:
311:
265:
256:
243:
230:
217:
204:
191:
137:
50:136β66
29:
16406:Wikispecies
16356:WikiProject
16266:Piciformes
16149:Australaves
16128:Suliformes
16046:Gruiformes
15901:(flamingos)
15810:Tetraoninae
15781:Phasianidae
15770:Rhynchortyx
15735:Dactylortyx
15602:Megapodidae
15592:Penelopinae
15550:Galliformes
15292:Rheiformes
15286:(ostriches)
15236:individuals
15110:Ornithology
15097:interaction
14852:Preen gland
14634:Avisauridae
14593:Bauxitornis
14570:Avisauridae
14509:Shenqiornis
14481:Gretcheniao
14440:Shanweiniao
14419:Longipteryx
14370:Yuanchuavis
14349:Eopengornis
14342:Chiappeavis
14322:Noguerornis
14232:Pterygornis
14225:Protopteryx
14174:Orienantius
14117:Liaoxiornis
14011:Gracilornis
14004:Grabauornis
13976:Flexomornis
13962:Falcatakely
13955:Explorornis
13927:Enantiornis
13906:Elbretornis
13864:Cathayornis
13733:Maniraptora
13718:Maniraptora
13267:: 210β219.
12478:(1): 1116.
12267:10161/11144
12096:(1): 1β42.
12036:(1): 5006.
11434:(2): 246β8.
11289:BMC Biology
11221:(2): 73β78.
11141:: 178β195.
10377:(1): 7β19.
9874:: 264β277.
9402:(1): 31β76.
9303:DIP-V-15102
9293:melanosomes
9269:DIP-V-15101
9265:DIP-V-15100
9252:Microraptor
9194:nomen nudum
8556:Avisauridae
8551:Avisauridae
8298:Shenqiornis
8208:Shenqiornis
8011:Gretcheniao
7995:gastroliths
7815:Yuanchuavis
7691:Hauterivian
7672:Eopengornis
7621:Chiappeavis
7487:Shanweiniao
7334:Longipteryx
6889:Cathayornis
6788:tibiotarsus
6727:Q. graffini
6642:Pterygornis
6610:Hauterivian
6591:Protopteryx
6374:Hauterivian
6355:Orienantius
6344:propatagium
6305:Noguerornis
6294:ichthyosaur
5996:Cathayornis
5897:Ichthyornis
5786:Cathayornis
5623:Enantiornis
5422:Cathayornis
5219:Cathayornis
5180:Gracilornis
5134:Grabauornis
4983:Flexomornis
4881:Falcatakely
4828:Explorornis
4719:Cathayornis
4583:Enantiornis
4491:Elbretornis
4309:Hauterivian
4139:Cathayornis
3934:Bauxitornis
3868:woodpeckers
3650:Pterygornis
3630:Longipteryx
3600:Cathayornis
3385:Shenqiornis
3151:Gretcheniao
3086:Grabauornis
3008:Eopengornis
2984:Yuanchuavis
2643:Avisauridae
2352:Enantiornis
2177:Flexomornis
2129:Protopteryx
1826:Cathayornis
1771:Pterygornis
1574:Protopteryx
1503:Paul Sereno
1464:homoplastic
1421:Gareth Dyke
1369:crown group
1170:Dinosaurium
1064:crustaceans
1036:Shenqiornis
1014:Longipteryx
969:Chiappeavis
954:Shanweiniao
945:Shanweiniao
876:Microraptor
811:Pterygornis
791:Shenqiornis
786:postorbital
760:premaxillae
647:Jehol group
613:Description
606:Enantiornis
590:Protopteryx
580:Noguerornis
512:, from the
399:Cathayornis
387:Enantiornis
361:related to
287:Avisauridae
16456:Categories
16106:(penguins)
15959:(bustards)
15797:Perdicinae
15742:Dendrortyx
15714:Callipepla
15646:Megapodius
15611:Aepypodius
15489:Tadorninae
15471:true geese
15302:(tinamous)
15261:Neornithes
15172:Pheasantry
15147:Aviculture
14915:Incubation
14905:Lek mating
14623:Mystiornis
14616:Halimornis
14543:Gobipteryx
14488:Linyiornis
14474:Bohaiornis
14467:Beiguornis
14267:Xiangornis
14209:Platanavis
14132:Martinavis
14103:Lenesornis
14060:Incolornis
13969:Feitianius
13934:Eoalulavis
13899:Dunhuangia
13754:see belowβ
13630:Dinosauria
13621:Sauropsida
13409:Bohaiornis
13224:: 105452.
