273:. Glover (1855) describes the preparation: "Chrysammic acid ... is obtained by steeping 1 part of aloes in 8 of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.37, and heating the mass in a porcelain capsule until the chief part of the action is over, then distilling off in a retort two-thirds of the nitric acid ; three or four parts of nitric acid are afresh introduced into the retort, and the whole kept for two or three days at a temperature near to boiling point. After disengagement of gas has ceased, water is added to the residue, which forms a precipitate – the chrysammic acid. The mother liquid contains oxalic and chrysolipic acids, which latter appears to be picric." Schunck analysed samples of chrysammic acid, now known to be 1,8–dihydroxy–2,4,5,7–tetranitroanthraquinone, and several of its metal salts, concluding that the formula of the acid was C
38:
1875:
1899:
1849:
1688:
903:
476:. Rubian was an uncrystallisable gum, hydrolysable by acids or an enzyme contained in the madder root to give alizarin and a sugar. Rubian was actually a mixture of glycosides of di and trihydroxy anthraquinones of which a major component was ruberythric acid which is an alizarin 2–b–primeveroside. Many other "compounds" derived from the hydrolysis of rubian were described and enthusiastically named by Schunck: rubiretin, verantin, rubiacin,
480:, rubiapin, rubiafin and others, but some of these are most likely to be impure alizarin, and best forgotten. Some of Schunck's original samples were examined in 1975 by Wilfrid Farrar. Rubiadin was shown to be 1,3–dihydroxy–2–methyl anthraquinone, which Schunck assigned as the 4–methyl isomer. Rubiacine was identical to nordamnacanthal (1,3–dihydroxyanthraquinone–2–aldehyde) and rubianine was an unusual C–glucoside of unknown constitution.
546:
914:
1887:
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and arrowroot boiled with water in as large a quantity as the stomach could bear, and the effect was that the urine of the following night gave a large quantity of indigo-blue". The indigo precursor in urine turns out not to be indican, although it was called medical indican at the time, but indoxyl sulfate or gluconurate.
500:". "Indican" was quite unstable and resisted further purification. Later he also investigated Polygonum tinctorium and believed that it contained the same "indican". Only in the early years of the 20th century was it shown that Schunck's "indican" from woad was not the same as the indican from tropical indigo plants and
512:
by trade. In his own case, the amount "varied most capriciously from a tolerable quantity to a mere trace". He thought this variation might be due to different kinds of diet, but after many experiments, found only one which worked: "I took on the next night, before going to bed, a mixture of treacle
507:
The presence of indigo in urine has long been the subject of much curiosity and
Schunck tried in 1857 to show that "indican" was the origin. Believing that the occurrence of indigo was more common than generally supposed at the time, he examined the urine of 40 individuals, all apparently healthy,
395:
was an important dye and imports into the UK were valued at ÂŁ1.25 million per year in the 1860s. Schunck started his extensive investigations into the colouring materials in madder in 1846. The main colorant of madder was discovered by
Robiquet and Colin in 1827 and called alizarin. Their
471:
Schunck showed that alizarin was not the major colour precursor component of fresh madder root, but it was a yellow, bitter, water-soluble component, which he called rubian. Rubian was obtained from the water extract of madder root by adding bone–charcoal and extracting the bone–charcoal with
452:). This led to the suggestion that alizarin was a derivative of naphthalene, a C10 hydrocarbon, although Schunck pointed out that this did not explain the reactions of alizarin. He was vindicated when Graebe and Liebermann (1868) distilled alizarin with zinc dust to give
269:. His topic concerned the effect of nitric acid on aloes. Schunck published his results in two papers in 1841 and 1848. The reaction between the aloe and nitric acid gives among other products, aloetic acid which on further reaction is converted into
561:. He also donated ÂŁ20,333 to the University for chemical research. The laboratory was removed from Kersal in 1904 and re-erected in Burlington Street next to other laboratories of the university. It is no longer used as a laboratory and is
1088:
647:
As
Souchay and his partner Mylius expanded , posts were found for three of Johann Carl Schunck's sons - for Philipp in Leipzig, for Heinrich in London, and for the youngest, Martin, eventually in Manchester. Within a generation the
241:, diligently analysed minerals and other inorganic substances and studied the chemistry of titanium, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, sulphur, selenium and tellurium. Schunck also studied at Berlin under
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508:
with ages between 7 and 55 years, mostly of the working class. In all but one case the result was positive. The largest amount of indigo was obtained from a man above the age of 50, a
782:
353:, but their constitution was not precisely known. Liebig encouraged Schunck to reinvestigate the subject using dye-producing lichens that grow on the basalt rocks of the
369:
leading to an incorrect result. The true story was unravelled by
Stenhouse some years later. Later he discovered, in addition to lecanoric acid, another new compound,
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from "good French woad seed", extracted the dye precursor with cold ethanol and after further processing obtained a brown syrup which he called "
221:, the son of Martin Schunck, a German merchant. His grandfather was Major Johann-Carl Schunck (1745–1800). Edward started studying chemistry in
565:; the building is named after him. The room in which Schunck kept his library on the first floor is remarkably ornate. His books are now in the
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245:(1802–1870) who published over 80 papers on many diverse topics in chemistry and physics. After studying in Berlin he received his PhD under
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365:) went astray because he used an incorrect formula for orcinol and because his lecanoric acid had partially hydrolysed to give
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His married Judith H. Brooke in 1851 and was survived by his four children. Before retiring early he was in business as a
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408:. When purified by Schunck using sublimation and crystallisation, he obtained a result which suggested C
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610:...beweist die beobachtung von Schunck (Mem. of the lit. and philos. Soc. of Manchester)...
