758:
society" (less than half of
Timorese were Catholic). Assuming a growth rate in line with the other nations of South East Asia, then, would yield a more accurate figure of 680,000 for 1975, and an expected 1980 population of slightly over 775,000 (without accounting for the decline in the birth rate resulting from the Indonesian occupation). The deficit remaining would be almost exactly 200,000. According to Cribb, Indonesian policies restricted the birth rate by up to 50% or more, thus around 45,000 of these were not born rather than killed; another 55,000 were "missing" as a result of the Timorese evading the Indonesian authorities who conducted the 1980 census. A variety of factors—the exodus of tens of thousands from their homes to escape FRETILIN in 1974–75; the deaths of thousands in the civil war; the deaths of combatants during the occupation; killings by FRETILIN; and natural disasters—diminish further still the civilian toll attributable to Indonesian forces during this time. Considering all this data, Cribb argues for a much lower toll of 100,000 or less, with an absolute minimum of 60,000, and a mere tenth of the civilian population dying unnaturally, for the years 1975–1980.
555:
rations given by their captors - died of malnutrition, cholera, diarrhea and tuberculosis. By late 1979, between 300,000 and 370,000 Timorese had passed through these camps. After a period of three months, the detainees were resettled in "strategic hamlets" where they were imprisoned and subjected to enforced starvation. Those in the camps were prevented from traveling and cultivating farmland and were subjected to a curfew. The UN truth commission report confirmed the
Indonesian military's use of enforced starvation as a weapon to exterminate the East Timorese civilian population, and that large numbers of people were "positively denied access to food and its sources". The report cited testimony from individuals who were denied food, and detailed destruction of crops and livestock by Indonesian soldiers. It concluded that this policy of deliberate starvation resulted in the deaths of 84,200 to 183,000 Timorese. One church worker reported five hundred East Timorese dying of starvation every month in one district.
489:
Timorese they encountered." In
February 1976 after capturing the village of Aileu - to the south of Dili - and driving out the remaining Fretilin forces, Indonesian troops machine gunned most of the town's population, allegedly shooting everyone over the age of three. The young children who were spared were taken back to Dili in trucks. At the time Aileu fell to Indonesian forces, the population was around 5,000; by the time Indonesian relief workers visited the village in September 1976 only 1,000 remained. In June 1976, TNI troops badly battered by a Fretilin attack exacted retribution against a large refugee camp housing 5–6,000 Timorese at Lamaknan near the West Timor border. After setting several houses on fire, Indonesian soldiers massacred as many as 4,000 men, women and children.
762:
maximum"—cannot be discounted because the church's lack of access to society might well have resulted in an undercount. He concluded that at least 116,000 combatants and civilians were killed by all sides or died "unnatural" deaths from 1975 to 1980 (if true, this would yield the result that about 15% of the civilian population of East Timor was killed from 1975 to 1980). F. Hiorth separately estimated that 13% (95,000 out of an expected 730,000 when accounting for the reduction in birth rates) of the civilian population died during this period. Kiernan believes that the deficit was most probably around 145,000 when accounting for the reduction in birth rates, or 20% of East Timor's population. The mid-value of the UN report is 146,000 deaths;
746:
657,411 Timorese—this would require a growth rate of 2.5% per year, nearly identical to the very high growth rate in East Timor from 1970 to 1975, and a highly unlikely one given the conditions of the brutal occupation, including
Indonesian efforts to discourage reproduction. Noting the relative lack of personal accounts of atrocities or of traumatised Indonesian soldiers, he further adds that East Timor "does not appear—on the basis of news reports and academic accounts—to be a society traumatized by mass death...the circumstance leading up to the Dili massacre of 1991...indicate a society which retained its vigor and indignation in a way which would probably not have been possible if it had been treated as Cambodia was treated under
714:(CAVR) reports an estimated minimum number of conflict-related deaths of 102,800 (+/- 12,000). Of these, the report says that approximately 18,600 (+/-1,000) were either killed or disappeared, and that approximately 84,000 (+/-11,000) died from hunger or illness in excess of what would have been expected due to peacetime mortality. These figures represent a minimum conservative estimate that CAVR says is its scientifically based principal finding. The report did not provide an upper bound, however, CAVR speculated that the total number of deaths due to conflict-related hunger and illness could have been as high as 183,000. The truth commission held Indonesian forces responsible for about 70% of the violent killings.
587:(Operation Security), which some have named the "fence of legs" program. During this operation, Indonesian forces conscripted 50,000 to 80,000 Timorese men and boys to march through the mountains ahead of advancing TNI troops as human shields to foreclose a FRETILIN counterattack. The objective was to sweep the guerillas into the central part of the region where they could be eradicated. Many of those conscripted into the "fence of legs" died of starvation, exhaustion or were shot by Indonesian forces for allowing guerillas to slip through. As the "fence" converged on villages, Indonesian forces massacred an unknown number of civilians. At least 400 villagers were massacred in
688:) was founded and soon had chapters in ten cities around the country. Other solidarity groups appeared in Portugal, Australia, Japan, Germany, Ireland, The Netherlands, Malaysia and Brazil. Coverage of the massacre was a vivid example of how growth of new media in Indonesia was making it increasingly difficult for the "New Order" to control information flow in and out of Indonesia, and that in the post-Cold War 1990s, the government was coming under increasing international scrutiny. A number of pro-democracy student groups and their magazines began to openly and critically discuss not just East Timor, but also the "New Order" and the broader history and future of Indonesia.
807:', yet neither of these concepts are explicitly recognised in international law." A similar argument was made by David Bisson, who argues that the conflict would have been classified as a genocide if the East Timorese had been able to form their own nation state prior to the invasion, yet because the Indonesian invasion deliberately pre-empted this from occurring, it paradoxically created a loophole that technically excludes the Indonesian military's actions from the charge of genocide. The occupation has been compared to the killings of the
661:, which chronicles many personal stories of violence and abuse dating to the earliest days of the occupation. One woman tells of being interrogated while stripped half-naked, tortured, molested, and threatened with death. Another describes being chained at the hands and feet, raped repeatedly, and interrogated for weeks. A woman who had prepared food for FRETILIN guerrillas was arrested, burned with cigarettes, tortured with electricity, and forced to walk naked past a row of soldiers into a tank filled with urine and feces.
214:
493:
had been killed during the previous six months of civil war, suggesting a death toll of at least 55,000 in the first two months of the invasion. A delegation of
Indonesian relief workers agreed with this statistic. A late 1976 report by the Catholic Church also estimated the death toll at between 60,000 and 100,000. These figures were also corroborated by those in the Indonesian government itself. In an interview on 5 April 1977 with the
535:
551:
centers which were prepared in advance. These camps were located in close proximity to local military bases where
Indonesian forces "screened" the population in order to single out members of the resistance, often with the aid of Timorese collaborators. In these transit camps, the surrendered civilians were registered and interrogated. Those who were suspected of being members of the resistance were detained and killed.
754:
least 10% (55,000) too low, Kiernan concluded that as many as 180,000 may have died in the war. Cribb argued that the 3% growth rate suggested by the 1974 census was too high, citing the fact that the church had previously postulated a growth rate of 1.8%, which would have produced a figure in line with the
Portuguese population estimate of 635,000 for 1974.
526:. The island's original division into east and west, Indonesia argued after the invasion, was "the result of colonial oppression" enforced by the Portuguese and Dutch imperial powers. Thus, according to the Indonesian government, its annexation of the 27th province was merely another step in the unification of the archipelago which had begun in the 1940s.
39:
626:, a woman named Fátima describes watching torture take place in a Dili prison: "They make people sit on a chair with the front of the chair on their own toes. It is mad, yes. The soldiers urinate in the food then mix it up for the person to eat. They use electric shock and they use an electric machine...."
