Drug rehabilitation

866:, Socio-Cultural Model and Psycho-dynamic Model. The Moral Model of addiction theorizes that addiction is a moral weakness and that it is the sole fault of the person for becoming addicted. Supporters of the Moral Model view drug use as a choice, even for those who are addicted, and addicts as people of bad character. Disease Model of addiction frames substance abuse as 'a chronic relapsing disease that changes the structure and function of the brain'. Research conducted on the neurobiological factors of addiction has proven to have mixed results, and the only treatment idea it offers is abstinence. The Socio-Cultural Model tries to provide an explanation of how certain populations are more susceptible to substance abuse than others. It focuses on how discrimination, poor quality of life, lack of opportunity and other problems common in marginalized communities can make them vulnerable to addiction. The Psycho-Dynamic Model looks at trauma and mental illness as a precursor to addiction. Many rehabilitation centers treat "co-occurring" disorders, which refer to substance abuse disorder paired with a mental health diagnosis. 625:

problematic behaviors and unable to remain sober by himself or herself, much as individuals with a terminal illness are unable to fight the disease by themselves without medication. Behavioral treatment, therefore, necessarily requires individuals to admit their addiction, renounce their former lifestyle, and seek a supportive social network that can help them remain sober. Such approaches are the quintessential features of Twelve-step programs, originally published in the book Alcoholics Anonymous in 1939. These approaches have met considerable amounts of criticism, coming from opponents who disapprove of the spiritual-religious orientation on both psychological and legal grounds. Opponents also contend that it lacks valid scientific evidence for claims of efficacy. However, there is survey-based research that suggests there is a correlation between attendance and alcohol sobriety. Different results have been reached for other drugs, with the twelve steps being less beneficial for addicts to illicit substances, and least beneficial to those addicted to the physiologically and psychologically addicting

782:. This therapy rests upon the assumption addicted individuals possess core beliefs, often not accessible to immediate consciousness (unless the patient is also depressed). These core beliefs, such as "I am undesirable," activate a system of addictive beliefs that result in imagined anticipatory benefits of substance use and, consequentially, craving. Once craving has been activated, permissive beliefs ("I can handle getting high just this one more time") are facilitated. Once a permissive set of beliefs have been activated, then the individual will activate drug-seeking and drug-ingesting behaviors. The cognitive therapist's job is to uncover this underlying system of beliefs, analyze it with the patient, and thereby demonstrate its dysfunction. As with any cognitive-behavioral therapy, 940:

Florida Model for rehabilitation centers, is often criticized for fraudulent billing to insurance companies. Under the guise of helping patients with opioid addiction, these centers would offer addicts free rent or up to $ 500 per month to stay in their "sober homes", then charge insurance companies as high as $ 5,000 to $ 10,000 per test for simple urine tests. Little attention is paid to patients in terms of addiction intervention as these patients have often been known to continue drug use during their stay in these centers. Since 2015, these centers have been under federal and state criminal investigation. As of 2017 in California, there are only 16 investigators in the CA Department of Health Care Services investigating over 2,000 licensed rehab centers.

762:, such as distracting himself from his cravings by turning on his favorite music, then he will avoid the relapse risk (PATH 1) and heighten his efficacy for future abstinence. If, however, he lacks coping mechanisms—for instance, he may begin ruminating on his cravings (PATH 2)—then his efficacy for abstinence will decrease, his expectations of positive outcomes will increase, and he may experience a lapse—an isolated return to substance intoxication. So doing results in what Marlatt refers to as the Abstinence Violation Effect, characterized by guilt for having gotten intoxicated and low efficacy for future abstinence in similar tempting situations. This is a dangerous pathway, Marlatt proposes, to full-blown relapse. 597:

trained to develop recovery programs that help to reestablish healthy behaviors and provide coping strategies whenever a situation of risk happens. It's very common to see them also work with family members who are affected by the addictions of the individual, or in a community to prevent addiction and educate the public. Counselors should be able to recognize how addiction affects the whole person and those around him or her. Counseling is also related to "Intervention"; a process in which the addict's family and loved ones request help from a professional to get an individual into drug treatment.

483:, also sometimes known as laughing gas, is a legally available gas used for anesthesia during certain dental and surgical procedures, in food preparation, and for the fueling of rocket and racing engines. People who use substances also sometimes use gas as an inhalant. Like all other inhalants, it is popular because it provides consciousness-altering effects while allowing users to avoid some of the legal issues surrounding illicit substances. Misuse of nitrous oxide can produce significant short-term and long-term damage to human health, including a form of oxygen starvation called 731:

hypothesized specific drugs facilitate specific fantasies and using drugs is considered to be a displacement from, and a concomitant of, the compulsion to masturbate while entertaining homosexual and perverse fantasies. The addiction syndrome is also hypothesized to be associated with life trajectories that have occurred within the context of teratogenic processes, the phases of which include social, cultural, and political factors, encapsulation, traumatophobia, and masturbation as a form of self-soothing. Such an approach lies in stark contrast to the approaches of

707:. Though the authors expected the two-factor theory to be the most effective, it actually proved to be deleterious in the outcome. Surprisingly, client-centered therapy proved most effective. It has been argued, however, these findings may be attributable to the profound difference in therapist outlook between the two-factor and client-centered approaches, rather than to client-centered techniques. The authors note two-factor theory involves stark disapproval of the clients' "irrational behavior" (p. 350); this notably negative outlook could explain the results. 115: 25: 6217: 601:

behavior. Once this has been achieved, the counselor coordinates with the addict's family to support them in getting the individual to drug rehabilitation immediately, with concern and care for this person. Otherwise, this person will be asked to leave and expect no support of any kind until going into drug rehabilitation or alcoholism treatment. An intervention can also be conducted in the workplace environment with colleagues instead of family.

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Finally, decision-making processes are implicated in the relapse process as well. Substance use is the result of multiple decisions whose collective effects result in the consumption of the intoxicant. Furthermore, Marlatt stresses some decisions—referred to as apparently irrelevant decisions—may seem inconsequential to relapse, but may actually have downstream implications that place the user in a high-risk situation.

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their deficits and providing help living more fulfilling lives in the presence of symptoms of addiction. Another key component of the Recovery Model is the collaborative relationship between client and provider in developing the client's path to abstinence. Under the Recovery Model a program is personally designed to meet an individual clients needs, and does not include a standard set of steps one must go through.

396:. Both drugs may be used as maintenance medications (taken for an indefinite period of time), or used as detoxification aids. All available studies collected in the 2005 Australian National Evaluation of Pharmacotherapies for Opioid Dependence suggest that maintenance treatment is preferable, with very high rates (79–100%) of relapse within three months of detoxification from levo-α-acetylmethadol ( 4526: 561:. Quadrant three works on mending the "eroded relationships" caused by active addiction. Quadrant Four often involves facing the harsh consequences of drug use such as unemployment, legal discrepancies, or eviction. The use of integral theory aims to break the dichotomy of "using" or "not using" and focuses instead on emotional, spiritual, and intellectual growth, along with physical wellness. 4701: 4610: 2927: 4522: 532:

area of the brain that regulates impulses such as addiction and self-control. This treatment is for those who have failed every other treatment, whether that is medicine, behavioral therapy, and/or social interventions. It is a very rigorous trial with oversight from ethicists and regulators and many other governing bodies.

