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39:
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3844:) model, in which the village committees and the CCP village committees to have the same membership, with both led by the CCP village committee secretary. It announced in a five-year plan in 2018 that one-third of the more than 500,000 "administrative villages" were already following this system, and called for at least half of the village leaderships to follow this system. This had led to tighter vetting of candidates, involving blocking activists and others deemed to transgress political sensitivities.
1665:
3821:
villages began implementing "Vote for your Chief" policies, in which free elections are intended to be held for the election of a village chief, who holds a lot of power and influence traditionally in rural society. Many of these multi-candidate elections were successful, involving candidate debates, formal platforms, and the initiation of secret ballot boxes. Initial reforms did not include universal suffrage. Such an election comprises usually no more than 2000 voters, and the
4013:. Independent candidates are strongly discouraged and face government intervention in their campaigns. In practice, the power of parties other than the CCP is eliminated. Because none of the minor parties have independent bases of support and rely on CCP approval for appointment to positions of power, none have true political power independent of the CCP. Whereas there are CCP committees in people's congresses at all levels, none of the other parties operate any form of party
4101:
6375:
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3817:, all of China's approximately 1 million villages are expected to hold competitive, direct elections for sub-governmental village committees. A 1998 revision to the law called for improvements in the nominating process and enhanced transparency in village committee administration. The revised law also explicitly transferred the power to nominate candidates to villagers themselves, as opposed to village groups or CCP branches.
3531:, which officially is conducted by an election committee in consultation with small groups of voters; though the candidates are chosen by CCP officials in practice. Election committee members are appointed by the standing committees of the people's congresses at the corresponding level. The process used for competitive races is known as the "three ups and three downs" (
4026:
organizations, and voters to use "various forms of publicity", and instead instructing that the "election committees should introduce the candidates to the voters; the political parties, mass organizations, and voters who recommend the candidates can introduce them at group meetings of the voters". In 1986, the election law was amended to disallow primary elections.
3630:. If the number of deputies elected is less than the number of deputies to be elected, a run-off election is held to fill the remaining seat(s). In the run-off election, the candidate(s) who receives the most votes is elected a local deputy; however, a candidate has to win at least one-third of the votes in the run-off to be elected. Vacancies are filled using
4006:(CCP), with all candidate nominations preapproved by the CCP. CCP regulations require members of the People's Congresses, People's Governments, and People's Courts to implement CCP recommendations (including nominations). Elected leaders remain subordinate to the corresponding CCP secretary, and most are appointed by higher-level party organizations.
3642:
Heads of People's
Governments are formally elected by the People's Congress of that level pursuant to the Organic Law on Local People's Congresses and Governments, but the heads of township governments have been experimentally elected by the people through various mechanisms. There are several models
3560:
The number of candidates for a direct election should be 1.3 to 2 times the number of deputies to be elected. Where the people's congresses above the county level elect deputies at the next higher level, the number of candidates should be 1.2 to 1.5 times the number of deputies to be elected. Voting
3892:
by the People's
Congress of the level immediately below. Governors, mayors, and heads of counties, districts, townships and towns are elected by the respective local People's Congresses. Presidents of people's courts and the regional prosecutors general of people's procuratorates are elected by the
3851:
delved into the implementation of village elections in rural China and the eventual decline in village autonomy in later years. The researchers posited that this decline is linked to bureaucratic capability. As the administrative capacity at the village level strengthens, autocratic figures curtail
4029:
Traditionally, village chiefs were appointed by the township government. The
Organic Law of Village Committees was enacted in 1987 and implemented in 1988, allowing for direct election of village chiefs instead. The 2020 revisions to the electoral law mandated that all elections at all levels must
4025:
The first electoral law was passed in March 1953, and the second on 1 July 1979. The 1979 law allowed for ordinary voters to nominate candidates, unlike the 1953 law which provided no such mechanism. The 1979 law was revised in 1982, removing the reference to the ability of political parties, mass
3620:
in which a voter is allowed as many votes as there are seats to be filled (only one option may be selected per candidate), with the option to vote for or against a candidate, or abstain. The maximum number of deputies per district is three deputies, and each district within the same administrative
3551:
the views of the groups of electors are conveyed via group representatives at a committee meeting, in order to reduce the number of candidates (second "up"). The views of different elector groups and the discussions at the committee meeting are then conveyed to voters, and their views are sought
3820:
Many have criticized the locally elected representatives as serving as "rubber stamps", with the local CCP secretaries still holding the ultimate power, though during some eras the
Communists have flirted with the idea of potentially allowing some competition. In the early 1980s, a few southern
4788:[What is the specific procedure for the "three ups and three downs" method for determining through consultation the official candidates for People's Congress Representatives at the county and prefecture level?] (in Chinese). Hebei People's Congress. 6 December 2011. Archived from
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the election committee collates all of the nominations, checks them, and publishes the list of nominees and their basic details (first "up"). The published list is given to groups of electors, comprising the voters in each geographical or institutional electorate for discussion (first
3901:
The Local People's
Congress at each administrative level—other than the village level in rural areas, which hold direct elections—elects candidates for executive positions at that level of government and the Chairmen/Chairwomen of their regional People's Congress Standing Committees.
3555:
the views of the groups of electors are once again collated and reported to the election committee which, by reference to the views of the majority of electors, determine the final list of candidates (third "up"). The list of names and basic details is published by electorate (third
3625:
of votes to be elected. If the number of candidates to receive over 50% of the vote is more than the number of deputies to be elected, only those who have obtained the highest vote up to the number of seats available win. A tied vote between candidates is settled with a
1069:
4066:
and political media access. Freedom of political speech and freedom of political assembly are all severely restricted by the government. The general
Chinese public has virtually no say on how the top leaders of the country are elected.
3825:
system is used in determining the winner, with no restriction on political affiliation. The elections, initially held every three years but later changed to five, are always supervised by a higher level of government, usually by a
218:
2331:
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Government. Part of the reason for these early elections was to shift the responsibility of ensuring good performance and reduced corruption of local leaders from the
Chinese bureaucracy to the local villagers.
3077:
1643:
3368:, occur only at the local level people's congresses and village committees, with all candidate nominations preapproved by the CCP. By law, all elections at all levels must adhere to the leadership of the CCP.
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based on the president's nomination, other members of the State
Council based on the premier's nomination, and other members of the Central Military Commission based on the CMC chair's nomination.
1623:
1584:
3503:
397:
3391:...the tiered, indirect electoral mechanism in the People's Congress system ensures that deputies at the highest levels face no semblance of electoral accountability to the Chinese citizenry."
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191:
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200:
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1985:
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173:
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by the people's congress of the level immediately below. Candidate nominations at all levels are controlled by the CCP, and CCP's supreme position is enshrined in the country's
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899:
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209:
130:
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1404:
1206:
8200:
1157:
924:
771:
715:
291:
4749:
2800:
2376:
1274:
2002:
5754:
4698:
2019:
1775:
432:
4888:
7308:
3092:
1196:
1142:
1065:
1117:
1105:
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309:
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299:
245:
4373:
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5797:
3914:(NPC) has 2,977 members, elected for five year terms. Deputies are elected (over a three-month period) by the people's congresses of the provinces of China,
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1260:
1013:
677:
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182:
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810:
380:
52:
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1673:
1436:
744:
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Under the electoral law of 1 July 1979, nomination of candidates for direct local elections (in counties, townships, etc.) can be made by the CCP, the
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1785:
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1023:
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There are a small number of independent candidates for people's congress, particularly in neighborhoods of major cities, who sometimes campaign using
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for rural and urban voters, respectively, which are then submitted to the election committees after cross-examination by electoral district leaders.
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2131:
1516:
950:
855:
446:
286:
271:
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4212:
Lee, Ching Kwan; Zhang, Yonghong (2013-05-01). "The Power of
Instability: Unraveling the Microfoundations of Bargained Authoritarianism in China".
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755:
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663:
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732:
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152:
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at the local level. Villages have been traditionally the lowest level of government in China's complicated hierarchy of governance. Under the
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886:
708:
98:
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to each electoral district in proportion to their population, though the system for apportioning seats for Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan and the
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728:
121:
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6490:
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1839:
1790:
990:
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7335:
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7150:
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1717:
1137:
704:
375:
276:
77:
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an election that is ostensibly open to all comers, but in fact is stacked in favor of the
Communist Party's handpicked candidates.
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3923:
3357:
3165:
2713:
2467:
1162:
545:
5402:
Manion, Melanie (2017-03-01). ""Good Types" in Authoritarian Elections: The Selectoral Connection in Chinese Local Congresses".
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by at least 10 other voters. The final list of electoral candidates must be worked out through "discussion and consultation" or
3394:
Local people's congresses are directly elected under the control of the CCP. All higher levels of people's congresses up to the
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1857:
688:
533:
164:
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3003:
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2353:
1754:
1742:
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of the People's Republic of China, elections have been highly constrained by the CCP's monopoly on power, limitations on
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2250:
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322:
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Contemporary China: Approaching the 21st Century, 26th Annual Sino-American Conference June, 1997 University of Maryland
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634:
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Landry, Pierre F.; Davis, Deborah; Wang, Shiru (2010-06-01). "Elections in Rural China: Competition Without Parties".