725:
also estimated a total close to 150,000. A 1974 Catholic church estimate of the population of East Timor was 688,711 people; in 1982 the church reported only 425,000. This led to an estimate of 200,000 people killed during the occupation, which was widely reported around the world. Other sources such
621:
describes being tortured by
Indonesian soldiers: "With each question, I would get two or three punches in the face. When someone punches you so much and so hard, it feels as if your face is broken. People hit me on my back and on my sides with their hands and then kicked me.... they psychologically
604:
The breakdown of the ceasefire agreement was followed by a renewed wave of massacres, summary executions and "disappearances" at the hands of
Indonesian forces. In August 1983, 200 people were burned alive in the village of Creras, with 500 others killed at a nearby river. Between August and December
550:
As a result of the destruction of food crops, many civilians were forced to leave the hills and surrender to the TNI. Often, when surviving villagers came down to lower-lying regions to surrender, the military would execute them. Those who were not killed outright by TNI troops were sent to receiving
769:
Accurate numbers of
Indonesian casualties are well-documented. The complete names of around 2,300 Indonesian soldiers and pro-Indonesian militias who died in action as well as from illness and accidents during the entire occupation is engraved into the Seroja Monument, located in TNI Headquarters in
679:
The testimonies of foreigners at the cemetery were quickly reported to international news organisations, and video footage of the massacre was widely broadcast internationally causing outrage. In response to the massacre, activists around the world organised in solidarity with the East Timorese, and
600:
The failure of successive Indonesian counterinsurgency campaigns led the commander of the Dili-based Sub regional Military Resort Command, Colonel Purwanto to initiate peace talks with FRETILIN commander Xanana GusmĂŁo in a FRETILIN-controlled area in March 1983. When Xanana sought to invoke Portugal
492:
In March 1977 ex-Australian consul James Dunn published a report detailing charges that since December 1975 Indonesian forces had killed between 50,000 and 100,000 civilians in East Timor. This is consistent with a statement made on 13 February 1976 by UDT leader Lopez da Cruz that 60,000 Timorese
488:
The mass killings continued unabated as Indonesian forces advanced on the Fretilin-held mountain regions of East Timor. A Timorese guide for a senior Indonesian officer told former Australian consul to Portuguese Timor James Dunn that during the early months of the fighting TNI troops "killed most
463:
radio sent the following broadcast: "The Indonesian forces are killing indiscriminately. Women and children are being shot in the streets. We are all going to be killed ... This is an appeal for international help. Please do something to stop this invasion." One Timorese refugee told later of
761:
Kiernan responded, however, by asserting that the influx of migrant workers during the occupation and the increase in the population growth rate typical of a mortality crisis justifies accepting the 1980 census as valid despite the 1987 estimate, and that the 1974 church census—though a "possible
753:
Kiernan, starting from a base population of 700,000 Timorese in 1975 (based on the 1974 Catholic Church census) calculated an expected 1980 population of 735,000 Timorese (assuming a growth rate of only 1% per year as a result of the occupation). Accepting the 1980 count that Cribb regards as at
733:
According to specialist Gabriel Defert on the basis of statistical data available from the Portuguese and Indonesian authorities, and from the Catholic Church, between December 1975 and December 1981, approximately 308,000 Timorese lost their lives; this constituted about 44% of the pre-invasion
691:
Sharp condemnation of the military came not just from the international community, but from within parts of the Indonesian elite. The massacre ended the governments 1989 opening of the territory and a new period of repression began. Warouw was removed from his position and his more accommodating
484:
took place in Dili, where onlookers were ordered to observe and count aloud as each person was executed. It is estimated that at least 2,000 Timorese were massacred in the first two days of the invasion in Dili alone. In addition to FRETILIN supporters, Chinese migrants were also singled out for
757:
Although Cribb maintained that the Portuguese census was almost certainly an underestimate, he believed it to be more likely correct than the church census, due to the fact that any church attempt to extrapolate the size of the total population "must be seen in light of its incomplete access to
634:
Indonesian military abuses against women in East Timor were numerous and well-documented. In addition to suffering arbitrary detainment, torture, and extrajudicial execution, women faced rape and sexual abuse—sometimes for the crime of being related to an independence activist. The scope of the
612:
published an Indonesian manual it had received from East Timor instructing military personnel on how to inflict physical and mental anguish, and cautioning troops to "Avoid taking photographs showing torture (of someone being given electric shocks, stripped naked and so on)". In his 1997 memoir
554:
These centers were often constructed of thatch huts with no toilets. Additionally, the Indonesian military barred the Red Cross from distributing humanitarian aid and no medical care was provided to the detainees. As a result, many of the Timorese - weakened by starvation and surviving on small
745:
rather than a maximum estimate for the total population. "It is worth recalling that hundreds of thousands of East Timorese disappeared during the violence of September 1999, only to reappear later," he writes. The 1980 census becomes more improbable in the face of the 1987 census that counted
675:
During a memorial mass on 12 November 1991 for a pro-independence youth shot by Indonesian troops, demonstrators among the 2,500-strong crowd unfurled the Fretlin flag and banners with pro-independence slogans, and chanted boisterously but peacefully. Following a brief confrontation between
591:
by Battalion 744 of the Indonesian Army in September 1981. An eyewitness who testified before the Australian Senate stated that soldiers deliberately killed small children by smashing their heads against a rock. The operation failed to crush the resistance, and popular resentment toward the
592:
occupation grew stronger than ever. As FRETILIN troops in the mountains continued their sporadic attacks, Indonesian forces carried out numerous operations to destroy them over the next ten years. In the cities and villages, meanwhile, a non-violent resistance movement began to take shape.
802:
concludes that because no group recognized under international law was targeted by the Indonesian authorities, a charge of genocide cannot be applied. However, he also notes: "The conflict in East Timor most accurately qualifies as genocide against a 'political group', or alternatively as
472:, said later: "The soldiers who landed started killing everyone they could find. There were many dead bodies in the streets—all we could see were the soldiers killing, killing, killing." In one incident, a group of fifty men, women, and children—including Australian freelance reporter
601:
and the UN in the negotiations, ABRI Commander Benny Moerdani broke the ceasefire by announcing a new counterinsurgency offensive called "Operational Clean-Sweep" in August 1983, declaring, "This time no fooling around. This time we are going to hit them without mercy."
692:
approach to Timorese resistance rebuked by his superiors. Suspected Fretilin sympathisers were arrested, human rights abuses rose, and the ban on foreign journalists was reimposed. Hatred intensified amongst Timorese of the Indonesian military presence. Major General
1603:
Two soldiers were stabbed under disputed circumstances.(Schwarz (1994), p. 212; Pinto and Jardine, p. 191.) Soldiers said the attacks were unprovoked. Stahl claims stabbed Officer Lantara had attacked a girl carrying the flag of East Timor, and FRETILIN activist
734:
population. Similarly Indonesian Professor George Aditjondro, formerly of Salatiga University in Java, concluded from his study of Indonesian Army data that in fact 300,000 Timorese had been killed in the early years of the occupation.
518:" and recognised APODETI as the true representatives of the East Timorese majority. It claimed that FRETILIN's popularity was the result of a "policy of threats, blackmail and terror". Later, Indonesian Foreign Minister
635:
problem is difficult to ascertain, owing to the intense military control imposed during the occupation, compounded by the shame felt by victims. In a 1995 report on violence against women in Indonesia and East Timor,
605:
1983, Amnesty International documented the arrests and "disappearances" of over 600 people in the capital city alone. Relatives were told by Indonesian forces that the "disappeared" were sent to Bali.
4841:
4278:
639:
wrote: "Women are reluctant to pass on information to non-governmental organizations about rape and sexual abuse, let alone to report violations to the military or police authorities."
642:
Other forms of violence against women took the form of harassment, intimidation, and forced marriage. The Amnesty report cites the case of a woman forced to live with a commander in
2365:
1957:
Cribb, Robert (2001). "How Many Deaths?: Problems in the statistics of massacre in Indonesia (1965-1966) and East Timor (1975-1980)". In Wessel, Ingrid; Wimhöfer, Georgia (eds.).
711:
684:, a British organisation formed in 1973 to advocate for democracy in Indonesia, increased its work around East Timor. In the United States, the East Timor Action Network (now the
912:
741:
argues that the toll was significantly exaggerated. He argues that the 1980 census that counted 555,350 Timorese, although "the most reliable source of all," was probably a
3614:
3065:
4706:
3383:
798:
teaches it as part of their "Genocide Studies" program. In a study of the word's legal meaning and applicability to the occupation of East Timor, legal scholar
1801:
4817:
3622:
3356:
1605:
618:
4785:
2693:
750:." Even Indonesian military strategy was based on winning the "hearts and minds" of the population, a fact that does not support charges of mass killing.
2978:
3654:
4361:
1000:
646:, then harassed daily by troops after her release. Such "marriages" took place regularly during the occupation. Women were also encouraged to accept
460:
2658:
Self-Determination In East Timor: The United Nations, The Ballot and International Intervention. International Peace Academy Occasional Paper Series
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2007:
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World Vision Indonesia visited East Timor in October 1978 and claimed that 70,000 East Timorese were at risk of starvation. An envoy from the
3907:
3235:
3121:
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4876:
566:". The ICRC warned that "tens of thousands" were at risk of starvation. Indonesia announced that it was working through the government-run
140:
2156:
1454:
East Timor, Violations of Human Rights: Extrajudicial Executions, "Disappearances", Torture and Political Imprisonment, 1975–1984, p. 40
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2039:
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tortured me; they didn't hit me, but they made strong threats to kill me. They even put a gun on the table." In Michele Turner's book
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3363:
3152:
2890:
3073:
647:
559:
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3137:
1938:
CIIR Report, International Law and the Question of East Timor, Catholic Institute of International Relations/IPJET, London, 1995.
