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1264:, operating at relatively low speeds. The introduction of the steam turbine fundamentally changed the economics of central station operations. Steam turbines could be made in larger ratings than reciprocating engines, and generally had higher efficiency. The speed of steam turbines did not fluctuate cyclically during each revolution. This made parallel operation of AC generators feasible, and improved the stability of rotary converters for production of direct current for traction and industrial uses. Steam turbines ran at higher speed than reciprocating engines, not being limited by the allowable speed of a piston in a cylinder. This made them more compatible with AC generators with only two or four poles; no gearbox or belted speed increaser was needed between the engine and the generator. It was costly and ultimately impossible to provide a belt-drive between a low-speed engine and a high-speed generator in the very large ratings required for central station service.
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1237:, who had become interested in the power transformer developed by Gaulard and Gibbs, began to develop his AC lighting system, using a transmission system with a 20:1 step up voltage with step-down. In 1890 Westinghouse and Stanley built a system to transmit power several miles to a mine in Colorado. A decision was taken to use AC for power transmission from the Niagara Power Project to Buffalo, New York. Proposals submitted by vendors in 1890 included DC and compressed air systems. A combination DC and compressed air system remained under consideration until late in the schedule. Despite the protestations of the Niagara commissioner
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development of electric grids: in India, Rao showed that linguistics-based regional politics—not techno-geographical considerations—led to the creation of two separate grids; in colonial
Zimbabwe (Rhodesia), Chikowero showed that electrification was racially based and served the white settler community while excluding Africans; and in Mandate Palestine, Shamir claimed that British electric concessions to a Zionist-owned company deepened the economic disparities between Arabs and Jews.
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880:, Surrey, UK, in autumn 1881. The system was proposed after the town failed to reach an agreement on the rate charged by the gas company, so the town council decided to use electricity. The system lit up arc lamps on the main streets and incandescent lamps on a few side streets with hydroelectric power. By 1882 between 8 and 10 households were connected, with a total of 57 lights. The system was not a commercial success, and the town reverted to gas.
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1230:. Built on an unprecedented scale and pioneering the use of high voltage (10,000 V) AC current, it generated 800 kilowatts and supplied central London. On its completion in 1891 it was the first truly modern power station, supplying high-voltage AC power that was then "stepped down" with transformers for consumer use on each street. This basic system remains in use today around the world.
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the circuit inside the motor to create a rotating magnetic field. Multi-speed AC motors that have separately wired poles have long been available, the most common being two speed. Speed of these motors is changed by switching sets of poles on or off, which was done with a special motor starter for larger motors, or a simple multiple speed switch for fractional horsepower motors.
1241:(Lord Kelvin) the decision was taken to build an AC system, which had been proposed by both Westinghouse and General Electric. In October 1893 Westinghouse was awarded the contract to provide the first three 5,000 hp, 250 rpm, 25 Hz, two phase generators. The hydro power plant went online in 1895, and it was the largest one until that date.
516:, matching the times when variable energy production is highest. With storage, energy produced in excess can be released when needed. Building additional capacity for wind and solar generation can help to ensure that enough electricity is produced even during poor weather; during optimal weather energy generation may have to be
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that
Parliament began to take this idea seriously, appointing him head of a Parliamentary Committee to address the problem. In 1916 Merz pointed out that the UK could use its small size to its advantage, by creating a dense distribution grid to feed its industries efficiently. His findings led to the
455:. As a result, in the long term it is a relatively resilient means of energy transmission. In the short term, because electricity must be supplied at the same moment it is consumed, it is somewhat unstable, compared to fuels that can be delivered and stored on-site. However, that can be mitigated by
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and reversible, air-source heat pumps are nearly identical, which in part explains why heat pump sales have surpassed gas furnace sales in the U.S. for the first time during a period of high inflation. With higher rates of inflation or lower PV capital costs, PV becomes a hedge against rising prices
245:
Most studies of electrification and electric grids focused on industrial core countries in Europe and the United States. Elsewhere, wired electricity was often carried on and through the circuits of colonial rule. Some historians and sociologists considered the interplay of colonial politics and the
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Central station electric power generating provided power more efficiently and at lower cost than small generators. The capital and operating cost per unit of power were also cheaper with central stations. The cost of electricity fell dramatically in the first decades of the twentieth century due to
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By the 1890s, single and poly-phase AC was undergoing rapid introduction. In the U.S. by 1902, 61% of generating capacity was AC, increasing to 95% in 1917. Despite the superiority of alternating current for most applications, a few existing DC systems continued to operate for several decades after
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The ratio of the average load to the peak load of a central station is called the load factor. For electric companies to increase profitability and lower rates, it was necessary to increase the load factor. The way this was eventually accomplished was through motor load. Motors are used more during
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One of the biggest problems facing the early power companies was the hourly variable demand. When lighting was practically the only use of electricity, demand was high during the first hours before the workday and the evening hours when demand peaked. As a consequence, most early electric companies
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were constructed for non-intermittent energy sources such as coal-fired power plants. As larger amounts of solar and wind energy are integrated into the grid, changes have to be made to the energy system to ensure that the supply of electricity is matched to demand. In 2019, these sources generated
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heating in rural areas and natural gas heating in cities. A 2023 study investigated: (1) a residential natural gas-based heating system and grid electricity, (2) a residential natural gas-based heating system with PV to serve the electric load, (3) a residential HP system with grid electricity, and
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and the
Japanese invasion in the early 20th century delayed electrification for decades. It was only after the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949 that the country was positioned to pursue widespread electrification. During the Mao years, while electricity became commonplace in
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introduced the first three-phase induction motor in 1890, a much more capable design that became the prototype used in Europe and the U.S. By 1895 GE and
Westinghouse both had AC motors on the market. With single phase current either a capacitor or coil (creating inductance) can be used on part of
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or combined heat and power (CHP). Most self-generated power became uneconomical as power prices fell. As late as the early 20th century, isolated power systems greatly outnumbered central stations. Cogeneration is still commonly practiced in many industries that use large amounts of both steam and
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developed a telegraph. In 1840 Wheatstone was using a magneto that he developed to power the telegraph. Wheatstone and Cooke made an important improvement in electrical generation by using a battery-powered electromagnet in place of a permanent magnet, which they patented in 1845. The self-excited
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Some cities in the United States have started prohibiting gas hookups for new houses, with state laws passed and under consideration to either require electrification or prohibit local requirements. The UK government is experimenting with electrification for home heating to meet its climate goals.
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alone will not be sufficient for the electrification of industrial heat. This because in several processes higher temperatures are required which cannot be achieved with these types of equipment. For example, for the production of ethylene via steam cracking temperatures as high as 900 °C are
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To be efficient steam engines needed to be several hundred horsepower. Steam engines and boilers also required operators and maintenance. For these reasons the smallest commercial steam engines were about 2 horsepower. This was above the need for many small shops. Also, a small steam engine and
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improved on the DC motor in 1884 by solving the problem of maintaining a constant speed with varying load and reducing sparking from the brushes. Sprague sold his motor through Edison Co. It is easy to vary speed with DC motors, which made them suited for a number of applications such as electric
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Before widespread power distribution from central stations, many factories, large hotels, apartment and office buildings had their own power generation. Often this was economically attractive because the exhaust steam could be used for building and industrial process heat, which today is known as
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Electric lighting is highly desirable. The light is much brighter than oil or gas lamps, and there is no soot. Although early electricity was very expensive compared to today, it was far cheaper and more convenient than oil or gas lighting. Electric lighting was so much safer than oil or gas that
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may be an option for larger vehicles which have not yet been widely electrified, such as long distance lorries. While electric vehicle technology is relatively mature in road transport, electric shipping and aviation are still early in their development, hence sustainable liquid fuels may have a
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One of the inventions most important to a class of highly skilled workers (engineers) would be a small motive power - ranging perhaps from the force of from half a man to that of two horses, which might commence as well as cease its action at a moment's notice, require no expense of time for its
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Steam turbines also had capital cost and operating advantages over reciprocating engines. The condensate from steam engines was contaminated with oil and could not be reused, while condensate from a turbine is clean and typically reused. Steam turbines were a fraction of the size and weight of
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Carbon arc lamps were started by making contact between two carbon electrodes, which were then separated to within a narrow gap. Because the carbon burned away, the gap had to be constantly readjusted. Several mechanisms were developed to regulate the arc. A common approach was to feed a carbon
356:, which demonstrates the additional value PV and HP technologies offer prosumers over comparably secure investment vehicles while making substantive reductions in carbon emissions." This approach can be improved by integrating a thermal battery into the heat pump+solar energy heating system.
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Deng
Xiaoping, who became China's paramount leader in 1978, initiated a rural electrification drive as part of a broader modernization effort. By the late 1990s, electricity had become ubiquitious in regional areas. The very last remote villages in China were connected to the grid in 2015.
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in New York, which began operating in
September 1882. The station had six 200 horsepower Edison dynamos, each powered by a separate steam engine. It was located in a business and commercial district and supplied 110 volt direct current to 85 customers with 400 lamps. By 1884 Pearl Street was
503:
There are various ways to make the electricity system more flexible. In many places, wind and solar production are complementary on a daily and a season scale: There is more wind during the night and in winter, when solar energy production is low. Linking distant geographical regions through
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in 1879 in the US. Edison’s lamp was more successful than Swan’s because Edison used a thinner filament, giving it higher resistance and thus conducting much less current. Edison began commercial production of carbon filament bulbs in 1880. Swan's light began commercial production in 1881.
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in 1885. The idea was that two out-of-phase, but synchronized, currents might be used to produce two magnetic fields that could be combined to produce a rotating field without any need for switching or for moving parts. Other inventors were the
American engineers Charles S. Bradley and
237:
In the U.S. from 1870 to 1880 each man-hour was provided with .55 hp. In 1950 each man-hour was provided with 5 hp, or a 2.8% annual increase, declining to 1.5% from 1930 to 1950. The period of electrification of factories and households from 1900 to 1940, was one of high
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The improvements in electrical generation technology in the 19th century increased its efficiency and reliability greatly. The first magnetos only converted a few percent of mechanical energy to electricity. By the end of the 19th century the highest efficiencies were over 90%.
