Eccentric training

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force produced. An experiment was conducted on bicycle riding. The amount of oxygen consumption was measured during the motion of pedaling forward as positive work and pedaling with resistance as negative work. Less oxygen was consumed during negative work than of positive work with the oxygen consumption ratio being 3:7. Due to the low oxygen consumption of eccentric exercise studies have been conducted on patients with severe COPD. An eccentric cycling exercise workout was created for these patients and the results found there to be no side effects, minimal muscle soreness that had no effect on power, and high compliance. Furthermore, other cycling studies concluded that eccentric cycling was a safe alternative for COPD patients as they can perform high-intensity work with lower cost.

493: 38: 677:, where the tendons become injured, inflamed, or ruptured. While typically these disorders are directly related to eccentric muscle movements, the ability of a muscle to strengthen and prevent injury through eccentric training is great. Controlled rehabilitative regimes will actually strengthen and repair tendons. Ample evidence supports the notion that the tendon, like the muscle, can adapt favorably to 439:

by people afflicted with the above disorders and many cannot participate in rigorous exercise protocols. Eccentric muscle contractions produce high forces with low-energy costs. According to Hortobágyi due to these properties, eccentric exercise has the greatest potential for muscle strengthening. To strengthen muscle the external force must exceed the muscle while it lengthens. The definition of

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after twenty sessions of treadmill low-intensity eccentric training the wet weight of the muscles and the fiber cross-section was significantly larger than the control and level groups. These results led to the conclusion that low-intensity eccentric contractions have the ability to "produce enough mechanical stress to induce

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A lot of studies have been conducted regarding eccentric exercise over the last decade. It can be said there is substantial evidence that eccentric exercise truly exceeds concentric exercise for rehabilitation and training aspects in force, energy cost, oxygen consumption, and muscular strengthening.

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without over-stressing which could produce muscle fiber damage. Other articles have found that muscle damage is not required to reach hypertrophy. Greater mechanical stress brought on by eccentric contractions is what leads to hypertrophy in individuals undergoing eccentric training. Studies done on

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Eccentric exercise or resistance training is currently being used as a form of rehabilitation for sports injuries, but also as an alternative form of exercise for the elderly and those affected by neurological disorders, COPD, cardiopulmonary disorders, and cancer. Muscle loss is a big problem faced

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With the lower cost of oxygen, how would eccentric exercise affect the heart? A study was performed to test how eccentric and concentric contractions affect cardiac autonomic modulation after exercise. Men (aged 18–30) were divided into four groups: concentric control, eccentric control, concentric

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is the progressive loss of muscle mass due to aging. Muscle mass begins to deteriorate as early as the age of 25, and consistently deteriorates into old age. By the age of 80 "one-half of the skeletal muscle has been lost" (Lastayo, Woolf, Lewek, Snyder-Mackler, Reich & Lindstedt, 2003). With

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rehabilitation is improving muscle strength of the quadriceps without re-injury. Early, high-force eccentric training can be used to increase muscle strength and volume without damage to the ACL graft, surrounding soft tissue, and the articular cartilage. In an experiment performed on rat muscles

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is lower than normal levels. Bone mass is affected by muscle forces and their loads on the bone structure. The strength and density of the bone are directly influenced by local strain. Due to the high strain on muscles during eccentric training, coupled with low energy output, eccentric training

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Oxygen consumption is needed for muscles to work properly. Eccentric muscle contractions are considered to be negative work as the muscle is working with resistance. Negative work is the mechanical energy absorbed by the work conducted on a muscle when the force on the muscle is greater than the

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Several recent studies have indicated that eccentric exercise as walking down hill has greater beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity, lipid profiles, and physical fitness than walking up hill. One study used stairs and elevators and the other a mountain and a cable car. In both cases the

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of the knee. During the post-operative rehabilitation of patients, eccentric training can be used as a cornerstone of developing muscle size and strength. According to tests conducted by J. Parry Gerber in 2007, structural changes in the muscles greatly exceeded those achieved with standard

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and colleagues looked at which method of tendon rehabilitation exercise – the "eccentric squat" exercise or the universal gym "leg extension/leg curl" — produced more recovery results in terms of recovery in the treatment of chronic patellar tendonitis. On the twelve-week exercise program,