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6754:
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5284:
5165:
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5075:
5042:
5012:
4985:
4958:
4931:
3984:
3814:
3259:
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3198:
1941:
1936:
1929:
1898:
604:
59:
8133:
8128:
7903:
7440:
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6502:
4355:
4310:"Personal Networks and Grassroots Election Participation in China: Findings from the Chinese General Social Survey"
3543:). According to the Chinese government, the "three ups and three downs" process is supposed to operate as follows:
3524:
2451:
2273:
2187:
1992:
5779:
5503:, pp. 72–76. "Regulations on the Selection and Appointment Work of Cadres of Both CPC and Government Organs".
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4691:"Electoral Law of the National People's Congress and Local People's Congresses of the People's Republic of China"
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1818:
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1958:
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455:
18:
This article is about elections in the People's Republic of China. For elections in the Republic of China, see
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1980:
1378:
1048:
135:
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8298:
7710:
7023:
6969:
6937:
6764:
6304:
6209:
4072:
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3426:
3399:
3380:
3188:
3025:
2859:
2749:
2728:
2593:
2580:
2113:
2024:
2014:
1948:
502:
348:
343:
64:
38:
8407:
8210:
8088:
8073:
7680:
7637:
7573:
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6952:
6699:
6462:
5745:"China claims its authoritarian one-party system is a democracy -- and one that works better than the US"
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4114:
3946:
3915:
3388:
3180:
2840:
2314:
2308:
1953:
1668:
1558:
492:
470:
4578:
Gasper, Donald (1982), Nelson, Daniel; White, Stephen (eds.), "The Chinese National People's Congress",
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7605:
7361:
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6992:
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6414:
6314:
5968:
4538:
4265:
3822:
3311:
3274:
3236:
3206:
2938:
2835:
2324:
2301:
2266:
1914:
1891:
586:
8328:
7920:
7744:
7625:
7578:
7522:
6987:
6932:
6659:
6545:
6472:
6259:
6224:
6179:
5644:
2499:
2446:
1875:
1373:
497:
387:
83:
71:
3387:, states that "the CCP tightly controls the nomination and election processes at every level in the
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7861:
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7397:
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7222:
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7008:
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6517:
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6031:
6009:
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3147:
3040:
2779:
2708:
2696:
2482:
2223:
2207:
1685:
1122:
591:
363:
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8336:
8118:
7834:
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7160:
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7018:
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6567:
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6139:
6089:
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6049:
5188:
4043:
4003:
3883:
3606:
3349:
3110:
2737:
2573:
2136:
2108:
2007:
1222:
1075:
519:
6741:
8291:
8098:
7932:
7888:
7866:
7563:
7013:
6917:
6724:
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5103:
4059:
4010:
3610:
3361:
3269:
3231:
3035:
2820:
2813:
2759:
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1963:
1924:
1885:
917:
255:
5933:
5888:
5182:
5128:
5032:
4948:
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3015:
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2963:
2701:
2494:
2156:
2048:
1997:
1538:
1488:
912:
581:
571:
441:
5682:
8:
8308:
8153:
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6002:
5835:
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Participation and Empowerment at the Grassroots: Chinese Village Elections in Perspective
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rates the People's Republic of China as 0 out of 4 for freedom of the electoral process.
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3376:
3211:
3011:
2914:
2879:
2788:
2723:
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2369:
1834:
1564:
1250:
629:
460:
107:
19:
5067:
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8190:
8175:
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7805:
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7368:
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6899:
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6812:
6512:
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6279:
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2520:
2506:
1975:
1192:
996:
970:
641:
619:
611:
420:
8254:
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7827:
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Martinez-Bravo, Monica; Padró I Miquel, Gerard; Qian, Nancy; Yao, Yang (2022-09-01).
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29:
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region must have approximately an equal number of people. Candidates must obtain a
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598:
413:
142:
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Bishop, Sylvia; Hoeffler, Anke (2016). "Free and fair elections: A new database".
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The Chinese Journalist: Mediating Information in the World's Most Populous Country
4654:
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7898:
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7810:
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6862:
6749:
5894:
Political Reform in Post-Mao China: Democracy and Bureaucracy in a Leninist State
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differ. No electoral district may be apportioned fewer than 15 seats in the NPC.
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3482:
3342:
3170:
2774:
1702:
89:
5945:
5579:
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4858:
Whither China's Democracy: Democratization in China Since the Tiananmen Incident
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China is 3rd least electoral democratic country in the world and second least
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directly under the Central Government, as well as by electoral college in the
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as no opposition is allowed. Rory Truex, a researcher of Chinese politics at
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2093:
1522:
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624:
368:
230:
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4632:"An Introduction to the Electoral Systems Used in Chinese Village Elections"
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5924:
5856:
Restructuring Political Power in China: Alliances and Opposition, 1978–1998
4852:
4092:
3631:
3573:
3292:
3264:
2603:
2533:
2242:
1463:
1355:
1332:
1305:
1097:
760:
4273:
7965:
6882:
6867:
6674:
6632:
6627:
6575:
6388:
5236:
5213:
3834:
Since 2018, the central authorities in the CCP officially called for the
2901:
2783:
2689:
2542:
2457:
2119:
2082:
2070:
1577:
1032:
847:
833:
358:
204:
156:
5965:
Making Autocracy Work: Representation and Responsiveness in Modern China
5906:
4535:
Making Autocracy Work: Representation and Responsiveness in Modern China
4100:
1760:
State Administration for Sci., Tech. & Industry for National Defense
8138:
7046:
6857:
6585:
5780:"Ahead of Biden's Democracy Summit, China Says: We're Also a Democracy"
2951:
2895:
2395:
2295:
2182:
1824:
1796:
1603:
1470:
1446:
1339:
1200:
978:
Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission
862:
817:
778:
764:
748:
695:
213:
177:
168:
146:
102:
93:
4493:
3737:
3734:
8148:
8103:
7041:
6982:
3927:
3583:
3512:
2830:
2655:
2433:
2418:
2391:
1908:
1291:
1226:
1085:
937:
878:
791:
566:
195:
5994:
4002:
Elections in China occur under a political system controlled by the
3572:
Eligible voters, and their electoral districts, are chosen from the
8223:
8216:
7529:
5211:
4452:"Alarmed by Independent Candidates, Chinese Authorities Crack Down"
4227:
4129:
3935:
3622:
3508:
3423:
People's congresses of cities that are not divided into districts (
2957:
1746:
1728:
1551:
1495:
1264:
870:
827:
787:
186:
111:
5153:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6399:
5313:"China's National People's Congress System: A Brief Introduction"
4120:
List of voting results of the National People's Congress of China
2318:
5126:
4697:. National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China.
8318:
5852:
Chen, An (1999). "Two Systems for Electing People's Deputies".
5449:"Juking the Stats? Authoritarian Information Problems in China"
4405:"The West once dreamed of democracy taking root in rural China"
3781:
3760:
3719:
3698:
3677:
3656:
2619:
2410:
2383:
1212:
905:
892:
839:
802:
795:
576:
2404:
Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization
1405:
State-owned Assets Supervision & Administration Commission
6430:
3931:
3893:
respective local People's Congresses above the county level.
3057:
2660:
5130:
Citizen Participation at the Local Level in China and Canada
5521:"In China, Political Outsiders Turn to Microblog Campaigns"
4356:"'We Have a Fake Election': China Disrupts Local Campaigns"
3495:) committee members and chairpersons are directly elected.
2377:
Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture
5749:
5560:
4808:
4764:
3379:, and party control over nominations. Elections are not
5340:
5338:
4977:
Rural Democracy in China: The Role of Village Elections
4260:
Geddes, Barbara; Wright, Joseph; Frantz, Erica (2018).
4889:"Chinese independents to challenge Communists in 2012"
3637:
4720:
4718:
4716:
3952:
The NPC elects and appoints the following personnel:
3852:
the influence of elected bodies to reassert control.
3743:
3593:
3538:
1850:
Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)
5936:. In Macpherson, Stewart; Cheng, Joseph Y.S (eds.).
5335:
4820:
4082:
2671:
Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs
219:
Politburo Standing Committee longest-serving members
5934:"The Basic-Level Elections in Guangzhou Since 1979"
5004:
Political and economic encyclopaedia of the Pacific
4582:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 160–190,
2922:
Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits
5853:
5548:
5095:
5059:
4796:
4739:"Democracy's other version: China holds elections"
4737:
4713:
4403:
4259:
5180:
4832:
4580:Communist Legislatures in Comparative Perspective
4166:Gandhi, Jennifer; Lust-Okar, Ellen (2009-06-01).
1158:Environment Protection and Resources Conservation
8399:
4946:
3962:Vice President of the People's Republic of China
5683:"China: Freedom on the Net 2022 Country Report"
5356:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5214:"The Rise and Fall of Local Elections in China"
5057:
4165:
3098:State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs
5938:Economic and Social Development in South China
5641:
5635:
4643:. Bethesda, Md: University Press of Maryland.
3967:Chairperson of the Central Military Commission
3507:A list of voters posted in a neighbourhood in
2325:Judicial Administrative Organs People's Police
323:"People's democratic dictatorship" (Article 1)
8066:
6415:
6010:
5774:
4058:The performed elections in China do not meet
3905:
3896:
3881:
3875:
3865:
3839:
3732:
3587:
3577:
3532:
3490:
3476:
3466:
3456:
3446:
3436:
3424:
3319:
2442:National Press and Publication Administration
1143:Education, Science, Culture and Public Health
5572:
5267:
5000:
3934:, and by the armed forces which function as
3498:
3021:International Development Cooperation Agency
2473:National Radio and Television Administration
1639:Reform & Organizational Structure Office
1369:National Development & Reform Commission
947:Central Commission for Discipline Inspection
811:Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission
5319:. China-United States Exchange Foundation.