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in the treatment of substance use. Considering that nicotine and other psychoactive substances such as cocaine activate similar psycho-pharmacological pathways, an emotion regulation approach may be applicable to a wide array of substance use. Proposed models of affect-driven tobacco use have focused

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and modified by his followers, has also explained substance use. This orientation suggests the main cause of the addiction syndrome is the unconscious need to entertain and to enact various kinds of homosexual and perverse fantasies, and at the same time to avoid taking responsibility for this. It is

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This process begins with a professionals' first goal: breaking down denial of the person with the addiction. Denial implies a lack of willingness from the patients or fear to confront the true nature of the addiction and to take any action to improve their lives, instead of continuing the destructive

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medical conditions. Naltrexone blocks the euphoric effects of alcohol and opiates. Naltrexone cuts relapse risk in the first three months by about 36%. However, it is far less effective in helping patients maintain abstinence or retaining them in the drug-treatment system (retention rates average 12%

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Under the Affordable Care Act and the Mental Health Parity Act, rehabilitation centers are able to bill insurance companies for substance use treatment. With long wait lists in limited state-funded rehabilitation centers, controversial private centers rapidly emerged. One popular model, known as the

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Despite ongoing efforts to combat addiction, there has been evidence of clinics billing patients for treatments that may not guarantee their recovery. This is a major problem as there are numerous claims of fraud in drug rehabilitation centers, where these centers are billing insurance companies for

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programs that encourage patients to be aware of their own experiences in the present moment and of emotions that arise from thoughts, appear to prevent impulsive/compulsive responses. Research also indicates that mindfulness programs can reduce the consumption of substances such as alcohol, cocaine,

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has long contended the maladaptive patterns of alcohol and substance use displays addicted individuals are the result of a lifelong disease that is biological in origin and exacerbated by environmental contingencies. This conceptualization renders the individual essentially powerless over his or her

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The definition of recovery remains divided and subjective in drug rehabilitation, as there are no set standards for measuring recovery. The Betty Ford Institute defined recovery as achieving complete abstinence as well as personal well-being while other studies have considered "near abstinence" as a

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is usually quite expensive without insurance. Most American programs follow a 28–30 day program length. The length is based solely upon providers' experience. During the 1940s, clients stayed about one week to get over the physical changes, another week to understand the program, and another week or

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A few antidepressants have been proven to be helpful in the context of smoking cessation/nicotine addiction. These medications include bupropion and nortriptyline. Bupropion inhibits the re-uptake of nor-epinephrine and dopamine and has been FDA approved for smoking cessation, while nortriptyline is

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In an American survey by three separate institutions (the National Association of Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Counselors, Rational Recovery Systems and the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors) measuring treatment responses on the Spiritual Belief Scale (a scale measuring belief in the four

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According to statistics best case scenario less than a 25% of addicts go back to being healthy. There are two types of rehab one is Revolutionary Guard Corp or FARAJA run article 16 quarantine which is part of operations cleaning the cities from addicts and homeless just as well, the others article

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produces a very unpleasant reaction when drinking alcohol that includes flushing, nausea and palpitations. It is more effective for patients with high motivation and some addicts use it only for high-risk situations. Patients who wish to continue drinking or may be likely to relapse should not take

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Broad categories of barriers to drug treatment are: absences of problem, negative social support, fear of treatment, privacy concerns, time conflict, poor treatment availability, and admission difficulty. Other barriers to treatment include high costs, lack of tailored programs to address specific

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as a foundation. It gives importance to the human agency in overcoming addiction and focuses on self-empowerment and self-reliance. It does not subscribe to disease theory and powerlessness. The group meetings involve open discussions, questioning decisions and forming corrective measures through

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The Recovery Model uses integral theory: a four-part approach focusing on the individual, the collective society, along with individual and external factors. The four quadrants corresponding with each in Integral Theory are Consciousness, Behavior, Culture and Systems. Quadrant One deals with the

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Patients with severe opioid addiction are being given brain implants to help reduce their cravings, in the first trial of its kind in the US. Treatment starts with a series of brain scans. Surgery follows with doctors making a small hole in the skull to insert a tiny 1mm electrode in the specific

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effects of an addictive substance. Attributions of causality refer to an individual's pattern of beliefs that relapse to drug use is a result of internal, or rather external, transient causes (e.g., allowing oneself to make exceptions when faced with what are judged to be unusual circumstances).

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Counselors help individuals with identifying behaviors and problems related to their addiction. It can be done on an individual basis, but it's more common to find it in a group setting and can include crisis counseling, weekly or daily counseling, and drop-in counseling supports. Counselors are

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are sometimes required to attend Alcoholics Anonymous meetings. There are a great number of ways to address an alternative sentence in a drug possession or DUI case; increasingly, American courts are willing to explore outside-the-box methods for delivering this service. There have been lawsuits

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originates in the psychiatric survivor movement in the US, which argues that receiving a certain diagnoses can be stigmatizing and disempowering. Some characteristics of the Recovery Model are social inclusion, empowerment to overcome substance use, focusing on strengths of the client instead of

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For example: As a result of heavy traffic, a recovering alcoholic may decide one afternoon to exit the highway and travel on side roads. This will result in the creation of a high-risk situation when he realizes he is inadvertently driving by his old favorite bar. If this individual can employ

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drug promoted by certain fringe groups to interrupt both physical dependence and psychological craving to a broad range of drugs including narcotics, stimulants, alcohol, and nicotine. To date, there have never been any controlled studies showing it to be effective, and it is not accepted as a

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under-delivering much-needed medical treatment while exhausting patients' insurance benefits. In California, there are movements and laws regarding this matter, particularly the California Insurance Fraud Prevention Act (IFPA) which declares it unlawful to unknowingly conduct such businesses.

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to addiction—and indeed, to behavior in general—which holds human beings to regulate and control their own environmental and cognitive environments, and are not merely driven by internal, driving impulses. Additionally, homosexual content is not implicated as a necessary feature in addiction.