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Eccentric training is of huge benefit to those that wish to avert injuries by improving the muscle's abilities to absorb more energy before deteriorating. According to one article, "Increased stiffness in tendons, greater force at failure, and an improved ability to absorb energy at the

361:(RBE). To help prevent or lessen DOMS from eccentric exercise, or to facilitate recovery from it, the exerciser would eccentrically stimulate the muscle, then repeat at weekly intervals to build up strength and allow the strain (in response to a given force level) to reduce over time. 224:

of the device was low, the same force was being applied by both individuals, yet the task was much easier for the individual braking. This demonstration cleverly revealed that a tiny female resisting the movement of the pedals could easily exert more force than, and hence control the

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When in a concentric exercise, shortening of a muscle occurs as the myosin and actin cross-bridges repeatedly attach and detach to draw the actin across the myosin – creating force. Each cross-bridge attachment and detachment cycle is powered by the splitting of one molecule of

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Eccentric contractions are a frequent cause of muscle injury when engaging in unaccustomed exercise. But a single bout of such eccentric exercise leads to adaptation which will make the muscle less vulnerable to injury on subsequent performance of the eccentric exercise.

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myosin and actin links. With more cross bridges remaining attached there is greater force production in the muscle. Examples of activities involving eccentric muscle contraction include walking down a hill or resisting the force of gravity while lowering a heavy object.

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or hamstring moment of force and hamstring moment of force significantly increased in both groups, but the eccentric squat saw significantly lower pain ratings and produced twice as many pain-free subjects at the end of the program than the other group.

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this great decrease in mass, strength is also decreased. Eccentric training has the ability to counteract sarcopenia through sustained training. The unique trait of greater overloads to the muscle with less strenuous impact on the body, as well as

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There is a stipulation regarding eccentric contractions in that they actually cause muscle damage and injury. Eccentric contraction may result in delayed onset muscle soreness however; the contraction itself does not cause muscle damage or injury.

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is absorbed in running every time one's foot strikes the ground and continues as one's mass overtakes the foot. At this moment, elastic recoil energy is at its maximum and a large amount of this energy is absorbed and is added to the next stride.

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Gerber, Marcus; Parry, J.; Robin, L.; Dibble, Leland E.; Greis, Patrick E.; Burks, Robert T.; LaStayo, Paul C.; March (2007). "After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Effects of Early Progressive Eccentric Exercise on Muscle Structure".

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Roig, M.; O'Brien, K.; Kirk, G.; Murray, R.; McKinnon, P.; Shadgan, B.; Reid, W. D. (2009). "The effects of eccentric versus concentric resistance training on muscle strength and mass in healthy adults: A systematic review with meta-analysis".

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It has been deduced that high muscle-tendon forces delivered in a controlled environment are needed for optimal tendon adaptation. While eccentric stress is related to the injury, high-force eccentric exercises are needed to maximize recovery.

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Roig, M.; O'Brien, K.; Kirk, G.; Murray, R.; McKinnon, P.; Shadgan, B.; Reid, W.D. (2009). "The effects of eccentric versus concentric resistance training on muscle strength and mass in healthy adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis".

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movement. The close relationship between the muscle and tendons help to dissipate heat or temporarily store kinetic energy. If the forces needed to slow down a limb exceed the capacity of the muscle-tendon system, injury is likely to occur.

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back down from the lift is the eccentric phase of that exercise – as long as the dumbbell is lowered slowly rather than letting it drop (i.e., the biceps are in a state of contraction to control the rate of descent of the dumbbell).

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the elderly show that low-intensity eccentric conditioning can actually minimize muscle damage According to Gault the low cost of energy and low oxygen demand make low-intensity eccentric exercise ideal for the elderly.

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injuries have greater impairment of eccentric strength, suggesting that improvements in eccentric training may minimize the risks of injury by strengthening the muscle-tendon groupings in high-stress areas of the body.

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Bahr, Roald; Fossan, Bjorn; Loken, Sverre; Engebretsen, Lars; August (2006). "Surgical Treatment Compared with Eccentric Training for Patellar Tendinopathy (Jumpers Knee) A Randomized Controlled Trial".