5154:Gunter Schubert and Anna L. Ahlers (2012).
4349:
4347:
3957:President of the People's Republic of China
3751:public recommendation and public election (
3339:Elections in the People's Republic of China
1246:State Council (Central People's Government)
856:Financial & Economic Affairs Commission
6422:
6408:
6017:
6003:
5940:. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 107–.
5515:
4446:
3710:competition based on mass recommendation (
3326:
3312:
334:Constitutional oath of office (Article 27)
5886:
5743:Gan, Nectar; George, Steve (2021-12-08).
5742:
5566:
5466:
5235:
5127:Andrew Sancton and Chen Zhenming (2014).
4770:
4353:
4327:
4308:Hao, Mingsong; Ke, Xiwang (5 July 2023).
4185:
4033:
3078:International Military Cooperation Office
2346:Office for Safeguarding National Security
991:Central Leading Group for Inspection Work
349:Highest state organ of power (Article 57)
5889:"Elections to Local People's Congresses"
5496:
5494:
5090:
4886:
4344:
4211:
4187:10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.060106.095434
3502:
2890:Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs
2870:Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement
1718:National Defense Mobilization Commission
925:Office of the Central Secrecy Commission
5446:
5257:
5255:
4919:
3979:President of the Supreme People's Court
3731:nomination and election by the masses (
3166:Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
2235:CCP Central Politics and Law Commission
1915:People's Procuratorates Judicial Police
339:Protection of human rights (Article 33)
8400:
7357:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
5677:
5675:
5511:
5509:
5401:
5280:"Allocation of the Number of Deputies"
4950:Handbook on Building Cultures of Peace
4701:from the original on 16 September 2021
4685:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4608:
4606:
4577:
4442:
4440:
3880:), and cities divided into districts (
3194:China and the World Trade Organization
3130:Visa requirements for Chinese citizens
2267:Public Security Organs People's Police
561:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
6403:
6024:
5998:
5962:
5931:
5860:. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp.
5533:from the original on November 1, 2011
5491:
5027:
4973:
4814:
4532:
4307:
4030:adhere to the leadership of the CCP.
3855:
2613:Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission
2562:Overseas censorship of Chinese issues
2302:State Security Organs People's Police
1858:Commission Against Corruption (Macau)
1791:CMC Leading Group for Military Reform
1624:Politics and Legal Affairs Commission
5851:
5592:from the original on 8 December 2022
5554:
5454:British Journal of Political Science
5252:
4802:
4724:
4629:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4488:
4486:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4315:Journal of Chinese Political Science
4303:
4301:
4255:
4253:
4207:
4205:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4075:is harshly punished in the country.
4040:electoral democratic country in Asia
3872:directly administered municipalities
3053:Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
2875:Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement
8053:Major Historical and Cultural Sites
5768:
5706:
5672:
5506:
5500:
5344:
5292:from the original on 12 August 2002
4887:Phillips, Michelle (July 4, 2011).
4850:
4838:
4826:
4664:
4618:
4603:
4437:
4354:Hernández, Javier C. (2016-11-15).
3638:Heads of Local People's Governments
3523:, mass organizations, or any voter
3418:
3413:
3348:political system controlled by the
3158:National Immigration Administration
2203:Federation of Industry and Commerce
1840:Anti-corruption campaign since 2012
1598:National Defense Mobilization Dept.
399:General Principles of the Civil Law
13:
7191:
6429:
5778:; Myers, Steven Lee (2021-12-07).
5736:
5395:
5350:
5310:
5184:Politics in China: An Introduction
4863:City University of Hong Kong Press
4752:from the original on June 18, 2017
4173:Annual Review of Political Science
4168:"Elections Under Authoritarianism"
2946:Central Foreign Affairs Commission
2628:Cyberspace Administration of China
635:Two Establishes and Two Safeguards
14:
8419:
7348:Political Consultative Conference
5285:China Internet Information Center
5034:The Transformation of Rural China
4630:Niou, Emerson M.S. (2000-01-01).
4519:
4483:
4387:
4298:
4250:
4202:
4152:
3815:Organic Law of Village Committees
3794:
3605:Deputies are elected from either
3199:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
2056:Political Consultative Conference
1644:Int'l Military Cooperation Office
1629:Science and Technology Commission
1585:Training and Administration Dept.
1432:Central Military Commission (CMC)
605:Scientific Outlook on Development
329:Democratic centralism (Article 3)
8134:Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty
8129:Four Masters of the Ming dynasty
6383:
6374:
6373:
4099:
4085:
3997:
3647:direct nomination and election (
3286:
2452:State Council Information Office
2274:State Immigration Administration
1690:
1680:
1663:
1611:Discipline Inspection Commission
1133:Supervisory and Judicial Affairs
344:Freedom of religion (Article 36)
37:
8124:Four Paragons of the Early Tang
7321:Political parties and movements
6685:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
6670:Northern and Southern dynasties
5800:from the original on 2022-12-15
5757:from the original on 2022-06-07
5726:from the original on 2024-07-29
5695:from the original on 2023-01-23
5624:from the original on 2024-07-18
5604:
5440:
5323:from the original on 6 May 2021
5304:
5205:
5174:
5147:
5120:
5084:
5051:
5021:
4994:
4967:
4940:
4923:Environmental Activism in China
4913:
4880:
4844:
4785:三上三下"协商确定县乡两级人大代表正式候选人的具体做法是什么？
4776:
4730:
4571:
4508:from the original on 2022-08-16
4472:from the original on 2023-04-23
4426:from the original on 2021-11-05
4376:from the original on 2021-11-05
3974:National Supervisory Commission
3521:various other political parties
3103:Overseas Chinese Affairs Office
2488:China Global Television Network
2468:Ministry of Culture and Tourism
2332:Bureau of Prison Administration
1892:People's Courts Judicial Police
1819:National Supervisory Commission
900:Office of the General Secretary
6341:British Indian Ocean Territory
5899:University of California Press
5887:McCormick, Barrett L. (1990).
5160:. Lexington Books. p. 1.
4637:. In McGinnis, Rebecca (ed.).
4020:
3985:Supreme People's Procuratorate
3924:special administrative regions
3847:A 2022 study conducted by the
3786:
3765:
3724:
3703:
3682:
3661:
3358:special administrative regions
3222:China–European Union relations
2714:Special administrative regions
1899:Supreme People's Procuratorate
1138:Financial and Economic Affairs
1:
5612:"China: Freedom in the world"
5405:Comparative Political Studies
5360:Comparative Political Studies
5228:American Economic Association
4215:American Journal of Sociology
4140:
3849:American Economic Association
3689:two ballots in three rounds (
3565:, and voters are entitled to
3242:China–United States relations
3227:China–Latin America relations
3088:NPC Foreign Affairs Committee
2684:HK & Macau Affairs Office
2427:Central Propaganda Department
2279:Local public security bureaus
1654:Offices Administration Agency
1163:Agriculture and Rural Affairs
7426:Ministry of National Defense
6765:Chinese Communist Revolution
5841:Resources in other libraries
5037:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 218.
4145:
4053:
3992:premier of the State Council
3805:After taking power in 1978,
3801:1998 Chinese local elections
3400:highest organ of state power
3189:China and the United Nations
3093:CCP International Department
3073:Ministry of National Defense
3000:Diplomatic missions of China
2860:Taiwan independence movement
2581:Publishing industry in China
2114:United Front Work Department
1959:Regular Disciplined Services
1949:Law enforcement in Hong Kong
1755:Ministry of Veterans Affairs
1737:Ministry of National Defense
772:National Security Commission
612:Harmonious Socialist Society
503:Death sentence with reprieve
477:Administrative Procedure Law
7:
8089:Flowers of the Four Seasons
8074:Four Treasures of the Study
7693:Water supply and sanitation
7421:Central Military Commission
7416:Outline of military history
7166:Province-level subdivisions
5946:10.4337/9781782542889.00013
5447:Wallace, Jeremy L. (2016).
4853:郑 (Cheng), 宇硕(Joseph Y. S.)
4588:10.1007/978-1-349-06086-3_7
4115:Legislative system of China
4078:
3748:; literally "sea election")
3744:
3594:
3539:
3181:Community of Common Destiny
2971:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2841:Republic of China on Taiwan
2251:Ministry of Public Security
1572:Equipment Development Dept.
739:Central Military Commission
10:
8424:
7362:Primary stage of socialism
7304:National People's Congress
6772:People's Republic of China
5969:Cambridge University Press
5815:
5181:William A. Joseph (2014).
5133:. CRC Press. p. 214.
4851:林 (Lin), 峰 (Feng) (2011).
4539:Cambridge University Press
4533:Truex, Rory (2016-10-28).