12138:(1): 9β24.
12003:: 654156.
11295:(1): 101.
11239:2021-05-06
10084:: 104412.
10031:(1): 927.
9332:References
9297:iridescent
9281:CUGB P1202
9258:Anchiornis
9233:El Montsec
9189:Hebeiornis
9171:Hebeiornis
9152:Gobipteryx
8983:Mystiornis
8809:Halimornis
8716:Cenomanian
8571:Formation
8405:Gobipteryx
8389:Formation
8248:Bohaiornis
8198:Bohaiornis
8062:Linyiornis
7956:Bohaiornis
7910:Beiguornis
7894:Formation
7605:Formation
7173:Formation
6905:Xiangornis
6782:Uzbekistan
6316:El Montsec
6006:Martinavis
5947:Eoalulavis
5886:Uzbekistan
5849:Lenesornis
5721:Uzbekistan
5613:Uzbekistan
5576:Incolornis
5061:Cenomanian
5002:Cenomanian
4932:Feitianius
4914:Madagascar
4865:Uzbekistan
4629:Eoalulavis
4556:Cenomanian
4445:Dunhuangia
4123:Uzbekistan
3763:Uzbekistan
3710:Formation
3361:Mystiornis
3286:Bohaiornis
2885:Dunhuangia
2821:Feitianius
2548:Hebeiornis
2531:Gobipteryx
2481:Eoalulavis
2376:Halimornis
1915:Eoalulavis
1892:Gobipteryx
1700:Dunhuangia
1541:Euornithes
1489:. Because
1440:Euornithes
1406:Euornithes
1373:neornithes
1353:flightless
1324:lithornids
1261:endothermy
1256:Jeholornis
1215:Gobipteryx
1186:hatchlings
1148:pan-avians
1100:Eoalulavis
1094:Bohaiornis
1074:sapsuckers
1055:Eoalulavis
1023:and right
1020:Bohaiornis
985:Feitianius
950:Euronithes
918:Ornithurae
914:Euornithes
739:Bohaiornis
563:Cretaceous
559:Antarctica
522:Kazakhstan
375:Cretaceous
359:paleognath
279:Subgroups
211:Saurischia
198:Dinosauria
16175:(parrots)
16019:(hoatzin)
15970:Strisores
15951:(turacos)
15943:(cuckoos)
15872:(mesites)
15791:(turkeys)
15763:Philortyx
15680:Agelastes
15673:Acryllium
15664:Numididae
15653:Talegalla
15563:gamebirds
15556:landfowls
15535:Anseranas
15499:Anhimidae
15458:Anserinae
15241:fictional
14963:dinosaurs
14958:Theropoda
14945:Evolution
14890:Migration
14872:Behaviour
14666:Intiornis
14652:Avisaurus
14601:Concornis
14558:Vescornis
14523:Zhouornis
14433:Rapaxavis
14411:Evgenavis
14390:Boluochia
14363:Pengornis
14274:Yatenavis
14253:Shangyang
14217:Praeornis
14181:Otogornis
14167:Nanantius
14160:Musivavis
14146:Mirusavis
14081:Kuszholia
14053:Imparavis
14018:Gurilynia
13997:Gobipipus
13871:Cratoavis
13829:Alexornis
13815:Abavornis
13706:Theropoda
13691:Theropoda
13639:Theropoda
13607:Kingdom:
13421:: e7846.
13333:227174405
13246:254804249
13238:0195-6671
13019:0195-6671
12881:: e7247.
12820:131170912
12728:: 56β65.
12673:247432530
12665:0022-3360
12569:CiteSeerX
12333:2167-8359
12317:: e5910.
12276:1879-0445
11972:: 24β44.
11862:CiteSeerX
11831:245082389
11572:2246/5890
11463:: 147β79.
11273:84643293.
11263:14740099.
11253:84817636.
11163:133781513
11120:130143737
11077:2246/3667
11015:: 14141.
10842:196607241
10436:0272-4634
10326:: e5910.
10163:195887085
10147:0960-9822
10106:213510021
9651:236397491
9533:: 103β9.