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training, and eccentric training. Results concluded that resistance training (eccentric contractions) promoted strength gain. An increase in cardiac vagal modulation during recovery was also concluded.

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Eccentric training creates greater force owing to the "decreased rate of cross-bridge muscle detachments." Patients and athletes will have more muscle force for bigger weights when eccentric training.

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that involves using the target muscles to control weight as it moves in a downward motion. This type of training can help build muscle, improve athletic performance, and reduce the risk of injury. An

264:, and can be recovered and reused by the body. This creates more efficiency because the body is able to use the energy for the next movement, decreasing the initial impact or shock of the movement. 693:

A condition that arises when the tendon and the tissues that surround it, become inflamed and irritated. This is usually due to overuse, especially from jumping activities. This is the reason

1522:"The influence of resistance exercise with emphasis on specific contractions (concentric vs. eccentric) on muscle strength and post-exercise autonomic modulation: a randomized clinical trial" 279:, where the muscle is continually shortened and stretched resulting in enhanced effectiveness and force. It can lead to the perception of "less effort" even though dealing with higher force. 410:

Older individuals are less vulnerable to injury from eccentric exercise, primarily because of the reduced strain on muscle-tendon groupings as compared to traditional concentric exercise.

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Chen, T.C.; et al. (2013). "Low-intensity eccentric contractions attenuate muscle damage induced by subsequent maximal eccentric exercise of the knee extensors in the elderly".

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Chen, Trevor; Hsieh, Chung-Chan; Tseng, Kuo-Wei; Ho, Chih-Chiao; Nosaka, Kazunori (2017). "Effects of Descending Stair Walking on Health and Fitness of Elderly Obese Women".

560:. Eccentric training enables the elderly, and those with the same problems, the ability to train muscle groups and increase strength and resiliency with low-energy exercise. 694: 187:

discovered in 1882 that "contracting muscle under stretch could produce greater force than a shortening muscle contraction" like in concentric movements. Fifty years later,

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that is stronger than the muscle force. When myofilaments of the muscle fiber are stretched in such eccentric contractions there can be reduced numbers of detachments of

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back-to-back with a single chain, such that one cyclist pedaled forward and the other resisted this forward motion by braking the backward-moving pedals. Because the

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While energy costs remain low, the degree of force is very high. This leads to muscles that respond with significant increases in muscle strength, size, and power.

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concentric rehabilitation. The success of the involvement of gradual progressive exposure to negative work ultimately led to the production of high muscle force.

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training to prevent injuries or recurring injuries, and trains the body to use the kinetic force driven by eccentric training more efficiently. Canadian Olympian

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is the motion of an active muscle while it is lengthening under load. Eccentric training is repetitively doing eccentric muscle contractions. For example, in a

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But time matters in elastic recoil. If this energy is not used quickly it is dissipated as heat. The role of eccentric training is to use these principles of

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systems, offers a unique case for the elderly. The high-force and low-cost set of attributes in eccentric exercise makes it ideal for the actively impaired.

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During the eccentric phase of the movement, the muscle absorbs energy. This work is done "by stretching the muscle and in this process, the muscle absorbs

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Howlett K., T. Keniston, A. Grassl, A. Olsson, C. Eidem, and D.J. McCann, January 2011 Department of Exercise Science, Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA.

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Lindstedt, S. L.; LaStayo, P.C.; Reich, T.E.; December (2001). "When Active Muscles Lengthen: Properties and Consequences of Eccentric Contractions".

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Lindstedt, S. L.; LaStayo, P.C.; Reich, T.E.; December (2001). "When Active Muscles Lengthen: Properties and Consequences of Eccentric Contractions".

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With eccentric training, muscles are able to create more for less work, which has special meaning in the realms of high-performance sports – both for

194: 417:. "Completing bouts of eccentric training and then repeating the workout 1 week (or more) later will result in less DOMS after the second workout." 353:

Eccentric actions place a stretch on the sarcomeres to the point where the myofilaments may experience strain, otherwise known as exercise-induced

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Eccentric training focuses on slowing down the process of muscle elongation to challenge the muscles, which can lead to stronger muscles, faster

346: 226: 586:(ACL) in the knee causes serious damage that can last several years and often requires surgery. The ACL is one of the four main stabilizing 698: 515:

uses eccentric training as part of her regime. The Esmonde Technique takes eccentric training and makes it available to the masses through

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According to tests, increases in both strength and muscle fiber are higher in eccentric training than in traditional concentric training.