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With the realization of long distance power transmission it was possible to interconnect different central stations to balance loads and improve load factors. Interconnection became increasingly desirable as electrification grew rapidly in the early years of the 20th century.
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and the improved load factor after the introduction of AC motors. As electricity prices fell, usage increased dramatically and central stations were scaled up to enormous sizes, creating significant economies of scale. For the historical cost see Ayres-Warr (2002) Fig. 7.
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comparably rated reciprocating steam engine. Steam turbines can operate for years with almost no wear. Reciprocating steam engines required high maintenance. Steam turbines can be manufactured with capacities far larger than any steam engines ever made, giving important
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is that the higher the temperature of the steam entering an engine, the higher the efficiency. The introduction of steam turbines motivated a series of improvements in temperatures and pressures. The resulting increased conversion efficiency lowered electricity prices.
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Jerez, Sonia; Tobin, Isabelle; Turco, Marco; MarĂa LĂłpez-Romero, Jose; Montávez, Juan Pedro; JimĂ©nez-Guerrero, Pedro; Vautard, Robert (2018). "Resilience of the combined wind-plus-solar power production in Europe to climate change: a focus on the supply intermittence".
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Many power requirements were less than that of a horse. Shop machines, such as woodworking lathes, were often powered with a one- or two-man crank. Household sewing machines were powered with a foot treadle; however, factory sewing machines were steam-powered from a
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went into this business in 1882 when he set up a shop in London designing various electrical devices. Ferranti believed in the success of alternating current power distribution early on, and was one of the few experts in this system in the UK. With the help of
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in 1901, and by 1912 had developed into the largest integrated power system in Europe. In 1905 he tried to influence
Parliament to unify the variety of voltages and frequencies in the country's electricity supply industry, but it was not until
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The electrification of households in Europe and North
America began in the early 20th century in major cities and in areas served by electric railways and increased rapidly until about 1930 when 70% of households were electrified in the U.S.
450:
Electricity is a "sticky" form of energy, in that it tends to stay in the continent or island where it is produced. It is also multi-sourced; if one source suffers a shortage, electricity can be produced from other sources, including
898:
Within weeks, a parliamentary committee recommended passage of the landmark 1882 Electric
Lighting Act, which allowed the licensing of persons, companies or local authorities to supply electricity for any public or private purposes.
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in London and was a great novelty at the time. These arc lamps and designs similar to it, powered by large magnetos, were first installed on English lighthouses in the mid 1850s, but the technology suffered power limitations.
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and encourages the adoption of heat pumps by also locking in both electricity and heating cost growth. The study concludes: "The real internal rate of return for such prosumer technologies is 20x greater than a long-term
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The efficiency of steam prime movers in converting the heat energy of fuel into mechanical work was a critical factor in the economic operation of steam central generating stations. Early projects used reciprocating
414:
not only reduces total annual energy loads associated with heating and cooling, it also flattens the electric demand curve by eliminating the extreme summer peak electric supply requirements. However, heat pumps and
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1086:. The three poles are each connected to a separate wire. Each wire carries current 120 degrees apart in phase. Arrows show the resulting magnetic force vectors. Three phase current is used in commerce and industry.
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Electric motors were several times more efficient than small steam engines because central station generation was more efficient than small steam engines and because line shafts and belts had high friction losses.
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121:) are used. It may also apply to changing industrial processes such as smelting, melting, separating or refining from coal or coke heating, or to chemical processes to some type of electric process such as
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improved the generator to allow better air cooling and made other mechanical improvements. Compound winding, which gave more stable voltage with load, improved the operating characteristics of generators.
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Vast gains in electrification were seen in the 1970s and 1980s—from 49% of the world's population in 1970 to 76% in 1990. By the early 2010s, 81–83% of the world's population had access to electricity.
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While electrification of cities and homes has existed since the late 19th century, about 840 million people (mostly in Africa) had no access to grid electricity in 2017, down from 1.2 billion in 2010.
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soon became the most favored option. The main advantages of AC were that it could be transformed to high voltage to reduce transmission losses and that AC motors could easily run at constant speeds.
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daytime and many run continuously. Electric street railways were ideal for load balancing. Many electric railways generated their own power and also sold power and operated distribution systems.
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electrode by gravity and maintain the gap with a pair of electromagnets, one of which retracted the upper carbon after the arc was started and the second controlled a brake on the gravity feed.
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Electric motors were more efficient than human or animal power. The conversion efficiency for animal feed to work is between 4 and 5% compared to over 30% for electricity generated using coal.
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Ceramic and Induction heating for cooktops as well as industrial applications (for instance steam crackers) are examples of technologies that can be used to transition away from natural gas.
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334:. Switching to these energy sources requires that end uses, such as transport and heating, be electrified for the world's energy systems to be sustainable. In the U.S. and Canada the use of
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and William Staite. The lamp used a magneto-electric generator and had a self-regulating mechanism to control the gap between the two carbon rods. Their light was used to light up the
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Energy storage helps overcome barriers for intermittent renewable energy, and is therefore an important aspect of a sustainable energy system. The most commonly used storage method is
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and recycling. Batteries typically store electricity for short periods; research is ongoing into technology with sufficient capacity to last through seasons. Pumped hydro storage and
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It is easier to sustainably produce electricity than it is to sustainably produce liquid fuels. Therefore, adoption of electric vehicles is a way to make transport more sustainable.
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2021:
Chikowero, Moses (2007) “Subalternating Currents: Electrification and Power Politics in Bulawayo, Colonial Zimbabwe, 1894–1939.” Journal of Southern African Studies 33(2), 287–306
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The power density of boilers was increased by using forced combustion air and by using compressed air to feed pulverized coal. Also, coal handling was mechanized and automated.
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design and urban planning will be needed to ensure cooling needs are met in a sustainable way. Similarly, many households in the developing and developed world suffer from
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641:. When the disk was turned, this induced an electric current radially outward from the center toward the rim. The current flowed out through the sliding spring contact
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in 1880 published a paper that identified the rotating magnetic field principle and that of a two-phase AC system of currents to produce it. In 1886, English engineer
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in 1884, where it was adopted for an electric lighting system. Many of their designs were adapted to the particular laws governing electrical distribution in the UK.
4702:(Maximum turbine size grew to about 200 MW in the 1920s and again to about 1000 MW in 1960. Significant increases in efficiency accompanied each increase in scale.)
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In the United States it became a national objective after the power crisis during the summer of 1918 in the midst of World War I to consolidate supply. In 1934 the
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in London in 1882. Equipped with 1000 incandescent lightbulbs that replaced the older gas lighting, the station lit up Holborn Circus including the offices of the
566:, a politically unstable region. More diverse geographical sourcing may ensure the stability of the supply-chain and their environmental impacts can be reduced by
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930:. By 1890 there were 1000 central stations in operation. The 1902 census listed 3,620 central stations. By 1925 half of power was provided by central stations.
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boiler cost about $ 7,000 while an old blind horse that could develop 1/2 horsepower cost $ 20 or less. Machinery to use horses for power cost $ 300 or less.
2012:
Rao, Y. Srinivasa (2010) “Electricity, Politics and Regional Economic Imbalance in Madras Presidency, 1900–1947.” Economic and Political Weekly 45(23), 59–66
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It was in the 1880s that the technology was commercially developed for large scale electricity generation and transmission. In 1882 the British inventor and
820:
R. E. B. Crompton developed a more sophisticated design in 1878 which gave a much brighter and steadier light than the Yablochkov candle. In 1878, he formed
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suggested a means of converting current from Pixii's magneto to DC using a rocking switch. Later segmented commutators were used to produce direct current.
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the load factor increased from 19.3% in 1884 to 29.4% in 1908. By 1929, the load factor around the world was greater than 50%, mainly due to motor load.
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Hunt, Julian D.; Byers, Edward; Wada, Yoshihide; Parkinson, Simon; Gernaat, David E. H. J.; Langan, Simon; van Vuuren, Detlef P.; Riahi, Keywan (2020).
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of importance along with gas, water, and telephone companies and thereby were given outlined restrictions and regulatory oversight of their operations.
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had numerous inventors; however, the most successful early bulbs were those that used a carbon filament sealed in a high vacuum. These were invented by
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1949:
Committee on Electricity in Economic Growth Energy Engineering Board Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems National Research Council (1986).
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By the mid-1880s, other electric companies were establishing central power stations and distributing electricity, including Crompton & Co. and the
487:. The stored potential energy is later converted to electricity that is added to the power grid, even when the original energy source is not available.
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of 1918, which in turn created the Electricity Supply Bill of 1919. The bill was the first step towards an integrated electricity system in the UK.
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required. Hence, drastically new processes are required. Nevertheless, power-to-heat is expected to be the first step in the electrification of the
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motor aided by a commutator on June 28, 1879, to the Physical Society of London. Nearly identical to Baily’s apparatus, French electrical engineer
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Electrification and economic growth are highly correlated. In economics, the efficiency of electrical generation has been shown to correlate with
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cities, rural areas were largely neglected. At the time of Mao's death in 1976, 25% of Chinese households still lacked access to electricity.
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that generated 7.5 kW (10 hp) of electricity. The invention of Parsons's steam turbine made cheap and plentiful electricity possible.
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801:. Its advantage lay in the fact that it did not require the use of a mechanical regulator like its predecessors. It was first exhibited at the
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1222:. He designed the building, the generating plant and the distribution system. It was built at the Stowage, a site to the west of the mouth of
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The society's lecture theatre was the first public room to be lit by electric light, during a lecture by Sir Joseph Swan on October 20, 1880.