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Psychological dependency is addressed in many drug rehabilitation programs by attempting to teach patients new methods of interacting in a drug-free environment. In particular, patients are generally encouraged, or possibly even required, to not associate with peers who still use addictive

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Treatment can be a long process and the duration is dependent upon the patient's needs and history of substance use. Research has shown that most patients need at least three months of treatment and longer durations are associated with better outcomes. Prescription drug addiction does not

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A variation of Rogers' approach has been developed in which clients are directly responsible for determining the goals and objectives of the treatment. Known as Client-Directed Outcome-Informed therapy (CDOI), this approach has been utilized by several drug treatment programs, such as

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during the 1950s using unrestrained repression and social reform. Ten million addicts were forced into compulsory treatment, dealers were executed, and opium-producing regions were planted with new crops. Remaining opium production shifted south of the Chinese border into the

303:. According to NIDA, effective treatment must address medical and mental health services as well as follow-up options, such as community or family-based recovery support systems. Whatever the methodology, patient motivation is an important factor in treatment success. 749:, outcome expectancy, attributions of causality, and decision-making processes. Self-efficacy refers to one's ability to deal competently and effectively with high-risk, relapse-provoking situations. Outcome expectancy refers to an individual's expectations about the 243:

The brain's chemical structure is altered by addictive substances and these changes are present long after an individual stops using. This change in brain structure increases the risk of relapse, making treatment an important part of the rehabilitation process.

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Lackner N, Unterrainer HF, Skliris D, Wood G, Wallner-Liebmann SJ, Neuper C, Gruzelier JH (July 2016). "The Effectiveness of Visual Short-Time Neurofeedback on Brain Activity and Clinical Characteristics in Alcohol Use Disorders: Practical Issues and Results".

840:. On such occasions, two treatment plans are needed with the mental health disorder requiring treatment first. According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 45 percent of people with addiction have a co-occurring mental health disorder. 1245: 578:

filed, and won, regarding the requirement of attending Alcoholics Anonymous and other twelve-step meetings as being inconsistent with the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, mandating separation of church and state.

7705: 447:. The drug is an illegal Schedule I controlled substance in the United States, and the foreign facilities in which it is administered tend to have little oversight and range from motel rooms to one moderately-sized rehabilitation center. 744:

An influential cognitive-behavioral approach to addiction recovery and therapy has been Alan Marlatt's (1985) Relapse Prevention approach. Marlatt describes four psycho-social processes relevant to the addiction and relapse processes:

859:). Both these models have had considerable research success for both efficacy and effectiveness. This model lays much emphasis on the use of problem-solving techniques as a means of helping the addict to overcome his/her addiction. 1970: 699:. To this end, a 1957 study compared the relative effectiveness of three different psychotherapies in treating alcoholics who had been committed to a state hospital for sixty days: a therapy based on two-factor learning theory, 1162: 926:

Further, barriers to treatment can vary depending on the geographical location, gender, race, socioeconomic status, and status of past or current criminal justice system involvement of the person seeking treatment.

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of substance abusing parents for Schedule 1 substances including cannabis/marijuana. If a mother tests positive for using the substance during pregnancy in South Carolina she may be required to forfeit her child.

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Behavioral models make use of principles of functional analysis of drinking behavior. Behavior models exist for both working with the person using the substance (community reinforcement approach) and their family

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15 and article 17 run by others including State Welfare Organization of Iran and also those run by Ministry of health and medical education. There are also places called Trust houses since July 2023 run by IRGC.

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proposed there are three necessary and sufficient conditions for personal change: unconditional positive regard, accurate empathy, and genuineness. Rogers believed the presence of these three items, in the

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assertive exercises. It does not involve a lifetime membership concept, but people can opt to attend meetings, and choose not to after gaining recovery. Objectives of the SMART Recovery programs are:

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EEG Biofeedback augmented treatment improves abstinence rates of 12-step, faith-based, and medically assisted addiction for cocaine, methamphetamine, alcohol use disorder, and opioid addictions.

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Hopper E (December 1995). "A psychoanalytical theory of 'drug addiction': unconscious fantasies of homosexuality, compulsions and masturbation within the context of traumatogenic processes".

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Wood, Ron (7 December 2006). The suit challenges court-ordered 12-step programs: Constitutionality of forced participation in the program is questioned. The Morning News. Retrieved 2008-5-22.

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sugar) are also used to treat alcohol addiction. Acamprosate has shown effectiveness for patients with severe dependence, helping them to maintain abstinence for several weeks, even months.

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Moos RH, Finney JW, Ouimette PC, Suchinsky RT (March 1999). "A comparative evaluation of substance abuse treatment: I. Treatment orientation, amount of care, and 1-year outcomes".

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can be used to treat addiction to prescription opiates, and behavioral therapies can be used to treat addiction to prescription stimulants, benzodiazepines, and other drugs.

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alone is ineffective as a treatment for addiction. The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) recommends detoxification followed by both medication (where applicable) and

407:(NIDA), patients stabilized on adequate, sustained doses of methadone or buprenorphine can keep their jobs, avoid crime and violence, and reduce their exposure to HIV and 4763:

Karasaki M, Fraser S, Moore D, Dietze P (March 2013). "The place of volition in addiction: differing approaches and their implications for policy and service provision".

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Rostami R, Dehghani-Arani F (September 2015). "Neurofeedback Training as a New Method in Treatment of Crystal Methamphetamine Dependent Patients: A Preliminary Study".

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For individuals addicted to prescription drugs, treatments tend to be similar to those who are addicted to drugs affecting the same brain systems. Medication like

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Webb L (1 July 2012). "The recovery model and complex health needs: What health psychology can learn from mental health and substance misuse service provision".

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People who are diagnosed with a mental health disorder and a simultaneous substance use disorder are known as having a dual diagnosis. For example, someone with

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As of 2013 China has compulsory drug rehabilitation centers. It was reported in 2018 1.3 million drug addicts were treated in China's compulsory detox centers.

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two to become stable. 70% to 80% of American residential alcohol treatment programs provide 12-step support services. These include, but are not limited to AA,

229:. Many programs emphasize that recovery is an ongoing process without culmination. For legal drugs such as alcohol, complete abstention—rather than attempts at 7293: 4215: 2358:

Webb L (July 2012). "The recovery model and complex health needs: what health psychology can learn from mental health and substance misuse service provision".

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Mattick RP; Digiusto E; Doran CM; O'Brien S; Shanahan M; Kimber J; Henderson N; Breen C; Shearer J; Gates J; Shakeshaft A; NEPOD Trial Investigators (2004).

608:. In this approach, the client is serviced by the provider(s) in his or her home and workplace—for any efficacy, around-the-clock—who functions much like a 4881: 1953: 1267: 856: 849: 8683: 5552: 8461: 862:

The way researchers think about how addictions are formed shapes the models we have. Four main Behavioral Models of addiction exist: the Moral Model,

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Chiesa A, Serretti A (April 2014). "Are mindfulness-based interventions effective for substance use disorders? A systematic review of the evidence".

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as the primary driving force for addiction; according to such theories, tobacco is used because it helps one escape from the undesirable effects of

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Daynes G, Gillman MA (May 1994). "Psychotropic analgesic nitrous oxide prevents craving after withdrawal for alcohol, cannabis and tobacco".