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504:, and it was renamed isatan, which was even later shown to be a mixture of isatan A, B and C.
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8:
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859:
Cooksey, C. J.; Dronsfield, A. T. (2008). "Edward
Schunck: Forgotten Dyestuffs Chemist".
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334:
817:
Farrar, W. V. (1977). "Edward
Schunck, F.R.S.: a Pioneer of Natural-Product Chemistry".
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341:(1809–1890) into the constituents of lichens had revealed three colour precursors:
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Schunck built a private laboratory in the grounds of his home, "The
Oaklands", in
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was an important commercial product and came in a variety of forms, for example,
1903:
1823:
1781:
1406:
574:
492:, preferring the name indigo-blue to the alternative name, Indigotine. He grew
420:, but taking into account the analyses of metal derivatives as well, he chose C
362:
265:
that in 1841 he published his first research paper, in Liebig's famous journal
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444:. He found that oxidation of alizarin with nitric acid gave alizaric acid (
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spent a period working in this laboratory during his time at
Manchester.
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in Upper Hessia. In 1842, he discovered a new compound which he called
222:
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58:
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Schunck, Edward (1857) "On the
Occurrence of Indigo-blue in Urine",
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229:. The young Schunck was sent to further his chemical studies to
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230:
77:
361:. His interpretation of the analyses of lecanorin (now called
756:. Manchester Museum of Science and Industry. Archived from
493:
289:. This is very near to the currently accepted formula of C
488:
In 1855, Schunck turned his attention to the subject of
853:
Chemistry and the
Chemical Industry in the 19th Century
625:
Chemistry and the Chemical Industry in the 19th Century
1863:
209:, was a British chemist who did much work with dyes.
205:(16 August 1820 – 13 January 1903), also known as
529:and was honoured by the Society, and also by the
460:hydrocarbon, and subsequently (1869) synthesised
1911:
819:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
785:. University of Manchester (The). Archived from
525:printer. He was for some years president of the
305:which was obtained by Mulder a few years later.
783:"Smith Memorial Collection and Schunck Library"
389:and started a career in the chemical industry.
1106:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society
1960:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society
1720:
1089:
1056:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society
1028:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society
1000:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society
972:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society
944:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society
816:
527:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society
380:
812:Edward Schunck The famous Manchester chemist
571:Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester
448:) which on heating gave pyroalizaric acid (
432:as the best result. The modern formula is C
212:
1727:
1713:
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549:Schunck Building, University of Manchester
36:
537:, of which he was President from 1896-7.
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928:Professional and academic associations
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593:
308:
1912:
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597:Schmidt's Jahrbuecher, Volumes 115-116
141:
1734:
1708:
1446:Prof. Thomas Bertram Lonsdale Webster
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1950:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
1534:Prof. Donald Stephen Lowell Cardwell
734:Obituary Notices of Fellows Deceased
662:"On the Colouring Matters of Madder"
882:
738:
13:
747:"Henry Edward Schunck (1820–1903)"
14:
1971:
805:
559:Victoria University of Manchester
483:
325:. By the 1830s the researches of
217:Henry Edward Schunck was born in
1940:English people of German descent
1897:
1885:
1873:
1848:
1847:
1687:
1686:
1407:Prof. Sir William Lawrence Bragg
912:
904:Works by or about Edward Schunck
899:. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
895:Dictionary of National Biography
744:
516:
1674:Who's Who of Greater Manchester
1383:Prof. Sir Henry Alexander Miers
861:Dyes in History and Archaeology
666:Journal of the Chemical Society
567:John Rylands University Library
137:
1955:Recipients of the Dalton Medal
1463:Sir Peter Percy F. R. Venables
1378:Prof. Sir Grafton Elliot Smith
1343:Prof. Sir William Boyd Dawkins
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726:
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701:
684:
653:
615:
587:
1:
1399:Rev. Aloysius Laurence Cortie
889:"Schunck, Henry Edward"
580:
1945:Fellows of the Royal Society
1930:University of Giessen alumni
1501:Anthony Edmund Rivers Goulty
1459:Prof. Sir Geoffrey Jefferson
1431:Prof. Douglas Rayner Hartree
1423:Prof. Reginald William James
1362:Prof. Frederick Ernest Weiss
1277:Robert Dukinfield Darbishire
732:H. B. D. in: Royal Society.
