ExxonMobil climate change denial

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to such organizations, which include the Competitive Enterprise Institute, Frontiers of Freedom, the George C. Marshall Institute, the American Council for Capital Formation Center for Policy Research and the American Legislative Exchange Council... Exxon has become the single-largest corporate donor to some of the groups, accounting for more than 10 percent of their annual budgets. While a few of the groups say they also receive some money from other oil companies, it is only a small fraction of what they receive from ExxonMobil.

1996:: An extended open water season, Croasdale said in 1992, could potentially reduce exploratory drilling and construction costs by 30% to 50%...he advised the company to consider and incorporate potential "negative outcomes," including a rise in the sea level, which could threaten onshore infrastructure; bigger waves, which could damage offshore drilling structures; and thawing permafrost, which could make the earth buckle and slide under buildings and pipelines. 6305: 1817:: ...the company's knowledge of climate change dates back to July 1977, when its senior scientist James Black delivered a sobering message on the topic. "In the first place, there is general scientific agreement that the most likely manner in which mankind is influencing the global climate is through carbon dioxide release from the burning of fossil fuels," Black told Exxon's management committee. A year later he warned Exxon that doubling 5787: 6315: 1033:, led mainly by his great-grandchildren, through letters, meetings, and shareholder resolutions, attempted to get ExxonMobil to acknowledge climate change, to abandon climate denial, and to shift towards clean energy. In 2013, responding to a shareholder resolution calling for emissions reductions, CEO Rex Tillerson asked, "What good is it to save the planet if humanity suffers?" 917:, an Exxon spokesperson said "This is complete bullshit. We have a 30 year continuous uninterrupted history of researching climate change..." On October 30, 2015, more than 40 leading US environmental and social justice organizations also wrote to the US AG requesting a federal investigation into ExxonMobil deceiving the public about climate change. Former 1095:, a critic of ExxonMobil's climate strategy, seated three board members with backing from major institutional investors. Ric Marshall, executive director at ESG Research at MSCI, said, "It shows not just that there is more seriousness apparent in the thinking among investors about climate change, it's a rebuff of the whole attitude of the Exxon board." 2320:: In its campaign to sow uncertainty about the scientific evidence on global warming, ExxonMobil has followed a corporate strategy pioneered by the tobacco industry. Because ExxonMobil's strategy, tactics, and even some personnel draw heavily from the tobacco industry's playbook, it is useful to look briefly at this earlier campaign 610:, an ExxonMobil advertorial said "The report's language and logic appear designed to emphasize selective results to convince people that climate change will adversely impact their lives. The report is written as a political document, not an objective summary of the underlying science." Another 2000 advertorial published in 317:

of climate denial, manufacturing doubt about the scientific consensus that its own scientists had confirmed." Exxon responded to the article by saying the allegations were based on cherry-picked statements from ExxonMobil employees and noting the ongoing climate research the company engaged in during the time in question.

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the company... has increased donations to... policy groups that, like Exxon itself, question the human role in global warming and argue that proposed government policies to limit carbon dioxide emissions associated with global warming are too heavy handed. Exxon now gives more than $ 1 million a year

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published a series of reports on an eight-month investigation based on decades of internal Exxon Mobil files and interviews with former Exxon employees, which stated "Exxon conducted cutting-edge climate research decades ago and then, without revealing all that it had learned, worked at the forefront

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levels were increasing, "but in the same speech gave an unalloyed defense of the oil industry and predicted that hydrocarbons would dominate the world's transportation as energy demand grows by an expected 40 percent by 2030. stated that there is no significant alternative to oil in coming decades,

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In May 2008, ExxonMobil pledged in its annual corporate citizenship report that it would cut funding to "several public policy research groups whose position on climate change could divert attention" from the need to address climate change. In 2008, ExxonMobil funded such organizations and was named

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Since the 1970s, ExxonMobil and its predecessors had engaged in climate research focusing on global warming. From the late 1970s and through the 1980s, Exxon funded internal and university collaborations, broadly in line with the developing public scientific approach. A review in 2023 found that the

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citing the threat to operations and earnings posed by "laws and regulations related to environmental or energy security matters, including those addressing alternative energy sources and the risks of global climate change" rather than acknowledging the risks posed by climate change itself or by the

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found that "83% of peer-reviewed papers and 80% of internal documents acknowledge that climate change is real and human-caused, yet only 12% of advertorials do so, with 81% instead expressing doubt". The research concluded that ExxonMobil contributed to advancing climate science but promoted doubt

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that it had curtailed carbon dioxide research in favor of climate denial. Exxon's statement said the drop in oil prices hurt oil companies in the 1980s and caused research cutbacks. The statement also claimed that it was uncertain if increases in greenhouse gas emissions caused significant warming,

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In July 1977, a senior scientist of Exxon, James Black reported to the company's executives that there was a general scientific agreement at that time that the burning of fossil fuels was the most likely manner in which mankind was influencing global climate change. In 1979–1982, Exxon conducted a

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From the late 1970s and through the 1980s, Exxon, one of predecessors of ExxonMobil, had a public reputation as a pioneer in climate change research. Exxon funded internal and university collaborations, broadly in line with the developing public scientific approach, and developed a reputation for

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Although most governments have done little to curb greenhouse gases, and the Bush administration has done nothing, it's not clear that policies would have been any better even if Exxon Mobil had acted more responsibly. But the fact is that whatever small chance there was of action to limit global

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in the atmosphere and the prospect that it was likely to cause global warming, he said. ... Alan Jeffers, a spokesman for Exxon Mobil, called the new allegations absurd. "To suggest that we had definitive knowledge about human-induced climate change before the world's scientists is not a credible

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gases in the atmosphere would increase average global temperatures by two or three degrees—a number that is consistent with the scientific consensus today. He continued to warn that "present thinking holds that man has a time window of five to 10 years before the need for hard decisions regarding

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conducted a survey in 2006 that found ExxonMobil had given US$ 2.9 million to American groups that "misinformed the public about climate change", 39 of which "misrepresented the science of climate change by outright denial of the evidence". The Royal Society expressed "concerns about ExxonMobil's

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ExxonMobil announced in 2008 that it would cut its funding to many of the groups that "divert attention" from the need to find new sources of clean energy, although in 2008 still funded over "two dozen other organisations who question the science of global warming or attack policies to solve the

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journal published a paper reporting that the global warming projections documented by and the models created by ExxonMobil's own scientists between 1977 and 2003 had "accurately" projected and "skillfully" modeled global warming due to fossil fuel burning, and had reasonably estimated how much

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found in favor of the Massachusetts attorney general and allowed their case against Exxon to move forward. As a result of that decision, Exxon can no longer withhold records that the AG needs for their investigation into whether Exxon concealed that they were cognizant of the fossil fuels

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campaign, and partial financing by the Rockefeller Family Fund. The IPAA also pointed out that Exxon and Mobil were separate companies during much of the period in question, claiming that "the climate research was done primarily by Exxon and the advertorials were primarily done by Mobil."

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The documents, according to the environmental law center's director, Carroll Muffett, suggest that the industry had the underlying knowledge of climate change even 60 years ago. "From 1957 onward, there is no doubt that Humble Oil, which is now Exxon, was clearly on notice" about rising

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Territory. He and his team of researchers had developed models that showed with climate change, drilling in the Beaufort Sea could grow from two months per year to as many as five, with costs cut by as much as half. At the same time, rising sea level due to climate change could hurt

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In the decade after the Kyoto Protocol was introduced in 1997, Exxon-Mobil invested more than $ 20 million in think tanks that promoted climate change denial. This inspired the Royal Society of London to challenge Exxon-Mobil to stop funding organizations that disseminated climate

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magazine, between 2000 and 2003 ExxonMobil channelled at least $ 8,678,450 to forty organizations that employed disinformation campaigns including "skeptic propaganda masquerading as journalism" to influence the opinion of the public and political leaders about global warming.

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could be catastrophic, and that a significant reduction in fossil fuel consumption would be necessary to curtail future climate change. It also said that "there is concern among some scientific groups that once the effects are measurable, they might not be reversible."

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about $ 16 million between 1998 and 2005 to a network of ideological and advocacy organizations that manufacture uncertainty on the issue". In 2006, Exxon said that it was no longer going to fund these groups though that statement has been challenged by Greenpeace.

810:, "Of all the people the Bush team would let edit its climate reports, we have a guy who first worked for the oil lobby denying climate change, with no science background, then went back to work for Exxon. Does it get any more intellectually corrupt than that?" 718:, had sent letters to scientists in the UK and the U.S., offering US$ 10,000 plus travel expenses and other incidental payments in return for essays with the purpose of "highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the IPCC process", specifically regarding the 290:

in the atmosphere and the prospect that it was likely to cause global warming. ExxonMobil responded to this claim that "to suggest that we had definitive knowledge about human-induced climate change before the world's scientists is not a credible thesis."

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emissions are actually good for you...ExxonMobil, the Michael Jordan of climate change denial, was supposed to have quit the game...Yet corporate records released earlier this year show that the world's largest petroleum company hasn't cut off the cash

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funding of lobby groups that seek to misrepresent the scientific evidence relating to climate change." Also in 2006, the Royal Society issued a demand that ExxonMobil withdraw funding for climate change denial. The letter drew criticism, notably from

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global warming projections documented by and the models created by ExxonMobil's own scientists between 1977 and 2003 had "accurately" projected and "skillfully" modeled global warming due to fossil fuel burning, and had reasonably estimated how much CO

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In April 2014, ExxonMobil released a report publicly acknowledging climate change risk for the first time. ExxonMobil predicted that a rising global population, increasing living standards and increasing energy access would result in lower

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project. An ExxonMobil spokesperson said that standard practice in major project planning is to consider a range of factors, and that ExxonMobil's consideration of environmental risks was not inconsistent with their public policy advocacy.