4329:10.1007/s11366-023-09861-3
4266:Cambridge University Press
3990:The NPC also appoints the
3983:Prosecutor-General of the
3912:National People's Congress
3906:National People's Congress
3897:Local People's Governments
3798:
3396:National People's Congress
2836:Political status of Taiwan
2286:Ministry of State Security
1986:Public Prosecutions Office
1786:Military reform since 2015
1398:Deputy Secretaries-General
1168:Social Development Affairs
1049:National People's Congress
587:Primary stage of socialism
555:Admission Oath (Article 6)
122:Current provincial leaders
17:
8359:
8327:
8245:
8166:
7946:
7752:
7743:
7701:
7661:
7503:
7494:
7406:
7257:
7187:
7178:
7141:
7112:UNESCO Biosphere Reserves
7067:
7001:
6910:
6848:
6820:
6811:
6740:
6618:
6566:
6526:
6450:
6441:
6369:
6328:
6288:
6030:
5932:Leung, Kwan-kwok (1996).
5870:10.1515/9781685851927-006
5836:Resources in your library
5645:Journal of Peace Research
5468:10.1017/S0007123414000106
5311:Ji, Bian (6 March 2011).
4953:. Springer. p. 162.
4947:Joseph de Rivera (2008).
4926:. Routledge. p. 12.
3882:
3876:
3866:
3840:
3777:
3756:
3733:
3715:
3694:
3673:
3652:
3613:using a modified form of
3588:
3578:
3533:
3499:Local People's Congresses
3491:
3477:
3467:
3457:
3447:
3437:
3425:
3217:China–Caribbean relations
2801:Mainland & Macau CEPA
2500:China Radio International
2447:China Film Administration
1634:Strategic Planning Office
1364:Cabinet-level departments
456:Intellectual property law
8287:Catholic Church in China
7431:People's Liberation Army
7398:One country, two systems
6090:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
5977:10.1017/CBO9781316771785
5658:10.1177/0022343316642508
5418:10.1177/0010414014537027
5373:10.1177/0010414009359392
5219:American Economic Review
5058:Sue Vander Hook (2011).
4980:. Springer. p. 25.
4784:
4547:10.1017/CBO9781316771785
3947:People's Liberation Army
3618:combined approval voting
3389:people's congress system
3260:Administrative divisions
3041:Belt and Road Initiative
2738:Hong Kong SAR Government
2709:One country, two systems
2697:Hong Kong Liaison Office
2483:China Central Television
1993:Secretariat for Security
1669:People's Liberation Army
1410:most Central Enterprises
1153:Overseas Chinese Affairs
592:Four Cardinal Principles
8119:Four Pillars of Destiny
7904:Regional discrimination
7326:Chinese Communist Party
6351:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
5189:Oxford University Press
5007:. Longman. p. 34.
4044:V-Dem Democracy indices
4004:Chinese Communist Party
3941:. Generally, seats are
3860:People's Congresses of
3607:single-member districts
3350:Chinese Communist Party
3232:China–Pacific relations
3111:Chinese nationality law
2003:Unitary Police Services
1660:National armed forces:
1076:Council of Chairpersons
932:Organization Department
664:National Party Congress
369:Socialist law tradition
246:Organization Department
7872:Science and technology
7545:Special economic zones
6797:persecution of Uyghurs
6725:Century of humiliation
4262:How Dictatorships Work
4060:free and fair election
4034:International rankings
3704:san lun liang piao zhi
3611:multi-member districts
3516:
3237:China–Russia relations
3207:China–Africa relations
3036:China Development Bank
3012:Foreign aid from China
2853:"Taiwan Province", PRC
2821:Cross-Strait relations
2814:Cross-Strait relations
2767:Mainland & HK CEPA
2208:People's organizations
2015:Public Security Police
1964:Hong Kong Police Force
1925:Judiciary of Hong Kong
1876:Supreme People's Court
1781:Military modernization
1559:Logistic Support Dept.
292:Previous constitutions
165:Communist Party leader
60:Leadership generations
8079:Four Great Inventions
7463:People's Armed Police
5715:China: Events of 2020
5263:Constitution of China
5102:. Routledge. p.
5001:Gerald Segal (1989).
4748:. November 10, 2016.
4614:Constitution of China
4502:Heidelberg University
4274:10.1017/9781316336182
4135:Human rights in China
3506:
2909:Taiwan Affairs Office
2760:Independence movement
2745:Politics of Hong Kong
1981:Court of Final Appeal
1942:Prosecutions Division
1937:Department of Justice
1930:Court of Final Appeal
1686:People's Armed Police
1379:National Audit Office
1010:Provincial committee
241:Collective leadership
236:Democratic centralism
117:Current state leaders
72:Hu–Wen Administration
8058:World Heritage Sites
7586:Foreign aid received
7294:Environmental policy
7092:Environmental policy
7087:Environmental issues
6265:United Arab Emirates
5963:Truex, Rory (2016).
5901:. pp. 130–156.
5519:(October 31, 2011).
5237:10.1257/aer.20181249
4894:The Washington Times
4541:. pp. 52, 111.
4069:Political censorship
4015:parliamentary groups
3772:vote of confidence (
3668:direction election (
3552:(second "down"); and
3385:Princeton University
3212:China–Arab relations
3144:Visa policy of China
3063:New Development Bank
3026:Ministry of Commerce
2789:Macau SAR Government
2702:Macau Liaison Office
2495:China National Radio
2178:Historical parties:
1998:Macau Security Force
1546:Political Work Dept.
1184:State representative
1128:Constitution and Law
913:Central Guard Bureau
582:Deng Xiaoping Theory
359:Chinese legal system
174:State representative
136:Orders of precedence
99:20th Party Politburo
78:Xi–Li Administration
8304:History of religion
8299:Freedom of religion
8154:Four Pests campaign
8099:Four Classic Novels
7711:Automotive industry
7591:Foreign aid program
7282:Pro-democratisation
6777:Cultural Revolution
6292:limited recognition
5907:10.2307/jj.13083394
5580:"The V-Dem Dataset"
5261:Article 101 of the
4901:on November 9, 2017
4817:, pp. 109–110.
4504:. 4 February 2021.
3939:electoral districts
3823:first-past-the-post
2990:Diplomatic missions
2962:Secretary-General:
2880:Chinese unification
2724:Hong Kong Basic Law
2594:Internet censorship
2552:Censorship in China
2309:Ministry of Justice
1835:Corruption in China
1207:Presidential Office
846:Secretary-General:
729:Central Secretariat
630:Four Comprehensives
434:Labour Contract Law
364:Civil law tradition
201:Conference Chairman
90:4th Leadership Core
65:Succession of power
20:Elections in Taiwan
8408:Elections in China
8211:Population history
8191:Internal migration
7806:Harmonious Society
7681:Telecommunications
7638:Standard of living
7557:Online advertising
7309:Standing Committee
5827:Elections in China
5785:The New York Times
5720:Human Rights Watch
5526:The New York Times
5517:LaFraniere, Sharon
4865:. pp. 65–99.
4612:Article 97 of the
4457:The New York Times
4448:LaFraniere, Sharon
4361:The New York Times
4071:is widespread and
4042:according to 2023
3916:autonomous regions
3890:indirectly elected
3856:Indirect elections
3809:experimented with
3766:gong tui gong xuan
3517:
3404:indirectly elected
3031:Exim Bank of China
2865:Anti-Secession Law
2755:Pro-democracy camp
2521:China News Service
2507:Xinhua News Agency
2061:National Committee
1976:Judiciary of Macau
1905:Prosecutor General
1118:Special Committees
1066:Standing Committee
1024:Deputy secretaries
1014:Standing committee
957:Standing Committee
918:Central Guard Unit
716:Standing Committee
620:Xi Jinping Thought
577:Mao Zedong Thought
493:Capital punishment
471:Administrative law
210:Commander-in-chief
183:Head of government
108:14th State Council
8395:
8394:
8355:
8354:
8162:
8161:
7739:
7738:
7726:Shipping industry
7490:
7489:
7456:Strategic Support
7331:General Secretary
7316:National security
7299:Foreign relations
7253:
7252:
7174:
7173:
7137:
7136:
6840:Natural disasters
6807:
6806:
6760:Chinese Civil War
6755:Republic of China
6730:Taiping Rebellion
6603:Spring and Autumn
6508:Foreign relations
6397:
6396:
6334:other territories
6025:Elections in Asia
5955:978-1-858-98301-1
5916:978-0-520-06765-3
5879:978-1-555-87842-9
5822:Library resources
5347:, pp. 68–69.
5198:978-0-19-933942-6
4872:978-962-937-181-4
4829:, pp. 67–69.
4650:978-1-883053-52-9
4597:978-1-349-06088-7
4556:978-1-107-17243-2
4283:978-1-316-33618-2
4125:Politics of China
4073:political dissent
4062:criteria such as
3725:min tui jing xuan
3540:sān shàng sān xià
3529:primary elections
3515:. April 11, 2014.
3336:
3335:
3275:Ethnic minorities
3176:Beijing Consensus
3116:Chinese passports
2956:Deputy Director:
2939:Foreign relations
2826:Chinese Civil War
2796:Politics of Macau
2589:Internet in China
2478:China Media Group
2417:Deputy Director:
2354:Urban Management
2103:Political parties
2090:Secretary-General
2077:Vice-Chairpersons
1811:Supervisory organ
1696:China Coast Guard
1530:Joint Staff Dept.