900:
869:
685:
4050:
2937:
2256:
East Timor Violations of Human Rights: Extrajudicial Executions, "Disappearances", Torture and Political Imprisonment, 1975–1984
1024:
Lisson, David. "Defining National Group in the Genocide Convention: A Case Study of Timor-Leste." Stan. L. Rev. 60 (2007): 1459.
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991:
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to alleviate the crisis, but the NGO Action for World Development charged that organisation with selling donated aid supplies.
4396:
3590:
3452:
1968:
721:
says that "a toll of 150,000 is likely close to the truth," although one can throw out an estimate of 200,000 or higher. The
273:
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2133:
1169:
4581:
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3688:
2994:
2813:
2404:
1826:
436:
69:
30:
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Clark, Roger S. "The 'decolonisation' of East Timor and the United Nations norms on self-determination and aggression".
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3630:
3194:
1627:
1612:
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1958:
4991:
4961:
3670:
3089:
2861:
2836:
2798:
2775:
2756:
2722:
2701:
2678:
2646:
2627:
2609:
2554:
2496:
2474:
2455:
2437:
2412:
2359:
2344:
2329:
2311:
2263:
2248:
2233:
1923:
432:
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reported in 1979 that 80 percent of one camp's population was malnourished, in a situation that was "as bad as
4986:
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4756:
4714:
2354:. London: Catholic Institute for International Relations / International Platform of Jurists for East Timor, 1995.
2339:. London: Catholic Institute for International Relations / International Platform of Jurists for East Timor, 1995.
1790:
456:
335:
1711:
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Indonesian troops and protesters, 200 Indonesian soldiers opened fire on the crowd killing at least 250 Timorese.
3802:
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738:
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399:
308:
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2583:"The Demography of Genocide in Southeast Asia: The Death Tolls in Cambodia, 1975–79, and East Timor, 1975–80"
2507:
288:
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4906:
4901:
4403:
4375:
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2109:, p. ix; Nevins cites a wide variety of sources discussing the question of genocide in East Timor, in
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539:
465:
238:
983:
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4690:
4565:
4557:
3858:
3444:
2734:
Peacekeeping in East Timor: The Path to Independence. International Peace Academy Occasional Paper Series
2190:
Lisson, David (2007). "Defining National Group in the Genocide Convention: A Case Study of Timor-Leste".
330:
4881:
4605:
3810:
2828:
2014:
4573:
4541:
4423:
4306:
864:
636:
392:
293:
2582:
4941:
4936:
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4271:
4262:
3963:
3340:
2876:
2670:
2429:
353:
264:
178:
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Aditjondro, George. "Prospects for development in East Timor after the capture of Xanana GusmĂŁo".
5001:
4292:
4285:
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2466:
908:
473:
469:
150:
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forces engaged in the wholesale massacre of Timorese civilians. At the start of the occupation,
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4338:
4228:
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reports eyewitness accounts of beatings from Indonesian soldiers and police. Kubiak, W. David.
298:
283:
258:
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3162:
3105:
2986:
2748:
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2168:
854:
609:
495:
428:
161:
60:
710:
Precise estimates of the death toll are difficult to determine. The 2005 report of the UN's
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4849:
4748:
4331:
4124:
4103:
3470:
3324:
3170:
3129:
2907:
2448:
Complicity in Genocide: Report to the East Timor "Truth Commission" on International Actors
962:"War, Genocide, and Resistance in East Timor, 1975-99: Comparative Reflections on Cambodia"
859:
787:
318:
233:
98:
8:
4666:
4368:
4235:
4184:
3890:
3757:
3717:
3701:
3348:
3300:
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3258:
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3002:
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Group 3 trained militias gangs dressed in black hoods to crush the remaining resistance.
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373:
278:
44:
3502:
2504:
FRETILIN: the origins, ideologies and strategies of a nationalist movement in East Timor
4191:
4177:
3938:
3794:
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3332:
3219:
3209:
2961:
1895:
727:
515:
443:. The majority of sources consider the Indonesian killings in East Timor to constitute
248:
102:
782:
Many observers have called the Indonesian military action in East Timor an example of
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4003:
3598:
3478:
3436:
3308:
3292:
3097:
2970:
2912:
2857:
2832:
2822:
2794:
2771:
2752:
2718:
2712:
2697:
2674:
2642:
2623:
2605:
2572:
2550:
2527:
2511:
2492:
2470:
2451:
2433:
2423:
2408:
2355:
2340:
2325:
2307:
2288:
2274:
2259:
2244:
2229:
2065:
2033:
1964:
1919:
961:
804:
382:
313:
228:
194:
174:
80:
Occupation lasted from 1975 to 1999, though much of the killing occurred in the 1970s
4469:
3494:
3057:
2057:
1791:"Conflict-related Deaths in Timor Leste, 1954–1999. The Findings of the CAVR Report
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4255:
4170:
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2088:[Seroja Monument at a Glance] (in Indonesian). Pelita.or.id. Archived from
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816:
363:
325:
268:
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of the massacre's victims, listing 271 killed, 278 wounded, and 270 "disappeared".
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Those suspected of opposing integration were often arrested and tortured. In 1983
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unity. A 1977 booklet from the Indonesian Department of Foreign Affairs, entitled
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1610:"20 Years of Terror: Indonesia in Timor – An Angry Education with Max Stahl"
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The Indonesian government presented its annexation of East Timor as a matter of
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829:
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38:
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Chega! The Report of the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation
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1974:
1915:
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213:
182:
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2370:
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1652:
808:
763:
718:
173:
Forced capitulation of the East Timorese people to Indonesian authority,
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Indonesia. Department of Foreign Affairs and Department of Information.
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2465:. The Australian Centenary History of Defence. Vol. IV. Melbourne:
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984:"Was the Conflict in the East Timor 'Genocide' and Why Does it Matter?"
519:
500:
440:
126:
114:
66:
48:
3834:
934:
Sidell, Scott (1981). "The United States and genocide in East Timor".
447:, while other scholars disagree on certain aspects of the definition.
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The East Timor Question: The Struggle for Independence from Indonesia
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Chinkin, Christine. "Australia and East Timor in international law".
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368:
122:
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Aditjondro, George. "The Silent Suffering of Our Timorese Sisters".
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Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al
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4034:
2899:
2526:. Jakarta: Department of Information, Republic of Indonesia, 1977.
2157:"Was the Conflict in East Timor 'Genocide' and Why Does It Matter?"
1719:
799:
791:
783:
698:
543:
444:
358:
202:
106:
2541:. Jakarta: Department of Information, Republic of Indonesia, 1981.
2847:
Free East Timor: Australia's Culpability in East Timor's Genocide
2285:
Women in Indonesian & East Timor: Standing Against Repression
2241:
Free East Timor: Australia's Culpability in East Timor's Genocide
771:
747:
693:
588:
130:
2228:. London: Catholic Institute for International Relations, 1995.
1771:
1162:"A Quarter Century of U.S. Support for Occupation in East Timor"
712:
Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor
615:
East Timor's Unfinished Struggle: Inside the Timorese Resistance
4205:
2849:. Milsons Point: Random House Australia, 1998. pp. 83–102.
2366:
Comissão de Acolhimento, Verdade e Reconciliação de Timor Leste
1624:
643:
563:
503:
said the number of dead was "50,000 people or perhaps 80,000".
1078:
650:
procedures, and some were pressured to take the contraceptive
524:
The Pebble in the Shoe: The Diplomatic Struggle for East Timor
3770:
3428:
1278:
Genocide and Mass Atrocities in Asia: Legacies and Prevention
681:
464:"rape cold-blooded assassinations of women and children and
2845:
Wesley-Smith, Rob. "Radio Maubere and Links to East Timor".
1739:
1737:
485:
execution; five hundred were killed in the first day alone.
2868:
2787:
Indonesia's Forgotten War: The Hidden History of East Timor
2620:
East Timor and the International Community: Basic Documents
680:
a new urgency was brought to calls for self-determination.
477:
2770:. London: Catholic Institute for International Relations.
1665:
4707:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
2856:. Darwin: East Timor International Support Center, 1999.
2639:
East Timor: A Memoir of the Negotiations for Independence
1734:
1546:
1118:
2382:
2243:. Random House Milsons Point: Australia Pty Ltd, 1998.
1420:
1301:
1130:
766:, an analyst of political killings, estimates 150,000.
529:
480:
and shot, their bodies falling into the sea. Many such
2602:
An Act of Genocide: Indonesia's Invasion of East Timor
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1894:
Asia Watch, Human Rights in Indonesia and East Timor,
1585:
4818:
International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine
3357:
Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction
1496:
1368:
657:
In 1999 researcher Rebecca Winters released the book
573:
4786:
International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur
2667:
A Not-So-Distant Horror: Mass Violence in East Timor
2258:. London: Amnesty International Publications, 1985.