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101:. Between 1998 and 2004, ExxonMobil granted $ 16 million to advocacy organizations which disputed the impact of global warming. From 1989 till April 2010, ExxonMobil and its predecessor Mobil purchased regular Thursday advertorials in 2487:(API), the major US petroleum industry trade association, and was, from the date of its creation in 1989, a board member of the Global Climate Coalition (GCC), one of the most influential US lobbying front group on the climate issue. 2093:: "After a decade of frank internal discussions on global warming and conducting unbiased studies on it, Exxon changed direction in 1989 and spent more than 20 years discrediting the research its own scientists had once confirmed." 985:

Following published reports, based on internal Exxon documents, suggesting that during the 1980s and 1990s Exxon used climate research in its business planning but simultaneously argued publicly that the science was unsettled, the

506:, ExxonMobil contributed about 4% of the total funding of what Brulle identifies as the "climate change counter-movement." The Drexel research found that much of the funding that direct sourcing from companies like ExxonMobil and 4409:: More than 40 of the nation's leading environmental and social justice groups demanded a federal investigation of ExxonMobil on Friday, accusing the huge oil and gas company of deceiving the American public about the 526:

said "ExxonMobil invests significant amounts in letting think-tanks, seemingly respectable sources, sow doubts about the need for governments to take action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Covert funding for

4050: 1720:: From the time the scientific community first began worrying about the climate issue in the 1970s, the company financed research on the topic, with its scientists generally supporting an emerging consensus that 4223:

In 2013, 29 companies - based or operating in the US - disclosed that that they use an internal price of carbon in their business planning...For example, ExxonMobil is assuming a cost of $ 60 per metric ton by

3810: 1708:: Since the late 1970s and into the 1980s, Exxon had been at the forefront of climate change research, funding its own internal science as well as research from outside experts at Columbia University and MIT. 182:). Between the 1970s and 2015, Exxon and ExxonMobil researchers and academic collaborators published dozens of research papers. ExxonMobil provided a list of over 50 article citations from that period. 3168:

that Singer had admitted to receiving "funding from Exxon, Shell, ARCO, Unocal, and Sun Oil." In a separate piece... ABC News noted that Singer "admits he once accepted an unsolicited check from Exxon for $

303:"can lead to irreversible and costly Draconian steps," the company shifted its position on the climate change to publicly questioning it. This shift was caused by concerns about the potential impact of the 2623:

Other corporations persisted in denial. The largest of all, ExxonMobil, continued to spend tens of millions of dollars on false-front organizations that amplified any claim denying the scientific consensus.

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would lead to dangerous warming. The authors of the paper concluded: "Yet, whereas academic and government scientists worked to communicate what they knew to the public, ExxonMobil worked to deny it."

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Some researches say that ExxonMobil's strategy succeeded to delay the world's response to climate change, others are not sure if company's different behavior would have brought a different outcome.

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In 2007, ExxonMobil for the first time disclosed to stockholders the financial risks to profitability of climate change. Even that, however, came only in the form of boilerplate language in their

2455:: The company, which in 1999 became ExxonMobil, helped found the Global Climate Coalition, which from 1989 to 2002 argued the role "of greenhouse gases in climate change is not well understood," 4644: 978:

launched an investigation whether ExxonMobil's statements to investors were consistent with the company's decades of extensive scientific research. In October 2018, based on this investigation,

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launched an investigation whether ExxonMobil's statements to investors were consistent with the company's decades of extensive scientific research. In October 2018, based on this investigation,

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it emits... a robust carbon price can make it easier to decide where to invest for the future. Like ExxonMobil, many of the oil companies make investment decisions based on proxy carbon prices.

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movement, writing on ExxonMobil's blog in October, 2014 that fossil fuel divestment was "out of step with reality" and that "to not use fossil fuels is tantamount to not using energy at all."

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In 1989, shortly after the presentation by the Exxon's manager of science and strategy development Duane LeVine to the board of directors which reiterated that introducing public policy to

1083:, "The funding of academic research activity has provided the corporation legitimacy, while it actively funds ideological and advocacy organizations to conduct a disinformation campaign." 875:

in its business planning. In December 2015, following similar earlier announcements, Exxon noted that if carbon regulations became a requirement, the best approach would be a carbon tax.

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announced investigations. Seventeen attorneys general were cooperating on investigations. Exxon said the investigations were "politically motivated." In June, the attorney general of the

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Internal ExxonMobil documents showed that after the company issued its first press statement acknowledging that burning fossil fuels contributes to climate change in 2006, ExxonMobil CEO

2471:: "Exxon helped to found and lead the Global Climate Coalition, an alliance of some of the world's largest companies seeking to halt government efforts to curb fossil fuel emissions." 1636: 4822: 911:(US AG) requesting an investigation into whether ExxonMobil violated any federal laws by "failing to disclose truthful information" about climate change. Asked about the letter by 4467: 559:

listed five groups "at the heart of the climate change denial industry" ExxonMobil had stopped funding, as well as 41 similar groups which were still receiving ExxonMobil funds.

4267: 2008:: Croasdale said global warming could lower the costs but increase the length of time it would be possible to explore for oil in the Beaufort Sea, north of Alaska and Canada's 1736:: "ExxonMobil scientists have been involved in climate research and related policy analysis for more than 30 years, yielding more than 50 papers in peer-reviewed publications." 5561: 4702: 6062: 4728: 1067:, and ExxonMobil is Standard Oil's largest direct descendant. In a sense we were turning against the company where most of the Rockefeller family's wealth was created." 775:(IPCC), and recommending their replacement by scientists critical of the prevailing scientific consensus on climate change. The chairman of the IPCC, climate scientist 4982: 6049: 3817: 2393:

major figures from the US (such as ExxonMobil, conservative think-tanks and leading contrarian scientists) have helped spread climate change denial to other nations.

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in 2015 found that ExxonMobil "may have played a particularly important role as corporate benefactors" in the production and diffusion of contrarian information.

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by the United States. ExxonMobil funded organizations critical of the Kyoto Protocol and seeking to undermine public opinion about the scientific consensus that

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by the United States. ExxonMobil funded organizations critical of the Kyoto Protocol and seeking to undermine public opinion about the scientific consensus that

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urging that "Clinton/Gore carry-overs with aggressive agendas" be kept out of "any decisional activities" on the US delegation to the working committees of the

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During the 1990s and 2000s Exxon helped advance climate change denial internationally. ExxonMobil was a significant influence in preventing ratification of the

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could pose risks for society. Company scientists have contributed to dozens of scientific papers that supported this view and explored the extent of the risks.

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found that in 2005 ExxonMobil distributed US$ 2.9 million to 39 groups that "misrepresented the science of climate change by outright denial of the evidence".

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Yet since 2007 ExxonMobil, the world's biggest publicly listed oil company, is proposing a carbon tax, and has already put a shadow price on each tonne of CO

3333: 6091: 4759: 1958: 1127: 979: 162: 5413:"Exxon Arctic Drilling Benefitting From Global Warming: Oil Company Denied Climate Change Science While Factoring It Into Arctic Operations, Report Shows" 4670: 2107: 1056:, said, "What we would hope from Exxon is that they would admit what they've done -- these decades of denial..." In November 2016 ExxonMobil accused the 840:

Kenneth Cohen said "we know enough now—or, society knows enough now—that the risk is serious and action should be taken". On February 13, ExxonMobil CEO

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and rougher seas could threaten the company's coastal and offshore infrastructure. Imperial included these forecasts into its facility planning in the

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and the Rockefeller Family Fund both backed reports suggesting that ExxonMobil knew more about the threat of global warming than it had disclosed.

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entitled "Unsettled Science" said "it is impossible for scientists to attribute the recent small surface temperature increase to human activity."

5541: 5129: 2280:: Ever since climate change became a subject of public and policy concern, ExxonMobil has been the most active major oil corporation in the debate. 2773: 783:, who was seen as more industry-friendly. A spokesperson for ExxonMobil said the company did not have a position on the chairmanship of the IPCC. 4424: 4125: 3929: 1296: 539: 2483:: Instrumental to the implementation of Exxon's strategy was its participation in industry and lobby groups. Exxon is a prominent member of the 825:

and other company executives sought to diminish public concern about climate change by casting doubt on the severity of climate change impacts.

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released documents which showed that Cooney had edited government scientific reports so as to downplay the certainty of the science behind the

4590: 2231: 2860: 2443:: ExxonMobil—together with its partners in US lobby groups—has been instrumental to the hindrance of US ratification of the Kyoto Protocol. I 4382: 4353: 388:, ExxonMobil has been the most active in the debate surrounding climate change. In 2005, as competing major oil companies diversified into 640: 350: 5461: 2891: 2256: 1902: 659:

wrote to a number of companies. Koch general counsel refused the request and said it would infringe the company's first amendment rights.

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is deeply hypocritical because ExxonMobil spends major sums on advertising to present itself as an environmentally responsible company."

5152: 4024:"ExxonMobil: FORM 10-K: ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended" 1750: 1075:

Beginning in 2002, ExxonMobil has invested up to US$ 100m over a ten-year period to establish the Global Climate and Energy Project at

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began investigating whether ExxonMobil lied to the public or shareholders about the risk to its business from climate change, possible

267: 4564: 772: 574: 5347: 4787:"Exxon CEO concerned about world's poor? Tillerson says cutting oil use to fight climate change would make poverty reduction harder" 3986:: In terms of delaying international and national actions on climate change, there is no doubt that ExxonMobil's strategy succeeded. 569:

interview, ExxonMobil had ceased funding the climate change counter-movement by 2009. According to the environmental advocacy group

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Between 1998 and 2004, ExxonMobil granted $ 16 million to advocacy organizations which disputed the impact of global warming.

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What is considered the best presently available climate model for treating the Greenhouse Effect predicts that a doubling of the CO

1267: 191: 4176: 3377: 3046: 1538: 1079:, which "would focus on technologies that could provide energy without adding to a buildup of greenhouse gases". According to the 5303: 5196: 1837:: Exxon budgeted more than $ 1 million over three years for the tanker project to measure how quickly the oceans were taking in 1404: 4051:"Environmental Liabilities and the Federal Securities Laws: A Proposal for Improved Disclosure of Climate Change Related Risks" 5734: 5601: 6344: 6073: 3507: 3477: 2607: 1342: 1247: 729:

in 2011 found that 9 out of 10 of the most prolific authors who cast doubt on climate change or speak against it had ties to

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in 2011 found that 9 out of 10 of the most prolific authors who cast doubt on climate change or speak against it had ties to

94: 2133: 5699: 4322: 2992: 2834: 2562:) interests, has financed a series of one-sided conferences on climate change, featuring a slate of climate change deniers" 5488: 5008: 4877: 2291: 4616: 3228: 1778:: "By 1977... he made a presentation to the company's leading executives warning that carbon dioxide accumulating in the 1425: 933: 918: 222:. In 1982, Exxon's environmental affairs office circulated an internal report to Exxon's management which said that the 196: 5489:"Potential Enhanced Greenhouse Effects: Status and Outlook, Presentation to the Board of Directors of Exxon Corporation" 3897: 3334:"Smoke, Mirrors & Hot Air – How ExxonMobil Uses Big Tobacco's Tactics to Manufacture Uncertainty on Climate Science" 3073: 6079: 5441: 5292: 4510: 2704: 2667: 2583: 1017: 829: 2558:, p. 67: "in recent years, the Heartland Institute, a group that has been funded by... fossil fuel (Exxon, Koch, 6339: 3654: 2736: 2412: 2386: 1805:

concentration in the atmosphere would produce a mean temperature increase of about 2°C to 3°C over most of the earth.