1441:supreme commander
1393:Secretary-General
1352:Secretary-General
1106:Secretary-General
1092:Vice-Chairpersons
869:Deputy Director:
824:Deputy Directors:
705:Central Politburo
685:General Secretary
674:Central Committee
534:Principal leaders
192:Congress Chairman
84:Xi Administration
80:(2012–2017)
74:(2002–2012)
30:Politics of China
8415:
8375:
8368:
8265:Tibetan Buddhism
8260:Chinese Buddhism
8114:Four Holy Beasts
8064:
8063:
7916:Social relations
7845:Standard Chinese
7840:Chinese language
7750:
7749:
7535:Economic history
7501:
7500:
7480:Maritime Militia
7189:
7188:
7185:
7184:
7156:Border crossings
7151:Baseline islands
6846:
6845:
6818:
6817:
6782:Tiananmen Square
6665:Sixteen Kingdoms
6473:Military history
6448:
6447:
6424:
6417:
6410:
6401:
6400:
6387:
6377:
6376:
6346:Christmas Island
6032:Sovereign states
6019:
6012:
6005:
5996:
5995:
5990:
5959:
5928:
5883:
5859:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5805:
5772:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5762:
5740:
5734:
5733:
5732:
5731:
5710:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5700:
5679:
5670:
5669:
5639:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5629:
5608:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5597:
5576:
5570:
5564:
5558:
5552:
5546:
5545:
5540:
5538:
5513:
5504:
5498:
5489:
5488:
5470:
5444:
5438:
5437:
5399:
5393:
5392:
5354:
5348:
5342:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5328:
5308:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5297:
5276:
5265:
5259:
5250:
5249:
5239:
5209:
5203:
5202:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5151:
5145:
5144:
5124:
5118:
5117:
5101:
5088:
5082:
5081:
5066:. ABDO. p.
5065:
5055:
5049:
5048:
5025:
5019:
5018:
4998:
4992:
4991:
4971:
4965:
4964:
4944:
4938:
4937:
4920:Lei Xie (2012).
4917:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4897:. Archived from
4884:
4878:
4876:
4848:
4842:
4836:
4830:
4824:
4818:
4812:
4806:
4800:
4794:
4793:
4780:
4774:
4768:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4741:
4734:
4728:
4722:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4687:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4653:. Archived from
4636:
4627:
4616:
4610:
4601:
4600:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4530:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4490:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4444:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4407:
4400:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4351:
4342:
4341:
4331:
4305:
4296:
4295:
4257:
4248:
4247:
4222:(6): 1475–1508.
4209:
4200:
4199:
4189:
4163:
4109:
4104:
4103:
4095:
4090:
4089:
4088:
3972:Director of the
3887:
3886:
3879:
3878:
3869:
3868:
3843:
3842:
3811:direct democracy
3788:
3787:xin ren tou piao
3779:
3767:
3758:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3726:
3717:
3705:
3696:
3684:
3675:
3663:
3662:zhi tui zhi xuan
3654:
3628:run-off election
3597:
3591:
3590:
3581:
3580:
3567:recall elections
3542:
3536:
3535:
3494:
3493:
3485:. Additionally,
3483:directly elected
3480:
3479:
3473:ethnic townships
3470:
3469:
3460:
3459:
3450:
3449:
3440:
3439:
3430:
3429:
3419:Direct elections
3414:Electoral system
3356:, except in the
3354:Direct elections
3328:
3321:
3314:
3293:China portal
3291:
3290:
3289:
2750:Pro-Beijing camp
2733:John Lee Ka-chiu
2390:Deputy Leaders:
2340:
2028:
2020:Judiciary Police
2011:
1769:Military history
1694:
1684:
1674:Theater commands
1667:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1473:
1466:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1317:State Councilors
1308:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1251:Li Qiang Cabinet
1112:
842:
836:
830:
692:
599:Three Represents
572:Marxism–Leninism
498:Capital offences
388:List of statutes
143:Paramount leader
131:National leaders
41:
25:
24:
8423:
8422:
8418:
8417:
8416:
8414:
8413:
8412:
8398:
8397:
8396:
8391:
8378:
8371:
8364:
8351:
8323:
8241:
8201:Life expectancy
8158:
8062:
7942:
7862:Public holidays
7850:Written Chinese
7835:Intellectualism
7787:Sex trafficking
7735:
7697:
7657:
7486:
7402:
7249:
7240:Nationality law
7223:Law enforcement
7201:Judicial system
7170:
7133:
7107:Nature reserves
7097:Protected areas
7063:
7034:Water resources
6997:
6906:
6844:
6803:
6787:Economic reform
6750:1911 Revolution
6736:
6700:Jin (1115–1234)
6614:
6562:
6522:
6437:
6428:
6398:
6393:
6365:
6333:
6324:
6305:Northern Cyprus
6291:
6284:
6026:
6023:
5993:
5987:
5956:
5917:
5880:
5847:
5846:
5845:
5830:
5829:
5825:
5818:
5813:
5812:
5803:
5801:
5776:Bradsher, Keith
5773:
5769:
5760:
5758:
5741:
5737:
5729:
5727:
5712:
5711:
5707:
5698:
5696:
5681:
5680:
5673:
5640:
5636:
5627:
5625:
5610:
5609:
5605:
5595:
5593:
5585:V-Dem Institute
5578:
5577:
5573:
5565:
5561:
5553:
5549:
5536:
5534:
5514:
5507:
5499:
5492:
5445:
5441:
5400:
5396:
5355:
5351:
5343:
5336:
5326:
5324:
5309:
5305:
5295:
5293:
5278:
5277:
5268:
5260:
5253:
5210:
5206:
5199:
5191:. p. 302.
5179:
5175:
5168:
5152:
5148:
5141:
5125:
5121:
5114:
5089:
5085:
5078:
5056:
5052:
5045:
5029:Unger, Jonathan
5026:
5022:
5015:
4999:
4995:
4988:
4972:
4968:
4961:
4945:
4941:
4934:
4918:
4914:
4904:
4902:
4885:
4881:
4873:
4849:
4845:
4837:
4833:
4825:
4821:
4813:
4809:
4801:
4797:
4786:
4782:
4781:
4777:
4769:
4765:
4755:
4753:
4736:
4735:
4731:
4723:
4714:
4704:
4702:
4689:
4688:
4665:
4657:
4651:
4634:
4628:
4619:
4611:
4604:
4598:
4576:
4572:
4557:
4531:
4520:
4511:
4509:
4492:
4491:
4484:
4475:
4473:
4445:
4438:
4429:
4427:
4402:
4401:
4388:
4379:
4377:
4352:
4345:
4306:
4299:
4284:
4268:. p. 141.
4258:
4251:
4210:
4203:
4164:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4107:Politics portal
4105:
4098:
4091:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4056:
4036:
4023:
4000:
3908:
3899:
3858:
3803:
3797:
3640:
3501:
3421:
3416:
3332:
3303:
3299:Other countries
3287:
3285:
3280:
3279:
3270:Family planning
3255:
3247:
3246:
3203:
3185:
3171:Panda diplomacy
3162:
3107:
3084:
3069:
3008:
2996:
2941:
2931:
2930:
2900:Deputy Leader:
2886:
2816:
2806:
2805:
2780:Chief Executive
2775:Macao Basic Law
2771:
2729:Chief Executive
2720:
2666:
2665:
2645:
2644:
2637:
2622:
2585:
2548:
2436:
2421:
2413:
2398:
2386:
2372:
2362:
2361:
2350:
2334:
2321:
2298:
2263:
2245:
2237:
2229:
2228:
2224:Law enforcement
2213:
2212:
2197:
2171:
2073:
2051:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2022:
2005:
1972:
1954:Security Bureau
1921:
1911:
1888:
1870:
1869:
1868:Judicial organs
1864:
1854:
1846:
1831:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1776:Armed conflicts
1749:
1731:
1720:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1358:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1267:
1240:
1239:
1238:Executive organ
1234:
1229:
1203:
1186:
1185:
1148:Foreign Affairs
1104:
1088:
1056:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1007:
881:
873:
865:
850:
838:
832:
826:
825:
820:
805:
786:
781:
759:
751:
723:
683:
658:
657:
650:
614:
607:
563:
549:
548:
522:
520:Communist Party
512:
511:
484:
467:
394:
382:Legislation Law
355:
325:
314:
282:
281:
261:
260:
225:Related systems
159:
55:
32:
23:
12:
11:
5:
8421:
8411:
8410:
8393:
8392:
8390:
8389:
8384:
8377:
8376:
8369:
8361:
8360:
8357:
8356:
8353:
8352:
8350:
8349:
8344:
8339:
8333:
8331:
8325:
8324:
8322:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8295:
8294:
8289:
8279:
8274:
8269:
8268:
8267:
8262:
8251:
8249:
8243:
8242:
8240:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8228:
8227:
8220:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8172:
8170:
8164:
8163:
8160:
8159:
8157:
8156:
8151:
8146:
8141:
8136:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8106:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8084:Four Gentlemen
8081:
8076:
8070:
8068:
8067:Fours of China
8061:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8045:
8040:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8005:
8004:
8003:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7952:
7950:
7944:
7943:
7941:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7924:
7923:
7913:
7912:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7886:
7881:
7880:
7879:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7853:
7852:
7847:
7837:
7832:
7831:
7830:
7825:
7824:
7823:
7808:
7803:
7802:
7801:
7791:
7790:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7753:
7747:
7741:
7740:
7737:
7736:
7734:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7716:Civil aviation
7713:
7707:
7705:
7699:
7698:
7696:
7695:
7690:
7689:
7688:
7678:
7677:
7676:
7665:
7663:
7662:Infrastructure
7659:
7658:
7656:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7629:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7616:Semiconductors
7613:
7608:
7598:
7596:Historical GDP
7593:
7588:
7583:
7582:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7561:
7560:
7559:
7549:
7548:
7547:
7542:
7532:
7527:
7526:
7525:
7515:
7510:
7504:
7498:
7492:
7491:
7488:
7487:
7485:
7484:
7483:
7482:
7472:
7471:
7470:
7460:
7459:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7412:
7410:
7404:
7403:
7401:
7400:
7395:
7394:
7393:
7388:
7378:
7377:
7376:
7374:Vice President
7366:
7365:
7364:
7354:
7353:
7352:
7351:
7350:
7340:
7339:
7338:
7333:
7318:
7313:
7312:
7311:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7285:
7284:
7274:
7269:
7263:
7261:
7255:
7254:
7251:
7250:
7248:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7231:
7230:
7220:
7219:
7218:
7213:
7203:
7197:
7195:
7182:
7176:
7175:
7172:
7171:
7169:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7147:
7145:
7139:
7138:
7135:
7134:
7132:
7131:
7130:
7129:
7124:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7102:National parks
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7082:Climate policy
7079:
7077:Climate change
7073:
7071:
7065:
7064:
7062:
7061:
7060:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7005:
7003:
6999:
6998:
6996:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6983:Central Plains
6972:
6967:
6966:
6965:
6960:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6914:
6912:
6908:
6907:
6905:
6904:
6903:
6902:
6897:
6887:
6886:
6885:
6880:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6854:
6852:
6843:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6830:Extreme points
6827:
6821:
6815:
6809:
6808:
6805:
6804:
6802:
6801:
6800:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6769:
6768:
6767:
6762:
6752:
6746:
6744:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6734:
6733:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6656:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6638:Three Kingdoms
6635:
6630:
6624:
6622:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6612:
6611:
6610:
6608:Warring States
6605:
6600:
6590:
6589:
6588:
6578:
6572:
6570:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6560:
6559:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6538:
6532:
6530:
6524:
6523:
6521:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6499:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6468:Historiography
6465:
6460:
6454:
6452:
6445:
6439:
6438:
6427:
6426:
6419:
6412:
6404:
6395:
6394:
6392:
6391:
6381:
6370:
6367:
6366:
6364:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6337:
6335:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6296:
6294:
6286:
6285:
6283:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6036:
6034:
6028:
6027:
6022:
6021:
6014:
6007:
5999:
5992:
5991:
5985:
5960:
5954:
5929:
5915:
5884:
5878:
5848:
5844:
5843:
5838:
5832:
5831:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5767:
5735:
5722:, 2021-01-13,
5705:
5671:
5652:(4): 608–616.