1385:
1383:
1184:
1090:
2539:
The Province of East Timor: Development in Progress
1989:
1625:
The Forum of Democratic Leaders in the Asia-Pacific
1142:
654:, sometimes without full knowledge of its effects.
455:From the start of the invasion in August 1975, the
2810:Telling East Timor: Personal Testimonies 1942–1992
1027:
624:Telling East Timor: Personal Testimonies 1942–1992
2768:The Indonesian Occupation of East Timor 1974–1989
1380:
1288:
730:also support an estimate of over 200,000 killed.
4868:
4675:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
4421:
2641:. North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc.
2352:International Law and the Question of East Timor
2337:International Law and the Question of East Timor
2226:International Law and the Question of East Timor
595:
3615:German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs
2622:. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
2483:Hainsworth, Paul and McCloskey, Stephen (eds.)
1275:
2297:
2208:
1963:. Hamburg: Abera-Verl. Meyer. pp. 82–98.
1882:
1647:, p. 16. The Portuguese solidarity group
1515:
1472:
1410:
1394:
1046:
3908:Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War
2884:
2506:. Canberra: Centre for Continuing Education,
2287:. New York: Amnesty International USA, 1995.
1764:
1762:
790:held an academic consensus calling the event
400:
2298:Budiardjo, Carmel; Liong, Liem Soei (1984).
2116:
1336:
1334:
578:
522:reiterated this position in his 2006 memoir
4794:International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh
4534:Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials
2714:A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s
2687:
2599:
1468:
1397:, pp. 127–128; Amnesty (1985), p. 23;
1340:
1084:
1059:
891:
889:
4741:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
2891:
2877:
2522:Indonesia. Department of Foreign Affairs.
2046:
1759:
1530:
1528:
1276:Mayersen, Deborah; Pohlman, Annie (2013).
777:
583:In 1981, the Indonesian military launched
423:refers to the "pacification campaigns" of
407:
393:
212:
3364:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars
2383:East Timor & Indonesia Action Network
1694:
1692:
1331:
1211:
629:
468:shop owners". Dili's bishop at the time,
886:
822:
560:International Committee of the Red Cross
533:
3236:Indigenous peoples in the United States
2820:
2710:
2690:Funu: The Unfinished Saga of East Timor
2565:East Timor: Nationalism and Colonialism
2544:
2324:. By Steve Cox. London: Cassell, 1995.
2320:Carey, Peter. "Historical Background".
2273:. London: Amnesty International, 1991.
2102:
1837:
1777:
1698:
1683:
1671:
1644:
1591:
1525:
1519:
1294:CAVR, ch. 7, p. 50; Taylor, pp. 88–89;
686:East Timor and Indonesia Action Network
514:, paid tribute to the "sacred right of
5007:20th-century mass murder in East Timor
4869:
2807:
2784:
2765:
2740:
2664:
2655:
2633:
2460:
2421:
2189:
2161:Melbourne Journal of International Law
2124:"Genocide Studies Program: East Timor"
2110:
2106:
2070:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2038:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1907:
1689:
1552:
1502:
1464:
1442:
1390:
1374:
1362:
1307:
1218:
1190:
1136:
1108:
1096:
1072:
992:Melbourne Journal of International Law
933:
664:
4771:
4652:
4420:
4397:Mass killings under communist regimes
3922:
3685:
3380:
3041:
2921:
2872:
2854:Buibere: Voice of East Timorese Women
2731:
1956:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
895:
659:Buibere: Voice of East Timorese Women
476:—were lined up on a cliff outside of
274:Perpetrators, victims, and bystanders
16:20th century genocide of the Timorese
4346:Terminology of the Armenian genocide
2600:Kohen, Arnold; Taylor, John (1979).
2501:
2395:
2381:. Dili, East Timor: 2005. Online at
2154:
2148:
1878:
1846:
1819:
1807:from the original on 14 January 2020
1753:
1522:, pp. 33–34; Aditjondro (1998).
1426:
1414:
1398:
1295:
1202:
1172:from the original on 9 February 2021
1148:
1124:
1112:
1033:
981:
530:Resettlement and enforced starvation
4877:Indonesian occupation of East Timor
4582:War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia
2814:University of New South Wales Press
2463:Making the Australian Defence Force
2405:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
2271:East Timor: The Santa Cruz Massacre
1686:, pp. 16–17; Carey, pp. 52–53.
1006:from the original on 5 October 2020
870:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66
705:
450:
427:which were waged by the Indonesian
31:Indonesian occupation of East Timor
13:
2136:from the original on 23 March 2020
1941:
574:Indonesian pacification operations
14:
5018:
4982:Human rights abuses in East Timor
2086:"Selayang Pandang Monumen Seroja"
431:government during the Indonesian
47:took place during a 1991 funeral
4977:Human rights abuses in Indonesia
4952:Terrorism committed by Indonesia
4772:
4653:
3923:
3686:
3381:
3042:
2744:Indonesia: Peoples and Histories
2547:East Timor: Genocide in Paradise
915:from the original on 16 May 2020
51:to the grave of SebastiĂŁo Gomes.
37:
3195:Indigenous peoples in Australia
2922:
2217:
2202:
2183:
2096:
2078:
1932:
1901:
1888:
1872:
1783:
1746:
1704:
1677:
1649:A Paz Ă© PossĂvel em Timor Leste
1637:
1597:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1543:Aditjondro (1998), pp. 256–260.
1537:
1508:
1487:
1478:
1457:
1448:
1432:
1404:
1355:
1346:
1322:
1313:
1269:
1260:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1224:
1196:
1154:
1102:
4947:Military history of East Timor
4111:Genocide of indigenous peoples
3710:Indigenous peoples in Paraguay
3011:Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate
2569:University of Queensland Press
1065:
1052:
1039:
1018:
975:
954:
927:
850:Genocide of Indigenous Peoples
739:Australian National University
723:Center for Defense Information
499:, Indonesian Foreign Minister
1:
4892:Political and cultural purges
4826:Ukraine v. Russian Federation
3130:Jews in the Cossack Hetmanate
2824:A History of Modern Indonesia
2549:. Monroe, ME: Odonian Press.
2508:Australia National University
2392:. Retrieved 11 February 2008.
1634:. Retrieved 14 February 2008.
726:as Amnesty International and
596:'Operation Clean-Sweep': 1983
4757:Croatia–Serbia genocide case
4558:Nuremberg Military Tribunals
4404:Anti-communist mass killings
3138:Indigenous peoples in Canada
3074:Indigenous peoples in Brazil
2898:
2785:Taylor, Jean Gelman (1991).
2766:Taylor, Jean Gelman (1990).
2741:Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003).
2524:Decolonization in East Timor
1441:, 17 August 1983, quoted in
936:Journal of Contemporary Asia
568:Indonesian Red Cross Society
540:National emblem of Indonesia
512:Decolonization in East Timor
7:
4691:Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal
3859:National Population Program
2283:Amnesty International USA.
2211:, p. 49; CIIR, p. 117.
1743:Vickers (2005), pp. 200–201
1463:Amnesty (1985), pp. 53–59;
843:
70:under Indonesian occupation
10:
5023:
4606:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
4550:Hamburg RavensbrĂĽck trials
4376:Effects on young survivors
3811:Sabra and Shatila massacre
2829:Cambridge University Press
2688:Ramos-Horta, José (1987).
2300:The War against East Timor
2209:Budiardjo & Liong 1984
1883:Budiardjo & Liong 1984
1516:Budiardjo & Liong 1984
1484:Amnesty (1985), pp. 53–54.
1473:Budiardjo & Liong 1984
1411:Budiardjo & Liong 1984
1395:Budiardjo & Liong 1984
1319:CAVR, ch. 7.3, pp 146–147.
1047:Budiardjo & Liong 1984
668:
4997:Persecution of Christians
4897:1970s in Portuguese Timor
4780:
4661:
4574:Ulm Einsatzkommando trial
4542:Supreme National Tribunal
4432:
4413:
4323:
4245:
4148:
4026:
3933:
3696:
3391:
3153:Residential school system
3052:
2932:
2906:
2545:Jardine, Matthew (1999).
2502:Hill, Helen Mary (1978).
2322:Generations of Resistance
1898:, New York, 1989, p. 253.
1780:, pp. 216, 218, 219.
1716:East Timor Action Network
1514:Amnesty (1995); Winters;
1266:CAVR, ch. 7.3, pp. 41–44.
948:10.1080/00472338185390041
865:Human rights in Indonesia
637:Amnesty International USA
579:Operasi Keamanan: 1981–82
169:
146:
136:
92:
84:
76:
56:
36:
28:
23:
4992:Ethnic cleansing in Asia
4962:1975 in Portuguese Timor
3445:Christians in Diyarbekir
2821:Vickers, Adrian (2005).
2808:Turner, Michele (1992).