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and "'five or six' similar groups". While ExxonMobil did not identify the other similar groups, a May 2007 report by

62:, ExxonMobil has been the most active in the debate surrounding climate change. According to a 2007 analysis by the 538:. ExxonMobil denied funding climate denial. ExxonMobil was a member of ALEC's "Private Enterprise Advisory Council" 5562:"Exxon's Climate Denial History: A Timeline; A review of Exxon's knowledge and subsequent denial of climate change" 4896: 3268: 1568: 1358: 925: 791: 552: 455: 82: 3997: 3680: 982:, which claimed the company defrauded shareholders by downplaying the risks of climate change for its businesses. 165:, which claimed the company defrauded shareholders by downplaying the risks of climate change for its businesses. 26: 5982: 5649: 4536: 3469:

Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming

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who argued the society attempted to "politicize the private funding of science and to censor scientific debate".

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research program of climate change and climate modeling, including a research project of equipping their largest

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to curtail global warming. For example, ExxonMobil was a significant influence in preventing ratification of the

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Farrell, Justin (November 30, 2015). "Network structure and influence of the climate change counter-movement".

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from 1993 to 2006, was one of the most outspoken executives in the United States against regulation to curtail

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Kaiser wrote in December 2016, "Our criticism carries a certain historical irony. John D. Rockefeller founded

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Cama, Timothy (October 29, 2015). "Hillary joins calls for federal probe of Exxon climate change research".

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From 1989 till April 2010, ExxonMobil and its predecessor Mobil purchased regular Thursday advertorials in

523: 471: 459: 98: 86: 5580: 6318: 6055: 5884: 3563: 2528: 2501: 2108:"Exxon: The Road Not Taken, Exxon Sowed Doubt about Climate Science for Decades by Stressing Uncertainty" 1416: 1414: 987: 3624: 3441: 1405:"Analysing the '900 papers supporting climate scepticism': 9 out of top 10 authors linked to ExxonMobil" 1048:

and president of the Rockefeller Family Fund, said that the "...company seems to be morally bankrupt."

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the most sophisticated and most successful disinformation campaign since the tobacco industry" and for "

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In March 2016 the Rockefeller Family Fund announced plans to "eliminate holdings" of ExxonMobil. The

573:, ExxonMobil granted $ 1 million to climate denial groups in 2014. ExxonMobil granted $ 10,000 to the 534:

Between 2007 and 2015, ExxonMobil gave $ 1.87 million to Republicans in congress and $ 454,000 to the

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warming became even smaller because ExxonMobil chose to protect its profits by trashing good science.

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research project ExxonSecrets, as well as various academics, have linked several scientists who are

542: 6163: 6118: 5692: 4203: 3184: 3180: 854: 441: 147: 4491:(January 12, 2016). "Revoke ExxonMobil's Corporate Charter for Climate Destruction and Cover-Up". 6198: 6188: 6068: 6044: 5179: 3739: 3590: 3078: 2533: 2506: 1399: 1397: 1030: 749: 737:

invested more than US$ 50 million in the past 50 years on spreading doubts about climate change.

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invested more than US$ 50 million in the past 50 years on spreading doubts about climate change.

115: 20: 5645: 6269: 6264: 6123: 5916: 5009:"Activist investor ousts at least two Exxon directors in historic win for pro-climate campaign" 3783: 1637:"New York is investigating ExxonMobil for allegedly misleading the public about climate change" 861: 606:

that said that the science of climate change was unsettled. In 2000, responding to the 2000 US

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contributing to climate change and knowingly misled both the public and their own investors.

964: 421: 353:, an oil and gas lobbying group, because of alleged incomplete sampling of data collected by 251: 212: 43: 39: 5153:"Exxon knew of climate change in 1981, email says – but it funded deniers for 27 more years" 4645:"Investigation broadens into whether Exxon Mobil misled public, investors on climate change" 3091:

Meet the 12 loudest members of the chorus claiming that global warming is a joke and that CO

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and that ExxonMobil would continue to make petroleum and natural gas its primary products."

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one of the most prominent promoters of climate change denial. According to Brulle in a 2012

478:, Exxon has given more than $ 20 million to organizations supporting climate change denial. 6131: 5972: 5874: 5818: 5655: 5638: 5383: 4451: 4081: 2935: 2351: 2178: 1867: 1463: 1180: 1139: 1133: 780: 332:

of Exxon Mobil's and its precessors' internal reports, peer-reviewed research papers, and

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In 1992, the senior ice researcher, leading a research team in Exxon's Canadian subsidiary

2232:"Exposed: Harvard Study Omitted Evidence to Allege ExxonMobil 'Mislead' Public on Climate" 8: 6308: 6136: 5936: 5926: 5685: 5239:

Jerving, Sara; Jennings, Katie; Hirsch, Masako Melissa; Rust, Susanne (October 9, 2015).

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Garvey, Edward; Prahl, Fred; Nazimek, Kenneth; Shaw, Henry (March 1982). "Exxon Global CO

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produced a report titled 'Smoke, Mirrors & Hot Air', that criticizes ExxonMobil for "

596: 515: 463: 109: 90: 5387: 3842: 2939: 2355: 2182: 1871: 1608:"Exxon Mobil Investigated for Possible Climate Change Lies by New York Attorney General" 1467: 1184: 30:

A protestor demonstrating as part of the "Exxon knew" movement in Washington, DC in 2015

6290: 6274: 6183: 6012: 5879: 5823: 5584: 5399: 5170: 5148: 5087: 5067: 4755: 4674: 4378: 4349: 4292: 4242: 3707: 3467: 3374: 2887: 2559: 2111: 2060: 1962: 1936: 1906: 1883: 1362: 1290: 1120: 1114: 1057: 940: 892: 656: 590: 389: 341: 312: 103: 4851:"Rockefeller descendants speak out against company to which they owe their prosperity" 1512:"Revealed: Exxon made "breathtakingly" accurate climate predictions in 1970s and '80s" 6203: 5941: 5921: 5833: 5403: 5371: 5288: 5245: 5223: 4541: 4327: 3688: 3503: 3473: 3179:

Harris, Dan; Biberica, Felicia; Stuart, Elizabeth; Kongshaug, Nils (March 23, 2008).

2579: 2382: 2032: 1489: 1481: 1243: 1196: 995: 799: 692: 497: 444:, composed of businesses opposed to greenhouse gas emission regulation. According to 367: 4204:"Use of internal carbon price by companies as incentive and strategic planning tool" 3755: 3734: 695:

for the purpose of promoting global warming denial. These organizations include the

6259: 6238: 6144: 5977: 5946: 5854: 5391: 4800: 4181: 3907: 2943: 2359: 2186: 1887: 1875: 1779: 1471: 1188: 991: 944: 841: 837: 684: 548: 528: 409: 329: 71: 2611: 2257:"ExxonMobil statement on inaccurate, activist-funded climate communications study" 258:, another predecessor of ExxonMobil, calculated the climate changes effect to the 207:

emissions over their petroleum equivalents. Exxon also studied ways of avoiding CO

5997: 5308: 5267: 5064:"Exxon's Own Research Confirmed Fossil Fuels' Role in Global Warming Decades Ago" 4733: 3955: 3381: 2865: 1053: 904: 803: 734: 672: 507: 393: 271: 259: 247: 131: 4760:"Rockefeller family tried and failed to get ExxonMobil to accept climate change" 4323:"Congressmen want probe of ExxonMobil 'failing to disclose' climate change data" 5911: 5906: 5813: 5370:

Van den Hove, Sybille; Le Menestrel, Marc; De Bettignies, Henri-Claude (2002).

4954: 4698: 4537:"California to investigate whether Exxon Mobil lied about climate-change risks" 3493: 2668:"Letter to Nick Thomas, Director, Corporate affairs, Esso UK Ltd. (ExxonMobil)" 2191: 2164: 1959:"Exxon Confirmed Global Warming Consensus in 1982 with In-House Climate Models" 1838: 1818: 1783: 1382: 1380: 1167:

van den Hove, Sybille; Le Menestrel, Marc; de Bettignies, Henri-Claude (2002).

845: 768: 760: 753: 696: 475: 433: 429: 275: 243: 200: 51: 47: 5218: 2948: 2921: 2205: 2027: 1789:

concentration continued to rise, it could harm the environment and humankind."

1666:"New York Sues Exxon Mobil, Saying It Deceived Shareholders on Climate Change" 6333: 6228: 5951: 5324: 4926: 4791: 4506: 4488: 4130: 3868: 3760: 3692: 2917: 2740: 2715: 2674: 2603: 2160: 1879: 1573: 1485: 1200: 956: 836:

company's contribution to it. In January 2007, ExxonMobil vice president for

822: 787: 652: 648: 625: 503: 485: 345: 219: 5240: 4729:"Rockefeller's descendants tell Exxon to face the reality of climate change" 4511:"Revoke ExxonMobil's Corporate Charter for Climate Destruction and Cover-Up" 1933:"Exxon's Business Ambition Collided with Climate Change Under a Distant Sea" 1476: 1451: 1377: 955:, a group which funds climate change denial. Subsequently, in January 2016, 6233: 6223: 5956: 5828: 5772: 5395: 5084:"Exxon Believed Deep Dive Into Climate Research Would Protect Its Business" 4410: 3396:"Koch Industries refuses to comply with US senators' climate investigation" 3110:"Exxon Has Been Lying About Climate Change for Much Longer than We Thought" 2575:

Climate Change Science: A Modern Synthesis: Volume 1 - The Physical Climate

2408: 2215: 1493: 1319: 1192: 1092: 1064: 1013: 952: 913: 868: 636: 577:

founded by climate denial advocate, physicist, and environmental scientist

511: 490: 333: 239: 231: 3362: 3136:"Exxon knew about climate change decades ago, spent $ 30M to discredit it" 2966: 1903:"Highlighting the Allure of Synfuels, Exxon Played Down the Climate Risks" 1009:

agreed to withdraw the subpoena, and ExxonMobil began an action suing the

551:

Kenneth Cohen said that, as of 2006, ExxonMobil had ceased funding of the

349:

about it in advertorials. The report was criticized by ExxonMobil and the

195:

with a laboratory and sensors to measure the absorption of carbon dioxide

5931: 5808: 5104:"Investigation Finds Exxon Ignored Its Own Early Climate Change Warnings" 4983:"Exxon loses board seats to activist hedge fund in landmark climate vote" 4383:"Exxon's climate change denial warrants federal inquiry, congressmen say" 4354:"Exxon's climate change denial warrants federal inquiry, congressmen say" 2363: 1539:"Exxon Mobil Acknowledges Climate Change Risk To Business For First Time" 764: 745: 676: 582: 578: 437: 397: 187: 55: 6218: 6007: 5859: 5838: 5708: 5605: 5565: 4703:"U.S. Supreme Court Refuses to Block Exxon Climate Fraud Investigation" 4693: 4691: 4671:"Exxon Sues a Second Attorney General To Fight Off Climate Fraud Probe" 3113: 2996: 759:

In February 2001, the early days of the administration of US President

730: 688: 680: 668: 570: 556: 354: 283: 238:

operations, and reported that exploration and development costs in the

151: 127: 35: 5372:"The oil industry and climate change: strategies and ethical dilemmas" 5285:

The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars: Dispatches from the Front Lines

4268:"U.S. Virgin Islands to withdraw subpoena in climate probe into Exxon" 2892:"ExxonMobil gave millions to climate-denying lawmakers despite pledge" 2056:"Pressure on Exxon Over Climate Change Intensifies With New Documents" 1240:

The hockey stick and the climate wars: dispatches from the front lines

1169:"The oil industry and climate change: strategies and ethical dilemmas" 5756: 5369: 3983: 2480: 2440: 2296: 2277: 1166: 948: 832: 5082:

Banerjee, Neela; Song, Lisa; Hasemyer, David (September 17, 2015b).

5062:

Banerjee, Neela; Song, Lisa; Hasemyer, David (September 16, 2015a).

4688: 4297:"The fossil-fuel industry's campaign to mislead the American people" 3047:"ExxonMobil continuing to fund climate skeptic groups, records show" 662: 286:, one of predecessors of nowadays ExxonMobil, was aware of rising CO 5786: 5509:"Exxon Research and Engineering Company's Technological Forecast CO 5217:

Jennings, Katie; Grandoni, Dino; Rust, Susanne (October 23, 2015).

4492: 4082:"Exxon Chief Cautions Against Rapid Action to Cut Carbon Emissions" 3846: 3499:

Requiem for a Species: Why We Resist the Truth about Climate Change

1957:

Song, Lisa; Banerjee, Neela; Hasemyer, David (September 22, 2015).

1569:"The Economist explains: Why ExxonMobil would support a carbon tax" 900: 519: 279: 5219:"How Exxon went from leader to skeptic on climate change research" 5130:"Exxon Mobil Accused of Misleading Public on Climate Change Risks" 2165:"Assessing ExxonMobil's climate change communications (1977–2014)" 1001:

On March 29, 2016, the attorneys general of Massachusetts and the

703:. Similarly, groups employing global warming deniers, such as the 585:, who said that most global warming is caused by solar variation. 5744: 5663: 4796: 4621: 4468:"U.S. Senators Press Exxon for Answers on Climate Denial Funding" 4126:"The Logic of Divestment: Why We Have to Kiss Off Big Carbon Now" 4107:"Topics shift to the environment as oil executives meet in Texas" 921: 891:, was being considered by some environmental groups. In May 2015 385: 59: 3735:"Exxon CEO Lee Raymond's Stance On Global Warming Causes a Stir" 1388:"9 out of 10 top climate change deniers linked with Exxon Mobil" 707:, have been criticized for their ties to fossil fuel companies. 647:

To investigate how widespread such hidden funding was, senators

5869: 5602:"4 Priceless Moments in ExxonMobil's History of Climate Denial" 4823:"Rockefeller Family Fund hits Exxon, divests from fossil fuels" 3420: 2637:"Royal Society tells Exxon: stop funding climate change denial" 2028:"Big Oil braced for global warming while it fought regulations" 440:. Exxon was a founding member of the board of directors of the 235: 4878:"Exxon Mobil Accuses the Rockefellers of a Climate Conspiracy" 3996:

Matthews, Christopher M.; Eaton, Collin (September 14, 2023).

3209: 1215:"Smoke, Mirrors & Hot Air | Union of Concerned Scientists" 294: 5739: 5677: 5519: 5472: 5346: 5263:"Did oil giant ExxonMobil know about climate change in 1981?" 5035:"Engine No. 1 extends gains with a third seat on Exxon board" 4966: 4591:"Exxon Mobil Climate Change Inquiry in New York Gains Allies" 3178: 2922:"The climate responsibilities of industrial carbon producers" 2317: 2207:

Academic study concludes Exxon Mobil misled on climate change

2009: 255: 2802:"Robert Brulle: Inside the Climate Change "Countermovement"" 2332:: ExxonMobil rejected the comparison to the tobacco industry 119:

that said that the science of climate change was unsettled.

19:

For a more general outline of ExxonMobil controversies, see

6063:

Exxon Corp. v Exxon Insurance Consultants International Ltd

5729: 3623:

for Public Policy Research. 9 February 2007. Archived from

1242:(Paperback ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. 790:, four days after Cooney resigned as chief of staff of the 4238:"Exxon's Support of a Tax on Carbon: Rhetoric or Reality?" 2106:

Hasemyer, David; Cushman Jr., John H. (October 22, 2015).

6050:

Accusations of ExxonMobil human rights violations in Aceh

5659: 5238: 5113: 2985: 2811: 1993: 1705: 740: 5175:"Exxon Knew About Global Warming More Than 30 Years Ago" 3465: 2571: 1606:

Gillis, Justin; Kraussnov, Clifford (November 5, 2015).

1024: 951:

issued a letter to Exxon questioning their donations to

763:, ExxonMobil's head lobbyist in Washington wrote to the 510:

was later diverted through third-party foundations like

416:. ExxonMobil denied similarity to the tobacco industry. 325:

or if immediate action on climate change was necessary.

5033:

Hiller, Jennifer; Herbst-bayliss, Svea (June 2, 2021).

4981:

Hiller, Jennifer; Herbst-bayliss, Svea (May 26, 2021).

4931:"Exxon-Led Group Is Giving A Climate Grant to Stanford" 3873:"Former Bush Aide Who Edited Reports Is Hired by Exxon" 3679:

Sample, Ian; correspondent, science (2 February 2007).

3292:

and The Wall Street Journal titled "Unsettled Science."

794:

in the Bush White House, two days after the non-profit

786:

On June 14, 2005, ExxonMobil announced they would hire

5542:"A Range of Opinions on Climate Change at Exxon Mobil" 4615:

Volcovici, Valerie; Lynch, Sarah N. (March 29, 2016).

4425:"Gore Calls for Exxon Mobil Inquiry on Climate Change" 3309:"Exxon to cut funding to climate change denial groups" 3243:"Infographic: Climate Science vs. Fossil Fuel Fiction" 3020:"Exxon to cut funding to climate change denial groups" 2859:

Buncombe, Andrew; Castle, Stephen (December 6, 2006).

1853: 1449: 1422:"Exposing the dirty money behind fake climate science" 5197:"Exxon Knew about Climate Change almost 40 years ago" 5081: 5061: 4617:"Probe of Exxon's climate change disclosures expands" 3747: 2468: 2090: 1982: 1834: 1775: 1733: 1450:

Supran, G.; Rahmstorf, S.; Oreskes, N. (2023-01-13).

1313:

Barnett, Antony; Townsend, Mark (November 28, 2004).

6092:

People of the State of New York v. Exxon Mobil Corp.

5216: 5032: 4980: 4565:"California Said to Target Exxon in Climate Inquiry" 4080:

Krauss, Clifford; Mouawad, Jad (February 14, 2007).

3998:"Inside Exxon's Strategy to Downplay Climate Change" 3645: 2915: 2796: 2794: 2578:. Springer Science and Business Media. p. 461. 1956: 1860:

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement

1825:

changes in energy strategies might become critical."

1751:"When it Come to Climate Change, Read the Documents" 1694: 1128:

People of the State of New York v. Exxon Mobil Corp.

816: 16:

Overview of climate-related ExxonMobil controversies

5627:

Selected ExxonMobil climate research collaborations

5128:Gillis, Justin; Schwartz, John (October 30, 2015). 4177:"Exxon Blasts Movement to Divest From Fossil Fuels" 3984:

Van den Hove, Le Menestrel & De Bettignies 2002

3678: 3459: 2481:

Van den Hove, Le Menestrel & De Bettignies 2002

2441:

Van den Hove, Le Menestrel & De Bettignies 2002

2278:

Van den Hove, Le Menestrel & De Bettignies 2002

2105: 2026:Lieberman, Amy; Rust, Susanne (December 31, 2015). 1452:"Assessing ExxonMobil's global warming projections" 1060:of masterminding a conspiracy against the company. 878: 714:stated that Kenneth Green, a visiting scholar with 396:, ExxonMobil re-affirmed its mission as an oil and 379: 234:, assessed how global warming could affect Exxon's 5579: 5540: 5241:"What Exxon knew about the Earth's melting Arctic" 4976: 4974: 3930:"Climate Change Research Distorted and Suppressed" 3681:"Scientists offered cash to dispute climate study" 3591:"Scientists offered cash to dispute climate study" 3215: 2021: 2019: 1070: 887:against the fossil fuel industry, on the model of 4261: 4259: 3775: 3646:Hayward, Steven F.; Kenneth Green (5 July 2006). 3617:"Climate Controversy and AEI: Facts and Fictions" 3302: 3300: 2835:""Dark Money" Funds Climate Change Denial Effort" 2791: 1659: 1657: 1359:"Exxon's Uncertainty Campaign in Black and White" 1268:"Exxon Backs Groups that Question Global Warming" 663:Funding scientists who are climate change deniers 6331: 5639:Rex Tillerson speaks about future climate change 3784:"US and Oil Lobby Oust Climate Change Scientist" 3011: 2861:"Exxon spends millions to cast doubt on warming" 2379:Routledge Handbook of Climate Change and Society 1690: 1688: 1686: 5507:Shaw, Henry; McCall, P. P. (December 8, 1980). 5026: 5007:Egan, Matt; Benveniste, Alexis (May 26, 2021). 4971: 4894: 4235: 2961: 2959: 2521: 2016: 1931:Banerjee, Neela; Song, Lisa (October 8, 2015). 1605: 1312: 844:acknowledged that the planet was warming while 581:and earlier funded the work of solar physicist 547:In January 2007, ExxonMobil vice president for 454:ExxonMobil has funded, among other groups, the 81:ExxonMobil has funded, among other groups, the 5433: 5127: 5006: 4614: 4406: 4256: 3809:Randol, Arthur G. "Randy" (February 6, 2001). 3387: 3326: 3297: 3204: 2858: 2329: 2101: 2099: 1717: 1654: 1601: 1599: 5693: 4079: 3995: 2292:"Alternate energy not in cards at ExxonMobil" 2158: 2025: 1683: 412:used in its denials of the link between lung 400:company. According to a 2007 analysis by the 218:In 1981, Exxon shifted its research focus to 74:used in its denials of the link between lung 4895:Kaiser, David; Wasserman, Lee (2016-12-08). 4236:Hasemyer, David; Simison, Bob (2015-12-31). 3811:"Regarding: Bush Team for IPCC Negotiations" 3181:"Global Warming Denier: Fraud or 'Realist'?" 2993:"Exxon still funding Climate Change Deniers" 2967:"Exxon cuts ties to global warming skeptics" 2956: 2763:"Interfaith Stewardship Alliance Newsletter" 2403: 2401: 2225: 2223: 1930: 1744: 1742: 980:ExxonMobil was sued by the State of New York 967:, called for the revocation of ExxonMobil's 408:, tactics, organizations, and personnel the 351:Independent Petroleum Association of America 213:East Natuna gas field (Natuna D-Alpha block) 163:ExxonMobil was sued by the State of New York 70:, tactics, organizations, and personnel the 5581:"The Long Tale of Exxon and Climate Change" 5000: 4919: 4117: 4099: 4042: 3726: 3198: 3127: 2729: 2696: 2376: 2096: 1950: 1924: 1900: 1596: 1295:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 608:First National Assessment of Climate Change 295:Denial tactics despite own research results 5700: 5686: 5560: 5506: 5169: 5147: 4820: 4754: 4377: 4348: 4291: 4229: 4073: 3375:Exxon Still Funding Climate Change Deniers 3363:Exxon cuts ties to global warming skeptics 3101: 3074:"The Dirty Dozen of Climate Change Denial" 2886: 1919: 575:Science & Environmental Policy Project 268:Center for International Environmental Law 3528: 3269:"Climate Science vs. Fossil Fuel Fiction" 3133: 3071: 2947: 2602: 2398: 2220: 2190: 2134:"A History Lesson for InsideClimate News" 2125: 1739: 1475: 1315:"Claims by think-tank outrage eco-groups" 773:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 5260: 5102:Breslow, Jason M. (September 16, 2015). 4875: 4845: 4843: 4821:Wade, Terry; Driver, Anna (2016-03-24). 4697: 4668: 4588: 4562: 4459: 3954: 3564:"Oil firms fund climate change 'denial'" 3492: 3134:Shekhtman, Lonnie (September 17, 2015). 2705:"Letter from Royal Society to ExxoMobil" 2053: 1901:Cushman Jr., John H. (October 8, 2015). 1663: 1563: 1561: 624:crisis." A survey carried out by the UK 25: 5411:Whitman, Elizabeth (October 10, 2015). 5410: 5323: 5302:Mann, Michael E. (September 21, 2015). 5101: 4897:"The Rockefeller Family Fund vs. Exxon" 4465: 4320: 3898:"Ex-Bush Aide Plans to Join ExxonMobil" 3732: 3534: 3486: 3439: 3107: 2832: 2452: 2407: 2341: 2335: 2229: 2152: 2005: 320:The company also denied claims made by 6332: 5487:Levine, Duane G. (February 22, 1989). 5486: 5459: 4925: 4784: 4642: 4422: 4048: 3867: 3808: 3781: 3753: 3588: 3288:ExxonMobil published an ad in 2000 in 3172: 2496: 2490: 2289: 2230:Walrath, Spencer (September 6, 2017). 2199: 1634: 1630: 1628: 1533: 1531: 1029:Beginning in 2004, the descendants of 899:. Later the same year, on October 14, 741:Lobbying against emissions regulations 6074:ExxonMobil climate change controversy 5681: 5439: 4840: 4726: 4466:Cushman, John Jr (October 29, 2015). 4174: 4151: 4123: 3733:Herrick, Thaddeus (August 29, 2001). 3535:Monbiot, George (19 September 2006). 3393: 2647:from the original on 11 February 2014 2634: 2381:. Taylor & Francis. p. 256. 2290:Healey, James R. (October 27, 2005). 2131: 1798: 1558: 1505: 1503: 1445: 1443: 1345:. In: The Discovery of Global Warming 1025:Relations with the Rockefeller family 536:American Legislative Exchange Council 518:to avoid traceability. In 2006, the 468:American Legislative Exchange Council 336:Exxon placed in the op-ed section of 150:. In 2015 it expressed support for a 95:American Legislative Exchange Council 6314: 5599: 5304:"Doubling Down on Denial and Deceit" 5301: 5282: 5194: 4669:Hasemyer, David (November 5, 2015). 4534: 4505: 4487: 4448: 4265: 3561: 3306: 3161: 3072:Harkinson, Josh (December 4, 2009). 3044: 3017: 2916:Frumhoff, Peter C.; Heede, Richard; 2702: 2665: 2555: 1814: 1353: 1351: 1308: 1306: 1261: 1259: 1237: 1162: 1160: 5460:Glaser, M. B. (November 12, 1982). 4876:Schwartz, John (21 November 2016). 4727:Foley, Stephen (October 23, 2011). 4563:Schwartz, John (January 20, 2016). 4423:Picker, Leslie (November 3, 2015). 3466:Naomi Oreskes; Erik Conway (2010). 2572:Thomas G Farmer; John Cook (2013). 2469:Banerjee, Song & Hasemyer 2015a 2091:Banerjee, Song & Hasemyer 2015b 1983:Banerjee, Song & Hasemyer 2015a 1835:Banerjee, Song & Hasemyer 2015a 1776:Banerjee, Song & Hasemyer 2015b 1734:Banerjee, Song & Hasemyer 2015b 1625: 1528: 1265: 883:As early as 2012 the idea of using 215:off Indonesia was to be developed. 13: 6080:Kivalina v. ExxonMobil Corporation 5620: 5195:Hall, Shannon (October 26, 2015). 4967:Union of Concerned Scientists 2007 3516:from the original on 23 March 2021 2635:Adams, David (20 September 2006). 2628: 2596: 2549: 2434: 2318:Union of Concerned Scientists 2007 2311: 1695:Jennings, Grandoni & Rust 2015 1664:Schwartz, John (24 October 2018). 1635:Mooney, Chris (November 5, 2015). 1509: 1500: 1440: 830:Securities and Exchange Commission 14: 6361: 6069:Longford, Victoria gas plant fire 5632: 5600:Ages, Naomi (November 25, 2015). 4589:Schwartz, John (March 29, 2016). 4321:Phillis, Michael; Rust, Susanne. 3782:Borger, Julian (April 20, 2002). 2779:from the original on 30 July 2021 2684:from the original on 6 March 2017 2054:Schwartz, John (April 14, 2016). 1782:would warm the planet and if the 1748: 1348: 1303: 1266:Lee, Jennifer 8. (May 28, 2003). 1256: 1157: 1105:Business action on climate change 867:Exxon routinely uses an internal 817:Acknowledgement of climate change 796:Government Accountability Project 6313: 6304: 6303: 5785: 5440:Black, James F. (June 6, 1978). 4960: 4948: 4888: 4869: 4814: 4778: 4748: 4720: 4662: 4643:Dennis, Brady (March 31, 2016). 4636: 4608: 4582: 4556: 4528: 4499: 4481: 4442: 4416: 4400: 4371: 4342: 4314: 4285: 4196: 4168: 4145: 4016: 3989: 3977: 3948: 3922: 3890: 3861: 3835: 3802: 2529:"Put a Tiger In Your Think Tank" 2132:Cohen, Ken (November 28, 2015). 1086: 998:. ExxonMobil denied wrongdoing. 879:State and federal investigations 860:ExxonMobil is dismissive of the 792:Council on Environmental Quality 553:Competitive Enterprise Institute 456:Competitive Enterprise Institute 380:Funding of climate change denial 344:researchers Geoffrey Supran and 307:measures to the oil industry. 282:, claimed that from 1957 onward 83:Competitive Enterprise Institute 4535:Penn, Ivan (January 20, 2016). 4175:Geman, Ben (October 13, 2014). 4152:Cohen, Ken (October 10, 2014). 3754:Pearce, Fred (April 19, 2002). 3672: 3639: 3609: 3589:Sample, Ian (2 February 2007). 3582: 3562:Adam, David (27 January 2005). 3555: 3433: 3413: 3368: 3356: 3261: 3235: 3221: 3155: 3108:Coleman, Jesse (July 8, 2015). 3065: 3038: 2909: 2880: 2852: 2833:Fischer, Douglas (2013-12-23). 2826: 2755: 2703:Ward, Bob (September 4, 2006). 2659: 2608:"The Public and Climate Change" 2565: 2474: 2462: 2446: 2377:Lever-Tracy, Constance (2010). 2370: 2323: 2283: 2271: 2249: 2084: 2047: 1999: 1987: 1976: 1913: 1894: 1847: 1828: 1808: 1792: 1769: 1727: 1711: 1699: 1071:Other climate change activities 168: 5707: 5261:Johnston, Ian (July 8, 2015). 4957:. Retrieved December 27, 2015. 4955:Stanford GCEP project homepage 4785:Koenig, David (May 30, 2013). 4028:Securities Exchange Commission 3756:"Top climate scientist ousted" 3440:Monbiot, George (2006-09-19). 3340:. January 2007. Archived from 2737:"Royal Society and ExxonMobil" 2666:Ward, Bob (4 September 2006). 2170:Environmental Research Letters 1335: 1231: 1207: 1011:Massachusetts Attorney General 961:Thomas Jefferson School of Law 930:President of the United States 909:United States Attorney General 895:put forward the suggestion in 357:, authors' involvement in the 224:consequences of climate change 1: 6214:Sable Offshore Energy Project 5355:Union of Concerned Scientists 5348:"Smoke Mirrors & Hot Air" 5329:"Exxon's Climate Concealment" 5287:. Columbia University Press. 4266:Wade, Terry (June 30, 2016). 4154:"Some thoughts on divestment" 3934:Union of Concerned Scientists 3648:"AEI Letter to Pf. Schroeder" 3621:American Enterprise Institute 3394:Yuhas, Alan (13 March 2015). 