5634:
5620:. 2024-07-28.
5603:
5571:
5569:, p. 142.
5567:McCormick 1990
5559:
5547:
5505:
5490:
5439:
5412:(3): 362–394.
5394:
5367:(6): 763–790.
5349:
5334:
5317:China US Focus
5303:
5266:
5251:
5204:
5197:
5173:
5166:
5146:
5139:
5119:
5112:
5092:de Burgh, Hugo
5083:
5076:
5050:
5043:
5020:
5013:
4993:
4986:
4974:B. He (2007).
4966:
4959:
4939:
4932:
4912:
4879:
4871:
4843:
4831:
4819:
4807:
4795:
4792:on 2016-03-04.
4775:
4773:, p. 141.
4771:McCormick 1990
4763:
4729:
4712:
4663:
4660:on 2015-09-06.
4649:
4617:
4602:
4596:
4570:
4555:
4518:
4498:Decoding China
4482:
4450:(2011-12-04).
4436:
4414:. 2021-01-14.
4386:
4343:
4322:(1): 159–184.
4297:
4282:
4249:
4228:10.1086/670802
4201:
4180:(1): 403–422.
4150:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4096:
4080:
4077:
4055:
4052:
4035:
4032:
4022:
4019:
3999:
3996:
3988:
3987:
3981:
3976:
3970:
3964:
3959:
3920:municipalities
3907:
3904:
3898:
3895:
3857:
3854:
3796:
3795:Village chiefs
3793:
3792:
3791:
3770:
3749:
3729:
3708:
3687:
3666:
3639:
3636:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3500:
3497:
3471:), and lastly
3443:city districts
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3341:occur under a
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3323:
3316:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3295:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3256:
3254:Related topics
3253:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3141:
3127:
3113:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3055:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3046:Silk Road Fund
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3007:
3006:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2942:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2905:
2904:
2898:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2833:
2828:
2817:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2777:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2726:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2680:
2679:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2635:Zhuang Rongwen
2632:
2624:
2623:
2617:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2599:Great Firewall
2584:
2583:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2574:Internal media
2569:Media of China
2566:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2547:
2546:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2527:People's Daily
2523:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2513:Reference News
2504:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2431:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2408:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2389:
2387:
2381:
2373:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2313:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2290:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2255:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2240:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2074:
2065:
2052:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2017:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1903:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1880:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1853:
1852:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1741:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1617:Zhang Shengmin
1608:
1607:
1606:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1517:General Office
1511:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1503:Zhang Shengmin
1499:
1492:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1467:
1459:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1424:Military organ
1423:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1388:General Office
1385:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1360:
1359:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1321:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1280:
1268:
1255:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1223:Vice President
1221:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1191:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1123:Ethnic Affairs
1115:
1114:
1113:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1089:
1080:
1063:
1057:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1002:
1001:
1000:
999:
988:
987:
986:
984:Zhang Shengmin
975:
974:
973:
944:
943:
942:
941:
940:
929:
928:
927:
922:
921:
920:
910:
909:
908:
896:
895:
887:General Office
884:
883:
882:
877:Office Chief:
876:
874:
868:
866:
860:
853:
852:
851:
845:
843:
823:
821:
815:
808:
807:
806:
801:Office Chief:
800:
798:
785:Vice-Chairman:
784:
782:
776:
769:
768:
767:
754:
752:
743:
736:
726:
725:
724:
714:
701:
700:
699:
698:
653:
652:
651:
649:
648:
647:
646:
645:
644:
639:
638:
637:
632:
627:
617:
616:
615:
610:
603:
601:
596:
595:
594:
589:
579:
574:
569:
559:
557:
540:
539:
538:
537:
536:
530:
529:
523:
518:
517:
514:
513:
510:
509:
508:
507:
506:
505:
500:
483:
482:
481:
480:
466:
465:
464:
463:
453:
452:
451:
439:
438:
437:
430:
418:
411:
403:
393:
392:
391:
390:
385:
373:
372:
371:
366:
354:
353:
352:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
318:
317:
316:
315:
313:
312:
307:
302:
296:
283:
280:
279:
274:
268:
267:
266:
263:
262:
259:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
227:
226:
222:
221:
216:
207:
198:
189:
180:
171:
162:
161:
160:
151:
139:
138:
133:
127:
126:
125:
124:
119:
114:
105:
96:
81:
75:
68:
67:
62:
56:
51:
50:
47:
46:
43:
42:
34:
33:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8420:
8409:
8406:
8405:
8403:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8379:
8374:
8370:
8367:
8363:
8362:
8358:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8334:
8332:
8330:
8326:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8293:
8292:Protestantism
8290:
8288:
8285:
8284:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8277:Folk religion
8275:
8273:
8270:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8257:
8256:
8253:
8252:
8250:
8248:
8244:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8225:
8221:
8218:
8214:
8213:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8181:Ethnic groups
8179:
8177:
8174:
8173:
8171:
8169:
8165:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8094:Four Beauties
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8071:
8069:
8065:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8002:
7999:
7998:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7953:
7951:
7949:
7945:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7933:Urban society
7931:
7929:
7926:
7922:
7919:
7918:
7917:
7914:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7891:
7890:
7889:Social issues
7887:
7885:
7882:
7878:
7875:
7874:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7867:Rural society
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7842:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7829:
7826:
7822:
7819:
7818:
7817:
7814:
7813:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7800:
7797:
7796:
7795:
7792:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7774:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7767:Chinese Dream
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7754:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7742:
7732:
7731:Space program
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7708:
7706:
7704:
7700:
7694:
7691:
7687:
7684:
7683:
7682:
7679:
7675:
7672:
7671:
7670:
7667:
7666:
7664:
7660:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7603:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7566:
7565:
7562:
7558:
7555:
7554:
7553:
7550:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7537:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7524:
7521:
7520:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7505:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7493:
7481:
7478:
7477:
7476:
7473:
7469:
7466:
7465:
7464:
7461:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7433:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7413:
7411:
7409:
7405:
7399:
7396:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7383:
7382:
7381:State Council
7379:
7375:
7372:
7371:
7370:
7367:
7363:
7360:
7359:
7358:
7355:
7349:
7346:
7345:
7344:
7341:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7328:
7327:
7324:
7323:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7310:
7307:
7306:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7283:
7280:
7279:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7267:Civil service
7265:
7264:
7262:
7260:
7256:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7229:
7226:
7225:
7224:
7221:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7208:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7198:
7196:
7194:
7190:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7177:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7148:
7146:
7144:
7140:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7119:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7074:
7072:
7070:
7066:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7039:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7006:
7004:
7000:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6980:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6955:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6915:
6913:
6909:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6892:
6891:
6888:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6875:
6874:
6873:South Central
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6855:
6853:
6851:
6847:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6822:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6810:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6774:
6773:
6770:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6757:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6743:
6739:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6717:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6660:Jin (266–420)
6658:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6640:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6625:
6623:
6621:
6617:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6595:
6594:
6591:
6587:
6584:
6583:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6573:
6571:
6569:
6565:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6543:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6529:
6525:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6503:Ethnic groups
6501:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6455:
6453:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6425:
6420:
6418:
6413:
6411:
6406:
6405:
6402:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6380:
6372:
6371:
6368:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6331:
6327:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6315:South Ossetia
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6293:
6287:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6033:
6029:
6020:
6015:
6013:
6008:
6006:
6001:
6000:
5997:
5988:
5986:9781107172432
5982:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5961:
5957:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5881:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5858:
5857:
5850:
5849:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5786:
5781:
5777:
5771:
5756:
5752:
5751:
5746:
5739:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5716:
5709:
5694:
5690:
5689:
5688:Freedom House
5684:
5678:
5676:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5646:
5638:
5623:
5619:
5618:
5617:Freedom House
5613:
5607:
5591:
5587:
5586:
5581:
5575:
5568:
5563:
5557:, p. 69.