535:Society of Chemical Industry
7:
1272:William Crawford Williamson
872:Manchester Faces and Places
237:(1795–1864) who discovered
16:British chemist (1820–1903)
10:
1976:
1776:Sir Joseph 'J. J.' Thomson
1582:Prof. Sir Netar P. Mallick
1578:Prof. Kenneth M. Letherman
1522:Prof. Sir Netar P. Mallick
1505:Prof. Henry Solomon Lipson
1473:Prof. Henry Solomon Lipson
1451:Dr Eric John Francis James
381:In Britain; work on madder
1845:
1744:
1682:
1659:
1623:
1604:
1553:
1543:Prof. Alexander Donnachie
1436:Prof. Herbert John Fleure
1415:Prof. Bernard Mouat Jones
1370:Prof. Sydney John Hickson
1327:
1298:Prof. Sir Arthur Schuster
1143:
1120:
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1016:
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996:
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978:
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569:and his specimens in the
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396:analysis gave a formula C
385:In 1842, he came back to
191:
174:
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116:
101:
93:
88:, Lancashire, England, UK
66:
61:, Lancashire, England, UK
44:
35:
23:
1836:Sir Konstantin Novoselov
1411:Charles Edmond Stromeyer
1393:Prof. Harold Baily Dixon
1353:Prof. Harold Baily Dixon
1348:Sir William Henry Bailey
1267:Sir Henry Enfield Roscoe
660:Schunck, Edward (1860).
628:. Variorum. p. 10.
213:Early life and education
1668:Memoirs and Proceedings
1539:Dr Edward Fletcher Cass
1498:Dr Edward Noah Abrahart
1308:Dr Henry Edward Schunck
1292:Dr Henry Edward Schunck
1243:Dr Henry Edward Schunck
1219:Dr Henry Edward Schunck
1066:Richard Copley Christie
874:, vol. IX, pp. 1–5
256:
233:where he studied under
1518:Dr Lionel J. R. Postle
1492:Dr George N. Burkhardt
851:(reprinted in Farrar.
831:10.1098/rsnr.1977.0017
722:Who was Who, 1897–1916
692:Philosophical Magazine
550:
243:Heinrich Gustav Magnus
1794:Sir Cyril Hinshelwood
1770:Sir Ernest Rutherford
1527:Dr Brian S. H. Rarity
1495:Dr George James Kynch
1441:Prof. Michael Polanyi
1335:Prof. Sir Horace Lamb
1319:Prof. Sir Horace Lamb
1261:Edward William Binney
1249:Edward William Binney
1231:Edward William Binney
1214:Dr Robert Angus Smith
1208:Edward William Binney
1193:Sir William Fairbairn
982:Edward William Binney
548:
1752:Henry Edward Schunck
1486:Horace Hayhurst (II)
1427:Robert Henry Clayton
1388:Thomas Alfred Coward
1255:James Prescott Joule
1237:James Prescott Joule
1225:James Prescott Joule
1202:James Prescott Joule
964:James Prescott Joule
954:James Prescott Joule
921:at Wikimedia Commons
678:10.1039/qj8601200198
502:Polygonum tinctorium
327:Pierre Jean Robiquet
309:Dye-producing lichen
251:University of GieĂźen
198:Henry Edward Schunck
111:University of GieĂźen
106:University of Berlin
1830:Lord Rees of Ludlow
1611:Honorary Membership
1482:Margaret Pilkington
1455:Horace Hayhurst (I)
1314:James Cosmo Melvill
1038:James Cosmo Melvill
622:Farrar, W. (1997).
335:Jean-Baptiste Dumas
1824:Sir Bernard Lovell
1782:Sir Lawrence Bragg
1590:Dr Susan R. Hilton
1587:Dr Diana M. Leitch
1575:David J. Higginson
1572:Mary, Lady Mallick
1569:Vivienne Blackburn
1563:Angus G. D. Yeaman
1511:Harry M. Fairhurst
1403:Herbert Levinstein
1151:Dr Thomas Percival
1134:Dr Thomas Percival
1048:Robert Angus Smith
936:Robert Angus Smith
878:Oxford DNB details
551:
450:phthalic anhydride
267:Annalen der Chemie
207:Edward von Schunck
1861:
1860:
1818:Sir Roger Penrose
1812:Sir Walter Bodmer
1737:Dalton Medallists
1702:
1701:
1600:
1599:
1560:Iain E. Gillespie
1530:Philip G. Livesey
1366:Francis Nicholson
1072:
1071:
1063:Succeeded by
1054:Secretary of the
1035:Succeeded by
1026:President of the
1007:Succeeded by
998:President of the
979:Succeeded by
970:President of the
951:Succeeded by
942:President of the
917:Media related to
855:. Variorum, 1977)
635:978-0-86078-630-6
195:
194:
176:Doctoral advisors
169:Scientific career
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1935:English chemists
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1806:Sir Harold Kroto
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1045:Preceded by
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992:Osborne Reynolds
989:Preceded by
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908:Internet Archive
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709:"SCI Presidents"
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594:Schmidt (1862).