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that electrification became widespread in rural regions, with the Soviet rural electrification drive largely completed by the early 1970s.
2416:"Electrification of residential heating, cooling and hot water: Load smoothing using onsite photovoltaics, heat pump and thermal batteries"
1201:. They were able to overcome the problem of starting up the AC motor by using a rotating magnetic field produced by a poly-phase current.
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and began to manufacture, sell and install the Crompton lamp. His concern was one of the first electrical engineering firms in the world.
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were widely introduced in English central stations by 1894; the first electric supply company in the world to generate electricity using
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895:. The supply was a direct current at 110 V; due to power loss in the copper wires, this amounted to 100 V for the customer.
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with carbon electrodes. However, it was not used to any great extent until a practical means of generating electricity was developed.
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The first person to conceive of a rotating magnetic field was Walter Baily who gave a workable demonstration of his battery-operated
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2335:"Can grid-tied solar photovoltaics lead to residential heating electrification? A techno-economic case study in the midwestern U.S."
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In the Soviet Union, as in the United States, rural electrification progressed more slowly than in urban areas. It wasn't until the
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1922:
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Mazer, A. (2007). Electric Power Planning for Regulated and Deregulated Markets. John, Wiley, and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. 313pgs.
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Peng, W & Pan, J, 2006, Rural Electrification in China: History and Institution, China and World Economy, Vol 14, No. 1, p 77
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magnetic field dynamo did away with the battery to power electromagnets. This type of dynamo was made by several people in 1866.
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improved the magneto by using a wire wound horseshoe, with the extra coils of conductor generating more current, but it was AC.
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2291:"Economics of Grid-Tied Solar Photovoltaic Systems Coupled to Heat Pumps: The Case of Northern Climates of the U.S. and Canada"
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774:(candelas) – and released a lot of heat, and they were a fire hazard, all of which made them inappropriate for lighting homes.
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in 1832. The crucial advance that this represented over the motor demonstrated by Michael Faraday was the incorporation of a
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2463:"Thermal storage integrated into air-source heat pumps to leverage building electrification: A systematic literature review"
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The electrification of particular sectors of the economy, particularly out of context, is called by modified terms such as
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1966:
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The first U.S. turbines were two De Leval units at Edison Co. in New York in 1895. The first U.S. Parsons turbine was at
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520:. The final mismatch may be covered by using dispatchable energy sources such as hydropower, bioenergy, or natural gas.
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as, for example, a wire moving through a magnetic field. Faraday built the first electromagnetic generator, called the
40:
and, in many contexts, the introduction of such power by changing over from an earlier power source. In the context of
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ca. 1814 giving the cost of two old blind horses used to power a mill at $ 20 and $ 14. A good dray horse cost $ 165.
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1960:
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1287:, set up in 1894. Within Parsons's lifetime, the generating capacity of a unit was scaled up by about 10,000 times.
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leased space to small shops. These building supplied power to the tenants from a steam engine through line shafts.
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2234:"Decarbonizing rural residential buildings in cold climates: A techno-economic analysis of heating electrification"
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power, such as pulp and paper, chemicals and refining. The continued use of private electric generators is called
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Steam turbines could be built to operate on higher pressure and temperature steam. A fundamental principle of
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street railways, machine tools and certain other industrial applications where speed control was desirable.
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3409:"To batteries and beyond: With seasonal storage potential, hydrogen offers 'a different ballgame entirely'"
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Agutu, Churchill; Egli, Florian; Williams, Nathaniel J.; Schmidt, Tobias S.; Steffen, Bjarne (2022-06-09).
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2850:"BASF, SABIC and Linde join forces to realize the world's first electrically heated steam cracker furnace"
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The first commutator DC electric motor capable of turning machinery was invented by the British scientist
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A large fraction of the world population cannot afford sufficient cooling for their homes. In addition to
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2208:"Global Clean Energy Investment Jumps 17%, Hits $ 1.8 Trillion in 2023, According to BloombergNEF Report"
1218:. In 1887 the London Electric Supply Corporation hired Ferranti for the design of their power station at
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2800:"Dozens Of US Cities Are Banning Natural Gas Hookups In New Buildings — #CancelGas #ElectrifyEverything"
2666:"A global perspective on domestic energy deprivation: Overcoming the energy poverty–fuel poverty binary"
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Shamir, Ronen (2013) Current Flow: The Electrification of Palestine. Stanford: Stanford University Press
852:, Gateshead, was the world's first to have working light bulbs installed. The Lit & Phil Library in
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347:(4) a residential HP+PV system. It found that under typical inflation conditions, the lifecycle cost of
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Unskilled labor made approximately $ 1.25 per 10- to 12-hour day. Hunter and Bryant cite a letter from
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The more significant Electricity (Supply) Act of 1926, led to the setting up of the National Grid. The
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3301:"A review at the role of storage in energy systems with a focus on Power to Gas and long-term storage"
3123:
3027:"A review at the role of storage in energy systems with a focus on Power to Gas and long-term storage"
2462:
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202:. Dogs were sometimes used on machines such as a treadmill, which could be adapted to churn butter.
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requires large capacity; it has been implemented in some high-latitude regions for household heat.
509:
2929:"Comparison of solar and wind power generation impact on net load across a utility balancing area"
2574:
2516:
Bogdanov, Dmitrii; Farfan, Javier; Sadovskaia, Kristina; Aghahosseini, Arman; et al. (2019).
495:
sources that supply electricity intermittently depending on the weather and the time of day. Most
6451:
6391:
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6008:
5818:
5790:
5513:
5503:
5421:
5085:
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2100:
1411:
689:
97:
4720:
A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730–1930, Vol. 3: The Transmission of Power
1736:
810:
744:
19:
This article is about the process of changing something to use electricity. For other uses, see
6417:
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5039:
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2232:
Padovani, Filippo; Sommerfeldt, Nelson; Longobardi, Francesca; Pearce, Joshua M. (2021-11-01).
1750:
995:. This allowed Sturgeon's motor to be the first capable of providing continuous rotary motion.
877:
578:
539:
508:
allows for further cancelling out of variability. Energy demand can be shifted in time through
460:
353:
49:
4687:
4196:
4122:
4069:
3342:"Global resource potential of seasonal pumped hydropower storage for energy and water storage"
2072:"Closing Sub-Saharan Africa's Electricity Access Gap: Why Cities Must Be Part of the Solution"
814:
743:
Yablochkov's demonstration of his brilliant arc lights at the 1878 Paris Exposition along the
653:
discovered the operating principle of electromagnetic generators. The principle, later called
6308:
6253:
6210:
6093:
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6033:
5709:
5264:
5231:
5100:
4910:
2461:
Ermel, Conrado; Bianchi, Marcus V. A.; Cardoso, Ana Paula; Schneider, Paulo S. (2022-10-01).
1562:
1504:
1215:
1113:
992:
939:
145:
Electrification was called "the greatest engineering achievement of the 20th Century" by the
91:
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4304:"A marriage took place last week that wedded two technologies possibly 120 years too late"
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711:, was made by Z.T. Gramme, who sold many of these machines in the 1870s. British engineer
8:
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2824:
2617:"Improving the SDG energy poverty targets: Residential cooling needs in the Global South"
2486:
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1234:
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Alternating current technology was rooted in Faraday's 1830–31 discovery that a changing
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2518:"Radical transformation pathway towards sustainable electricity via evolutionary steps"
2517:
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did not provide daytime service, with two-thirds providing no daytime service in 1897.
700:
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1993:
1956:
1837:
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437:
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and cannot heat their houses enough. Existing heating practices are often polluting.
259:
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1595:
A Century of Innovation: Twenty Engineering Achievements That Transformed Our Lives
1388:
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258:
World map showing the percentage of the population in each country with access to
6118:
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756:
734:
685:
650:
551:
550:, which requires locations with large differences in height and access to water.
496:
484:
173:
4682:
Transforming the Twentieth Century: Technical Innovations and Their Consequences
2615:
Mastrucci, Alessio; Byers, Edward; Pachauri, Shonali; Rao, Narasimha D. (2019).
1489:, established in 1935 brought electrification to the underserviced rural areas.
158:
some companies were able to pay for the electricity with the insurance savings.
6043:
5960:
5894:
5889:
5608:
5586:
5521:
5444:
5291:
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5044:
5024:
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4118:
3810:
3366:
3317:
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3238:
3213:
3043:
3026:
2690:
2665:
2541:
2414:
Li, Yuanyuan; Rosengarten, Gary; Stanley, Cameron; Mojiri, Ahmad (2022-12-10).
1950:
1655:
1522:
1322:
1223:
1167:
1163:
1132:
1061:
1050:
1018:
978:
798:
708:
608:
529:
318:
Electrified transport and renewable energy are key parts of investment for the
65:
4625:"Three lessons from China's effort to bring electricity to 1.4 billion people"
4505:
The Greatest Century That Ever Was: 25 Miraculous Trends of the last 100 Years
3139:
2940:
2431:
2149:
1829:
1177:) system for the distribution of electrical power, for which he was granted a
1102:
built an AC motor by expanding upon the induction-repulsion principle and his
1075:
6440:
6348:
6073:
6058:
6053:
6038:
5859:
5813:
5571:
5029:
4994:
3674:
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2439:
2367:
2316:
2267:
2157:
1663:
1543:
1254:
1099:
1095:
857:
841:
777:
In the 1850s, many of these problems were solved by the arc lamp invented by
662:
534:
475:
Energy from sunlight, wind or other renewable energy sources is converted to
407:
388:
339:
331:
181:
management and be of modest cost both in original cost and in daily expense.
130:
4124:
Evolving Technology and Market Structure: Studies in Schumpeterian Economics
1687:"Procurement launched for largest rail electrification project in the world"
1593:
770:
Arc lamps of the time had very intense light output – in the range of 4,000
574:
with capacity for multi-month usage has been implemented in some locations.