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introduced eccentric training in 1953, with "ex" meaning "away from" and "centric" meaning "center". Hence, the term was coined to mean a

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This movement has also been described as negative training. This "negative" movement is necessary to reverse the muscle from its initial

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Total body eccentric training can raise resting metabolic rate by about 9 percent, with the greatest magnitude in the first two hours.

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LaStayo, Paul C. PhD; Woolf, John M.; Lewek, Michael D.; Snyder-Mackler, Lynn; Trude-Reich, Lindstedt; Stan, L. PhD; October (2003).

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LaStayo, Paul C. PhD; Woolf, John M.; Lewek, Michael D.; Snyder-Mackler, Lynn; Trude-Reich, Lindstedt; Stan, L. PhD; October (2003).

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LaStayo, Paul C. PhD; Woolf, John M.; Lewek, Michael D.; Snyder-Mackler, Lynn; Trude-Reich, Lindstedt; Stan, L. PhD; October (2003).

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Eccentric contractions use less energy and actually absorb energy that will be used as heat or elastic recoil for the next movement.

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Eccentric movement provides a braking mechanism for muscle and tendon groups that are experiencing concentric movement to protect

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Lepley, L.K. (2013). "Effect of Eccentric Strengthening After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction on Quadriceps Strength".

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found that "the body had lower energy demand during an eccentric muscle contraction than during a concentric muscle action".

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Lindstedt, S.; et al. (n.d.). "When active muscles lengthen: Properties and consequences of eccentric contractions".

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cardiovascular improvements were greater for being lifted up and walking down than for walking up and being lowered down.

2099:"The positive effects of negative work: increased muscle strength and decreased fall risk in a frail elderly population" 1691:"Effects of eccentric exercise in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 922:"The positive effects of negative work: increased muscle strength and decreased fall risk in a frail elderly population" 17: 204:

The first revelation of the functional significance of these properties occurred in a clever demonstration devised by

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Eccentric contractions use less metabolic energy, even though they can create more force than concentric actions.

523:. After having hip surgery in the summer of 2007, St-Pierre began to practice the Esmonde Technique with experts 1485:

Rooyackers, J. (2003). "Eccentric exercise training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease".

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Gault, M.L. (2012). "Functional mobility of older adults after concentric and eccentric endurance exercise".

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In controlled release reversals of such concentric motions, the eccentric movement stretches the muscle with

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When the load exceeds the force that can be developed by the muscle at a constant length, as in an eccentric

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and optimal-performance training. For athletes and sports enthusiasts, this eccentric model can help with

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Hortobágyi, T.; et al. (1996). "Adaptive responses to muscle lengthening and shortening in humans".

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The energy that is absorbed by the muscle will be dissipated as heat if the muscle is being used as a "

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LaStayo, Paul C.; Ewy, Gordon A.; Pierotti, David D.; Johns, Richard K.; Lindstedt, Stan; May (2003).

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LaStayo, Paul C.; Ewy, Gordon A.; Pierotti, David D.; Johns, Richard K.; Lindstedt, Stan; May (2003).

357:(DOMS). One area of research that has much promise in relation to DOMS and eccentric exercise is the 2064:"Eccentric Muscle Contractions: Their Contribution to Injury, Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Sport" 1795:"Eccentric Muscle Contractions: Their Contribution to Injury, Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Sport" 1588:"Eccentric Muscle Contractions: Their Contribution to Injury, Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Sport" 1186: 173:, the exercise is referred to as involving negative work, because the muscle is absorbing energy. 636: 335: 126: 420:

Stretching of the muscles and eccentric training provides protection from injury or re-injury.

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This mechanical energy is dissipated or converted into one or a combination of two energies.