9325:pygostyle
9313:Las Hoyas
9287:from the
9241:histology
9185:Vescornis
9181:Vescornis
9177:Vescornis
9156:Gobipipus
9122:Avisaurus
9116:Argentina
9070:Argentina
9056:Santonian
9002:Barremian
8938:Campanian
8901:Argentina
8887:Campanian
8868:Intiornis
8828:Campanian
8766:Campanian
8670:Campanian
8587:Avisaurus
8574:Location
8501:Vescornis
8491:Vescornis
8424:Campanian
8392:Location
8318:Zhouornis
8030:Barremian
7897:Location
7876:monophyly
7769:Pengornis
7608:Location
7436:Rapaxavis
7189:Boluochia
7176:Location
7080:Argentina
6988:Argentina
6955:Yatenavis
6804:Shangyang
6768:Coniacian
6513:Santonian
6401:Otogornis
6324:Barremian
6288:Australia
6255:Nanantius
6209:Musivavis
6132:Barremian
6113:Mirusavis
6054:Argentina
5892:synsacrum
5872:Coniacian
5829:Argentina
5729:fragment
5707:Coniacian
5619:coracoids
5599:Coniacian
5530:Imparavis
5498:Barremian
5490:Las Hoyas
5372:pterosaur
5295:Campanian
5230:Gurilynia
5153:Barremian
4871:coracoids
4851:Coniacian
4801:Barremian
4782:Evgenavis
4648:Barremian
4640:Las Hoyas
4616:Argentina
4524:Argentina
4244:Cratoavis
4212:Barremian
4204:Las Hoyas
4193:Concornis
4109:Coniacian
4056:Campanian
3953:Santonian
3844:Campanian
3825:Alexornis
3769:coracoids
3749:Coniacian
3726:Abavornis
3713:Location
3590:Boluochia
3259:Zhouornis
3134:Cratoavis
2957:Pengornis
2905:Musivavis
2714:Avisaurus
2664:Intiornis
2400:Concornis
2267:Rapaxavis
1963:Concornis
1856:Vescornis
1514:cladogram
1394:Sapeornis
1345:At least
1335:pygostyle
1312:rectrices
1284:megapodes
1250:altricial
1241:Concornis
1226:precocial
1221:Gobipipus
1138:or small
1136:pterosaur
1125:Predation
1042:Pengornis
1026:Pengornis
1017:, centre
979:Sapeornis
922:pygostyle
903:pygostyle
797:Pengornis
635:Las Hoyas
600:Avisaurus
550:Alexornis
541:Campanian
533:Australia
514:Oxfordian
509:Praeornis
382:Argentina
363:ostriches
341:dinosaurs
224:Theropoda
171:Kingdom:
165:Eukaryota
16426:42331729
16391:Wikidata
16320:Category
16194:Afroaves
16122:(storks)
15924:Passerea
15909:(grebes)
15845:Columbea
15756:Oreortyx
15728:Cyrtonyx
15618:Alectura
15582:Cracinae
15574:Cracidae
15451:Oxyurini
15441:Aythyini
15436:Anatinae
15420:Anatidae
15167:Falconry
15130:big year
14985:Seabirds
14895:Foraging
14842:Feathers
14734:Category
14550:Jibeinia
14516:Sulcavis
14260:Sinornis
14239:Qiliania
14195:Parvavis
14096:Lectavis
14067:Junornis
14032:Houornis
14025:Holbotia
13920:Elsornis
13615:Chordata
13613:Phylum:
13609:Animalia
13534:86747842
13491:85807045
13447:31667014
13392:26039693
13352:PLOS ONE
13325:33239782
13199:89858642
13156:85255564
13113:89551799
13078:29020077
13038:PLOS ONE
12978:86665059
12964:: 1β19.
12943:85784633
12907:31333906
12785:85313872
12612:Archived
12591:52971055
12538:: 7β20.
12502:23047674
12453:85391743
12410:22163324
12370:PLOS ONE
12351:30479894
12284:26439352
12217:26440221
12148:Phys.org
12110:86007060
12068:30899080
11951:23613776
11911:PLOS ONE
11884:22575918
11794:: 55β63.
11685:86747842
11642:86747842
11601:: 37β53.
11580:85871695
11532:34504916
11524:15499011
11448:(1981).
11365:11234054
11321:35550084
11047:28139644
10987:85800831
10948:26748849
10900:24482756
10874:: e234.
10795:16533313
10731:15496911
10679:88601510
10607:28000410
10566:83603202
10526:86503357
10444:85255564
10352:30479894
10301:85942925
10258:18397240
10209:84677039
10155:31303484
10063:30700773
10003:27352215
9940:36659012
9846:Archived
9768:42723583
9760:16778053
9730:China".