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Black DS (April 2014). "Mindfulness-based interventions: an antidote to suffering in the context of substance use, misuse, and addiction".

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Scott WC, Kaiser D, Othmer S, Sideroff SI (7 July 2009). "Effects of an EEG biofeedback protocol on a mixed substance abusing population".

4246: 523:, finding "increased program completion rate for those with a family member or significant other involved in a seven-day family program". 8406: 3885: 3119: 2649: 2247: 1530:

Arani FD, Rostami R, Nostratabadi M (July 2010). "Effectiveness of neurofeedback training as a treatment for opioid-dependent patients".

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Although dangerous and addictive in its own right, nitrous oxide has been shown to be an effective treatment for a number of addictions.

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Effective treatment addresses the multiple needs of the patient rather than treating addiction alone. In addition, medically assisted

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treatment by physicians, pharmacists, or addictionologist. There have also been several deaths related to ibogaine use, which causes

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Adame AL, Knudson RM (1 April 2008). "Recovery and the Good Life: How Psychiatric Survivors Are Revisioning the Healing Process".

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disulfiram as it can result in the disulfiram-alcohol reaction mentioned previously, which is very serious and can even be fatal.

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Kinsella M (May 2017). "Fostering client autonomy in addiction rehabilitative practice: The role of therapeutic "presence"".

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https://www.dailynews.com/2016/12/13/can-marijuana-break-up-a-family-parents-face-custody-issues-over-legal-cannabis-use/amp/

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a tricyclic antidepressant which has been used to aid in smoking cessation it has not been FDA approved for this indication.

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needs, and prerequisites that require participants to be house, abstinent from all substances, and/or employed. (See

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Cartwright AK (December 1981). "Are different therapeutic perspectives important in the treatment of alcoholism?".

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encourage addicts not only to stop using alcohol or other drugs but to examine and change habits related to their

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Ends EJ, Page CW (June 1957). "A study of three types of group psychotherapy with hospitalized male inebriates".

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In some cases, individuals can be court-ordered to drug rehabilitation by the state through legislation like the

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Carmody TP, Vieten C, Astin JA (December 2007). "Negative affect, emotional acceptance, and smoking cessation".

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Khantzian EJ (1 January 2003). "Understanding Addictive Vulnerability: An Evolving Psychodynamic Perspective".

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National Evaluation of Pharmacotherapies for Opioid Dependence (NEPOD): Report of Results and Recommendations

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at 90 days for naltrexone, average 57% at 90 days for buprenorphine, average 61% at 90 days for methadone).

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Broadening the Base of Addiction Mutual Support Groups: Bringing Theory and Science to Contemporary Trends

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in the treatment provider's responses on the Addiction Belief Scale (a scale measuring adherence to the

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https://truthout.org/articles/south-carolina-is-ripping-infants-away-from-their-mothers-over-pot-use/

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discriminate. It affects people from all walks of life and can be a devastatingly destructive force.

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Whether moderation is achievable by those with a history of misuse remains a controversial point.

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Barriers to accessing drug treatment may worsen negative health outcomes and further exacerbate

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identified by Ernest Kurtz); the scores were found to