3338:Union of Concerned Scientists 3276:Union of Concerned Scientists 3247:Union of Concerned Scientists 3141:The Christian Science Monitor 1343:The public and climate change 1151: 1081:Union of Concerned Scientists 1052:, daughter of former Senator 889:their use against Big Tobacco 720:IPCC Fourth Assessment Report 633:Union of Concerned Scientists 522:-based watchdog organization 402:Union of Concerned Scientists 199:. In 1980, Exxon noted that 64:Union of Concerned Scientists 34:From the 1980s to mid 2000s, 6345:Climate change controversies 6023:Trans-Alaska Pipeline System 5534: 5418:International Business Times 4901:The New York Review of Books 4049:Latham, Mark (Summer 2009). 3045:Adam, David (July 1, 2009). 3018:Adam, David (May 28, 2008). 2485:American Petroleum Institute 1544:International Business Times 1007:United States Virgin Islands 1003:United States Virgin Islands 733:. Greenpeace have said that 705:George C. Marshall Institute 687:—to organizations funded by 524:Corporate Europe Observatory 472:International Policy Network 460:George C. Marshall Institute 436:is caused by the burning of 130:. Greenpeace have said that 99:International Policy Network 87:George C. Marshall Institute 54:is caused by the burning of 7: 6056:Allison v. ExxonMobil Corp. 5434:Select ExxonMobil documents 3164:, p. 282: "ABC News's 1098: 988:California Attorney General 939:On October 29, Whitehouse, 406:many of the same strategies 68:many of the same strategies 10: 6366: 6179:Hebron-Ben Nevis oil field 6169:East-Prinovozemelsky field 6114:2010 Port Arthur oil spill 5865:Magnolia Petroleum Company 5055: 4407:Gillis & Schwartz 2015 3843:"Climate scientist ousted" 3307:Adam, David (2008-05-28). 3205:Gillis & Schwartz 2015 2330:Gillis & Schwartz 2015 1718:Gillis & Schwartz 2015 340:between 1972 and 2001, by 176:atmospheric carbon dioxide 18: 6299: 6283: 6247: 6194:Kizomba deepwater project 6156: 6109:2010 ExxonMobil oil spill 6101: 6086:Oil Pollution Act of 1990 6045:Overview of controversies 6037: 5993:Exxon Building (New York) 5965: 5899: 5847: 5801: 5794: 5783: 5765: 5722: 5715: 5283:Mann, Michael E. (2013). 4211:Carbon Disclosure Project 2949:10.1007/s10584-015-1472-5 1238:Mann, Michael E. (2014). 1146:Tobacco industry playbook 1110:Effects of climate change 1050:Valerie Rockefeller Wayne 1038:Rockefeller Brothers Fund 976:New York Attorney General 969:articles of incorporation 725:An analysis conducted by 501:environmental sociologist 159:New York Attorney General 122:An analysis conducted by 6340:ExxonMobil controversies 6164:Colony Shale Oil Project 6119:2013 Mayflower oil spill 5656:Season 40. Episode 10–12 2192:10.1088/1748-9326/aa815f 1880:10.1109/TIM.1982.6312509 855:greenhouse gas emissions 541:.; it left ALEC in 2018 442:Global Climate Coalition 148:greenhouse gas emissions 6189:Kearl Oil Sands Project 5442:"The Greenhouse Effect" 4413:to protect its profits. 4411:risks of climate change 4002:The Wall Street Journal 3740:The Wall Street Journal 3216:The New York Times 2015 2138:ExxonMobil Perspecitves 1755:ExxonMobil Perspectives 1477:10.1126/science.abk0063 1031:John D. Rockefeller Sr. 959:, law professor at the 928:primary candidates for 750:chief executive officer 748:, Exxon and ExxonMobil 701:the Heritage Foundation 617:The Wall Street Journal 603:The Wall Street Journal 116:The Wall Street Journal 21:Criticism of ExxonMobil 6270:Mobil Showcase Network 6265:ExxonMobil Electrofrac 5646:"The Power of Big Oil" 5396:10.3763/cpol.2002.0202 3960:"How Many Scientists?" 3380:19 August 2007 at the 1920:Shaw & McCall 1980 1193:10.3763/cpol.2002.0202 862:fossil fuel divestment 583:Wei-Hock "Willie" Soon 386:major oil corporations 242:might be lower, while 60:major oil corporations 31: 6350:Climate change denial 6255:History of ExxonMobil 6209:Prudhoe Bay Oil Field 6174:Goose Creek Oil Field 6028:Upper Zakum oil field 6018:Port Stanvac Refinery 6003:Imperial Oil Building 4929:(November 21, 2002). 3537:"The denial industry" 3442:"The denial industry" 3365:NBC News January 2007 2413:"Enemy of the Planet" 2344:Nature Climate Change 1858:Measurement System". 1722:fossil fuel emissions 1046:David Rockefeller Sr. 965:San Diego, California 934:Department of Justice 422:Nature Climate Change 419:A study published in 310:In the fall of 2015, 301:combat climate change 252:Northwest Territories 40:climate change denial 29: 6157:Oil & gas fields 6132:Greenpoint oil spill 5973:Baton Rouge Refinery 5875:Superior Oil Company 5819:ExxonMobil Australia 5587:. September 15, 2015 5466:"Greenhouse" effect" 4509:(January 13, 2016). 4470:. InsideClimate News 4381:(October 16, 2015). 4352:(October 16, 2015). 4113:. February 14, 2007. 3823:on September 1, 2020 2364:10.1038/nclimate2875 1140:The Power of Big Oil 1134:The Petroleum Papers 994:, and violations of 781:Rajendra K. Pachauri 710:On 2 February 2007, 5937:John D. Rockefeller 5927:Samuel J. Palmisano 5885:Standard Vacuum Oil 5388:2002CliPo...2....3V 5327:(October 9, 2015). 5202:Scientific American 5171:Goldenberg, Suzanne 5149:Goldenberg, Suzanne 4756:Goldenberg, Suzanne 4701:(January 7, 2019). 4649:The Washington Post 4379:Goldenberg, Suzanne 4350:Goldenberg, Suzanne 4301:The Washington Post 4293:Whitehouse, Sheldon 3956:Friedman, Thomas L. 3903:The Washington Post 3384:Greenpeace May 2007 3231:. ExxonMobil. 2000. 3229:"Unsettled Science" 2940:2015ClCh..132..157F 2888:Goldenberg, Suzanne 2839:Scientific American 2743:. September 4, 2006 2356:2016NatCC...6..370F 2183:2017ERL....12h4019S 1994:Jerving et al. 2015 1872:1982ITIM...31...32G 1706:Jerving et al. 2015 1641:The Washington Post 1577:. November 11, 2015 1468:2023Sci...379.0063S 1185:2002CliPo...2....3V 1091:In 2021 hedge fund 1077:Stanford University 974:Still in 2015, the 897:The Washington Post 597:The Washington Post 464:Heartland Institute 404:, the company used 110:The Washington Post 91:Heartland Institute 66:, the company used 6291:Universe of Energy 6184:Hibernia oil field 6013:Nanticoke Refinery 5880:Vacuum Oil Company 5824:ExxonMobil Nigeria 5585:InsideClimate News 5548:. November 6, 2015 5546:The New York Times 5513:Greenhouse Effect" 5333:The New York Times 5134:The New York Times 5088:InsideClimate News 5068:InsideClimate News 4935:The New York Times 4882:The New York Times 4857:. December 2, 2016 4758:(March 27, 2015). 4707:InsideClimate News 4675:InsideClimate News 4595:The New York Times 4569:The New York Times 4429:The New York Times 4243:InsideClimate News 4086:The New York Times 4030:. 31 December 2007 3964:The New York Times 3958:(March 28, 2007). 3877:The New York Times 3718:has generic name ( 3660:on 8 February 2007 3472:. US: Bloomsbury. 3290:The New York Times 2973:. January 12, 2007 2920:(September 2015). 2814:. October 23, 2012 2502:"Some Like It Hot" 2457:The New York Times 2417:The New York Times 2411:(April 17, 2006). 2163:(23 August 2017). 2159:Supran, Geoffrey; 2112:InsideClimate News 2061:The New York Times 1963:InsideClimate News 1937:InsideClimate News 1907:InsideClimate News 1670:The New York Times 1612:The New York Times 1462:(6628): eabk0063. 1365:. October 22, 2016 1363:InsideClimate News 1272:The New York Times 1121:Merchants of Doubt 1115:Fossil fuels lobby 1058:Rockefeller family 996:environmental laws 941:Richard Blumenthal 893:Sheldon Whitehouse 808:The New York Times 779:, was replaced by 657:Sheldon Whitehouse 612:The New York Times 591:The New York Times 414:cancer and smoking 390:alternative energy 342:Harvard University 338:The New York Times 322:InsideClimate News 313:InsideClimate News 104:The New York Times 76:cancer and smoking 32: 6327: 6326: 6204:Pembina oil field 5983:Billings Refinery 5942:Walter V. Shipley 5922:James R. Houghton 5917:William W. George 5895: 5894: 5834:SeaRiver Maritime 5781: 5780: 5246:Los Angeles Times 5224:Los Angeles Times 4927:Revkin, Andrew C. 4542:Los Angeles Times 4328:Los Angeles Times 4111:Los Angeles Times 4055:Environmental Law 3871:(June 15, 2005). 3509:978-1-84977-498-7 3479:978-1-59691-610-4 2995:(Press release). 2890:(July 15, 2015). 2770:Moyers on America 2259:. ExxonMobil Corp 2079:thesis," he said. 2033:Los Angeles Times 1341:Weart, S. (2025) 1249:978-0-231-52638-8 1018:U.S.Supreme Court 800:greenhouse effect 498:Drexel University 244:higher sea levels 220:climate modelling 211:emissions if the 6357: 6317: 6316: 6307: 6306: 6260:Esso Motor Hotel 6239:West Qurna Field 6139:Atlantic Empress 5978:Baytown Refinery 5947:Walter C. Teagle 5855:Creole Petroleum 5799: 5798: 5789: 5720: 5719: 5702: 5695: 5688: 5679: 5678: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5517: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5493: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5470: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5446: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5407: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5352: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5298: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5173:(July 9, 2015). 5167: 5165: 5163: 5151:(July 8, 2015). 5144: 5142: 5140: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5004: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4978: 4969: 4964: 4958: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4892: 4886: 4885: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4847: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4801:Associated Press 4782: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4724: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4695: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4612: 4606: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4560: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4475: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4420: 4414: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4375: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4295:(May 29, 2015). 