406:). The IEA estimates that heat pumps currently provide only 5% of space and
6321:
5719:
5478:
5392:
5311:
4919:
3393:
2559:
2220:
Start years differ by sector but all sectors are present from 2020 onwards.
1355:
1261:
1194:
1010:
961:
760:
752:
666:
582:
571:
392:
239:
134:
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3100:
2596:
876:
The first central station providing public power is believed to be one at
5904:
5899:
5864:
5727:
5327:
4504:
2714:
1632:"Accounting for finance in electrification models for sub-Saharan Africa"
1551:
1500:
1372:
1174:
1159:
1155:
1128:
1036:
837:
771:
681:. Faraday's first electromagnetic generator produced a small DC voltage.
629:
598:
567:
348:
37:
4876:
4228:"The History of Electrification: List of important early power stations"
3124:"A review of energy storage types, applications and recent developments"
1214:
The first AC power station was built by the English electrical engineer
860:
was the first public building in the world lit entirely by electricity.
633:
Faraday disk, the first electric generator. The horseshoe-shaped magnet
254:
6063:
6048:
5874:
5854:
3909:
Wizard: the life and times of Nikola Tesla : biography of a genius
2307:
2290:
1307:
1014:
1006:
513:
199:
167:
61:
3871:
Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Volume 1
2958:
2928:
2776:"Dream or Reality? Electrification of the Chemical Process Industries"
883:
The first large scale central distribution supply plant was opened at
442:
6332:
6278:
5732:
5397:
5120:
2390:"Chart: Americans bought more heat pumps than gas furnaces last year"
1170:
1103:
399:
335:
326:
Clean energy is mostly generated in the form of electricity, such as
118:
4261:
3764:
2515:
2131:"From ac¸aı´ to access: distributed electrification in rural Brazil"
902:
The first large scale central power station in America was Edison's
661:
generated in an electrical conductor that is subjected to a varying
6125:
2231:
1219:
1083:
982:
952:
The load factor adjusted upward by the turn of the 20th century—at
849:
806:
3754:
3752:
3750:
1485:
Rural areas were electrified first in Europe, and in the U.S. the
1267:
The modern steam turbine was invented in 1884 by British engineer
1139:
was demonstrated in London in 1881, and attracted the interest of
618:
6098:
5413:
5221:
2902:
1944:
1942:
1811:"From Shafts to Wires: Historical Perspective on Electrification"
1537:
1117:
927:
923:
343:
759:
in 1802 upon discovering that electricity could produce a light
185:
5762:
4748:(paperback ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 244.
4383:
Mechanization in Industry, National Bureau of Economic Research
4176:
3776:
3747:
2575:"Hydrogen takes a back seat to electric for passenger vehicles"
2179:"Population growth erodes sustainable energy gains - UN report"
1391:
and established the first synchronised AC grid, running at 132
1272:
1178:
1124:
to pioneer AC power technology including an early transformer.
678:
674:
559:
500:
8.5% of worldwide electricity, a share that has grown rapidly.
1939:
863:
387:, which requires electrification and additional power demand,
4896:
20190809 The Truth of Lightning 01 (Japanese)2-An`s Safe Zone
4821:
3969:. Cambridge University Press. 13 February 2003. p. 258.
2992:"Introduction to System Integration of Renewables – Analysis"
1396:
1144:
4902:
20190809 The Truth of Lightning 02 (English)2-An`s Safe Zone
4890:
20190809 The Truth of Lightning 01 (English)2-An`s Safe Zone
2460:
1760:
4762:
4514:(Report). The Cato Institute. p. 20 Fig. 16. No. 364.
4345:
4249:
4152:
4099:
3735:
3723:
3574:
A Measure for Greatness: A Short Biography of Edward Weston
3106:
2602:
1955:. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. pp. 16, 40.
1392:
856:, was the first public room lit by electric light, and the
4745:
Power from Steam: A History of the Stationary Steam Engine
4117:
2413:
410:
requirements globally, but could provide over 90%. Use of
398:
A key sustainable solution to heating is electrification (
4814:
Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology
3615:
3552:
3271:"Cobalt can be sourced responsibly, and it's time to act"
3186:
2933:
2016 IEEE 43rd Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC)
2879:"Our Electric Future — The American, A Magazine of Ideas"
2614:
303:
4816:. Cambridge, MA, USA and London, England: The MIT Press.
4487:
3946:
Polyphase electric currents and alternate-current motors
1920:
1629:
585:. High upfront costs form a barrier for implementation.
26:"Electrify" redirects here. For the song by Jakwob, see
6303:
UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)
3067:"Wind & Solar Share in Electricity Production Data"
1870:"Exergy, Power and Work in the U. S. Economy 1900-1998"
3795:
Gee, William (2004). "Sturgeon, William (1783–1850)".
3339:
3214:"Sustainability perspectives on lithium-ion batteries"
2746:"5 Things You Should Know about Geothermal Heat Pumps"
1158:, Ferranti pioneered the first AC power generator and
4686:. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. p.
4601:"Two Billion Light Up: The South Asian Electric Wave"
4576:"Two Billion Light Up: The South Asian Electric Wave"
4542:"Two Billion Light Up: The South Asian Electric Wave"
4164:
3693:
3540:
3528:
3182:"The batteries that could make fossil fuels obsolete"
2333:
Sommerfeldt, Nelson; Pearce, Joshua M. (2023-04-15).
424:
with an expected large-scale implementation by 2025.
219:
3636:"Alexander Armstrong in appeal to save Lit and Phil"
3088:
1990:
Productivity in the United States: Trends and Cycles
1533:
249:
149:, and it continues in both rich and poor countries.
4503:Moore, Stephen; Simon, Julian (December 15, 1999).
3437:Alva, Guruprasad; Lin, Yaxue; Fang, Guiyin (2018).
1591:
1399:. This started operating as a national system, the
933:
466:
4717:
3850:
2750:Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
2663:
1992:. The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 97.
1863:
1861:
1728:
3121:
2332:
2288:
2138:International Journal of Energy Sector Management
1515:
972:
747:triggered a steep sell off of gas utility stocks.
607:The earliest commercial uses of electricity were
603:Timeline of electrical and electronic engineering
48:, electrification refers to the build-out of the
6438:
1285:Newcastle and District Electric Lighting Company
152:
16:Process of changing something to use electricity
4709:
3439:"An overview of thermal energy storage systems"
2289:Pearce, Joshua M.; Sommerfeldt, Nelson (2021).
2128:
1858:
677:disc rotating between the poles of a horseshoe
619:Development of magnetos, dynamos and generators
6327:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
3601:. R. R. Donnelley & sons company. p.
1916:
1914:
1867:
1347:Construction workers raising power lines, 1920
1120:collaborated with the distinguished physicist
140:
5429:
4935:
4127:. University of Michigan Press. p. 138.
3269:Baumann-Pauly, Dorothée (16 September 2020).
3268:
2200:
1868:Ayres, R. U.; Ayres, L. W.; Warr, B. (2003).
1435:The examples and perspective in this section
1283:was Parsons's own electricity supply company
592:
60:, electrification refers to the build-out of
4949:
4794:An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology
4715:
4351:
4267:
4255:
4182:
4158:
4105:
3805:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
3782:
3770:
3758:
3741:
3729:
2664:Bouzarovski, Stefan; Petrova, Saska (2015).
1791:
1766:
1585:
1417:
809:was installed along the half mile length of
359:
205:In the late 19th century specially designed
4860:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
4373:
4194:
3436:
3218:Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy
3024:
1911:
1592:Constable, George; Somerville, Bob (2003).
1049:Although the first power stations supplied
907:supplying 508 customers with 10,164 lamps.
864:Central power stations and isolated systems
827:
813:, Place du Theatre Francais and around the
76:and the switch of end-uses to electricity.
6398:
5436:
5422:
4942:
4928:
4716:Hunter, Louis C.; Bryant, Lynwood (1991).
4502:
3900:
3686:Burgess, Michael. "Richard D'Oyly Carte",
3298:
2881:. American.com. 2009-06-15. Archived from
1808:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1453:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
637:created a magnetic field through the disk
581:is typically not as convenient as burning
378:
6338:Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)
4197:"June 3, 1889: Power Flows Long-distance"
3406:
3383:
3365:
3316:
3237:
3042:
2926:
2689:
2640:
2549:
2357:
2306:
2257:
2041:"Access to electricity (% of population)"
2033:
1469:Learn how and when to remove this message
558:, are also deployed widely. They contain
6366:UN Conference on Sustainable Development
5035:Environmentally healthy community design
3668:History in pictures - The Lit & Phil
3570:
3305:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
3031:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
1987:
1923:"Two Paradigms of Production and Growth"
1726:
1684:
1342:
1289:
1245:AC became the standard for new systems.
1074:
867:
805:and was heavily promoted by Gramme. The
738:
628:
533:
470:
441:
313:
253:
184:
4850:from the original on 23 September 2020.
4724:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
4416:"Kelvin to Weir, and on to GB SYS 2005"
4295:
4052:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3802:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3797:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3680:
3598:Electricity at the Columbian Exposition
3594:
3211:
2743:
2712:
2144:(1). Emerald Group Publishing: 90–117.
1978:<Available as free .pdf download>
1797:
1271:, whose first model was connected to a
1143:. They also exhibited the invention in
6439:
5936:Corporate environmental responsibility
4790:
4598:
4573:
4539:
4379:
4301:
4170:
4067:
3699:
3633:
3621:
3558:
3546:
3534:
3522:
3122:Koohi-Fayegh, S.; Rosen, M.A. (2020).
3117:
3115:
3020:
3018:
3016:
2572:
2069:
2051:from the original on 16 September 2017
1598:. Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press.
1024:
872:Electricity grid simple- North America
375:larger role to play in these sectors.
304:Electrification for sustainable energy
5417:
4923:
4827:Renewables 2020: Global Status Report
4820:
4738:
4521:from the original on October 12, 2012
3094:
2328:
2326:
161:
6309:Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)
4786:from the original on 22 August 2021.