1563: 1180: 998: 524: 440: 118: 1923:"Eccentric endurance exercise economically improves metabolic and inflammatory risk factors" 55: 2152: 2013: 1156: 890: 832: 792: 314:

The muscle has "tension producing tissue comprising small contractile units referred to as

122: 330:(muscle filaments or proteins) that overlaps to format a cross-bridge bond (attachment)". 8: 734: 557: 541:

The rehabilitative nature, low energy costs, high magnitudes of force, and low uptake of

221: 574:, eccentric training didn't improve pain or function more than other types of training. 378:

Several key findings have been researched regarding the benefits of eccentric training:

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Eccentric training has been found to be beneficial to those with a variety of physical

462: 404: 198: 2194: 2156: 2134:"When Active Muscles Lengthen: Properties and Consequences of Eccentric Contractions" 2120: 2085: 2047: 1992: 1944: 1895: 1852: 1816: 1766: 1730: 1712: 1663: 1609: 1551: 1502: 1498: 1459: 1418: 1358: 1315: 1272: 1231: 1202:"Induction of Muscle Hypertrophy in Rats through Low Intensity Eccentric Contraction" 1160: 1114: 1076: 1041: 978: 974: 943: 894: 836: 729: 504: 423:

Subjects report less weariness from eccentric training than from concentric training.

283: 238: 90: 2004: 1956: 1907: 1864: 1537: 1471: 1370: 1284: 1126: 990: 2206: 2186: 2168: 2148: 2133: 2110: 2075: 2039: 1984: 1934: 1887: 1844: 1806: 1758: 1720: 1702: 1675: 1655: 1599: 1541: 1533: 1494: 1449: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1350: 1327: 1307: 1262: 1221: 1213: 1172: 1152: 1106: 1068: 1031: 970: 933: 906: 886: 848: 828: 389: 303: 217: 184: 2080: 2063: 1891: 1811: 1794: 1604: 1587: 1454: 1437: 1267: 1251:"Does Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage Play a Role in Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy?" 1250: 703: 678: 553: 508: 276: 213: 154:

or the elderly and patients looking to rehabilitate certain muscles and tendons.

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all align eccentric exercise for both the elderly and rehabilitative functions.

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participants were tested for thigh circumference and quadriceps, and hamstring

624: 342: 299: 268: 188: 137: 1707: 1354: 1311: 338:(ATP). Examples of such exercises include kicking a ball or lifting a weight. 2217: 2190: 1939: 1922: 1716: 1659: 512: 496: 2198: 2160: 2124: 2089: 2051: 1996: 1948: 1921:

M, Zepetzauer; Drexel, H; Vonbank, A; Rein, P; Aczel, S; Saely, CH (2013).

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Clarkson PM1, Hubal MJ (2002). "Exercise-induced muscle damage in humans".

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An eccentric contraction is one of the distinct phases in the movement of

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musculotendonous junction result following eccentric exercise training".

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Eccentric training is particularly good for casual and high-performance

707: 674: 657: 599: 205: 163: 1438:"Eccentric Cycle Exercise in Severe COPD: Feasibility of Application" 632: 315: 706:. There was no significant difference between the groups in either 587: 492: 102: 604: 564: 260:

The energy that is absorbed by the muscle can be converted into

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Lindstedt, S. L.; LaStayo, P.C.; Reich, T.E.; December (2001).

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Larsson, Robin; Bernhardsson, Susanne; Nordeman, Lena (2019).

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may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge's

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American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation

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According to one systematic review and meta-analysis on

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is almost the exact definition of muscle strengthening.

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leads to more tenderness in eccentric, rather than pure

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COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

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Eccentric training has proven to be an excellent post

1628:"Goalie St.Pierre Takes A Page From The Ballet World" 697:

is often called "jumper’s knee." A study was done by

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becomes a cornerstone of the rehabilitative process.