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New York: Guilford Press. 3217:British Journal of Addiction 2636:Du Plessis G (6 July 2010). 2511:Journal of Health Psychology 2360:Journal of Health Psychology 1994:Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1686:10.1080/10874208.2010.501498 984: 930: 682:, in which he presented the 322:Cognitive-behavioral therapy 161:treatment for dependency on 7: 8753:Substance-related disorders 8489:Pharmaceutical distribution 8126:Coca production in Colombia 7577:Counterculture of the 1960s 5573:International whisk(e)y day 4887:Driving under the influence 4708:(in Persian). 4 August 2020 3996:Drug and Alcohol Dependence 3535:"State of the ACT Evidence" 1372:"Motivational Interviewing" 1025: 535: 46:, discuss the issue on the 10: 8779: 8661:Substance abuse prevention 8636:Opioid replacement therapy 6089:Christian views on alcohol 5695:List of alcohol laws of US 4973:High-functioning alcoholic 4067:Substance Use & Misuse 3959:10.1016/j.jsat.2006.01.002 3745:The Hastings Center Report 3608:Substance Use & Misuse 3565:Substance Use & Misuse 2048:10.1016/j.mcna.2016.03.011 1544:10.1177/155005941004100313 1407:10.1016/j.jsat.2009.12.010 1311:10.1037/0022-006x.58.3.310 880:Stigmatization of drug use 847: 813:polysubstance use disorder 674:Client-centered approaches 622:disease model of addiction 268:spiritual characteristics 8674: 8666:Supervised injection site 8608: 8523: 8149: 8116: 8105: 8101: 8095: 8090: 7994: 7956:Anabolic steroid legality 7943: 7828: 7736: 7721:Convention Against Doping 7716:Law of the Sea Convention 7683: 7679: 7668: 7647:Urban legends about drugs 7559: 7511: 7448: 7345: 7312: 7204: 7200: 7187: 7124: 7097: 7035: 6981: 6882: 6787: 6778: 6723: 6556: 6419: 6284: 6280: 6269: 6211: 6155: 6109: 6079: 6003: 5988:Alcoholic spirits measure 5973:Low-alcoholic malt drinks 5887: 5731: 5703: 5654:Ignition interlock device 5596: 5587: 5543:Drunken monkey hypothesis 5476: 5405: 5376:Routes of administration 5157: 5068: 5037: 5005:Alcohol congener analysis 4987: 4948:Alcoholism in adolescence 4933: 4870: 4859: 4172:10.1186/s13722-018-0120-6 4124:10.1080/10911351003673310 3373:"Ch 11: Focus on Beliefs" 3194:10.15288/qjsa.1957.18.263 3069:. NYU Press. p. 67. 2786:10 September 2010 at the 2617:Amodia D (January 2006). 2291:10.1007/s11469-016-9712-0 2135:10.3109/00207459408985987 2107:12 September 2010 at the 2006:10.1016/j.jep.2007.08.034 1782:10.1007/s10484-015-9281-1 1499:10.1007/s10484-013-9218-5 1206:10.3109/16066359709002970 953:In Afghanistan since the 920:Child Protective Services 807:or other negative moods. 678:In his influential book, 575:driving while intoxicated 335:Motivational interviewing 101: 91: 86: 8462:Turks and Caicos Islands 7971:Methamphetamine legality 7284:Marijuana Policy Project 6275:Major recreational drugs 3668:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00173 2578:10.1177/2164956120952733 2560:Duffy, James D. (2020). 2523:10.1177/1359105311425276 2480:10.1177/0022167807305544 2372:10.1177/1359105311425276 1736:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00692 1639:10.1177/1550059415605686 1592:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01688 1374:. SAMHSA. Archived from 1357:1 September 2010 at the 1063:Sober living environment 1005: 960: 693:therapeutic relationship 684:client-centered approach 247: 216:Psychological dependency 7239:Cannabis rights leaders 6168:Alcohol and spaceflight 5910:Alcohol server training 5783:Managed alcohol program 5361:Binge drinking devices 5055:Pharmacology of ethanol 4765:Drug and Alcohol Review 3898:10.4324/9780429286933-6 3655:Frontiers in Psychiatry 3406:Neuropsychopharmacology 2872:10.1111/1467-9280.00138 2724:San Francisco Chronicle 2433:White WL (March 2012). 2246:Glaser G (April 2015). 1723:Frontiers in Psychology 1674:Journal of Neurotherapy 1579:Frontiers in Psychology 996: 896:low-threshold treatment 733:social cognitive theory 701:client-centered therapy 680:Client-Centered Therapy 666:groups who work within 658:Living a Balanced Life. 571:criminal justice system 163:psychoactive substances 8047:Politics of drug abuse 7015:Mandragora officinarum 5773:Alcohol rehabilitation 5741:Alcohol detoxification 5644:Field sobriety testing 5529:Health effects of wine 5497:International Beer Day 5261:Holiday heart syndrome 4251:Orange County Register 3418:10.1038/sj.npp.1300753 3102:Rick Csiernik (2016). 2673:Cite journal requires 1897:"Drug Addiction Style" 878:in the United States. 801:negative reinforcement 705:psychoanalytic therapy 489:vitamin B12 deficiency 342:positive reinforcement 293:alcohol detoxification 151: 8407:Saint Kitts and Nevis 7706:1988 Drug Trafficking 7299:Cannabis and religion 6263:Recreational drug use 6025:Disulfiram-like drugs 5565:Ritual use of alcohol 5534:Wine and food pairing 5519:Apéritif and digestif 5170:Adulterated moonshine 5017:Blood alcohol content 4979:Seeing pink elephants 3886:"Sociocultural Model" 3853:10.1056/NEJMra1511480 2860:Psychological Science 1452:10.1081/ADA-200056807 498:Residential treatment 254:residential treatment 117: 8748:Substance dependence 8656:Responsible drug use 8467:United Arab Emirates 7786:Drug Policy Alliance 7674:Legality of drug use 7279:Legality of cannabis 7254:Cannabis Social Club 7224:Cannabis cultivation 7219:Cannabis consumption 7050:Cannabis (Marijuana) 6872:Psilocybin mushrooms 6094:Alcohol in the Bible 6081:Religion and alcohol 6047:General anaesthetics 5840:Alcoholics Anonymous 5798:List of mixed drinks 5251:Alcohol intoxication 5166:Adulterated alcohol 3343:www.k12academics.com 2827:Alcoholics Anonymous 1378:on 13 December 2012. 784:homework assignments 697:alcohol use disorder 616:Twelve-step programs 504:alcohol use disorder 364:medications such as 270:Alcoholics Anonymous 233:, which may lead to 223:Twelve-step programs 195:substance dependence 144:Environmental damage 52:create a new article 44:improve this article 34:may not represent a 8743:Drug rehabilitation 8714:Tobacco consumption 8684:Alcohol consumption 8626:Drug rehabilitation 8563:Effects of cannabis 8287:Indian Ocean region 8067:Philippine drug war 7696:1961 Narcotic Drugs 6377:nail polish remover 6173:Gateway drug effect 5959:Low-alcohol drinks 5788:Non-alcoholic drink 5723:Temperance movement 5705:Alcohol prohibition 5428:Gilbert Paul Jordan 5418:Dionysian Mysteries 5202:on college campuses 5197:Alcohol advertising 4915:Public intoxication 4609:. 7 February 1399. 4415:english.scio.gov.cn 4387:. 2 December 2013. 4279:. 18 October 2021. 3702:Neuropsychoanalysis 3304:Marlatt GA (1985). 2335:. 8 November 2019. 2020:on 6 February 2008. 1173:on 15 February 2021 916:mandatory reporting 910:In certain states, 876:health inequalities 805:nicotine withdrawal 509:Narcotics Anonymous 289:drug detoxification 155:Drug rehabilitation 87:Drug rehabilitation 8758:Alcohol and health 8570:Drug-related crime 8247:Dominican Republic 8157:Illegal drug trade 7632:Religion and drugs 7587:Drug paraphernalia 7567:Chasing the dragon 7526:Fashion cigarettes 7107:Calea zacatechichi 6802:Psychoactive toads 6512:Mitragyna speciosa 6464:Dextropropoxyphene 6406:Nonbenzodiazepines 6314:Alcoholic beverage 6005:Addiction medicine 5948:Get Your Sexy Back 5888:Alcohol limitation 5864:Sober living house 5830:Twelve-step groups 5763:Brief intervention 5756:Open-container law 5718:Neo-prohibitionism 5678:Legal drinking age 5484:Alcoholic beverage 5385:Alcohol inhalation 5300:Drinking in public 5278:Blackout Wednesday 5136:Beverage-specific 4853:Alcohol and health 4806:10.1037/teo0000056 4305:. 7 October 2021. 2967:10.1002/jclp.20259 2762:on 24 October 2021 2077:pubs.niaaa.nih.gov 1865:10.1037/adb0000016 1401:(Suppl 1): S61-9. 1129:Relapse Prevention 1033:Coerced abstinence 796:emotion regulation 740:Relapse prevention 652:Coping with Urges, 301:relapse prevention 297:behavioral therapy 171:prescription drugs 152: 140:Family adversities 8730: 8729: 8726: 8725: 8722: 8721: 8641:Pharmacovigilance 8621:Drug legalization 8519: 8518: 8086: 8085: 8082: 8081: 8017:Cognitive liberty 7961:Cannabis legality 7749:Decriminalization 7664: 7663: 7660: 7659: 7546:Smoking fetishism 7183: 7182: 7179: 7178: 7120: 7119: 7000:Atropa belladonna 6367:contact adhesives 6309:Ethanol (alcohol) 6229: 6228: 6151: 6150: 6101:Islam and alcohol 6035:Calcium carbimide 5905:Alcohol education 5793:List of cocktails 5768:Designated driver 5746:Alcohol-free zone 5649:Hip flask defence 5583: 5582: 5524:Hangover remedies 5468:Whiskey Rebellion 5458:Six o'clock swill 5246:Austrian syndrome 5185:Surrogate alcohol 5175:Denatured alcohol 5147:Red wine headache 4443:Alfred W. McCoy. 