2747:. New Haven and London:
2671:Cornell University Press
2430:Harvard University Press
2401:Timor: A People Betrayed
1827:"Chega! The CAVR Report"
1257:Indonesia (1977), p. 19.
1239:Indonesia (1977), p. 21.
1230:Indonesia (1977), p. 16.
901:"20th Century Genocides"
880:
354:Compulsory sterilization
4987:Massacres in East Timor
4972:Enforced disappearances
4383:Politics of recognition
2938:Destruction of Carthage
2665:Nevins, Joseph (2005).
2596:. 35:4 (2003), 585–597.
2467:Oxford University Press
2269:Amnesty International.
2254:Amnesty International.
1469:Kohen & Taylor 1979
1341:Kohen & Taylor 1979
909:Oxford University Press
778:Genocide classification
470:Martinho da Costa Lopes
151:Government of Indonesia
88:East Timorese civilians
4834:South Africa v. Israel
4802:Rohingya genocide case
4339:Names of the Holocaust
3803:Chittagong Hill Tracts
3511:Kinder der Landstrasse
3397:Late Ottoman genocides
2594:Critical Asian Studies
2461:Horner, David (2001).
2450:(Macau: author, 2006)
1768:Friend (2003), p. 433.
1534:Amnesty (1995), p. 14.
1328:CAVR, ch. 7.3, p. 146.
630:Violence against women
547:
4922:New Order (Indonesia)
4917:Indonesian war crimes
4699:Bosnian genocide case
4353:Holocaust terminology
3996:Christians under ISIS
3734:1966 anti-Igbo pogrom
3163:1740 Batavia massacre
2987:Harrying of the North
2749:Yale University Press
2692:. Lawrenceville, NJ:
1960:Violence in Indonesia
1908:Pilger, John (1998).
1389:Taylor, pp. 101–102;
1352:CAVR, ch. 7.3, p. 72.
905:Oxford bibliographies
855:History of East Timor
823:Depictions in fiction
610:Amnesty International
537:
496:Sydney Morning Herald
4850:Nicaragua v. Germany
4749:Khmer Rouge Tribunal
4125:Utilitarian genocide
4104:Transgender genocide
3471:Osage Indian murders
3171:Great Gypsy Round-up
2732:Smith, M.G. (2003).
2711:Schwarz, A. (1994).
2669:. Ithaca, New York:
2656:Martin, Ian (2002).
2618:Krieger, Heike, ed.
2425:Indonesian Destinies
2092:on 24 November 2016.
1881:, pp. 283–285;
1127:, pp. 293, 303.
860:History of Indonesia
839:(Barry Eisler, 2022)
737:Robert Cribb of the
289:Recognition politics
234:Genocides in history
99:Forced disappearance
4912:1990s in East Timor
4907:1980s in East Timor
4902:1970s in East Timor
4236:Settler colonialism
4185:Forced assimilation
3891:Srebrenica massacre
3663:Chechens and Ingush
3421:Thracian Bulgarians
3267:Sand Creek massacre
3228:Siege of Tripolitsa
2979:Ancestral Puebloans
2736:. Boulder: Rienner.
2660:. Boulder: Rienner.
2422:Friend, T. (2003).
2347:. pp. 269–289.
2192:Stanford Law Review
2167:(2). Archived from
2113:, pp. 217–218.
2060:on 11 October 2017.
2020:on 27 February 2009
1854:"Welcome to nginx!"
1674:, pp. 212–213.
1623:. 28. Reprinted at
1582:Winters, pp. 85–90.
1573:Winters, pp. 24–26.
1564:Winters, pp. 11–12.
1555:, pp. 158–160.
1493:Pinto, pp. 142–148.
1429:, pp. 303–304.
1087:, pp. 101–102.
671:Santa Cruz massacre
665:Santa Cruz massacre
421:East Timor genocide
374:Forced assimilation
61:East Timor province
45:Santa Cruz massacre
24:East Timor Genocide
4967:1999 in East Timor
4957:1975 in East Timor
4715:Slobodan Milošević
4566:Erich von Manstein
4178:Extermination camp
3939:Effacer le tableau
3702:Hyderabadi Muslims
3647:Nanshitou Massacre
3631:Muslims and Croats
3333:Hamidian massacres
3220:Al-Jawazi massacre
3210:Stolen Generations
2913:list by death toll
2852:Winters, Rebecca.
2717:. Westview Press.
2694:The Read Sea Press
2588:2021-02-09 at the
2491:Publishers, 2000,
2446:Gunn, Geoffrey C.
2388:2014-08-19 at the
2376:2017-05-22 at the
2362:. pp. 65–102.
2171:on 9 February 2021
2155:Saul, Ben (2001).
1896:Human Rights Watch
1658:2018-08-14 at the
1630:2017-12-13 at the
1615:2014-06-04 at the
1475:, pp. 131–135
1413:, pp. 41–43;
1298:, pp. 290–291
1248:Alatas, pp. 18–19.
1166:nsarchive2.gwu.edu
982:Saul, Ben (2001).
728:Human Rights Watch
548:
538:Monument with the
516:self-determination
141:100,000 to 300,000
103:Genocidal massacre
4882:Genocides in Asia
4864:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4767:
4766:
4648:
4647:
4494:Euthanasia trials
4414:Legal proceedings
4157:Cultural genocide
4083:Cultural genocide
4022:
4021:
3955:Masalit massacres
3918:
3917:
3819:Sri Lankan Tamils
3726:Arabs in Zanzibar
3681:
3680:
3599:Three Alls policy
3376:
3375:
3309:Putumayo genocide
3037:
3036:
2604:. London: TAPOL.
2332:. pp. 13–55.
2251:pp. 243–265.
2236:. pp. 50–63.
1970:978-3-934376-16-8
1752:CIIR, pp. 62–63;
1310:, pp. 92–98.
1139:, pp. 80–81.
805:cultural genocide
417:
416:
229:List of genocides
188:
187:
175:Greater Indonesia
5014:
4853:
4845:
4837:
4829:
4821:
4813:
4805:
4797:
4789:
4775:
4769:
4768:
4760:
4752:
4744:
4734:
4726:
4723:Radovan Karadžić
4718:
4710:
4702:
4694:
4686:
4683:Belgrade Process
4678:
4670:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4641:
4633:
4625:
4617:
4614:Treblinka trials
4609:
4601:
4593:
4585:
4577:
4569:
4561:
4553:
4545:
4537:
4529:
4521:
4513:
4505:
4497:
4489:
4481:
4473:
4465:
4457:
4454:Épuration légale
4449:
4441:
4427:
4424:Holocaust trials
4418:
4417:
4406:
4399:
4392:
4385:
4378:
4371:
4364:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4316:
4309:
4302:
4295:
4288:
4281:
4274:
4265:
4258:
4238:
4231:
4224:
4217:
4208:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4171:Ethnic cleansing
4166:
4159:
4141:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4044:
4037:
4015:
4007:
3999:
3991:
3988:Shias under ISIS
3983:
3975:
3967:
3957:
3950:
3942:
3928:
3920:
3919:
3911:
3903:
3893:
3886:
3878:
3870:
3862:
3854:
3846:
3838:
3830:
3822:
3814:
3806:
3798:
3790:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3761:
3753:
3745:
3737:
3729:
3721:
3713:
3705:
3691:
3683:
3682:
3674:
3666:
3658:
3650:
3642:
3634:
3626:
3623:Serbs in Croatia
3618:
3610:
3602:
3594:
3586:
3583:Nanjing Massacre
3578:
3575:Parsley massacre
3570:
3567:Polish Operation
3562:
3559:Romani Holocaust
3554:
3546:
3538:
3530:
3522:
3514:
3506:
3503:NapalpĂ massacre
3498:
3490:
3482:
3474:
3466:
3456:
3448:
3440:
3432:
3424:
3414:
3407:
3399:
3386:
3378:
3377:
3367:
3359:
3352:
3344:
3336:
3328:
3320:
3312:
3304:
3296:
3288:
3280:
3270:
3262:
3254:
3246:
3238:
3231:
3223:
3213:
3205:
3197:
3190:
3182:
3174:
3166:
3156:
3148:
3140:
3133:
3125:
3117:
3109:
3101:
3093:
3085:
3077:
3069:
3061:
3047:
3039:
3038:
3030:
3022:
3014:
3006:
2998:
2995:Mongol conquests
2990:
2982:
2974:
2964:
2957:
2949:
2941:
2927:
2919:
2918:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2870:
2869:
2842:
2817:
2804:
2781:
2762:
2737:
2728:
2707:
2684:
2661:
2652:
2635:Marker, Jamsheed
2615:
2563:Jolliffe, Jill.
2560:
2519:
2480:
2443:
2418:
2317:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2120:
2114:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2069:
2061:
2056:. Archived from
2050:
2044:
2043:
2037:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2019:
2013:. Archived from
2012:
2004:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1973:. Archived from
1954:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1905:
1899:
1892:
1886:
1885:, pp. 49–51
1876:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1856:. Archived from
1850:
1844:
1843:Kiernan, p. 594.