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Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy

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Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy

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Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy

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Add to these factors disease and 2215: 2011: 1877: 790: 1880:Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 499:healed from hip surgery with eccentric exercise 201:that moves away from the center of the muscle. 1620: 1581: 1579: 688: 58:to make improvements to the overall structure. 1255:Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 673:Intense repetitive activities tend to create 470:Eccentric contraction and oxygen consumption: 454:Proof of muscle strengthening without damage: 487: 147:from damage as the contraction is released. 1576: 1568:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1003:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 954: 309: 1484: 1248: 1199: 1058: 477:Eccentric contractions and cardiac output: 275:This movement is similar to the action of 2114: 2079: 2012:Bubbico, Aaron; Kravitz, Len; Ph (2010). 1938: 1810: 1724: 1706: 1603: 1545: 1453: 1412: 1389:"The physiological cost of negative work" 1266: 1225: 1142: 1035: 937: 872: 870: 868: 866: 864: 862: 860: 858: 814: 812: 810: 791:Bubbico, Aaron; Kravitz, Len; Ph (2010). 714: 614: 229:of, a large burly male pedaling forward. 74:Learn how and when to remove this message 491: 286:to strengthen muscle and tendon groups. 1020:"The positive effects of negative work" 1017: 786: 784: 782: 780: 778: 776: 774: 772: 770: 14: 2216: 2153:10.1152/physiologyonline.2001.16.6.256 1435: 1386: 1343:European Journal of Applied Physiology 1300:European Journal of Applied Physiology 1157:10.1152/physiologyonline.2001.16.6.256 1096: 891:10.1152/physiologyonline.2001.16.6.256 855: 833:10.1152/physiologyonline.2001.16.6.256 807: 768: 766: 764: 762: 760: 758: 756: 754: 752: 750: 413:Repeated-bout Effect markedly reduces 216:. They connected two stationary cycle 2103:The Journals of Gerontology: Series A 2032:The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 1977:The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 1837:The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 1751:The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 1526:Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy 1340: 1024:The Journals of Gerontology: Series A 926:The Journals of Gerontology: Series A 433: 392:intervention for lower-body injuries. 1519: 1297: 531:and Sahra Esmonde-White host of the 157: 31: 1206:Journal of Physical Therapy Science 1018:LaStayo, P.C.; et al. (2003). 747: 24: 2179:British Journal of Sports Medicine 1648:British Journal of Sports Medicine 25: 2235: 652:Usually viewed as a precursor to 578:Anterior cruciate ligament damage 548:In old age, loss of strength and 255: 1499:10.1097/00004356-200303000-00006 1200:Wakako, T.; et al. (2014). 975:10.1097/00002060-200211001-00007 364: 302:". This leads to an increase in 36: 1914: 1871: 1827: 1741: 1682: 1638: 1538:10.1590/s1413-35552012005000141 1513: 1478: 1429: 1334: 1291: 1242: 1193: 1099:Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 318:" that each contains a "thick ( 1405:10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004755 1145:News in Physiological Sciences 1052: 1011: 913: 623:works cohesively to slow down 13: 1: 1695:BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 1061:Journal of Applied Physiology 740: 668: 647: 594: 572:shoulder impingement syndrome 355:delayed onset muscle soreness 2081:10.2519/jospt.2003.33.10.557 1892:10.1249/MSS.0000000000001267 1812:10.2519/jospt.2003.33.10.557 1605:10.2519/jospt.2003.33.10.557 1455:10.3109/15412555.2011.579926 1268:10.1519/jsc.0b013e31824f207e 7: 1073:10.1152/jappl.1996.80.3.765 723: 695:chronic patellar tendonitis 689:Chronic patellar tendonitis 373: 101:the action of lowering the 10: 2240: 1967: 584:anterior cruciate ligament 179: 1708:10.1186/s12891-019-2796-5 1393:The Journal of Physiology 1355:10.1007/s00421-012-2338-4 1312:10.1007/s00421-012-2517-3 1249:Schoenfeld, B.J. (2012). 