4289: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4263: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4250: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4220: 4218: 4208: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4182:National Journal 4172: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4124:Dickinson, Tim. 4121: 4115: 4114: 4103: 4097: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4020: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4009: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3908:Associated Press 3894: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3849:. April 19, 2002 3839: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3822: 3816:. Archived from 3815: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3717: 3713: 3711: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3659: 3653:. Archived from 3652: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3627:on 13 April 2007 3613: 3607: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3453: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3427: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3391: 3385: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3344:on 10 April 2007 3330: 3324: 3323: 3321: 3320: 3304: 3295: 3294: 3285: 3283: 3273: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3249:. March 16, 2015 3239: 3233: 3232: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3176: 3170: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3088: 3086: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3015: 3009: 3008: 3006: 3004: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2963: 2954: 2953: 2951: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2798: 2789: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2778: 2767: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2709: 2700: 2694: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2683: 2672: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2620: 2619: 2610:. Archived from 2600: 2594: 2593: 2569: 2563: 2553: 2547: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2494: 2488: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2459:reported Friday. 2450: 2444: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2425: 2423: 2405: 2396: 2395: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2321: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2287: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2227: 2218: 2214:August 23, 2017 2208: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2194: 2156: 2150: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2129: 2123: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2103: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2070: 2068: 2051: 2045: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2023: 2014: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1928: 1922: 1917: 1911: 1910: 1898: 1892: 1891: 1851: 1845: 1832: 1826: 1812: 1806: 1796: 1790: 1780:upper atmosphere 1773: 1767: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1746: 1737: 1731: 1725: 1715: 1709: 1703: 1697: 1692: 1681: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1661: 1652: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1632: 1623: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1603: 1594: 1593: 1584: 1582: 1565: 1556: 1555: 1553: 1552: 1535: 1526: 1525: 1523: 1522: 1510:Milman, Oliver. 1507: 1498: 1497: 1479: 1447: 1438: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1424:. Archived from 1418: 1409: 1408: 1401: 1392: 1391: 1384: 1375: 1374: 1372: 1370: 1355: 1346: 1339: 1333: 1332: 1330: 1328: 1310: 1301: 1300: 1294: 1286: 1280: 1278: 1263: 1254: 1253: 1235: 1229: 1228: 1226: 1225: 1211: 1205: 1204: 1164: 992:securities fraud 945:Elizabeth Warren 842:Rex W. Tillerson 727:The Carbon Brief 685:Patrick Michaels 529:climate sceptics 410:tobacco industry 330:content analysis 124:The Carbon Brief 72:tobacco industry 38:was a leader in 6365: 6364: 6360: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6355: 6354: 6330: 6329: 6328: 6323: 6295: 6279: 6243: 6152: 6097: 6033: 5998:Fawley Refinery 5961: 5891: 5843: 5790: 5777: 5761: 5711: 5706: 5668: 5666: 5644: 5635: 5623: 5621:Further reading 5610: 5608: 5590: 5588: 5570: 5568: 5551: 5549: 5537: 5524: 5522: 5515: 5512: 5497: 5495: 5491: 5477: 5475: 5468: 5465: 5450: 5448: 5444: 5436: 5423: 5421: 5360: 5358: 5357:. February 2007 5350: 5337: 5335: 5314: 5312: 5309:Huffington Post 5295: 5273: 5271: 5268:The Independent 5251: 5249: 5229: 5227: 5207: 5205: 5185: 5183: 5161: 5159: 5138: 5136: 5118: 5116: 5092: 5090: 5072: 5070: 5058: 5053: 5043: 5041: 5031: 5027: 5017: 5015: 5005: 5001: 4991: 4989: 4979: 4972: 4965: 4961: 4953: 4949: 4939: 4937: 4924: 4920: 4910: 4908: 4893: 4889: 4874: 4870: 4860: 4858: 4849: 4848: 4841: 4831: 4829: 4819: 4815: 4805: 4803: 4783: 4779: 4769: 4767: 4753: 4749: 4739: 4737: 4734:The Independent 4725: 4721: 4711: 4709: 4699:Hasemyer, David 4696: 4689: 4679: 4677: 4667: 4663: 4653: 4651: 4641: 4637: 4627: 4625: 4613: 4609: 4599: 4597: 4587: 4583: 4573: 4571: 4561: 4557: 4547: 4545: 4533: 4529: 4519: 4517: 4515:Huffington Post 4504: 4500: 4486: 4482: 4473: 4471: 4464: 4460: 4447: 4443: 4433: 4431: 4421: 4417: 4405: 4401: 4391: 4389: 4376: 4372: 4362: 4360: 4347: 4343: 4333: 4331: 4319: 4315: 4305: 4303: 4290: 4286: 4276: 4274: 4264: 4257: 4248: 4246: 4234: 4230: 4216: 4214: 4213:. December 2013 4206: 4202: 4201: 4197: 4187: 4185: 4173: 4169: 4159: 4157: 4150: 4146: 4136: 4134: 4122: 4118: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4090: 4088: 4078: 4074: 4064: 4062: 4047: 4043: 4033: 4031: 4022: 4021: 4017: 4007: 4005: 3994: 3990: 3982: 3978: 3968: 3966: 3953: 3949: 3939: 3937: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3913: 3911: 3910:. June 15, 2005 3896: 3895: 3891: 3881: 3879: 3866: 3862: 3852: 3850: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3813: 3807: 3803: 3793: 3791: 3780: 3776: 3766: 3764: 3752: 3748: 3731: 3727: 3715: 3714: 3705: 3704: 3697: 3695: 3677: 3673: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3650: 3644: 3640: 3630: 3628: 3615: 3614: 3610: 3600: 3598: 3587: 3583: 3573: 3571: 3560: 3556: 3546: 3544: 3533: 3529: 3519: 3517: 3510: 3494:Hamilton, Clive 3491: 3487: 3480: 3464: 3460: 3451: 3449: 3438: 3434: 3425: 3423: 3421:"Exxon Secrets" 3419: 3418: 3414: 3404: 3402: 3392: 3388: 3382:Wayback Machine 3373: 3369: 3361: 3357: 3347: 3345: 3332: 3331: 3327: 3318: 3316: 3305: 3298: 3281: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3266: 3262: 3252: 3250: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3214: 3210: 3203: 3199: 3189: 3187: 3177: 3173: 3160: 3156: 3146: 3144: 3132: 3128: 3118: 3116: 3106: 3102: 3094: 3084: 3082: 3070: 3066: 3056: 3054: 3043: 3039: 3029: 3027: 3016: 3012: 3002: 3000: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2976: 2974: 2965: 2964: 2957: 2927:Climatic Change 2914: 2910: 2900: 2898: 2885: 2881: 2871: 2869: 2866:The Independent 2857: 2853: 2843: 2841: 2831: 2827: 2817: 2815: 2800: 2799: 2792: 2782: 2780: 2776: 2765: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2746: 2744: 2735: 2734: 2730: 2720: 2718: 2707: 2701: 2697: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2670: 2664: 2660: 2650: 2648: 2633: 2629: 2617: 2615: 2601: 2597: 2586: 2570: 2566: 2554: 2550: 2540: 2538: 2527: 2526: 2522: 2512: 2510: 2495: 2491: 2479: 2475: 2467: 2463: 2451: 2447: 2439: 2435: 2421: 2419: 2406: 2399: 2389: 2375: 2371: 2340: 2336: 2328: 2324: 2316: 2312: 2302: 2300: 2288: 2284: 2276: 2272: 2262: 2260: 2255: 2254: 2250: 2240: 2238: 2236:Energy In Depth 2228: 2221: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2157: 2153: 2143: 2141: 2130: 2126: 2116: 2114: 2104: 2097: 2089: 2085: 2077: 2066: 2064: 2052: 2048: 2038: 2036: 2024: 2017: 2004: 2000: 1992: 1988: 1981: 1977: 1967: 1965: 1955: 1951: 1941: 1939: 1929: 1925: 1918: 1914: 1899: 1895: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1842: 1833: 1829: 1822: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1797: 1793: 1787: 1774: 1770: 1760: 1758: 1747: 1740: 1732: 1728: 1716: 1712: 1704: 1700: 1693: 1684: 1674: 1672: 1662: 1655: 1645: 1643: 1633: 1626: 1616: 1614: 1604: 1597: 1590: 1580: 1578: 1567: 1566: 1559: 1550: 1548: 1537: 1536: 1529: 1520: 1518: 1508: 1501: 1448: 1441: 1431: 1429: 1420: 1419: 1412: 1403: 1402: 1395: 1386: 1385: 1378: 1368: 1366: 1357: 1356: 1349: 1340: 1336: 1326: 1324: 1311: 1304: 1288: 1287: 1276: 1274: 1264: 1257: 1250: 1236: 1232: 1223: 1221: 1213: 1212: 1208: 1165: 1158: 1154: 1101: 1089: 1073: 1054:Jay Rockefeller 1027: 936:investigation. 905:Mark DeSaulnier 881: 874: 819: 804:Thomas Friedman 743: 735:Koch industries 673:climate deniers 665: 508:Koch Industries 394:renewable fuels 382: 375: 297: 289: 272:public interest 260:Sable gas field 248:Mackenzie River 210: 206: 201:synthetic fuels 181: 171: 141: 132:Koch industries 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6363: 6353: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6321: 6311: 6300: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6293: 6287: 6285: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6251: 6249: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6160: 6158: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6150: 6142: 6134: 6129: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6095: 6088: 6083: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6059: 6052: 6047: 6041: 6039: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6031: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5969: 5967: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5912:Larry Faulkner 5909: 5907:Michael Boskin 5903: 5901: 5897: 5896: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5889: 5888: 5887: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5851: 5849: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5814:Exxon Neftegas 5811: 5805: 5803: 5796: 5792: 5791: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5775: 5769: 5767: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5748: 5747: 5737: 5732: 5726: 5724: 5717: 5713: 5712: 5705: 5704: 5697: 5690: 5682: 5676: 5675: 5642: 5634: 5633:External links 5631: 5630: 5629: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5617: 5597: 5577: 5558: 5536: 5533: 5532: 5531: 5510: 5504: 5484: 5463: 5457: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5430: 5408: 5376:Climate Policy 5367: 5344: 5325:Oreskes, Naomi 5321: 5299: 5294:978-0231526388 5293: 5280: 5258: 5236: 5214: 5192: 5145: 5125: 5099: 5079: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5051: 5025: 4999: 4970: 4959: 4947: 4918: 4887: 4868: 4839: 4813: 4777: 4747: 4719: 4687: 4661: 4635: 4607: 4581: 4555: 4527: 4507:Cohn, Marjorie 4498: 4489:Cohn, Marjorie 4480: 4458: 4441: 4415: 4399: 4370: 4341: 4313: 4284: 4255: 4228: 4195: 4167: 4144: 4116: 4098: 4072: 4041: 4015: 3988: 3976: 3947: 3921: 3889: 3869:Revkin, Andrew 3860: 3834: 3801: 3774: 3746: 3725: 3671: 3638: 3608: 3581: 3554: 3527: 3508: 3485: 3478: 3458: 3432: 3412: 3386: 3367: 3355: 3325: 3296: 3260: 3234: 3220: 3208: 3197: 3171: 3154: 3126: 3100: 3092: 3064: 3037: 3010: 2999:. May 18, 2007 2984: 2955: 2934:(2): 157–171. 2918:Oreskes, Naomi 2908: 2879: 2851: 2825: 2790: 2754: 2728: 2695: 2658: 2627: 2595: 2585:978-9400757578 2584: 2564: 2548: 2520: 2489: 2473: 2461: 2445: 2433: 2397: 2387: 2369: 2350:(4): 370–374. 