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375:Lecanora parella
339:Robert John Kane
331:Friedrich Heeren
313:The purple from
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1515:David G. Wilson
1374:William Thomson
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1282:Balfour Stewart
1180:Dr Edward Holme
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763:on 19 July 2011
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70:13 January 1903
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919:Edward Schunck
910:
901:
886:, ed. (1912).
880:
875:
869:
856:
825:(2): 273–296.
814:
807:
806:External links
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789:on 4 June 2012
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351:pseudoerythrin
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466:anthraquinone
463:
455:
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446:phthalic acid
394:
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378:
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372:
371:parellic acid
368:
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333:(1803–1885),
332:
329:(1780–1840),
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306:
272:
268:
264:
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252:
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247:Justus Liebig
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235:Heinrich Rose
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227:William Henry
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186:Justus Liebig
182:
181:William Henry
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19:
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1660:Publications
1615:Dalton Medal
1554:21st Century
1466:Dr F. C. Toy
1328:20th Century
1307:
1291:
1242:
1218:
1169:Thomas Henry
1165:Dr John Hull
1160:Thomas Henry
1144:19th Century
1130:James Massey
1121:18th Century
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791:. Retrieved
787:the original
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600:. p. 42
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261:It was from
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197:
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156:Dalton Medal
72:(1903-01-13)
18:
1925:1903 deaths
1920:1820 births
1593:Ian Cameron
1469:C. E. Young
1303:Henry Wilde
1175:John Dalton
1020:Henry Wilde
884:Lee, Sidney
754:Collections
672:: 198–221.
94:Nationality
1914:Categories
1745:Recipients
1651:Manchester
1419:John Allan
1189:John Moore
1114:Presidents
867:: 189–207.
581:References
454:anthracene
355:Vogelsberg
223:Manchester
219:Manchester
161:Davy Medal
59:Manchester
51:1820-08-16
1892:Biography
767:2 January
641:12 August
604:12 August
359:lecanorin
82:Broughton
1854:Category
1693:Category
1646:Percival
1624:Lectures
1060:1855–61
1032:1896–97
1004:1890–92
976:1874–76
948:1866–68
847:94554926
694:, 1857,
533:and the
510:publican
478:rubiadin
462:alizarin
347:erythrin
1904:Science
1866:Portals
906:at the
793:7 March
498:indican
474:ethanol
387:Britain
343:orcinol
323:cudbear
315:lichens
249:at the
239:niobium
146:
134:
97:British
86:Salford
1838:(2016)
1832:(2012)
1826:(2009)
1820:(2005)
1814:(2002)
1808:(1997)
1802:(1981)
1796:(1966)
1790:(1948)
1784:(1942)
1778:(1931)
1772:(1919)
1766:(1903)
1760:(1900)
1754:(1898)
1641:Dalton
1605:Awards
845:
839:531831
837:
745:Anon.
632:
555:Kersal
541:Legacy
523:calico
490:indigo
393:Madder
319:orchil
263:GieĂźen
231:Berlin
163:(1899)
158:(1898)
152:Awards
140:
125:Spouse
78:Kersal
1636:Joule
1631:Wilde
1294:(III)
1251:(III)
1239:(III)
843:S2CID
835:JSTOR
761:(PDF)
750:(PDF)
464:from
456:, a C
373:from
225:with
144:)
136:(
132:
1584:(II)
1507:(II)
1395:(II)
1310:(IV)
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1257:(IV)
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1233:(II)
1227:(II)
1171:(II)
1153:(II)
795:2012
769:2010
643:2020
630:ISBN
606:2020
494:woad
349:and
337:and
321:and
257:Work
142:1851
67:Died
45:Born
1524:(I)
1475:(I)
1355:(I)
1221:(I)
1210:(I)
1204:(I)
1162:(I)
1136:(I)
827:doi
674:doi
648:...
202:FRS
29:FRS
1916::
1197:Bt
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183:,
138:m.
108:,
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1868::
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676::
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440:O
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436:H
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412:H
404:O
400:H
301:O
299:4
297:N
295:4
293:H
285:O
283:4
281:N
279:3
277:H
53:)
49:(
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