535:workout to heal her hip. 488:Sports and rehabilitation 456:One recurring problem in 232: 2191:10.1136/bjsm.2008.051417 2116:10.1093/gerona/58.5.m419 1940:10.1177/2047487312444236 1660:10.1136/bjsm.2008.051417 1037:10.1093/gerona/58.5.m419 939:10.1093/gerona/58.5.m419 675:chronic tendon disorders 631:Athletes with recurring 447:Perceived muscle damage: 310:Physiological mechanisms 1487:Rehabilitation Research 289: 715:Cardiovascular changes 615:Muscle tendon injuries 500: 336:adenosine triphosphate 127:concentric contraction 969:(11 Suppl): S52–S69. 681:and eccentric loads. 525:Miranda Esmonde-White 495: 441:eccentric contraction 262:elastic recoil energy 119:isometric contraction 95:eccentric contraction 2044:10.2106/jbjs.f.00385 2018:IDEA Fitness Journal 2014:"Eccentric Training" 1989:10.2106/JBJS.E.01181 1849:10.2106/JBJS.E.01181 1763:10.2106/jbjs.f.00385 1218:10.1589/jpts.26.1623 1185:: CS1 maint: year ( 1111:10.1123/jsr.22.2.150 797:IDEA Fitness Journal 793:"Eccentric Training" 621:muscle-tendon system 359:repeated-bout effect 123:isotonic contraction 1520:Gois, M.0. (2014). 1436:Vieira, D. (2011). 1387:Abbott, B. (1952). 735:Negative repetition 558:respiratory illness 222:internal resistance 56:editing the article 1927:Eur J Prev Cardiol 501: 463:muscle hypertrophy 434:Eccentric exercise 199:muscle contraction 87:Eccentric training 18:Eccentric overload 2224:Strength training 2141:News Physiol. Sci 1349:(11): 3699–3707. 1212:(10): 1623–1625. 879:News Physiol. Sci 821:News Physiol. Sci 730:Flywheel training 529:Classical Stretch 517:Classical Stretch 505:injury prevention 407:amongst patients. 284:energy conversion 239:mechanical energy 158:Negative movement 91:strength training 84: 83: 76: 49:layout guidelines 27:Strength training 16:(Redirected from 2231: 2210: 2172: 2138: 2128: 2118: 2093: 2083: 2055: 2025: 2008: 1983:(8): 1689–1698. 1961: 1960: 1942: 1918: 1912: 1911: 1886:(8): 1614–1622. 1875: 1869: 1868: 1843:(8): 1689–1698. 1831: 1825: 1824: 1814: 1790: 1775: 1774: 1745: 1739: 1738: 1728: 1710: 1686: 1680: 1679: 1642: 1636: 1635: 1634:. 17 April 2009. 1624: 1618: 1617: 1607: 1583: 1574: 1573: 1567: 1559: 1549: 1517: 1511: 1510: 1482: 1476: 1475: 1457: 1433: 1427: 1426: 1416: 1384: 1375: 1374: 1338: 1332: 1331: 1306:(4): 1005–1015. 1295: 1289: 1288: 1270: 1261:(5): 1441–1453. 1246: 1240: 1239: 1229: 1197: 1191: 1190: 1184: 1176: 1140: 1131: 1130: 1094: 1085: 1084: 1056: 1050: 1049: 1039: 1030:(5): M419–M424. 1015: 1009: 1008: 1002: 994: 958: 952: 951: 941: 917: 911: 910: 874: 853: 852: 816: 805: 804: 788: 304:body temperature 185:Adolf Eugen Fick 79: 72: 68: 65: 59: 40: 39: 32: 21: 2239: 2238: 2234: 2233: 2232: 2230: 2229: 2228: 2214: 2213: 2136: 2074:(10): 557–571. 1970: 1965: 1964: 1919: 1915: 1876: 1872: 1832: 1828: 1791: 1778: 1746: 1742: 1687: 1683: 1643: 1639: 1626: 1625: 1621: 1598:(10): 557–571. 1584: 1577: 1561: 1560: 1518: 1514: 1483: 1479: 1434: 1430: 1385: 1378: 1339: 1335: 1296: 1292: 1247: 1243: 1198: 1194: 1178: 1177: 1141: 1134: 1095: 1088: 1057: 1053: 1016: 1012: 996: 995: 959: 955: 918: 914: 875: 856: 817: 808: 789: 748: 743: 726: 717: 704:moment of force 691: 679:physical stress 671: 650: 637:abductor muscle 617: 597: 580: 509:explosive force 490: 436: 376: 367: 312: 292: 258: 235: 214:Murdoch Ritchie 195:Erling Asmussen 182: 160: 136:and increasing 121:(no movement), 117:; they include 80: 69: 63: 60: 54:Please help by 53: 41: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2237: 2227: 2226: 2212: 2211: 2185:(8): 556–568. 2173: 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