9539:53487062
9518:(1974).
9502:55311115
9275:HPG-15-1
9202:Proornis
9148:Mongolia
8684:Mongolia
8651:Elsornis
8541:Jibeinia
8451:Jibeinia
8438:Mongolia
8259:Sulcavis
6850:Sinornis
6764:Turonian
6688:Qiliania
6509:Turonian
6490:Parvavis
5868:Turonian
5796:Lectavis
5703:Turonian
5633:Junornis
5595:Turonian
5383:Houornis
5366:Mongolia
5333:Holbotia
5316:Lectavis
5309:Mongolia
5276:Hollanda
5263:Mongolia
4847:Turonian
4129:coracoid
4105:Turonian
3745:Turonian
3620:Houornis
3402:Sulcavis
3110:Parvavis
2630:Qiliania
2325:Sinornis
2160:Elsornis
1945:Qiliania
1675:Elsornis
1483:than to
1480:Sinornis
1348:Elsornis
1246:fledging
1172:(Prague)
1144:Mesozoic
1140:theropod
863:dinosaur
860:Mesozoic
832:micro-CT
671:starling
651:Liaoning
645:and the
567:dinosaur
555:Mongolia
464:coracoid
456:shoulder
448:coracoid
446:and the
426:ornithes
421:αΌΞ½Ξ¬Ξ½ΟΞΉΞΏΟ
416:enantios
405:Sinornis
325:avialans
185:Chordata
181:Phylum:
175:Animalia
161:Domain:
16397:Q132268
16332:Commons
15836:Neoaves
15721:Colinus
15687:Guttera
15625:Eulipoa
15446:Mergini
15310:(kiwis)
15294:(rheas)
15105:Ringing
14930:Hybrids
14925:Nesting
14880:Singing
14857:Plumage
14832:Dactyly
14802:Anatomy
14792:Outline
14782:: Aves)
14673:Mirarce
14659:Gettyia
14295:Yuornis
14246:Sazavis
13836:Avimaia
13619:Class:
13514:Bibcode
13471:Bibcode
13438:6816414
13383:4454694
13360:Bibcode
13305:Bibcode
13269:Bibcode
13179:Bibcode
13136:Bibcode
13069:5636078
13046:Bibcode
12898:6626525
12844:Bibcode
12765:Bibcode
12730:Bibcode
12643:Bibcode
12480:Bibcode
12433:Bibcode
12401:3233598
12378:Bibcode
12342:6238772
12292:3099017
12244:Bibcode
12208:4594305
12187:Bibcode
12059:6428842
12038:Bibcode
11942:3629076
11919:Bibcode
11892:1396792
11854:Bibcode
11731:Bibcode
11665:Bibcode
11622:Bibcode
11504:Science
11477:Science
11345:Bibcode
11312:9097364
11143:Bibcode
11112:4524284
11038:5290326
11017:Bibcode
10891:3898307
10822:Bibcode
10786:2100246
10739:4322054
10709:Bibcode
10615:3649504
10506:Bibcode
10416:Bibcode
10379:Bibcode
10343:6238772
10281:Bibcode
10249:2409080
10189:Bibcode
10086:Bibcode
10054:6353931
10033:Bibcode
9994:4931330
9973:Bibcode
9918:Bibcode
9876:Bibcode
9740:Bibcode
9732:Science
9704:Bibcode
9585:4340858
9565:Bibcode
9321:sternum
9319:of the
9229:LP-4450
9026:Paraves
8919:Mirarce
8854:Alabama
8792:Montana
8747:Gettyia
8730:Lebanon
8632:Montana
8580:Images
8398:Images
7903:Images
7614:Images
7182:Images
7102:Yuornis
6745:Sazavis
5727:humerus
5075:Myanmar
4570:Myanmar
3967:Hungary
3883:Avimaia
3864:rollers
3719:Images
2758:Mirarce
2738:Gettyia
1446:called
1377:Avialae
1340:furcula
1338:narrow
1280:Romania
1182:embryos
1089:ovaries
1079:pellets
998:Biology
908:Clarke
710:furcula
667:sparrow
468:concave