4677:
4413:
4003:"Nikola Tesla The Electrical Genius"
3888:from the original on 25 January 2021
3713:"History of public supply in the UK"
3299:Herib, Blanco; André, Faaij (2018).
3025:Blanco, Herib; Faaij, André (2018).
2670:Energy Research & Social Science
2487:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.118975
2218:from the original on June 28, 2024.
1421:
1209:
1005:Manufacturing was transitioned from
793:) was developed by Russian engineer
723:
431:
4811:
4330:
4068:Hughes, Thomas Parke (March 1993).
3983:from the original on 14 August 2021
3912:. Citadel Press. 1998. p. 24.
3856:
3794:
3496:"Early Applications of Electricity"
3112:
3013:
1714:
789:The first successful arc lamp (the
707:The first practical generator, the
13:
5951:Environmental full-cost accounting
5443:
5172:waste-water treatment technologies
3634:Glover, Andrew (8 February 2011).
2756:from the original on 15 April 2021
2323:
2214:. Bloomberg NEF. 30 January 2024.
1408:Public Utility Holding Company Act
1362:consulting partnership, built the
1332:
220:Economic impact of electrification
14:
6468:
5885:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity
5157:agricultural wastewater treatment
4869:
4428:from the original on 4 March 2009
2725:from the original on 3 March 2021
1559:- Plugs, voltages and frequencies
1410:recognized electric utilities as
1248:
523:
485:higher-elevation water reservoirs
338:(HP) is economic if powered with
250:Current extent of electrification
6397:
6386:
6385:
6355:UN Millennium Declaration (2000)
5110:
4875:
4671:
4617:
4592:
4567:
4558:
4533:
4496:
4465:
4440:
4414:Shaw, Alan (29 September 2005).
4407:
3179:
3107:International Energy Agency 2020
2744:Mueller, Mike (August 1, 2017).
2603:International Energy Agency 2020
1921:Robert U. Ayres; Benjamin Warr.
1536:
1426:
934:Load factor and isolated systems
916:Thomson-Houston Electric Company
506:long-distance transmission lines
467:Managing variable energy sources
21:Electrification (disambiguation)
5941:Corporate social responsibility
5870:Ocean thermal energy conversion
5809:Community-supported agriculture
5494:Human impact on the environment
5238:List of energy storage projects
5162:industrial wastewater treatment
5015:Environmental impact assessment
4985:Environmental impact assessment
4772:. International Energy Agency.
4454:from the original on 2016-04-12
4450:. North Northumberland Online.
4396:from the original on 2017-10-18
4357:
4324:
4273:
4238:from the original on 2018-08-25
4220:
4209:from the original on 2017-07-01
4188:
4141:from the original on 2018-05-05
4111:
4088:from the original on 2020-10-30
4061:
4045:
4034:from the original on 2013-10-17
4028:"AC Power History and Timeline"
4020:
3995:
3957:
3937:
3926:from the original on 2021-08-16
3862:
3839:from the original on 2013-05-16
3825:
3788:
3705:
3661:
3627:
3588:
3564:
3488:
3477:from the original on 2021-07-17
3430:
3419:from the original on 2021-01-18
3407:Balaraman, Kavya (2020-10-12).
3400:
3333:
3292:
3281:from the original on 2020-11-26
3262:
3205:
3194:from the original on 2021-01-11
3173:
3162:from the original on 2021-07-17
3077:from the original on 2019-07-19
3059:
3002:from the original on 2020-05-15
2984:
2973:from the original on 2020-02-22
2920:
2896:
2871:
2860:from the original on 2021-09-24
2842:
2831:from the original on 2021-08-18
2817:
2806:from the original on 2021-08-09
2792:
2768:
2737:
2706:
2657:
2608:
2585:from the original on 2020-09-20
2566:
2509:
2454:
2407:
2382:
2282:
2225:
2189:from the original on 2014-11-10
2171:
2122:
2111:from the original on 2013-05-31
2093:
2082:from the original on 2019-12-19
2070:Odarno, Lily (14 August 2019).
2063:
2024:
2015:
2006:
1981:
1969:from the original on 2014-06-07
1900:from the original on 2015-09-09
1612:from the original on 2012-04-04
728:
587:Seasonal thermal energy storage
548:pumped-storage hydroelectricity
479:for storage in devices such as
147:National Academy of Engineering
6181:Socially responsible marketing
4599:Fresne, Patrick (2024-07-25).
4574:Fresne, Patrick (2024-07-25).
4540:Fresne, Patrick (2024-07-25).
4421:. Royal Society of Edinburgh.
4302:Forbes, Ross (17 April 1997).
3966:Innovation as a Social Process
3595:Barrett, John Patrick (1894).
3571:Woodbury, David Oakes (1949).
2713:Abergel, Thibaut (June 2020).
2359:10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.120838
2185:. Thomson Reuters Foundation.
1952:Electricity in Economic Growth
1809:Devine Jr., Warren D. (1983).
1743:
1731:Technology Science and History
1720:
1678:
1623:
1516:Historical cost of electricity
1082:rotating magnetic field of an
973:Direct current electric motors
226:Mass production § history
36:is the process of powering by
1:
6372:Sustainable Development Goals
6176:Socially responsible business
4880:The dictionary definition of
4369:. Babcock & Wilcox. 1913.
4121:; Mark Perlman, eds. (1990).
2642:10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.01.015
2259:10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111284
1894:10.1016/S0360-5442(02)00089-0
1735:. London: Heinemann. p.
1573:
1499:In China, the turmoil of the
1487:Rural Electric Administration
153:Benefits of electric lighting
4710:General and cited references
4366:Steam-its generation and use
3819:UK public library membership
3677:BBC. Retrieved 8 August 2011
3463:10.1016/j.energy.2017.12.037
2927:Lave, M.; Ellis, A. (2016).
1685:Hakimian, Rob (2022-06-10).
1578:
1568:Renewable energy development
1557:Mains electricity by country
1199:Friedrich August Haselwander
1197:, and the German technician
137:or electrolytic separating.
7:
6201:Sustainability organization
5986:Standards and certification
5577:Social return on investment
5020:Environmental impact design
4764:International Energy Agency
4195:A. Madrigal (Mar 6, 2010).
3212:Babbitt, Callie W. (2020).
2752:. US Department of Energy.
2467:Applied Thermal Engineering
1818:Journal of Economic History
1727:Cardwell, D. S. L. (1972).
1529:
1449:, discuss the issue on the
1298:linked directly to a dynamo
1173:, invented the three-wire (
1151:Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti
1041:Electric power transmission
912:Swan Electric Light Company
320:renewable energy transition
141:Benefits of electrification
56:systems. In the context of
54:electric power distribution
10:
6473:
5626:Systemic change resistance
5378:High-performance buildings
3874:. Springer. 6 March 2009.
3367:10.1038/s41467-020-14555-y
3318:10.1016/j.rser.2017.07.062
3239:10.1007/s10098-020-01890-3
3044:10.1016/j.rser.2017.07.062
2691:10.1016/j.erss.2015.06.007
2573:Miller, Joe (2020-09-09).
2542:10.1038/s41467-019-08855-1
1988:Kendrick, John W. (1980).
1656:10.1038/s41560-022-01041-6
1387:standardised the nation's
1364:Neptune Bank Power Station
1336:
1304:Westinghouse Air Brake Co.
1252:
1203:Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky
1116:, working for the company
1034:
1028:
976:
937:
840:in 1878 in Britain and by
732:
622:
596:
593:History of electrification
527:
435:
363:
307:
223:
189:Threshing machine in 1881.
165:
25:
18:
6381:
6292:
6229:
6001:
5928:
5837:
5804:Climate-smart agriculture
5789:
5761:
5718:
5672:
5639:
5512:
5469:
5451:
5373:Heat recovery ventilation
5358:Environmental remediation
5283:
5186:
5119:
5108:
4975:Climate smart agriculture
4957:
4769:World Energy Outlook 2020
4473:"Lighting by electricity"
3577:. McGraw-Hill. p. 83
3140:10.1016/j.est.2019.101047
3128:Journal of Energy Storage
2941:10.1109/PVSC.2016.7749939
2432:10.1016/j.est.2022.105873
2420:Journal of Energy Storage
2150:10.1108/17506220810859114
2076:World Resources Institute
1830:10.1017/S0022050700029673
1418:Household electrification
1385:Central Electricity Board
493:variable renewable energy
360:Transport electrification
107:transport electrification
87:household electrification
5946:Environmental accounting
5695:Sustainable architecture
5685:Environmental technology
5363:Glass in green buildings
5307:sustainable architecture
4951:Environmental technology
4448:"Survey of Belford 1995"
4352:Hunter & Bryant 1991
4270:, pp. 253, Note 18.
4268:Hunter & Bryant 1991
4256:Hunter & Bryant 1991
4183:Hunter & Bryant 1991
4159:Hunter & Bryant 1991
4106:Hunter & Bryant 1991
3783:Hunter & Bryant 1991
3773:, pp. 212, Note 53.
3771:Hunter & Bryant 1991
3759:Hunter & Bryant 1991
3742:Hunter & Bryant 1991
3730:Hunter & Bryant 1991
3690:, January 1975, pp. 7–11
2129:Hisham Zerriffi (2008).
1792:Hunter & Bryant 1991
1767:Hunter & Bryant 1991
1188:invented a polyphase AC
834:incandescent light bulbs
828:Incandescent light bulbs
803:Paris Exposition of 1878
697:William Fothergill Cooke
649:In the years 1831–1832,
510:energy demand management
412:ground source heat pumps
402:, or the less efficient
5819:Sustainable agriculture
4663:CS1 maint: url-status (
542:to store thermal energy
379:Heating electrification
342:(PV) devices to offset
115:heating electrification
98:railway electrification
82:factory electrification
6362:(Rio+10, Johannesburg)
6231:Sustainable management
6216:Urban drainage systems
5956:Environmental planning
5920:Water recycling shower
5910:Tidal stream generator
5705:Sustainable industries
5664:Sustainable population
5649:Demographic transition
5631:Tragedy of the commons
5353:Environmental movement
5050:Sustainability science
5040:Public interest design
4965:Appropriate technology
4812:Nye, David E. (1990).