1841:
1835:
1834:
1829:. Archived from
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1806:
1799:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1757:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1718:. Archived from
1708:
1702:
1701:, pp. 67–69
1696:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1653:a careful survey
1641:
1635:
1606:Constâncio Pinto
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1523:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1476:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1446:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1408:
1402:
1387:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1344:
1343:, pp. 54–56
1338:
1329:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1215:
1209:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1085:Ramos-Horta 1987
1082:
1076:
1069:
1063:
1060:Ramos-Horta 1987
1056:
1050:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1005:
988:
979:
973:
972:
970:
968:
958:
952:
951:
931:
925:
924:
922:
920:
897:Payaslian, Simon
893:
817:Rwandan genocide
770:Cilangkap, East
706:Number of deaths
619:Constâncio Pinto
585:Operasi Keamanan
451:Initial invasion
409:
402:
395:
364:Ethnic cleansing
239:Effects on youth
216:
206:
190:
189:
41:
21:
20:
5022:
5021:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5011:
4942:1990s conflicts
4937:1980s conflicts
4932:1970s conflicts
4867:
4866:
4865:
4856:
4848:
4840:
4832:
4824:
4816:
4810:Uyghur Tribunal
4808:
4800:
4792:
4784:
4776:
4773:
4763:
4755:
4747:
4739:
4729:
4721:
4713:
4705:
4697:
4689:
4681:
4673:
4665:
4657:
4654:
4644:
4636:
4630:Fedorenko trial
4628:
4620:
4612:
4604:
4596:
4588:
4580:
4572:
4564:
4556:
4548:
4540:
4532:
4526:Stutthof trials
4524:
4516:
4508:
4502:Nuremberg trial
4500:
4492:
4484:
4476:
4468:
4462:Majdanek trials
4460:
4452:
4444:
4438:Krasnodar trial
4436:
4428:
4422:
4409:
4402:
4395:
4388:
4381:
4374:
4367:
4360:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4330:
4319:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4270:
4261:
4254:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4213:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4144:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4116:
4109:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4074:
4063:
4056:
4049:
4040:
4033:
4018:
4010:
4002:
3994:
3986:
3978:
3970:
3964:Southern Kaduna
3962:
3953:
3945:
3937:
3929:
3924:
3914:
3906:
3898:
3889:
3881:
3873:
3865:
3857:
3849:
3841:
3833:
3825:
3817:
3809:
3801:
3793:
3785:
3776:
3769:
3764:
3756:
3748:
3740:
3732:
3724:
3716:
3708:
3700:
3692:
3687:
3677:
3669:
3661:
3653:
3645:
3637:
3629:
3621:
3613:
3605:
3597:
3589:
3581:
3573:
3565:
3557:
3551:Simele massacre
3549:
3541:
3533:
3525:
3517:
3509:
3501:
3493:
3485:
3477:
3469:
3461:
3451:
3443:
3435:
3427:
3419:
3410:
3402:
3395:
3387:
3382:
3372:
3362:
3355:
3347:
3341:Herero and Nama
3339:
3331:
3323:
3315:
3307:
3299:
3291:
3283:
3275:
3265:
3257:
3249:
3241:
3234:
3226:
3218:
3208:
3200:
3193:
3185:
3177:
3169:
3161:
3151:
3143:
3136:
3128:
3120:
3112:
3104:
3096:
3088:
3080:
3072:
3064:
3056:
3048:
3043:
3033:
3025:
3017:
3009:
3001:
2993:
2985:
2977:
2969:
2960:
2952:
2946:Asiatic Vespers
2944:
2936:
2928:
2923:
2910:
2902:
2897:
2867:
2839:
2801:
2778:
2759:
2725:
2704:
2681:
2649:
2612:
2590:Wayback Machine
2557:
2477:
2440:
2415:
2390:Wayback Machine
2378:Wayback Machine
2314:
2220:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2188:
2184:
2174:
2172:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2137:
2129:Yale University
2122:
2121:
2117:
2101:
2097:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2063:
2062:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2031:
2030:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2008:"Archived copy"
2006:
2005:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1971:
1955:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1918:. p. 284.
1906:
1902:
1893:
1889:
1877:
1873:
1863:
1861:
1860:on 22 July 2012
1852:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1833:on 13 May 2012.
1825:
1824:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1760:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1722:on 23 July 2014
1710:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1660:Wayback Machine
1642:
1638:
1632:Wayback Machine
1617:Wayback Machine
1602:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1526:
1518:, p. 132;
1513:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1467:, p. 125;
1462:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1409:
1405:
1388:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1339:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1293:
1289:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1216:
1212:
1201:
1197:
1189:
1185:
1175:
1173:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1070:
1066:
1057:
1053:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1009:
1007:
1003:
986:
980:
976:
966:
964:
960:
959:
955:
932:
928:
918:
916:
894:
887:
883:
846:
825:
796:Yale University
780:
708:
673:
667:
632:
598:
581:
576:
532:
453:
425:state terrorism
413:
309:Anti-Indigenous
263:In relation to
205:
203:
156:Indonesian army
119:State terrorism
95:
64:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5020:
5010:
5009:
5004:
5002:Genocidal rape
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4862:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4846:
4838:
4830:
4822:
4814:
4806:
4798:
4790:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4753:
4745:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4727:
4719:
4703:
4695:
4687:
4679:
4671:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4634:
4626:
4618:
4610:
4602:
4594:
4590:Eichmann trial
4586:
4578:
4570:
4562:
4554:
4546:
4538:
4530:
4522:
4514:
4506:
4498:
4490:
4482:
4474:
4470:Chełmno trials
4466:
4458:
4450:
4442:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4415:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4372:
4365:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4263:Trivialization
4251:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4202:
4199:Killing Fields
4188:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4008:
4000:
3992:
3984:
3976:
3968:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3943:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3904:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3879:
3871:
3863:
3855:
3847:
3839:
3835:Kuwaiti Bedoon
3831:
3823:
3815:
3807:
3799:
3791:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3774:
3762:
3754:
3746:
3738:
3730:
3722:
3714:
3706:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3671:Crimean Tatars
3667:
3659:
3651:
3643:
3635:
3627:
3619:
3611:
3603:
3595:
3587:
3579:
3571:
3563:
3555:
3547:
3539:
3531:
3523:
3515:
3507:
3499:
3495:KantĹŤ Massacre
3491:
3483:
3475:
3467:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3449:
3441:
3433:
3425:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3353:
3345:
3337:
3329:
3321:
3313:
3305:
3297:
3289:
3281:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3263:
3255:
3251:Trail of Tears
3247:
3243:Indian removal
3232:
3224:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3206:
3191:
3183:
3175:
3167:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3149:
3134:
3126:
3118:
3110:
3102:
3094:
3086:
3082:Kashmiri Shias
3078:
3070:
3062:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3023:
3015:
3007:
2999:
2991:
2983:
2975:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2950:
2942:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2916:
2904:
2903:
2896:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2873:
2866:
2865:
2850:
2843:
2837:
2818:
2805:
2799:
2782:
2776:
2763:
2757:
2738:
2729:
2723:
2708:
2702:
2685:
2679:
2662:
2653:
2647:
2631:
2616:
2610:
2597:
2581:Kiernan, Ben.
2579:
2567:. Queensland:
2561:
2555:
2542:
2535:
2520:
2499:
2481:
2475:
2458:
2444:
2438:
2419:
2413:
2393:
2363:
2348:
2333:
2318:
2312:
2295:
2281:
2267:
2252:
2237:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2201:
2182:
2147:
2115:
2095:
2077:
2054:"Archive copy"
2045:
1988:
1977:on 14 May 2020
1969:
1940:
1931:
1924:
1911:Hidden Agendas
1900:
1887:
1871:
1845:
1836:
1818:
1782:
1770:
1758:
1745:
1733:
1703:
1688:
1676:
1664:
1643:Carey, p. 51;
1636:
1596:
1594:, p. 212.
1584:
1575:
1566:
1557:
1545:
1536:
1524:
1507:
1505:, p. 143.
1495:
1486:
1477:
1471:, p. 90;
1456:
1447:
1431:
1419:
1403:
1393:, p. 30;
1379:
1377:, p. 203.
1367:
1354:
1345:
1330:
1321:
1312:
1300:
1287:
1268:
1259:
1250:
1241:
1232:
1223:
1210:
1207:Notes on Timor
1205:, p. 310
1195:
1183:
1153:
1151:, p. 303.
1141:
1129:
1117:
1111:, p. 69;
1101:
1089:
1077:
1064:
1051:
1038:
1036:, p. 210.