2334: 2322: 2310: 2282: 2270: 2248: 2219: 2198: 2161:Oreskes, Naomi 2151: 2124: 2095: 2083: 2075: 2046: 2015: 2013:infrastructure 1998: 1986: 1975: 1949: 1923: 1912: 1893: 1855: 1846: 1840: 1827: 1820: 1807: 1802: 1791: 1785: 1768: 1738: 1726: 1710: 1698: 1682: 1653: 1624: 1595: 1588: 1557: 1547:. 1 April 2014 1527: 1499: 1439: 1410: 1393: 1376: 1347: 1334: 1302: 1255: 1248: 1230: 1219:www.ucsusa.org 1206: 1173:Climate Policy 1155: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1148: 1143: 1136: 1131: 1124: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1100: 1097: 1088: 1085: 1072: 1069: 1044:, grandson of 1026: 1023: 1016:. In 2019 the 924:and all three 919:Vice President 880: 877: 872: 846:carbon dioxide 838:public affairs 818: 815: 769:United Nations 761:George W. Bush 754:global warming 742: 739: 697:Cato Institute 664: 661: 549:public affairs 516:Donors Capital 476:Kyoto Protocol 434:global warming 430:Kyoto Protocol 381: 378: 373: 305:climate policy 296: 293: 287: 278:environmental 276:not-for-profit 208: 204: 179: 170: 167: 139: 52:global warming 48:Kyoto Protocol 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6362: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6320: 6312: 6310: 6302: 6301: 6298: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6282: 6276: 6275:Power Players 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6246: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6229:Tern oilfield 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6155: 6149: 6148: 6147:Esso Brussels 6143: 6141: 6140: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6100: 6094: 6093: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6081: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6064: 6060: 6058: 6057: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6038:Controversies 6036: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5988:Milford Haven 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5964: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5952:Rex Tillerson 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5898: 5886: 5883: 5882: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5846: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5800: 5797: 5793: 5788: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5764: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5721: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5703: 5698: 5696: 5691: 5689: 5684: 5683: 5680: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5652: 5647: 5643: 5641:(2012, video) 5640: 5637: 5636: 5628: 5625: 5624: 5607: 5603: 5598: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5538: 5521: 5514: 5505: 5490: 5485: 5474: 5467: 5458: 5443: 5438: 5437: 5420: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5368: 5356: 5349: 5345: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5311: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5296: 5290: 5286: 5281: 5270: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5248: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5226: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5204: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5182: 5181: 5176: 5172: 5168:Reprinted as 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5135: 5131: 5126: 5115: 5111: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5089: 5085: 5080: 5069: 5065: 5060: 5059: 5040: 5036: 5029: 5014: 5010: 5003: 4988: 4984: 4977: 4975: 4968: 4963: 4956: 4951: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4922: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4891: 4883: 4879: 4872: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4844: 4828: 4824: 4817: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4793: 4792:National Post 4788: 4781: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4751: 4736: 4735: 4730: 4723: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4694: 4692: 4676: 4672: 4665: 4650: 4646: 4639: 4624: 4623: 4618: 4611: 4596: 4592: 4585: 4570: 4566: 4559: 4544: 4543: 4538: 4531: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4502: 4494: 4490: 4484: 4469: 4462: 4454: 4453: 4445: 4430: 4426: 4419: 4412: 4408: 4403: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4374: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4345: 4330: 4329: 4324: 4317: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4288: 4273: 4269: 4262: 4260: 4245: 4244: 4239: 4232: 4225: 4212: 4205: 4199: 4184: 4183: 4178: 4171: 4155: 4148: 4133: 4132: 4131:Rolling Stone 4127: 4120: 4112: 4108: 4102: 4087: 4083: 4076: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4045: 4029: 4025: 4019: 4008:September 14, 4003: 3999: 3992: 3985: 3980: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3951: 3935: 3931: 3925: 3909: 3905: 3904: 3899: 3893: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3864: 3848: 3844: 3838: 3819: 3812: 3805: 3789: 3785: 3778: 3763: 3762: 3761:New Scientist 3757: 3750: 3742: 3741: 3736: 3729: 3721: 3709: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3675: 3656: 3649: 3642: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3612: 3596: 3592: 3585: 3569: 3565: 3558: 3542: 3538: 3531: 3515: 3511: 3505: 3502:. Routledge. 3501: 3500: 3495: 3489: 3481: 3475: 3471: 3470: 3462: 3447: 3443: 3436: 3422: 3416: 3401: 3397: 3390: 3383: 3379: 3376: 3371: 3364: 3359: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3329: 3314: 3310: 3303: 3301: 3293: 3291: 3277: 3270: 3264: 3248: 3244: 3238: 3230: 3224: 3217: 3212: 3206: 3201: 3186: 3182: 3175: 3167: 3163: 3158: 3143: 3142: 3137: 3130: 3115: 3111: 3104: 3097: 3081: 3080: 3075: 3068: 3052: 3048: 3041: 3025: 3021: 3014: 2998: 2994: 2988: 2972: 2968: 2962: 2960: 2950: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2928: 2923: 2919: 2912: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2883: 2868: 2867: 2862: 2855: 2840: 2836: 2829: 2813: 2809: 2808: 2803: 2797: 2795: 2775: 2771: 2764: 2758: 2742: 2741:Royal Society 2738: 2732: 2717: 2716:Royal Society 2713: 2706: 2699: 2680: 2676: 2675:Royal Society 2669: 2662: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2631: 2624: 2614:on 2016-06-29 2613: 2609: 2605: 2604:Spencer Weart 2599: 2592: 2587: 2581: 2577: 2576: 2568: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2536: 2535: 2530: 2524: 2509: 2508: 2503: 2499: 2498:Mooney, Chris 2493: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2470: 2465: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2442: 2437: 2430: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2409:Krugman, Paul 2404: 2402: 2394: 2390: 2388:9780203876213 2384: 2380: 2373: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2338: 2331: 2326: 2319: 2314: 2299: 2298: 2293: 2286: 2279: 2274: 2258: 2252: 2237: 2233: 2226: 2224: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2202: 2193: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2177:(8): 084019. 2176: 2172: 2171: 2166: 2162: 2155: 2139: 2135: 2128: 2113: 2109: 2102: 2100: 2092: 2087: 2080: 2063: 2062: 2057: 2050: 2035: 2034: 2029: 2022: 2020: 2011: 2007: 2002: 1995: 1990: 1984: 1979: 1964: 1960: 1953: 1938: 1934: 1927: 1921: 1916: 1908: 1904: 1897: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1850: 1843: 1836: 1831: 1823: 1816: 1811: 1800: 1795: 1788: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1756: 1752: 1745: 1743: 1735: 1730: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1707: 1702: 1696: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1671: 1667: 1660: 1658: 1642: 1638: 1631: 1629: 1613: 1609: 1602: 1600: 1592: 1576: 1575: 1574:The Economist 1570: 1564: 1562: 1546: 1545: 1540: 1534: 1532: 1517: 1513: 1506: 1504: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1446: 1444: 1428:on 7 May 2010 1427: 1423: 1417: 1415: 1406: 1400: 1398: 1390:. 2011-05-10. 1389: 1383: 1381: 1364: 1360: 1354: 1352: 1344: 1338: 1322: 1321: 1316: 1309: 1307: 1298: 1292: 1285: 1273: 1269: 1262: 1260: 1251: 1245: 1241: 1234: 1220: 1216: 1210: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1163: 1161: 1156: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1141: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1129: 1125: 1123: 1122: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1096: 1094: 1087:Board shakeup 1084: 1082: 1078: 1068: 1066: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1034: 1032: 1022: 1019: 1015: 1012: 1008: 1004: 999: 997: 993: 989: 983: 981: 977: 972: 970: 966: 962: 958: 957:Marjorie Cohn 954: 950: 946: 942: 937: 935: 932:called for a 931: 927: 923: 920: 916: 915: 910: 907:wrote to the 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 876: 870: 865: 863: 858: 856: 850: 847: 843: 839: 834: 831: 826: 824: 823:Rex Tillerson 814: 811: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 788:Philip Cooney 784: 782: 778: 777:Robert Watson 774: 770: 766: 762: 757: 755: 751: 747: 738: 736: 732: 728: 723: 721: 717: 713: 708: 706: 702: 698: 694: 693:Philip Morris 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 660: 658: 654: 653:Edward Markey 650: 649:Barbara Boxer 645: 642: 638: 634: 629: 627: 626:Royal Society 621: 619: 618: 613: 609: 605: 604: 599: 598: 593: 592: 586: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 567: 560: 558: 554: 550: 545: 543: 540: 537: 532: 530: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 504:Robert Brulle 502: 499: 496:According to 494: 492: 487: 486:Royal Society 482: 479: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 452: 449: 448: 443: 439: 435: 431: 426: 424: 423: 417: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 377: 370: 369: 363: 360: 356: 352: 347: 346:Naomi Oreskes 343: 339: 335: 331: 326: 323: 318: 315: 314: 308: 306: 302: 292: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 266:In 2016, the 264: 261: 257: 253: 250:Delta in the 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 228: 225: 221: 216: 214: 202: 198: 197:by the oceans 194: 193: 192:Esso Atlantic 189: 183: 177: 174:expertise in 166: 164: 160: 157:In 2015, the 155: 153: 149: 143: 135: 133: 129: 125: 120: 118: 117: 112: 111: 106: 105: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 79: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 28: 22: 6248:Other topics 6234:Tuapse field 6224:Tengiz Field 6146: 6138: 6125:Exxon Valdez 6124: 6090: 6078: 6061: 6054: 5957:Darren Woods 5829:Imperial Oil 5795:Subsidiaries 5667:. 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