4380:Jerome, Harry (1934).
4308:wiki-north-east.co.uk/
3949:. Spon. 1895. p.
3811:10.1093/ref:odnb/26748
2935:. pp. 1837–1842.
2105:worldenergyoutlook.org
1348:
1299:
1087:
1053:, the distribution of
873:
748:
646:
579:thermal energy storage
543:
488:
461:distributed generation
447:
354:certificate of deposit
323:
293:
232:technological progress
190:
183:
50:electricity generation
6254:Humanistic capitalism
6069:Environmental finance
5710:Sustainable packaging
5232:hydrogen technologies
5146:Solid waste treatment
4911:Rural electrification
4833:. REN21 Secretariat.
4797:. London: Routledge.
4740:Hills, Richard Leslie
4678:Smil, Vaclav (2006).
3346:Nature Communications
2522:Nature Communications
2101:"IEA - Energy Access"
1563:Renewable electricity
1346:
1296:Parsons steam turbine
1293:
1216:Sebastian de Ferranti
1184:The Italian inventor
1114:Sebastian de Ferranti
1078:
1009:and belt drive using
940:Continuous production
871:
742:
632:
556:lithium-ion batteries
537:
474:
445:
317:
308:Further information:
257:
242:and economic growth.
188:
178:
101:. In the context of
92:rural electrification
42:history of technology
6221:Urban infrastructure
5915:Water heat recycling
5738:Conservation biology
5582:Steady-state economy
5557:Micro-sustainability
5542:Ecological footprint
5499:Planetary boundaries
5403:Water heat recycling
5333:Efficient energy use
5323:Conservation biology
5260:Sustainable lighting
5196:Efficient energy use
5010:Environmental Design
4980:Environmental design
4791:McNeil, Ian (1990).
4232:edisontechcenter.org
2621:Energy and Buildings
2238:Energy and Buildings
1521:the introduction of
1447:improve this section
1437:may not represent a
904:Pearl Street Station
123:electric arc furnace
46:economic development
6322:Earth Summit (1992)
5976:Metrics and indices
5829:Sustainable fishery
5748:Holocene extinction
5567:Product stewardship
5537:Earth Overshoot Day
5388:Nature conservation
5383:Land rehabilitation
5338:Energy conservation
5227:carbon-neutral fuel
5135:dispersion modeling
4605:Gold and Revolution
4580:Gold and Revolution
4546:Gold and Revolution
4335:"The Steam Turbine"
4332:Parsons, Charles A.
4285:Birr Castle Demesne
4281:"The Steam Turbine"
4185:, pp. 285–286.
3785:, pp. 283–284.
3761:, pp. 276–279.
3646:on 15 February 2011
3624:, pp. 366–368.
3561:, pp. 360–365.
3455:2018Ene...144..341A
3358:2020NatCo..11..947H
3230:2020CTEP...22.1213B
2914:2018EGUGA..2015424J
2825:"Heat in Buildings"
2682:2015ERSS...10...31B
2633:2019EneBu.186..405M
2534:2019NatCo..10.1077B
2479:2022AppTE.21518975E
2350:2023ApEn..33620838S
2250:2021EneBu.25011284P
1886:2003Ene....28..219A
1648:2022NatEn...7..631A
1368:Newcastle upon Tyne
1360:Merz & McLellan
1269:Sir Charles Parsons
1235:George Westinghouse
1111:electrical engineer
1055:alternating current
1031:Alternating current
1025:Alternating current
889:General Post Office
671:homopolar generator
659:electromotive force
562:, which is largely
554:, and specifically
491:Solar and wind are
457:grid energy storage
446:Hybrid Power System
68:to accommodate the
6457:Energy development
5781:Sustainable energy
5743:Endangered species
5700:Sustainable design
5614:Consumer behaviour
5206:Energy development
5188:Sustainable energy
5177:water purification
5141:Industrial ecology
4913:with water power.
4477:The National Trust
2396:. 10 February 2023
2308:10.3390/en14040834
2047:. The World Bank.
1691:New Civil Engineer
1389:electricity supply
1349:
1316:economies of scale
1300:
1228:East India Company
1088:
893:City Temple church
874:
822:Crompton & Co.
749:
701:Charles Wheatstone
690:André-Marie Ampère
647:
625:Electric generator
544:
489:
481:electric batteries
448:
340:solar photovoltaic
324:
310:Sustainable energy
294:
191:
162:Pre-electric power
127:electric induction
103:sustainable energy
58:sustainable energy
6434:
6433:
6360:Earth Summit 2002
6343:Lisbon Principles
6315:Our Common Future
5993:Sustainable yield
5799:Civic agriculture
5552:Green consumption
5489:Global governance
5411:
5410:
5248:commercialization
4840:978-3-948393-00-7
4779:978-92-64-44923-7
4697:978-0-19-516875-4
4071:Networks of Power
3817:(Subscription or
2950:978-1-5090-2724-8
2780:www.aiche-cep.com
1999:978-0-8018-2289-6
1769:, pp. 29–30.
1479:
1478:
1471:
1378:Williamson Report
1226:once used by the
1210:AC power stations
1129:power transformer
848:Swan's house, in
832:Various forms of
811:Avenue de l'Opéra
791:Yablochkov candle
745:Avenue de l'Opéra
724:Electric lighting
657:, is based on an
453:renewable sources
438:Energy resilience
432:Energy resilience
422:chemical industry
417:resistive heating
372:Hydrogen vehicles
260:mains electricity
111:electric vehicles
70:energy transition
6464:
6401:
6400:
6389:
6388:
6333:Agenda 21 (1992)
6304:
6269:Natural resource
6156:Organic movement
6131:Impact investing
5850:Hydroelectricity
5824:Sustainable diet
5776:Renewable energy
5771:Carbon footprint
5753:Invasive species
5690:Natural building
5641:World population
5602:Marketing myopia
5562:Over-consumption
5532:Circular economy
5527:Anti-consumerism
5484:Environmentalism
5438:
5431:
5424:
5415:
5414:
5348:Energy recycling
5269:electric vehicle
5243:Renewable energy
5217:alternative fuel
5167:sewage treatment
5151:Waste management
5114:
5005:Energy recycling
5000:Electric vehicle
4970:Clean technology
4944:
4937:
4930:
4921:
4920:
4916:
4879:
4865:
4859:
4851:
4849:
4832:
4817:
4808:
4787:
4759:
4735:
4723:
4703:
4701:
4685:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4661:
4655:
4650:
4648:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4571:
4565:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4520:
4509:
4500:
4494:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4479:. Archived from
4469:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4427:
4420:
4411:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4395:
4388:
4377:
4371:
4370:
4361:
4355:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4337:. Archived from
4328:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4291:on May 13, 2010.
4287:. Archived from
4277:
4271:
4265:
4259:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4192:
4186:
4180:
4174:
4168:
4162:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4115:
4109:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4065:
4059:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4024:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4005:. Archived from
3999:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3866:
3860:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3814:
3792:
3786:
3780:
3774:
3768:
3762:
3756:
3745:
3739:
3733:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3715:. Archived from
3709:
3703:
3697:
3691:
3684:
3678:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3651:
3642:. Archived from
3631:
3625:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3387:
3369:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3320:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3275:SWI swissinfo.ch
3266:
3260:
3259:
3241:
3224:(6): 1213–1214.
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3119:
3110:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3046:
3022:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2802:. 9 March 2021.