3907:978-0-429-28693-3 3757:10.1002/hast.1172 3386:978-1-57230-659-2 3323:978-0-89862-009-2 3285:(Pt 6): 1121–42. 3154:978-1-134-92780-7 3115:978-1-55130-892-0 3076:978-0-8147-7276-8 2836:978-1-893007-16-1 2640:. Rochester, NY. 2447:on 21 August 2017 2102:Pharmacotherapies 1949:978-0-642-82459-2 1016:Comunità Incontro 844:Behavioral models 776:cognitive therapy 766:Cognitive therapy 760:coping strategies 521:patient retention 513:Cocaine Anonymous 421:opioid antagonist 419:is a long-acting 403:According to the 327:Multidimensional 159:psychotherapeutic 112: 111: 80: 79: 72: 54:, as appropriate. 8770: 8558:Drug harmfulness 8553:Driving impaired 8372:Papua New Guinea 8141:Rolling meth lab 8114: 8113: 8103: 8102: 8092: 8091: 8057:Mexican drug war 7966:Cocaine legality 7951:Alcohol legality 7781:Demand reduction 7769:Supply reduction 7681: 7680: 7670: 7669: 7347:Drinking culture 7289:Medical cannabis 7249:Cannabis smoking 7206:Cannabis culture 7202: 7201: 7189: 7188: 7165:recreational use 7010:Hyoscyamus niger 6971:Salvia divinorum 6954:Amanita muscaria 6916:recreational use 6896:recreational use 6785: 6784: 6353:recreational use 6282: 6281: 6271: 6270: 6256: 6249: 6242: 6233: 6232: 6219: 6218: 6018:Chlordiazepoxide 5968:Low-alcohol beer 5612:Alcohol monopoly 5594: 5593: 5514:Drinking culture 5507:Women in brewing 5390:Vodka eyeballing 5357:Passive drinking 4868: 4867: 4846: 4839: 4832: 4823: 4822: 4817: 4788: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4724: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4706:ایندیپندنت فارسی 4698: 4692: 4691: 4685: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4638:. 25 June 2023. 4629: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4586: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4546: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4447:. 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Archived from 1159: 1148: 1147: 1123: 1117: 1116: 1114: 1112: 1093: 834:bipolar disorder 774:, the father of 565:Criminal justice 445:long QT syndrome 386:illegal drug use 105:edit on Wikidata 84: 83: 75: 68: 64: 61: 55: 27: 26: 19: 8778: 8777: 8773: 8772: 8771: 8769: 8768: 8767: 8733: 8732: 8731: 8718: 8676: 8670: 8646:Reagent testing 8604: 8595:Passive smoking 8525: 8515: 8145: 8131:Drug precursors 8118: 8109: 8107: 8097: 8078: 8032:Drug possession 8007:Cannabis rights 7990: 7986:Salvia legality 7939: 7830: 7824: 7732: 7675: 7656: 7637:Self-medication 7555: 7551:Tobacco smoking 7513:Smoking culture 7507: 7444: 7341: 7308: 7264:Cannabis vaping 7234:Cannabis rights 7229:Cannabis edible 7196: 7175: 7116: 7112:Silene capensis 7093: 7031: 7027:Diphenhydramine 6977: 6878: 6774: 6719: 6671:Methylphenidate 6661:Methamphetamine 6552: 6415: 6299:Benzodiazepines 6276: 6265: 6260: 6230: 6225: 6207: 6188:Self-medication 6147: 6105: 6075: 6013:Benzodiazepines 5999: 5883: 5869:Sobering center 5854:Sober companion 5835:Al-Anon/Alateen 5727: 5699: 5589: 5579: 5472: 5401: 5341:In vino veritas 5335:Hair of the dog 5153: 5069:Adverse effects 5064: 5033: 4983: 4929: 4873: 4872:Alcohol-related 4863: 4855: 4850: 4820: 4758: 4756:Further reading 4753: 4752: 4742: 4740: 4725: 4721: 4711: 4709: 4700: 4699: 4695: 4679: 4678: 4671: 4669: 4662:"Archived copy" 4660: 4659: 4655: 4645: 4643: 4631: 4630: 4626: 4616: 4614: 4601: 4600: 4596: 4580: 4579: 4572: 4570: 4563:"Archived copy" 4561: 4560: 4556: 4540: 4539: 4532: 4530: 4523:"Archived copy" 4521: 4520: 4516: 4506: 4504: 4499:. 2 July 2015. 4495: 4494: 4490: 4480: 4478: 4473:. 23 May 2015. 4469: 4468: 4464: 4454: 4452: 4451:on 4 April 2007 4441: 4434: 4424: 4422: 4409: 4408: 4404: 4394: 4392: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4364: 4362: 4353: 4352: 4348: 4338: 4336: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4312: 4310: 4301: 4300: 4296: 4286: 4284: 4275: 4274: 4270: 4260: 4258: 4243: 4239: 4229: 4227: 4214: 4213: 4198: 4151: 4147: 4108: 4104: 4059: 4055: 4048: 4044: 4037: 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8084: 8083: 8080: 8079: 8077: 8076: 8074:Zero tolerance 8071: 8070: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7998: 7996: 7992: 7991: 7989: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7947: 7945: 7941: 7940: 7938: 7937: 7936: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7848:Czech Republic 7845: 7840: 7834: 7832: 7826: 7825: 7823: 7822: 7821: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7809: 7808: 7801:Liberalization 7798: 7793: 7791:Harm reduction 7788: 7783: 7773: 7772: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7740: 7738: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7730: 7729: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7710: 7709: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7687: 7685: 7677: 7676: 7666: 7665: 7662: 7661: 7658: 7657: 7655: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7617:Party and play 7614: 7609: 7607:Needle sharing 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7563: 7561: 7557: 7556: 7554: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7521:Cigarette card 7517: 7515: 7509: 7508: 7506: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7454: 7452: 7446: 7445: 7443: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7430:Tailgate party 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7380:Drinking games 7377: 7372: 7370:Binge drinking 7367: 7362: 7357: 7351: 7349: 7343: 7342: 7340: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7318: 7316: 7314:Coffee culture 7310: 7309: 7307: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7210: 7208: 7198: 7197: 7185: 7184: 7181: 7180: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7173: 7168: 7158: 7157: 7156: 7151: 7141: 7136: 7130: 7128: 7122: 7121: 7118: 7117: 7115: 7114: 7109: 7103: 7101: 7095: 7094: 7092: 7091: 7090: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7064: 7063: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7041: 7039: 7033: 7032: 7030: 7029: 7024: 7022:Dimenhydrinate 7019: 7018: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6987: 6985: 6979: 6978: 6976: 6975: 6974: 6973: 6963: 6958: 6957: 6956: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6935: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6922:alkyl nitrites 6919: 6904: 6899: 6888: 6886: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6876: 6875: 6874: 6860: 6859: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6846:Peruvian torch 6838: 6833: 6828: 6827: 6826: 6816: 6815: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6793: 6791: 6782: 6776: 6775: 6773: 6772: 6771: 6770: 6765: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6744: 6743: 6735: 6729: 6727: 6721: 6720: 6718: 6717: 6716: 6715: 6710: 6700: 6699: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6647: 6646: 6636: 6635: 6634: 6629: 6619: 6618: 6617: 6607: 6606: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6585: 6580: 6579: 6578: 6568: 6562: 6560: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6550: 6545: 6544: 6543: 6533: 6532: 6531: 6521: 6520: 6519: 6509: 6504: 6503: 6502: 6494: 6489: 6488: 6487: 6479: 6474: 6473: 6472: 6469: 6461: 6460: 6459: 6451: 6450: 6449: 6439: 6438: 6437: 6434: 6425: 6423: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6413: 6411:Quinazolinones 6408: 6403: 6398: 6397: 6396: 6395: 6394: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6358: 6357: 6356: 6338: 6333: 6331:Gabapentinoids 6328: 6327: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6290: 6288: 6278: 6277: 6267: 6266: 6259: 6258: 6251: 6244: 6236: 6227: 6226: 6224: 6223: 6212: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6205: 6203:French paradox 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6159: 6157: 6153: 6152: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6113: 6111: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6085: 6083: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6073: 6072: 6071: 6066: 6059:Sulfonic acids 