460:scapula
444:scapula
431:α½ΟΞ½ΞΉΞΈΞ΅Ο
367:tinamou
237:Avialae
43:–
16344:Portal
16220:(owls)
15694:Numida
15632:Leipoa
15515:Chauna
15508:Anhima
15203:Genera
15177:Imping
15095:Human
14935:Colony
14862:Vision
14847:Flight
13532:
13489:
13445:
13435:
13390:
13380:
13331:
13323:
13297:Nature
13244:
13236:
13197:
13154:
13111:
13076:
13066:
13017:
12976:
12941:
12905:
12895:
12818:
12783:
12671:
12663:
12589:
12571:
12500:
12451:
12408:
12398:
12349:
12339:
12331:
12290:
12282:
12274:
12215:
12205:
12108:
12066:
12056:
11949:
11939:
11890:
11882:
11864:
11829:
11683:
11640:
11578:
11530:
11522:
11373:663531
11371:
11363:
11337:Nature
11319:
11309:
11161:
11118:
11110:
11045:
11035:
10985:
10946:
10898:
10888:
10840:
10793:
10783:
10737:
10729:
10701:Nature
10677:
10663:Nature
10613:
10605:
10564:
10524:
10442:
10434:
10350:
10340:
10299:
10256:
10246:
10207:
10161:
10153:
10145:
10104:
10061:
10051:
10001:
9991:
9938:
9766:
9758:
9676:
9649:
9606:
9583:
9557:Nature
9537:
9500:
9457:
9432:
9113:
9067:
9020:Russia
9017:
9006:Aptian
8961:
8949:
8898:
8851:
8839:
8789:
8777:
8727:
8681:
8629:
8617:
8577:Notes
8532:
8521:Aptian
8482:
8471:Aptian
8435:
8395:Notes
8348:
8337:Aptian
8302:enamel
8289:
8278:Aptian
8239:
8228:Aptian
8189:
8178:Aptian
8138:
8127:Aptian
8092:
8081:Aptian
8041:
7986:
7975:Aptian
7940:
7929:Aptian
7900:Notes
7845:
7834:Aptian
7799:
7788:Aptian
7748:
7737:Aptian
7702:
7651:
7640:Aptian
7611:Notes
7568:
7557:Aptian
7517:
7506:Aptian
7466:
7455:Aptian
7415:
7404:Aptian
7364:
7353:Aptian
7318:
7307:Aptian
7278:beetle
7265:
7254:Aptian
7219:
7208:Aptian
7179:Notes
7132:
7077:
7031:
7020:Aptian
6985:
6935:
6924:Aptian
6880:
6869:Aptian
6834:
6823:Aptian
6779:
6718:
6707:Aptian
6672:
6661:Aptian
6621:
6575:
6564:Aptian
6524:
6474:
6463:Aptian
6427:
6385:
6335:
6285:
6274:Albian
6239:
6228:Aptian
6193:
6182:Aptian
6147:
6136:Aptian
6097:
6086:Aptian
6051:
6043:France
6040:
5987:
5976:Aptian
5938:
5927:Aptian
5883:
5826:
5773:
5762:Aptian
5718:
5663:
5652:Aptian
5610:
5560:
5549:Aptian
5509:
5463:
5452:Aptian
5413:
5402:Aptian
5363:
5352:Aptian
5306:
5260:
5210:
5199:Aptian
5164:
5118:
5107:Aptian
5072:
5025:
5013:
4962:
4951:Aptian
4911:
4862:
4815:Russia
4812:
4761:
4750:Aptian
4709:
4698:Aptian
4659:
4613:
4567:
4521:
4475:
4464:Aptian
4435:trogon
4422:
4411:Aptian
4371:
4360:Aptian
4320:
4277:Brazil
4274:
4263:Aptian
4223:
4169:
4158:Aptian
4120:
4070:France
4067:
4015:
4004:Aptian
3964:
3913:
3902:Aptian
3858:Mexico
3855:
3809:
3798:Aptian
3760:
3716:Notes
3660:Vorona
2083:et al.
1518:et al.
1391:, and
1301:Flight
1184:, and
1131:et al.
958:rachis
910:et al.
849:alulas
691:, and
669:and a
639:Cuenca
587:(e.g.
583:) and
577:(e.g.