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2693:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2644:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2553:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2361:
2330:
2321:
2320:
2310:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2261:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2160:. Archived from
2135:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1946:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1928:. Archived from
1927:
1918:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1865:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1846:
1840:. Archived from
1815:
1806:
1795:
1789:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1751:Benjamin Latrobe
1747:
1741:
1740:
1734:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1589:
1546:
1541:
1540:
1474:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1454:
1430:
1429:
1422:
1281:turbo generators
1277:Parsons turbines
1186:Galileo Ferraris
1137:John Dixon Gibbs
1066:electric current
999:Frank J. Sprague
989:William Sturgeon
815:Place de l'Opéra
799:Gramme generator
795:Pavel Yablochkov
783:National Gallery
695:Around 1838-40,
538:Construction of
497:electrical grids
477:potential energy
389:passive building
385:air conditioning
366:Electric vehicle
328:renewable energy
290:
284:
278:
272:
266:
105:, terms such as
74:renewable energy
28:Electrify (song)
6472:
6471:
6467:
6466:
6465:
6463:
6462:
6461:
6447:Electrification
6437:
6436:
6435:
6430:
6377:
6302:
6294:
6293:Agreements and
6288:
6225:
6029:Climate finance
5997:
5924:
5880:Reclaimed water
5833:
5785:
5757:
5714:
5668:
5654:Family planning
5635:
5508:
5465:
5447:
5442:
5412:
5407:
5368:Green computing
5343:Energy recovery
5279:
5211:Energy recovery
5201:Electrification
5182:
5128:Air pollution (
5115:
5106:
4953:
4948:
4914:
4883:electrification
4872:
4853:
4852:
4847:
4841:
4830:
4805:
4780:
4756:
4732:
4712:
4707:
4706:
4698:
4676:
4672:
4662:
4653:
4651:
4642:
4641:
4634:
4632:
4623:
4622:
4618:
4609:
4607:
4597:
4593:
4584:
4582:
4572:
4568:
4563:
4559:
4550:
4548:
4538:
4534:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4512:Policy Analysis
4507:
4501:
4497:
4492:
4488:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4457:
4455:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4431:
4429:
4425:
4418:
4412:
4408:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4386:
4378:
4374:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4350:
4346:
4329:
4325:
4316:
4314:
4300:
4296:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4266:
4262:
4254:
4250:
4241:
4239:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4212:
4210:
4193:
4189:
4181:
4177:
4169:
4165:
4157:
4153:
4144:
4142:
4135:
4116:
4112:
4104:
4100:
4091:
4089:
4082:
4066:
4062:
4056:Hopkinson, John
4050:
4046:
4037:
4035:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4012:
4010:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3986:
3984:
3977:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3929:
3927:
3920:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3891:
3889:
3882:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3855:
3851:
3842:
3840:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3816:
3793:
3789:
3781:
3777:
3769:
3765:
3757:
3748:
3740:
3736:
3728:
3724:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3698:
3694:
3685:
3681:
3666:
3662:
3649:
3647:
3632:
3628:
3620:
3616:
3607:
3605:
3593:
3589:
3580:
3578:
3569:
3565:
3557:
3553:
3545:
3541:
3533:
3529:
3521:
3514:
3505:
3503:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3480:
3478:
3435:
3431:
3422:
3420:
3405:
3401:
3338:
3334:
3297:
3293:
3284:
3282:
3267:
3263:
3210:
3206:
3197:
3195:
3178:
3174:
3165:
3163:
3120:
3113:
3105:
3101:
3093:
3089:
3080:
3078:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3023:
3014:
3005:
3003:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2976:
2974:
2951:
2925:
2921:
2901:
2897:
2888:
2886:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2863:
2861:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2834:
2832:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2809:
2807:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2784:
2782:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2759:
2757:
2742:
2738:
2728:
2726:
2711:
2707:
2662:
2658:
2613:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2588:
2586:
2579:Financial Times
2571:
2567:
2514:
2510:
2459:
2455:
2412:
2408:
2399:
2397:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2331:
2324:
2287:
2283:
2230:
2226:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2192:
2190:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2164:
2133:
2127:
2123:
2114:
2112:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2085:
2083:
2068:
2064:
2054:
2052:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1970:
1963:
1947:
1940:
1932:
1925:
1919:
1912:
1903:
1901:
1866:
1859:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1813:
1807:
1798:
1790:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1748:
1744:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1704:
1695:
1693:
1683:
1679:
1628:
1624:
1615:
1613:
1606:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1542:
1535:
1532:
1518:
1475:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1444:
1431:
1427:
1420:
1341:
1339:Electrical grid
1335:
1333:Electrical grid
1257:
1251:
1239:William Thomson
1212:
1190:induction motor
1047:
1045:War of currents
1033:
1027:
1019:electric motors
985:
977:Main articles:
975:
967:microgeneration
942:
936:
891:and the famous
885:Holborn Viaduct
866:
830:
757:carbon arc lamp
737:
735:Carbon arc lamp
731:
726:
713:R.E.B. Crompton
686:Hippolyte Pixii
651:Michael Faraday
627:
621:
605:
595:
532:
526:
512:and the use of
469:
440:
434:
404:electric heater
381:
368:
362:
312:
306:
292:
288:
286:
282:
280:
276:
274:
270:
268:
264:
252:
228:
222:
207:power buildings
174:Charles Babbage
170:
164:
155:
143:
34:Electrification
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6470:
6460:
6459:
6454:
6452:Electric power
6449:
6432:
6431:
6429:
6428:
6421:
6414:
6407:
6395:
6382:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6375:
6369:
6368:(Rio+20, 2012)
6363:
6357:
6352:
6346:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6324:
6319:
6311:
6306:
6298:
6296:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6235:
6233:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6122:
6121:
6116:
6114:Infrastructure
6111:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6044:Eco-capitalism
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6005:
6003:
5999:
5998:
5996:
5995:
5990:
5989:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5961:Sustainability
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5932:
5930:
5929:Accountability
5926:
5925:
5923:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5841:
5839:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5795:
5793:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5767:
5765:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5724:
5722:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5676:
5674:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5645:
5643:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5622:
5621:
5616:
5606:
5605:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5587:Sustainability
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5522:Anthropization
5518:
5516:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5475:
5473:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5458:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5445:Sustainability
5441:
5440:
5433:
5426:
5418:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5287:
5285:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5277:
5274:hybrid vehicle
5271:
5265:Transportation
5262:
5257:
5256:
5255:
5250:
5240:
5235:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5192:
5190:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5180:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5132:
5125:
5123:
5117:
5116:
5109:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5052:
5047:
5045:Sustainability
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5025:Green building
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4990:Eco-innovation
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4954:
4947:
4946:
4939:
4932:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4907:Zambesi Rapids
4904:
4899:
4893:
4887:
4871:
4870:External links
4868:
4867:
4866:
4839:
4818:
4809:
4803:
4788:
4778:
4760:
4754:
4736:
4730:
4711:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4696:
4670:
4631:. 24 July 2017
4629:Dialogue Earth
4616:
4591:
4566:
4557:
4532:
4495:
4486:
4483:on 2011-06-29.
4464:
4439:
4406:
4372:
4356:
4354:, p. 336.
4344:
4341:on 2011-01-14.
4323:
4294:
4272:
4260:
4258:, p. 221.
4248:
4219:
4187:
4175:
4173:, p. 383.
4163:
4161:, p. 250.
4151:
4133:
4119:Arnold Heertje
4110:
4108:, p. 248.
4098:
4080:
4060:
4058:by T. H. Beare
4044:
4019:
3994:
3975:
3956:
3936:
3918:
3899:
3880:
3861:
3859:, p. 195.
3849:
3824:
3787:
3775:
3763:
3746:
3744:, p. 242.
3734:
3732:, p. 191.
3722:
3719:on 2010-12-01.
3704:
3702:, p. 369.
3692:
3679:
3673:2012-07-19 at
3660:
3626:
3614:
3587:
3563:
3551:
3549:, p. 360.
3539:
3537:, p. 359.
3527:
3512:
3487:
3429:
3399:
3332:
3291:
3261:
3204:
3180:Katz, Cheryl.
3172:
3111:
3109:, p. 109.
3099:
3097:, p. 177.
3087:
3058:
3012:
2983:
2949:
2919:
2895:
2870:
2841:
2816:
2791:
2767:
2736:
2705:
2656:
2607:
2605:, p. 139.
2595:
2565:
2508:
2453:
2406:
2381:
2338:Applied Energy
2322:
2281:
2224:
2199:
2170:
2167:on 2015-06-10.
2121:
2092:
2062:
2032:
2023:
2014:
2005:
1998:
1980:
1961:
1938:
1935:on 2013-05-02.
1910:
1880:(3): 219–273.
1857:
1796:
1771:
1759:
1742:
1719:
1702:
1677:
1642:(7): 631–641.
1622:
1604:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1531:
1528:
1523:steam turbines
1517:
1514:
1477:
1476:
1441:of the subject
1439:worldwide view
1434:
1432:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1337:Main article:
1334:
1331:
1323:thermodynamics
1253:Main article:
1250:
1249:Steam turbines
1247:
1224:Deptford Creek
1211:
1208:
1164:John Hopkinson
1133:Lucien Gaulard
1064:can induce an
1062:magnetic field
1051:direct current
1029:Main article:
1026:
1023:
979:Electric motor
974:
971:
935:
932:
922:in the US and
865:
862:
829:
826:
779:William Petrie
733:Main article:
730:
727:
725:
722:
709:Gramme machine
623:Main article:
620:
617:
609:electroplating
594:
591:
564:mined in Congo
530:Energy storage
528:Main article:
525:
524:Energy storage
522:
468:
465:
436:Main article:
433:
430:
380:
377:
364:Main article:
361:
358:
305:
302:
287:
281:
275:
269:
267: 80%–100%
263:
262:, as of 2017.
251:
248:
224:Main article:
221:
218:
166:Main article:
163:
160:
154:
151:
142:
139:
117:(referring to
109:(referring to
66:energy storage
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6469:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6427:
6426:
6422:
6420:
6419:
6415:
6413:
6412:
6408:
6406:
6405:
6396:
6394:
6393:
6384:
6383:
6380:
6373:
6370:
6367:
6364:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6350:
6349:Earth Charter
6347:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6316:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6300:
6299:
6297:
6291:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6239:Environmental
6237:
6236:
6234:
6232:
6228:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6171:Refurbishment
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6161:Organizations
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6106:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6074:Green economy
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6059:Eco-socialism
6057:
6055:
6054:Eco-investing
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6039:Disinvestment
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6000:
5994:
5991:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5963:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5927:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5860:Marine energy
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5836:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5814:Cultured meat
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5788:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5764:
5760:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5721:
5717:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5671:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5642:
5638:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5610:
5607:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5572:Simple living
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5515:
5511:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5472:
5468:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5450:
5446:
5439:
5434:
5432:
5427:
5425:
5420:
5419:
5416:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5318:
5317:New Classical
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5282:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5118:
5113:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5091:refurbishment
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:Sustainable (
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
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5030:Green vehicle
5028:
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5018:
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4995:Ecotechnology
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4886:at Wiktionary
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4755:0-521-45834-X
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4087:
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4081:9780801846144
4077:
4074:. JHU Press.
4073:
4072:
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4057:
4053:
4048:
4033:
4029:
4023:
4009:on 2015-09-09
4008:
4004:
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3976:9780521533126
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3919:9780806519609
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3675:archive.today
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3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3336:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3311:: 1049–1086.
3310:
3306:
3302:
3295:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3265:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
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3208:
3193:
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3149:
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3108:
3103:
3096:
3091:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3037:: 1049–1086.