5556:
5551:
5544:
5532:
5528:
5527:
5522:
5518:
5512:
5510:
5502:
5497:
5495:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5455:
5450:
5443:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5406:
5398:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5361:
5353:
5346:
5341:
5339:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5307:
5291:
5287:
5286:
5281:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5264:
5258:
5256:
5247:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5230:: 2921–2958.
5229:
5225:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5208:
5200:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5185:
5177:
5169:
5167:9780739174807
5163:
5159:
5158:
5150:
5142:
5140:9781482228977
5136:
5132:
5131:
5123:
5115:
5113:9780203323267
5109:
5105:
5100:
5099:
5093:
5087:
5079:
5077:9781617589478
5073:
5069:
5064:
5063:
5054:
5046:
5044:9780765605511
5040:
5036:
5035:
5030:
5024:
5016:
5014:9780582051614
5010:
5006:
5005:
4997:
4989:
4987:9780230607316
4983:
4979:
4978:
4970:
4962:
4960:9780387095752
4956:
4952:
4951:
4943:
4935:
4933:9781134020263
4929:
4925:
4924:
4916:
4900:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4883:
4877:At pp. 77–87.
4874:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4847:
4841:, p. 66.
4840:
4835:
4828:
4823:
4816:
4811:
4805:, p. 66.
4804:
4799:
4791:
4787:
4779:
4772:
4767:
4751:
4747:
4746:
4745:The Economist
4740:
4733:
4727:, p. 65.
4726:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4656:
4652:
4646:
4642:
4641:
4633:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4615:
4609:
4607:
4599:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4574:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4489:
4487:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4449:
4443:
4441:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4412:
4411:The Economist
4406:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4357:
4350:
4348:
4339:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4304:
4302:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4256:
4254:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4208:
4206:
4197:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4151:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4102:
4097:
4094:
4083:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4065:
4064:ballot access
4061:
4051:
4049:
4048:Freedom House
4045:
4041:
4031:
4027:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4005:
3998:Party control
3995:
3993:
3986:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3903:
3894:
3891:
3885:
3873:
3863:
3853:
3850:
3845:
3837:
3832:
3829:
3824:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3807:Deng Xiaoping
3802:
3789:
3783:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3762:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3739:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3721:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3700:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3679:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3658:
3650:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3603:
3601:
3596:
3585:
3575:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3563:secret ballot
3554:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3496:
3488:
3484:
3474:
3464:
3454:
3444:
3434:
3428:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3346:authoritarian
3344:
3340:
3329:
3324:
3322:
3317:
3315:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3284:
3283:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2985:Spokespersons
2983:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2935:
2934:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2810:
2809:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2677:Ding Xuexiang
2674:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2557:Radio jamming
2555:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2453:
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2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
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2428:
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2415:
2412:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2388:
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2378:
2375:
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2371:
2366:
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2358:
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2338:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2312:
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2310:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2261:Wang Xiaohong
2258:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2095:
2094:Wang Dongfeng
2091:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2045:
2044:
2026:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1712:State Council
1710:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1523:Zhong Shaojun
1520:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1513:Departments:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1454:Vice Chairmen
1452:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1326:Wang Xiaohong
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1299:Zhang Guoqing
1296:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1285:Ding Xuexiang
1282:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1271:Vice-Premiers
1269:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1178:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1034:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1008:
998:
994:
993:
992:
989:
985:
981:
980:
979:
976:
972:
968:
965:
964:
962:
958:
955:
954:
952:
948:
945:
939:
935:
934:
933:
930:
926:
923:
919:
916:
915:
914:
911:
907:
903:
902:
901:
898:
897:
894:
890:
889:
888:
885:
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8282:Christianity
8272:Confucianism
8232:Urbanization
8168:Demographics
8144:Gang of Four
8109:Four Symbols
8008:Martial arts
7782:Prostitution
7669:Architecture
7523:Central bank
7391:Vice Premier
7343:United front
7288:
7272:Constitution
7228:Penal system
7206:Human rights
7143:Subdivisions
6981: /
6977: /
6900:Southwestern
6895:Northwestern
6598:Western Zhou
6546:Yellow River
6496:1949–present
6330:Dependencies
6260:Turkmenistan
6225:Saudi Arabia
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4790:the original
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4497:
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4409:
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4359:
4319:
4313:
4261:
4219:
4213:
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4171:
4093:China portal
4057:
4037:
4028:
4024:
4008:
4001:
3989:
3951:
3909:
3900:
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3846:
3835:
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3804:
3785:
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3723:
3702:
3681:
3660:
3641:
3632:by-elections
3604:
3571:
3559:
3518:
3422:
3408:constitution
3393:
3370:
3338:
3337:
3265:Hukou system
2604:Great Cannon
2541:
2534:Global Times
2532:
2525:
2511:
2456:
2355:
2243:Chen Wenqing
2109:CCP (ruling)
2081:Top-ranked:
2049:United front
1649:Audit Office
1464:Zhang Youxia
1374:Central bank
1356:Wu Zhenglong
1333:Wu Zhenglong
1306:Liu Guozhong
1098:Li Hongzhong
1096:Top-ranked:
1060:
761:Zhang Youxia
655:Organization
542:Constitution
488:Criminal law
476:
448:Property Law
447:
442:Property law
433:
426:
415:Marriage Law
414:
406:
398:
381:
287:Constitution
272:Constitution
250:
15:
8048:Variety art
8043:Tea culture
7971:Calligraphy
7956:Archaeology
7816:Food safety
7611:Gold mining
7513:Aquaculture
7508:Agriculture
7468:Coast Guard
7235:Naming laws
7069:Environment
7057:South China
6536:Paleolithic
6528:Prehistoric
6486:before 1912
6389:Asia portal
6290:States with
6210:Philippines
6150:South Korea
6145:North Korea
6040:Afghanistan
5925:jj.13083394
5537:November 1,
4494:"Democracy"
4021:Legislation
3943:apportioned
3561:is done by
3398:(NPC), the
3381:pluralistic
3377:free speech
2902:Wang Huning
2846:Taiwan Area
2784:Ho Iat-seng
2690:Xia Baolong