6056: 6055: 6054: 6044: 6043: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6022: 6021: 6020: 6009: 6007: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5997: 5996: 5995: 5993:Standard drink 5990: 5982: 5981: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5957: 5955:Liquor license 5952: 5951: 5950: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5926: 5925: 5920: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5891: 5889: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5850: 5849: 5843: 5837: 5827: 5822: 5820:Temperance bar 5817: 5812: 5811: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5759: 5758: 5753: 5743: 5737: 5735: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5709: 5707: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5697: 5692: 5691: 5690: 5685: 5675: 5670: 5669: 5668: 5658: 5657: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5620: 5619: 5609: 5602: 5600: 5591: 5585: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5577: 5576: 5575: 5567: 5562: 5561: 5560: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5539: 5538: 5537: 5536: 5526: 5521: 5511: 5510: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5486: 5480: 5478: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5409: 5407: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5399: 5394: 5393: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5374: 5373: 5372: 5367: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5296: 5295: 5290: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5269: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5241:Binge drinking 5238: 5233: 5231:Alcohol powder 5228: 5223: 5221:Alcohol myopia 5218: 5217: 5216: 5206: 5205: 5204: 5194: 5189: 5188: 5187: 5182: 5172: 5163: 5161: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5151: 5150: 5149: 5143: 5134: 5129: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5099: 5098: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5072: 5070: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5041: 5039: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5031: 5029:Wine chemistry 5026: 5021: 5020: 5019: 5009: 5008: 5007: 4997: 4995:Beer chemistry 4991: 4989: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4981: 4976: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4939: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4901: 4900: 4890: 4884: 4878: 4876: 4865: 4857: 4856: 4849: 4848: 4841: 4834: 4826: 4819: 4818: 4789: 4771:(2): 195–204. 4759: 4757: 4754: 4751: 4750: 4731:(in Italian). 4719: 4693: 4653: 4624: 4594: 4554: 4514: 4488: 4462: 4432: 4402: 4372: 4346: 4320: 4294: 4268: 4237: 4196: 4145: 4118:(3): 393–409. 4102: 4073:(7): 891–901. 4053: 4042: 4031: 3982: 3933: 3906: 3876: 3847:(4): 363–371. 3827: 3798:(4): 249–255. 3778: 3735: 3692: 3641: 3614:(5): 492–512. 3598: 3552: 3522: 3487: 3460:(4): 499–508. 3441: 3412:(9): 1751–63. 3392: 3385: 3360: 3329: 3322: 3296: 3269: 3242: 3207: 3172: 3153: 3133: 3114: 3094: 3075: 3055: 3038:SMART Recovery 3025: 2990: 2941: 2894: 2885: 2850: 2835: 2818: 2807:. 28 July 2021 2792: 2773: 2741: 2710: 2684: 2675:|journal= 2628: 2609: 2552: 2517:(5): 731–741. 2501: 2474:(2): 142–164. 2458: 2425: 2393: 2366:(5): 731–741. 2350: 2320: 2285:(4): 933–941. 2269: 2235: 2205: 2175: 2148: 2113: 2094: 2061: 2042:(4): 891–910. 2023: 1980: 1962: 1948: 1914: 1888: 1839: 1803: 1760: 1709: 1680:(3): 195–216. 1660: 1616: 1565: 1522: 1473: 1430: 1381: 1363: 1344: 1305:(3): 310–316. 1285: 1259: 1229: 1200:(4): 367–384. 1184: 1149: 1142: 1118: 1084: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1043:Dual diagnosis 1040: 1035: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1007: 1004: 998: 995: 986: 983: 962: 959: 950: 947: 945: 942: 932: 929: 907: 904: 871: 868: 848:Main article: 845: 842: 838:dual diagnosis 829: 828:Dual diagnosis 826: 791: 788: 767: 764: 741: 738: 724:Psychoanalysis 720: 719:Psychoanalysis 717: 675: 672: 660: 659: 656: 653: 650: 638:SMART Recovery 634: 633:SMART Recovery 631: 617: 614: 590: 587: 566: 563: 546:Recovery Model 537: 534: 528: 527:Brain implants 525: 499: 496: 467:anticonvulsant 436:hallucinogenic 394:harm reduction 357: 354: 349: 348: 345: 338: 332: 329:family therapy 325: 299:, followed by 258:support groups 249: 246: 217: 214: 148:Community harm 110: 109: 102: 99: 98: 95: 89: 88: 78: 77: 38:of the subject 36:worldwide view 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8775: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8740: 8738: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8694: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8681: 8679: 8675:Countries by 8673: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8616:Drug checking 8614: 8613: 8611: 8607: 8598: 8597: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8585:Neurotoxicity 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8564: 8561: 8560: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8530: 8528: 8522: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8499:Cannabis shop 8497: 8495: 8492: 8491: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8472:United States 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8327:Latin America 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8159: 8158: 8155: 8154: 8152: 8148: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8123: 8121: 8115: 8112: 8104: 8100: 8093: 8089: 8075: 8072: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8062:Plan Colombia 8060: 8058: 8055: 8054: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8022:Designer drug 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7999: 7997: 7993: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7944:Drug legality 7942: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7895: 7894: 7893:United States 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7835: 7833: 7827: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7807: 7806:Latin America 7804: 7803: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7778: 7777: 7776:Policy reform 7774: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7746: 7745: 7742: 7741: 7739: 7735: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7713: 7711: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7693: 7692: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7684:International 7682: 7678: 7671: 7667: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7642:Sex and drugs 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7622:Poly drug use 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7564: 7562: 7558: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7531:Cloud-chasing 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7518: 7516: 7514: 7510: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7458:Psychonautics 7456: 7455: 7453: 7451: 7447: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7385:Drinking song 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7375:Diethyl ether 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7365:Beer festival 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7348: 7344: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7319: 7317: 7315: 7311: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7211: 7209: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7190: 7186: 7172: 7169: 7166: 7162: 7161:Nitrous oxide 7159: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7146: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7131: 7129: 7127: 7123: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7100: 7096: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7069: 7068: 7065: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7047: 7046: 7043: 7042: 7040: 7038: 7034: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6997: 6996: 6992: 6989: 6988: 6986: 6984: 6980: 6972: 6969: 6968: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6955: 6952: 6951: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6917: 6913: 6912:Nitrous oxide 6910: 6909: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6897: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6884:Dissociatives 6881: 6873: 6870: 6869: 6868: 6864: 6861: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6843: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6825: 6822: 6821: 6820: 