1026:
1017:
974:
953:
926:
884:
882:
879:
878:
877:
875:Papua conflict
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
845:
842:
841:
840:
834:
824:
821:
779:
776:
707:
704:
669:Main article:
666:
663:
631:
628:
597:
594:
580:
577:
575:
572:
531:
528:
452:
449:
415:
414:
412:
411:
404:
397:
389:
386:
385:
379:
378:
377:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
348:
347:
346:Related topics
343:
342:
341:
340:
339:
338:
333:
323:
322:
321:
316:
311:
303:
302:
301:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
223:
222:
218:
217:
209:
208:
199:
198:
186:
185:
171:
167:
166:
165:
164:
158:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
111:scorched earth
96:
93:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
78:
74:
73:
58:
54:
53:
42:
34:
33:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5019:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4782:
4779:
4770:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4711:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4663:
4660:
4651:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4622:Sobibor trial
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4486:Belsen trials
4483:
4479:
4478:Dachau trials
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4446:Kharkov trial
4443:
4439:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4425:
4419:
4416:
4412:
4405:
4401:
4398:
4394:
4391:
4390:Justification
4387:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4373:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4359:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4297:
4294:
4290:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4269:
4264:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:The Holocaust
4253:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4237:
4233:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4215:Death marches
4212:
4207:
4203:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4186:
4182:
4179:
4175:
4172:
4168:
4165:
4161:
4158:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4087:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4066:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4043:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3972:Iraqi Turkmen
3969:
3965:
3961:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3948:
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3808:
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3796:
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3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3607:The Holocaust
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
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3556:
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3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3489:(1920s–1930s)
3488:
3487:Ingrian Finns
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3412:Pontic Greeks
3409:
3408:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3385:
3379:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3327:(1890s–1900s)
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
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3252:
3248:
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3217:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
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3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3150:
3147:(1700s–1800s)
3146:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
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3054:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2997:(1200s–1360s)
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2955:
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2871:
2863:
2862:0-9577329-3-7
2859:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2838:0-521-54262-6
2834:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2800:1-85649-014-9
2796:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2777:1-85287-051-6
2773:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2758:0-300-10518-5
2754:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2724:1-86373-635-2
2720:
2716:
2715:
2709:
2705:
2703:0-932415-15-6
2699:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2680:0-8014-8984-9
2676:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2648:0-7864-1571-1
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2628:0-521-58134-6
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2611:0-9506751-0-5
2607:
2603:
2598:
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2574:
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2566:
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2556:1-878825-22-4
2552:
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2533:
2529:
2525:
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2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2498:
2497:1-86064-408-2
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2476:0-19-554117-0
2472:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2457:
2456:99937-706-4-7
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2439:0-674-01137-6
2435:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2420:
2416:
2414:0-7333-0537-7
2410:
2406:
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2398:
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2364:
2361:
2360:1-85287-129-6
2357:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2345:1-85287-129-6
2342:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2330:0-304-33252-6
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2313:0-86232-228-6
2309:
2305:
2304:Zed Books Ltd
2301:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2264:0-86210-085-2
2261:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2249:0-09-183917-3
2246:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2234:1-85287-129-6
2231:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2210:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2119:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2073:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2041:
2035:
2016:
2009:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1935:
1927:
1925:9781407086415
1921:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1904:
1897:
1891:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1840:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1803:
1796:
1794:
1786:
1779:
1774:
1765:
1763:
1756:, p. 311
1755:
1749:
1740:
1738:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1685:
1680:
1673:
1668:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1621:Kyoto Journal
1618:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1588:
1579:
1570:
1561:
1554:
1549:
1540:
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1521:
1517:
1511:
1504:
1499:
1490:
1481:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1451:
1445:, p. 142
1444:
1440:
1439:Sinar Harapan
1435:
1428:
1423:
1417:, p. 301
1416:
1412:
1407:
1401:, p. 299
1400:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1384:
1376:
1371:
1364:
1358:
1349:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1325:
1316:
1309:
1304:
1297:
1291:
1284:. p. 56.
1283:
1279:
1272:
1263:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1227:
1221:, p. 207
1220:
1214:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1193:, p. 71.
1192:
1187:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1150:
1145:
1138:
1133:
1126:
1121:
1115:, p. 253
1114:
1110:
1105:
1099:, p. 68.
1098:
1093:
1086:
1081:
1074:
1068:
1062:, p. 108
1061:
1055:
1048:
1042:
1035:
1030:
1021:
1002:
998:
994:
993:
985:
978:
963:
957:
949:
945:
941:
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914:
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906:
902:
898:
892:
890:
885:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
847:
838:
835:
832:
831:
827:
826:
820:
818:
814:
813:Yugoslav wars
810:
806:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
775:
773:
767:
765:
759:
755:
751:
749:
744:
740:
735:
731:
729:
724:
720:
715:
713:
703:
701:
700:
695:
689:
687:
683:
677:
672:
662:
660:
655:
653:
649:
648:sterilisation
645:
640:
638:
627:
625:
620:
616:
611:
606:
602:
593:
590:
586:
571:
569:
565:
561:
556:
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545:
541:
536:
527:
525:
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513:
509:
504:
502:
498:
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490:
486:
483:
479:
475:
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225:
224:
220:
219:
215:
211:
210:
207:
201:
200:
196:
192:
191:
184:
180:
179:Christophobia
176:
172:
168:
163:
162:collaborators
159:
157:
154:
153:
152:
149:
145:
142:
139:
135:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
97:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
68:
62:
59:
55:
50:
46:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4774:21st century
4731:Ratko Mladić
4655:20th century
4598:Belzec trial
4362:Genocide law
4222:Death squads
4132:Mass killing
4042:Autogenocide
3926:21st century
3786:
3689:1946 to 1999
3561:(1935–1945)
3519:Libyan Arabs
3384:1913 to 1945
3045:1490 to 1913
2853:
2846:
2823:
2809:
2786:
2767:
2743:
2733:
2713:
2689:
2666:
2657:
2638:
2619:
2601:
2593:
2564:
2546:
2538:
2523:
2503:
2489:I. B. Tauris
2487:. New York:
2484:
2462:
2447:
2424:
2400:
2369:
2351:
2336:
2321:
2299:
2284:
2270:
2255:
2240:
2225:
2218:Bibliography
2204:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2173:. Retrieved
2169:the original
2164:
2160:
2150:
2138:. Retrieved
2127:
2118:
2103:Jardine 1999
2098:
2090:the original
2080:
2058:the original
2048:
2022:. Retrieved
2015:the original
1979:. Retrieved
1975:the original
1959:
1934:
1916:Random House
1910:
1903:
1890:
1874:
1862:. Retrieved
1858:the original
1848:
1839:
1831:the original
1821:
1809:. Retrieved
1792:
1785:
1778:Schwarz 1994
1773:
1748:
1724:. Retrieved
1720:the original
1715:
1712:"About ETAN"
1706:
1699:Jardine 1999
1684:Jardine 1999
1679:
1672:Schwarz 1994
1667:
1648:
1645:Jardine 1999
1639:
1620:
1599:
1592:Schwarz 1994
1587:
1578:
1569:
1560:
1548:
1539:
1520:Jardine 1999
1510:
1498:
1489:
1480:
1459:
1450:
1438:
1434:
1422:
1406:
1370:
1365:, p. 97
1357:
1348:
1324:
1315:
1303:
1290:
1277:
1271:
1262:
1253:
1244:
1235:
1226:
1213:
1206:
1198:
1186:
1174:. Retrieved
1165:
1156:
1144:
1132:
1120:
1104:
1092:
1080:
1075:, p. 68
1067:
1054:
1049:, p. 15
1041:
1029:
1020:
1010:13 September
1008:. Retrieved
996:
990:
977:
965:. Retrieved
956:
942:(1): 44–61.