3036:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2972:
2968:
2964:
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2952:
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2942:
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2934:
2930:
2923:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2899:
2885:on 2014-08-25
2884:
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2369:
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2329:
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2318:
2314:
2309:
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2300:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2277:
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2269:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2027:
2018:
2009:
2001:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1968:
1964:
1962:0-309-03677-1
1958:
1954:
1953:
1945:
1943:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1915:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1862:
1847:on 2019-04-12
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1793:
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1746:
1738:
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1723:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1636:Nature Energy
1633:
1626:
1611:
1607:
1605:0-309-08908-5
1601:
1597:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1544:Energy portal
1539:
1534:
1527:
1524:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1483:
1473:
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1462:
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1448:
1442:
1440:
1433:
1424:
1423:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1401:National Grid
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1369:
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1361:
1357:
1353:
1345:
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1319:
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1309:
1305:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1262:steam engines
1256:
1255:Steam turbine
1246:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1233:In the U.S.,
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1131:developed by
1130:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1100:Elihu Thomson
1097:
1096:Marcel Deprez
1093:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1011:steam engines
1008:
1003:
1000:
996:
994:
990:
984:
980:
970:
968:
963:
957:
955:
950:
946:
941:
931:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
908:
905:
900:
896:
894:
890:
886:
881:
879:
870:
861:
859:
858:Savoy Theatre
855:
851:
846:
843:
842:Thomas Edison
839:
835:
825:
823:
818:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
787:
784:
780:
775:
773:
768:
764:
762:
758:
755:invented the
754:
746:
741:
736:
721:
717:
714:
710:
705:
702:
698:
693:
691:
687:
684:Around 1832,
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
663:magnetic flux
660:
656:
655:Faraday's law
652:
644:
640:
636:
631:
626:
616:
614:
610:
604:
600:
590:
588:
584:
580:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
541:
536:
531:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
501:
498:
494:
486:
482:
478:
473:
464:
462:
458:
454:
444:
439:
429:
425:
423:
418:
413:
409:
408:water heating
405:
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
376:
373:
367:
357:
355:
350:
345:
341:
337:
333:
332:nuclear power
329:
321:
316:
311:
301:
297:
285: 20%–40%
279: 40%–60%
273: 60%–80%
261:
256:
247:
243:
241:
235:
233:
227:
217:
214:
210:
208:
203:
201:
195:
187:
182:
177:
175:
169:
159:
150:
148:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
99:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
29:
22:
6423:
6416:
6409:
6402:
6390:
6314:
6079:Construction
6002:Applications
5720:Biodiversity
5479:Anthropocene
5393:Permaculture
5312:New Urbanism
5284:Conservation
5200:
5076:food systems
5061:architecture
4882:
4826:
4813:
4793:
4768:
4744:
4719:
4681:
4673:
4633:. Retrieved
4628:
4619:
4608:. Retrieved
4604:
4594:
4583:. Retrieved
4579:
4569:
4560:
4549:. Retrieved
4545:
4535:
4523:. Retrieved
4511:
4498:
4489:
4481:the original
4467:
4456:. Retrieved
4442:
4430:. Retrieved
4409:
4398:. Retrieved
4382:
4375:
4365:
4359:
4347:
4339:the original
4326:
4315:. Retrieved
4307:
4297:
4289:the original
4284:
4275:
4263:
4251:
4240:. Retrieved
4231:
4222:
4211:. Retrieved
4200:
4190:
4178:
4166:
4154:
4143:. Retrieved
4123:
4113:
4101:
4090:. Retrieved
4070:
4063:
4055:
4047:
4036:. Retrieved
4022:
4011:. Retrieved
4007:the original
3997:
3985:. Retrieved
3965:
3959:
3945:
3939:
3928:. Retrieved
3908:
3902:
3890:. Retrieved
3870:
3864:
3852:
3841:. Retrieved
3827:
3800:
3796:
3790:
3778:
3766:
3737:
3725:
3717:the original
3707:
3695:
3688:The Savoyard
3687:
3682:
3663:
3655:
3648:. Retrieved
3644:the original
3639:
3629:
3617:
3606:. Retrieved
3597:
3590:
3579:. Retrieved
3573:
3566:
3554:
3542:
3530:
3504:. Retrieved
3502:. 2015-09-14
3499:
3490:
3479:. Retrieved
3446:
3442:
3432:
3421:. Retrieved
3413:Utility Dive
3412:
3402:
3349:
3345:
3335:
3308:
3304:
3294:
3283:. Retrieved
3274:
3264:
3221:
3217:
3207:
3196:. Retrieved
3185:
3175:
3164:. Retrieved
3131:
3127:
3102:
3090:
3079:. Retrieved
3070:
3061:
3034:
3030:
3004:. Retrieved
2995:
2986:
2975:. Retrieved
2932:
2922:
2905:
2898:
2887:. Retrieved
2883:the original
2873:
2862:. Retrieved
2854:www.basf.com
2853:
2844:
2833:. Retrieved
2819:
2808:. Retrieved
2794:
2783:. Retrieved
2779:
2770:
2758:. Retrieved
2749:
2739:
2727:. Retrieved
2718:
2715:"Heat Pumps"
2708:
2673:
2669:
2659:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2598:
2587:. Retrieved
2578:
2568:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2470:
2466:
2456:
2423:
2419:
2409:
2398:. Retrieved
2394:Canary Media
2393:
2384:
2341:
2337:
2298:
2294:
2284:
2241:
2237:
2227:
2219:
2211:
2202:
2191:. Retrieved
2182:
2173:
2162:the original
2141:
2137:
2124:
2113:. Retrieved
2104:
2095:
2084:. Retrieved
2075:
2065:
2053:. Retrieved
2044:
2035:
2026:
2017:
2008:
1989:
1983:
1971:. Retrieved
1951:
1930:the original
1902:. Retrieved
1877:
1873:
1849:. Retrieved
1842:the original
1821:
1817:
1762:
1755:John Stevens
1745:
1730:
1722:
1694:. Retrieved
1690:
1680:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1614:. Retrieved
1594:
1587:
1519:
1510:
1498:
1494:Brezhnev era
1491:
1484:
1480:
1465:
1456:
1436:
1412:public goods
1405:
1382:
1356:Charles Merz
1354:
1350:
1328:
1320:
1312:
1301:
1266:
1258:
1243:
1232:
1213:
1195:Nikola Tesla
1183:
1149:
1141:Westinghouse
1126:
1108:
1089:
1059:
1048:
1004:
997:
986:
962:cogeneration
958:
954:Pearl Street
951:
947:
943:
920:Westinghouse
909:
901:
897:
882:
875:
847:
831:
819:
788:
776:
769:
765:
753:Humphry Davy
750:
729:Arc lighting
718:
706:
694:
683:
669:, a type of
667:Faraday disk
648:
642:
638:
634:
606:
583:fossil fuels
577:As of 2018,
576:
572:power-to-gas
545:
502:
490:
449:
426:
397:
393:fuel poverty
382:
369:
325:
298:
295:
244:
240:productivity
236:
231:
229:
215:
211:
206:
204:
196:
192:
179:
171:
156:
144:
135:electrolysis
133:heating, or
114:
106:
96:
90:
86:
81:
78:
33:
32:
6295:conferences
6166:Procurement
6109:Development
6009:Advertising
5971:Measurement
5905:Tidal power
5900:Small hydro
5865:Micro hydro
5728:Biosecurity
5680:Appropriate
5609:Sustainable
5592:Advertising
5514:Consumption
5504:Development
5328:Ecoforestry
5086:procurement
5071:development
5056:agriculture
4915:(in French)
4312:The Journal
4171:McNeil 1990
3833:"DC Motors"
3700:McNeil 1990
3640:The Journal
3622:McNeil 1990
3559:McNeil 1990
3547:McNeil 1990
3535:McNeil 1990
3525:, p. .
3523:McNeil 1990
3449:: 341–378.
2627:: 405–415.
2528:(1): 1077.
1794:, p. .
1717:, p. .
1552:GOELRO plan
1501:Warlord Era
1403:, in 1938.
1373:World War I
1175:three-phase
1160:transformer
1156:Lord Kelvin
1122:Lord Kelvin
1080:Three-phase
1037:Transformer
1015:water power
914:in the UK,
838:Joseph Swan
772:candlepower
599:Electricity
568:downcycling
514:smart grids
349:natural gas
291: 0–20%
62:super grids
38:electricity
6441:Categories
6186:Sanitation
6141:Livelihood
6064:Ecovillage
6049:Eco-cities
5966:Accounting
5875:Pico hydro
5855:Hydropower
5673:Technology
5471:Principles
5297:insulation
5290:Building (
5253:transition
5096:technology
5081:industries
4654:|url=
4610:2024-08-10
4585:2024-08-10
4551:2024-08-10
4458:2013-10-06
4400:2018-03-09
4317:2009-01-02
4242:2019-01-30
4213:2019-01-30
4145:2016-05-18
4134:0472101927
4092:2016-05-18
4038:2013-10-06
4013:2013-10-06
3987:25 October
3930:2020-10-25
3892:25 October
3843:2013-10-06
3821:required.)
3650:8 February
3608:2009-01-04
3581:2009-01-04
3506:2023-11-16
3481:2021-05-21
3423:2021-01-10
3352:(1): 947.
3285:2021-04-10
3198:2021-01-10
3166:2021-05-21
3134:: 101047.
3095:REN21 2020
3081:2021-05-21
3006:2020-05-30
2977:2021-05-21
2889:2009-06-19
2864:2021-09-24
2835:2021-08-09
2810:2021-08-09
2785:2022-01-16
2589:2020-09-20
2473:: 118975.
2426:: 105873.
2400:2023-03-01
2344:: 120838.
2301:(4): 834.
2244:: 111284.
2193:2013-06-17
2115:2013-05-30
2086:2019-11-26
1973:2013-10-07
1904:2015-06-04
1851:2011-07-03
1824:(2): 355.
1696:2022-06-10
1616:2010-09-22
1574:References
1308:Pittsburgh
1035:See also:
1007:line shaft
993:commutator
938:See also:
797:using the
673:, using a
597:See also:
540:salt tanks
400:heat pumps
336:heat pumps
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