6817: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6799: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6790: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6780:Hallucinogens 6777: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6760: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6741: 6740: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6726: 6722: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6705: 6704: 6701: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6683: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6645: 6642: 6641: 6640: 6637: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6624: 6623: 6620: 6616: 6613: 6612: 6611: 6608: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6598:Energy drinks 6596: 6594: 6591: 6590: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6577: 6574: 6573: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6563: 6561: 6559: 6555: 6549: 6546: 6542: 6539: 6538: 6537: 6534: 6530: 6527: 6526: 6525: 6522: 6518: 6515: 6514: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6500: 6499: 6498: 6497:Hydromorphone 6495: 6493: 6490: 6485: 6484: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6465: 6462: 6457: 6456: 6455: 6452: 6448: 6445: 6444: 6443: 6440: 6435: 6432: 6431: 6430: 6429:Buprenorphine 6427: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6418: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6393: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6383: 6382:Paint thinner 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6364: 6363: 6359: 6354: 6350: 6349:Nitrous oxide 6347: 6346: 6344: 6343: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6311: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6257: 6252: 6250: 6245: 6243: 6238: 6237: 6234: 6222: 6214: 6213: 6210: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6178:Mood disorder 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6154: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6108: 6102: 6099: 6095: 6092: 6091: 6090: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6082: 6078: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6060: 6057: 6053: 6052:Nitrous oxide 6050: 6049: 6048: 6045: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6026: 6023: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6006: 6002: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5963:Fermented tea 5961: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5886: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5859:Sober curious 5857: 5855: 5852: 5847: 5844: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5790: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5730: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5702: 5696: 5693: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5680: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5667: 5664: 5663: 5662: 5659: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5613: 5610: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5595: 5592: 5586: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5559: 5556: 5555: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5548:Ladies' night 5546: 5544: 5541: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5515: 5512: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5475: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5448:Rum Rebellion 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5404: 5398: 5395: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5380:Alcohol enema 5378: 5377: 5375: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5342: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5330:Flaming drink 5328: 5326: 5325:Dutch courage 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5310:Drunk walking 5308: 5306: 5305:Drunk dialing 5303: 5301: 5298: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5285: 5284: 5283:Drinking game 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5243: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5210: 5207: 5203: 5200: 5199: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5192:Alcohol abuse 5190: 5186: 5183: 5180: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5159:Social issues 5156: 5148: 5144: 5142: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5097: 5096:breast cancer 5094: 5093: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5067: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5036: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5024:Fusel alcohol 5022: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5013: 5010: 5006: 5003: 5002: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4986: 4980: 4977: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4932: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4899: 4896: 4895: 4894: 4893:Drunk driving 4891: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4869: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4847: 4842: 4840: 4835: 4833: 4828: 4827: 4824: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4800:(2): 91–108. 4799: 4795: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4761: 4760: 4738: 4734: 4733:la Repubblica 4730: 4723: 4707: 4703: 4697: 4689: 4683: 4667: 4663: 4657: 4641: 4637: 4634: 4628: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4598: 4590: 4584: 4568: 4564: 4558: 4550: 4544: 4528: 4524: 4518: 4502: 4498: 4492: 4476: 4472: 4466: 4450: 4446: 4439: 4437: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4406: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4360: 4356: 4350: 4334: 4330: 4324: 4308: 4304: 4298: 4282: 4278: 4272: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4241: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4192: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4149: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4106: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4057: 4051: 4046: 4040: 4035: 4027: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3953:(3): 227–35. 3952: 3948: 3944: 3937: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3880: 3872: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3774: 3770: 3766: 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Street 6069:Homotaurine 6064:Acamprosate 5935:Dry January 5914:Monitoring 5815:Teetotalism 5808:Malt drinks 5598:Alcohol law 5370:Yard of ale 5315:Drunkorexia 5127:intolerance 4920:Rum-running 3926:21 November 3708:(1): 5–21. 3048:31 December 2703:25 November 2656:21 November 2418:15 November 2343:11 November 2262:29 February 2158:S Afr Med J 2087:15 November 2000:(1): 9–24. 1252:25 February 1177:15 November 1068:Sober Coach 949:Afghanistan 821:Mindfulness 758:successful 688:Carl Rogers 606:sober coach 555:self-esteem 470:sulphonated 455:Acamprosate 441:tachycardia 409:Hepatitis C 356:Medications 276:41% of the 8737:Categories 8697:Annual use 8548:Dependence 8412:Seychelles 8317:Kyrgyzstan 8232:Costa Rica 8177:Bangladesh 8150:Drug trade 8119:production 8108:production 8027:Drug court 7913:California 7831:by country 7764:Regulation 7498:Smart shop 7483:Literature 7478:Experience 7425:Sports bar 7390:Happy hour 7355:Bartending 7126:Club drugs 7099:Oneirogens 6983:Deliriants 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6856:San Pedro 6841:Mescaline 6824:Ayahuasca 6797:Bufotenin 6742:Benzofury 6733:2C series 6713:Chocolate 6676:Modafinil 6666:Methylone 6639:Ephedrine 6610:Cathinone 6571:Arecoline 6536:Oxycodone 6507:Methadone 6341:Inhalants 6133:Dry state 6040:Cyanamide 5874:Sobrietol 5673:Last call 5639:DWI court 5492:Beer mile 5463:Speakeasy 5433:Gin Craze 5365:Beer bong 5320:Dry drunk 5293:Pregaming 5141:Potomania 5123:Tolerance 5113:Pregnancy 4988:Chemistry 4910:Nip joint 4905:Moonshine 4814:151726043 4165:(1): 19. 4132:1091-1359 3916:243153343 3822:149231198 3814:1606-6359 3773:225605587 3730:143711390 3722:1529-4145 3353:1 October 3262:6 January 2734:8 October 2604:224948883 2531:1359-1053 2496:145567401 2488:0022-1678 2307:1557-1874 2188:S A B R I 1319:0022-006X 1278:17 August 1224:1476-7392 1010:In 1963, 985:Indonesia 931:Criticism 912:providers 664:self-help 465:(a novel 378:oxycodone 368:and more 366:methadone 308:methadone 118:The 2010 48:talk page 8677:drug use 8590:Overdose 8526:drug use 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