545:Mexico
529:Albian
402:, and
378:period
273:, 1981
271:Walker
16439:53286
15464:swans
15426:ducks
15396:fowls
15191:Lists
14815:Brain
14780:class
14776:Birds
14640:sensu
14577:sensu
13644:Clade
13635:Clade
13626:Clade
13530:S2CID
13487:S2CID
13415:PeerJ
13407:"New
13329:S2CID
13242:S2CID
13195:S2CID
13152:S2CID
13109:S2CID
12974:S2CID
12939:S2CID
12875:PeerJ
12816:S2CID
12781:S2CID
12669:S2CID
12587:S2CID
12449:S2CID
12311:PeerJ
12288:S2CID
12128:(PDF)
12106:S2CID
12086:(PDF)
11888:S2CID
11827:S2CID
11761:(PDF)
11681:S2CID
11638:S2CID
11576:S2CID
11528:S2CID
11453:(PDF)
11405:(PDF)
11369:S2CID
11159:S2CID
11116:S2CID
11108:JSTOR
10983:S2CID
10868:PeerJ
10838:S2CID
10735:S2CID
10675:S2CID
10611:S2CID
10562:S2CID
10522:S2CID
10440:S2CID
10320:PeerJ
10297:S2CID
10205:S2CID
10159:S2CID
10102:S2CID
9849:(PDF)
9842:(PDF)
9822:(PDF)
9815:(PDF)
9764:S2CID
9647:S2CID
9581:S2CID
9535:S2CID
9523:(PDF)
9498:S2CID
9392:(PDF)
9237:Spain
8736:amber
8568:Year
8565:Name
8535:China
8485:China
8386:Year
8383:Name
8351:China
8292:China
8242:China
8192:China
8141:China
8095:China
8044:China
7989:China
7943:China
7891:Year
7888:Name
7848:China
7802:China
7751:China
7705:China
7654:China
7602:Year
7599:Name
7571:China
7520:China
7469:China
7418:China
7367:China
7321:China
7268:China
7222:China
7170:Year
7167:Name
7135:China
7034:China
6938:China
6883:China
6837:China
6721:China
6675:China
6624:China
6578:China
6527:China
6477:China
6430:China
6388:China
6338:Spain
6242:China
6196:China
6150:China
6100:China
5990:China
5941:China
5776:China
5666:China
5563:China
5512:Spain
5466:China
5416:China
5213:China
5167:China
5121:China
5028:Texas
4965:China
4764:China
4712:China
4668:alula
4662:Spain
4478:China
4425:China
4374:China
4323:China
4226:Spain
4178:pitta
4172:China
4024:hyoid
4018:China
3916:China
3812:China
3707:Year
3704:Name
1507:clade
1444:clade
1278:) of
774:orbit
728:Skull
655:China
643:Spain
585:China
575:Spain
257:Clade
244:Clade
231:Clade
218:Clade
205:Clade
192:Clade
14837:Eggs
14825:milk
14820:Crop
14810:Beak
13731:see
13704:see
13677:see
13443:PMID
13388:PMID
13321:PMID
13234:ISSN
13074:PMID
13015:ISSN
12903:PMID
12661:ISSN
12524:and
12498:PMID
12406:PMID
12347:PMID
12329:ISSN
12280:PMID
12272:ISSN
12213:PMID
12064:PMID
11947:PMID
11880:PMID
11520:PMID
11387:link
11361:PMID
11317:PMID
11043:PMID
10944:PMID
10896:PMID
10791:PMID
10727:PMID
10603:PMID
10432:ISSN
10348:PMID
10254:PMID
10151:PMID
10143:ISSN
10059:PMID
9999:PMID
9936:PMID
9756:PMID
9674:ISBN
9604:ISBN
9455:ISBN
9430:ISBN
9267:and
9255:and
9162:and
9089:1993
9043:1994
8989:2011
8964:Utah
8925:2018
8874:2010
8815:2002
8753:2018
8703:2008
8657:2007
8593:1985
8507:2004
8457:1997
8411:1974
8324:2013
8265:2013
8214:2010
8165:2014
8114:2014
8068:2016
8017:2019
7962:2011
7916:2022
7821:2021
7775:2008
7724:2015
7678:2014
7627:2015
7588:The
7544:2012
7493:2009
7442:2009
7391:2004
7340:2001
7294:2006
7241:2010
7195:1995
7157:The
7108:2021
7053:1993
7007:2015
6961:2022
6911:2012
6856:1992
6810:2019
6751:1989
6694:2011
6648:2016
6597:2000
6551:2017
6496:2014
6449:2007
6407:1993
6361:2018
6311:1989
6261:1986
6215:2022
6169:2016
6119:2020
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