2543:China Today
2458:China Daily
2356:(chengguan)
2335: [
2241:Secretary:
2120:Shi Taifeng
2083:Shi Taifeng
2071:Wang Huning
2023: [
2006: [
1615:Secretary:
1578:Xu Xueqiang
1033:Party group
982:Secretary:
848:Wang Huning
834:Wang Huning
410:(From 2021)
205:Wang Huning
157:Peng Liyuan
8309:Irreligion
8206:Statistics
8176:Emigration
8139:Four Wangs
8028:Philosophy
8013:Mass media
7996:Literature
7894:Patriarchy
7857:Propaganda
7777:Corruption
7762:Censorship
7552:E-commerce
7259:Government
7052:East China
7024:Waterfalls
6970:Peninsulas
6938:Grasslands
6270:Uzbekistan
6245:Tajikistan
6160:Kyrgyzstan
6140:Kazakhstan
6060:Bangladesh
6050:Azerbaijan
5804:2022-12-16
5761:2022-12-16
5730:2022-12-16
5699:2022-12-16
5628:2024-07-28
5596:14 October
4815:Leung 1996
4756:August 26,
4705:12 January
4512:2022-08-22
4476:2023-04-24
4430:2021-11-05
4380:2021-11-05
4141:References
3836:yijiantiao
3799:See also:
3371:Since the
2952:Xi Jinping
2950:Director:
2913:Director:
2896:Xi Jinping
2688:Director:
2633:Director:
2618:Director:
2409:Director:
2396:Shen Yiqin
2370:Propaganda
2296:Chen Yixin
1825:Liu Jinguo
1823:Director:
1797:Xi Jinping
1604:Liu Faqing
1602:Director:
1589:Director:
1576:Director:
1563:Director:
1550:Director:
1539:Liu Zhenli
1521:Director:
1489:Liu Zhenli
1471:He Weidong
1447:Xi Jinping
1340:Shen Yiqin
1201:Xi Jinping
891:Director:
863:Xi Jinping
861:Director:
818:Xi Jinping
816:Director:
779:Xi Jinping
777:Chairman:
765:He Weidong
749:Xi Jinping
696:Xi Jinping
461:Patent law
427:Labour Law
421:Labour law
407:Civil Code
214:Xi Jinping
178:Xi Jinping
169:Xi Jinping
153:First lady
147:Xi Jinping
103:Xi Jinping
94:Xi Jinping
53:Leadership
8196:Languages
8149:Four Olds
8104:Four arts
7991:Libraries
7921:Structure
7884:Sexuality
7821:incidents
7794:Education
7703:Transport
7579:Renewable
7574:Petroleum
7369:President
7336:Politburo
7289:Elections
7277:Democracy
7245:Terrorism
6993:Volcanoes
6975:Northeast
6953:Mountains
6863:Northeast
6813:Geography
6720:High Qing
6541:Neolithic
6513:Dynasties
6491:1912–1949
6482:Economic
6451:Overviews
6356:Hong Kong
6310:Palestine
6235:Sri Lanka
6230:Singapore
6110:Indonesia
5794:0362-4331
5666:110571606
5555:Chen 1999
5485:154275103
5477:0007-1234
5434:155166131
5426:0010-4140
5381:0010-4140
5246:0002-8282
5062:Communism
4803:Chen 1999
4725:Chen 1999
4565:964291909
4466:0362-4331
4420:0013-0613
4370:0362-4331
4338:1080-6954
4292:226899229
4244:144559373
4236:0002-9602
4196:1094-2939
4146:Citations
4054:Criticism
3928:Hong Kong
3862:provinces
3600:registers
3584:work unit
3513:Guangdong
3463:townships
3362:Hong Kong
3343:one-party
3148:Hong Kong
3134:Hong Kong
3120:Hong Kong
2831:One China
2656:Hong Kong
2434:Li Shulei
2419:Li Shulei
2392:Li Shulei
1909:Ying Yong
1886:Zhang Jun
1882:President
1591:Wang Peng
1565:Zhang Lin
1481:Members:
1292:He Lifeng
1227:Han Zheng
1193:President
1177:Presidium
1086:Zhao Leji
1061:Elections
1019:Secretary
967:Secretary
938:Li Ganjie
879:He Lifeng
792:Zhao Leji
642:Democracy
567:Communism
402:(to 2020)
251:Elections
196:Zhao Leji
8402:Category
8382:Category
8255:Buddhism
8247:Religion
8224:Post-90s
8217:Post-80s
7961:Archives
7828:HIV/AIDS
7799:Literacy
7757:Abortion
7686:Internet
7643:Taxation
7626:Textiles
7606:Chemical
7601:Industry
7530:Currency
7408:Military
7216:in Tibet
7180:Politics
7117:Wildlife
7029:Wetlands
6792:COVID-19
6620:Imperial
6518:Monarchs
6478:Language
6463:Timeline
6435:articles
6379:Category
6300:Abkhazia
6250:Thailand
6205:Pakistan
6185:Mongolia
6180:Maldives
6175:Malaysia
6075:Cambodia
5798:Archived
5755:Archived
5724:archived
5693:Archived
5622:Archived
5590:Archived
5588:. 2023.
5531:Archived
5501:Lin 2011
5389:43175132
5345:Lin 2011
5321:Archived
5290:Archived
5094:(2004).
5031:(2002).
4839:Lin 2011
4827:Lin 2011
4750:Archived
4699:Archived
4506:Archived
4470:Archived
4424:Archived
4374:Archived
4130:Yao Lifa
4079:See also
3936:at-large
3745:hǎi xuǎn
3683:zhi xuan
3623:majority
3556:"down").
3548:"down");
3525:seconded
3509:Shenzhen
3433:counties
3373:founding
3016:to China
3004:in China
2976:Minister
2958:Li Qiang
2915:Song Tao
2894:Leader:
2675:Leader:
2382:Leader:
2315:Minister
2292:Minister
2257:Minister
2067:Chairman
1795:Leader:
1747:Dong Jun
1743:Minister
1729:Li Qiang
1725:Chairman
1552:Miao Hua
1496:Miao Hua
1437:Chairman
1265:Li Qiang
1082:Chairman
995:Leader:
871:Li Qiang
828:Li Qiang
788:Li Qiang
745:Chairman
546:ideology
187:Li Qiang
112:Li Qiang
8366:Outline
8329:Symbols
8186:Eunuchs
8033:Smoking
7981:Cuisine
7948:Culture
7938:Welfare
7909:Suicide
7877:history
7745:Society
7674:Housing
7648:Tourism
7633:Poverty
7518:Banking
7496:Economy
7475:Militia
7386:Premier
6988:Valleys
6948:Islands
6933:Deserts
6923:Canyons
6911:Terrain
6890:Western
6878:Central
6850:Regions
6835:Geology
6825:Borders
6568:Ancient
6551:Yangtze
6458:History
6443:History
6275:Vietnam
6190:Myanmar
6170:Lebanon
6100:Georgia
6055:Bahrain
6045:Armenia
5816:Sources
4905:May 10,
4855:(ed.).
4695:NPC.gov
3774:Chinese
3753:Chinese
3712:Chinese
3691:Chinese
3670:Chinese
3649:Chinese
3487:village
3481:), are
3352:(CCP).
2980:Wang Yi
2964:Wang Yi
2319:He Rong
1703:Militia
1259: (
1257:Premier
1211:Chief:
904:Chief:
527:History
8387:Portal
8342:Emblem
8337:Anthem
8319:Taoism
8001:Poetry
7976:Cinema
7899:Racism
7811:Health
7564:Energy
7540:Reform
7451:Rocket
7436:Ground
7161:Cities
7047:Yellow
7019:Rivers
7009:Canals
6963:passes
6958:ranges
6742:Modern
6433:
6320:Taiwan
6255:Turkey
6220:Russia
6155:Kuwait
6135:Jordan
6125:Israel
6085:Cyprus
6070:Brunei
6065:Bhutan
5983:
5952:
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5824:about
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4234:
4194:
3888:) are
3828:County
3784::
3782:pinyin
3776::
3763::
3761:pinyin
3755::
3722::
3720:pinyin
3714::
3701::
3699:pinyin
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3680::
3678:pinyin
3672::
3659::
3657:pinyin
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3643:used:
3595:dānwèi
3574:family
3402:, are
2620:Cai Qi
2432:Head:
2411:Cai Qi
2384:Cai Qi
2118:Head:
1213:Cai Qi
1110:Liu Qi
936:Head:
906:Cai Qi
893:Cai Qi
840:Cai Qi
803:Cai Qi
796:Cai Qi
544:&
8373:Index
8314:Islam
8237:Women
8038:Sport
8023:Names
8018:Music
7986:Dance
7772:Crime
7653:Trade
7621:Steel
7127:Flora
7122:Fauna
7042:Bohai
7038:Seas
7014:Lakes
7002:Water
6979:North
6943:Hills
6928:Caves
6883:South
6868:North
6581:Shang
6431:China
6361:Macau
6280:Yemen
6240:Syria
6215:Qatar
6195:Nepal
6130:Japan
6105:India
6095:Egypt
6080:China
5921:JSTOR
5864:–96.
5662:S2CID
5481:S2CID
5430:S2CID
5385:S2CID
5327:6 May
5296:6 May
5226:(9).
4658:(PDF)
4635:(PDF)
4288:S2CID
4240:S2CID
4011:Weibo
3969:(PRC)
3932:Macau
3695:三轮两票制
3615:block
3582:) or
3453:towns
3427:不设区的市
3366:Macau
3152:Macau
3138:Macau
3124:Macau
3058:BRICS
2661:Macau
2339:]
2152:CPWDP
2142:CNDCA
2027:]
2010:]
1535:Chief
997:Li Xi
971:Li Xi
8347:Flag
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6918:Bays
6858:East
6715:Qing
6710:Ming
6705:Yuan
6695:Song
6690:Liao
6680:Tang
6593:Zhou
6586:Late
6556:Liao
6200:Oman
6165:Laos
6120:Iraq
6115:Iran
5981:ISBN
5950:ISBN
5911:ISBN
5874:ISBN
5790:ISSN
5598:2023
5539:2011
5473:ISSN
5422:ISSN
5377:ISSN
5329:2021
5298:2021
5242:ISSN
5193:ISBN
5162:ISBN
5135:ISBN
5108:ISBN
5072:ISBN
5039:ISBN
5009:ISBN
4982:ISBN
4955:ISBN
4928:ISBN
4907:2017
4867:ISBN
4758:2017
4707:2021
4645:ISBN
4592:ISBN
4561:OCLC
4551:ISBN
4462:ISSN
4416:ISSN
4366:ISSN
4334:ISSN
4278:ISBN
4232:ISSN
4192:ISSN
3930:and
3910:The
3884:设区的市
3778:信任投票
3757:公推公选
3716:民推竞选
3653:直推直选
3534:三上三下
3364:and
2188:CDSP
2167:TDSL
2157:CZGP
2147:CAPD
2132:RCCK
1275:list
1261:list
1197:list
1070:14th
1053:14th
961:20th
951:20th
733:20th
720:20th
709:20th
689:list
678:20th
668:20th
376:Laws
310:1978
305:1975
300:1954
7966:Art
7446:Air
7193:Law
6675:Sui
6648:Han
6643:Wei
6633:Han
6628:Qin
6576:Xia
6332:and
5973:doi
5942:doi
5903:doi
5866:doi
5750:CNN
5654:doi
5463:doi
5414:doi
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5232:doi
5224:112
4584:doi
4543:doi
4324:doi
4270:doi
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4220:118
4182:doi
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