939:
935:
929:
917:. Retrieved
904:
837:Amok (novel)
836:
828:
781:
768:
760:
756:
752:
742:
736:
732:
716:
709:
697:
690:
678:
674:
658:
656:
652:Depo Provera
641:
633:
623:
614:
607:
603:
599:
584:
582:
557:
553:
549:
523:
511:
508:anticolonial
505:
494:
491:
487:
454:
420:
418:
336:Bibliography
294:Risk factors
267: /
183:expansionism
147:Perpetrators
18:
4887:Politicides
4844:(2023–2024)
4812:(2020–2021)
4759:(1999–2015)
4751:(1997–2022)
4743:(1994–2015)
4733:(2011–2017)
4725:(2008–2016)
4717:(2002–2006)
4709:(1993–2017)
4701:(1993–2007)
4693:(1946–1948)
4677:(1946–1948)
4667:Budak trial
4638:Finta trial
4624:(1965–1966)
4616:(1964–1970)
4608:(1963–1989)
4600:(1963–1965)
4584:(1961–1962)
4560:(1946–1949)
4552:(1946–1948)
4544:(1946–1948)
4536:(1946–1953)
4528:(1946–1947)
4512:(1945–1946)
4510:Minsk trial
4504:(1945–1946)
4496:(1945–1949)
4488:(1945–1948)
4480:(1945–1947)
4472:(1945–2001)
4464:(1944–1989)
4456:(1944–1951)
4426:(1943–2022)
4332:Definitions
3982:(2014–2017)
3974:(2014–2017)
3966:(2011–2023)
3941:(2002–2003)
3910:(1996–1997)
3885:(1992–1995)
3877:(1991–2003)
3861:(1987–2002)
3853:(1987–1989)
3845:(1986–1989)
3829:(1983–1987)
3827:Gukurahundi
3821:(1983–2009)
3805:(1977–1997)
3797:(1975–1979)
3789:(1974–1999)
3752:(1970–2003)
3750:Feyli Kurds
3744:(1966–1970)
3720:(1962–1996)
3712:(1956–1989)
3673:(1944–1948)
3665:(1944–1948)
3657:(1943–1945)
3649:(1942–1945)
3633:(1941–1945)
3625:(1941–1945)
3617:(1941–1945)
3609:(1941–1945)
3601:(1940–1942)
3593:(1939–1945)
3585:(1937–1938)
3569:(1937–1938)
3545:(1932–1933)
3529:(1930–1933)
3521:(1929–1932)
3513:(1926–1973)
3481:(1919–1933)
3473:(1918–1931)
3465:(1916–1917)
3455:(1916–1934)
3439:(1915–1917)
3431:(1915–1919)
3406:(1913–1922)
3366:(1912–1913)
3351:(1905–1907)
3343:(1904–1907)
3335:(1894–1896)
3319:(1888–1893)
3311:(1879–1913)
3301:Circassians
3295:(1850–1864)
3261:(1846–1873)
3253:(1830–1850)
3245:(1830–1847)
3212:(1869–1977)
3204:(1825–1832)
3189:(1785–2017)
3155:(1874–1996)
3132:(1648–1657)
3124:(1640–1649)
3116:(1636–1638)
3084:(1548–1872)
3060:(1492–1514)
3029:(1402–1496)
3021:(1393–1394)
3005:(1209–1229)
2989:(1069–1070)
2925:Before 1490
2397:Dunn, James
2175:17 February
2140:24 November
2111:Nevins 2005
2107:Taylor 1991
2024:18 February
1981:14 February
1811:24 November
1726:18 February
1553:Taylor 1991
1503:Turner 1992
1465:Turner 1992
1443:Taylor 1991
1391:Nevins 2005
1375:Taylor 1991
1363:Taylor 1991
1308:Taylor 1991
1219:Turner 1992
1191:Taylor 1991
1137:Taylor 1991
1109:Taylor 1991
1097:Taylor 1991
1073:Taylor 1991
999:(2): 477–.
919:24 November
809:Khmer Rouge
764:R.J. Rummel
719:Ben Kiernan
717:Researcher
319:Utilitarian
265:Colonialism
160:Indonesian
113:, enforced
94:Attack type
63:, Indonesia
4871:Categories
4518:Riga trial
4369:Prevention
4314:Indigenous
4229:Incitement
4097:Gendercide
4058:Classicide
4051:Politicide
4012:Gaza Strip
3787:East Timor
3758:Bangladesh
3718:Guatemalan
3639:Sook Ching
3535:La Matanza
3259:California
2971:Bar Kokhba
2812:. Sydney:
2789:. London:
2403:. Sydney:
2302:. London:
1361:Quoted in
1217:Quoted in
1071:Quoted in
1058:Quoted in
1045:Quoted in
815:, and the
520:Ali Alatas
501:Adam Malik
474:Roger East
441:East Timor
437:occupation
284:Psychology
279:Prevention
259:Incitement
127:internment
115:starvation
67:East Timor
49:procession
4307:Cambodian
4300:Holodomor
4192:Massacres
4076:Ethnocide
4065:Eliticide
3795:Cambodian
3543:Holodomor
3437:Armenians
3429:Assyrians
3202:Black War
3090:Huguenots
2973:(132–136)
2956:(50s BCE)
2940:(146 BCE)
2908:Genocides
2791:Zed Books
1879:Dunn 1996
1754:Dunn 1996
1651:compiled
1427:Dunn 1996
1415:Dunn 1996
1399:Dunn 1996
1296:Dunn 1996
1282:Routledge
1203:Dunn 1996
1149:Dunn 1996
1125:Dunn 1996
1113:Dunn 1996
1034:Hill 1978
482:massacres
429:New Order
369:Ethnocide
123:mass rape
4272:Armenian
4139:Domicide
4118:Policide
4090:Eugenics
4035:Democide
4004:Rohingya
3655:Volhynia
3479:Cossacks
3325:Selk'nam
3187:Chechens
3179:Dzungars
3106:Lameyans
3098:Kalinago
3068:(1500s–)
3027:Guanches
2962:Eburones
2948:(88 BCE)
2900:Genocide
2637:(2003).
2586:Archived
2571:, 1978.
2516:07747890
2399:(1996).
2386:Archived
2374:Archived
2368:(CAVR).
2293:34283963
2279:28061998
2134:Archived
2066:cite web
2034:cite web
1802:Archived
1656:Archived
1628:Archived
1613:Archived
1170:Archived
1001:Archived
967:31 March
913:Archived
844:See also
800:Ben Saul
792:genocide
784:genocide
699:Kopassus
544:Viqueque
461:FRETILIN
445:genocide
433:invasion
383:Category
359:Democide
314:Cultural
249:Massacre
204:Genocide
195:a series
193:Part of
107:reprisal
57:Location
29:Part of
4927:Suharto
4836:(2023–)
4828:(2022–)
4820:(2022–)
4804:(2019–)
4796:(2012–)
4788:(2005–)
4293:Rwandan
4286:Bosnian
4279:Serbian
4206:Pogroms
4149:Methods
4014:(2023–)
4006:(2017–)
3998:(2014–)
3990:(2014–)
3980:Yazidis
3949:(2003–)
3900:Rwandan
3883:Bosnian
3875:Ahwaris
3869:(1990–)
3837:(1985–)
3765:Burundi
3527:Kazakhs
3317:Hazaras
3303:(1860s)
3293:Manchus
3285:Moriori
3277:CharrĂşa
3181:(1750s)
3145:Beothuk
3114:Pequots
3076:(1500–)
3019:Assyria
3003:Cathars
2577:4833990
2532:4458152
2198:: 1459.
1176:9 March
772:Jakarta
748:Pol Pot
743:minimum
694:Prabowo
589:Lacluta
466:Chinese
331:Outline
326:Studies
131:torture
4852:(2024)
4685:(1946)
4669:(1945)
4640:(1994)
4632:(1986)
4592:(1961)
4576:(1958)
4568:(1949)
4520:(1946)
4448:(1943)
4440:(1943)
4324:Issues
4247:Denial
3947:Darfur
3902:(1994)
3867:Amhara
3813:(1982)
3760:(1971)
3742:Biafra
3736:(1966)
3728:(1964)
3704:(1948)
3641:(1942)
3577:(1937)
3553:(1933)
3537:(1932)
3505:(1924)
3497:(1923)
3463:Kyrgyz
3447:(1915)
3423:(1913)
3404:Greeks
3287:(1835)
3279:(1831)
3269:(1864)
3230:(1821)
3222:(1816)
3173:(1749)
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1967:
1922:
1864:3 July
1793:Chega!
833:(2009)
830:Balibo
811:, the
788:Oxford
644:Baucau
564:Biafra
546:(2016)
305:Types
299:Stages
244:Denial
221:Issues
170:Motive
137:Deaths
85:Target
4027:Terms
3851:Isaaq
3843:Anfal
3591:Poles
3453:Kurds
3349:Ukame
3122:Huron
3058:TaĂno
2954:Gauls
2018:(PDF)
2011:(PDF)
1805:(PDF)
1798:(PDF)
1004:(PDF)
987:(PDF)
881:Notes
682:TAPOL
4164:Rape
3778:1993
3771:1972
3066:Ainu
2858:ISBN
2833:ISBN
2795:ISBN
2772:ISBN
2753:ISBN
2719:ISBN
2698:ISBN
2675:ISBN
2643:ISBN
2624:ISBN
2606:ISBN
2573:OCLC
2551:ISBN
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2409:ISBN
2356:ISBN
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2326:ISBN
2308:ISBN
2289:OCLC
2275:OCLC
2260:ISBN
2245:ISBN
2230:ISBN
2177:2008
2142:2016
2072:link
2040:link
2026:2008
1983:2022
1965:ISBN
1920:ISBN
1866:2010
1813:2016
1728:2008
1178:2022
1012:2020
969:2023
921:2016
794:and
696:'s,
478:Dili
435:and
419:The
254:Rape
77:Date
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944:doi
542:in
457:TNI
439:of
269:War
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