Doxycycline - Knowledge

1213:: it can be used in adults and children. For treatment or prophylaxis of Lyme disease in children, it can be used for a duration of up to 21 days in children of any age. Doxycycline is specifically indicated to treat Lyme disease for patients presenting with erythema migrans. As for the optimal duration of treatment of this disease, guidelines vary, with some recommending a 10-day course of doxycycline, while others suggest a 14-day course; still, recent data suggest that even a 7-day course of doxycycline can be effective. Compared to other drugs, there are no significant differences in treatment response across antibiotic agents, doses, or durations when comparing 14 days versus 21 days; as such, the optimal duration of treatment of Lyme disease remains uncertain, as prolonged antibiotic courses have drawbacks, including diminishing returns in terms of patient outcomes, heightened risks of adverse events, superinfections, increased healthcare costs, and the potential for development of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, the consensus remains to treat patients with the shortest effective duration of antibiotics, as is the case with doxycycline for Lyme disease as well. 1804:. Other tetracycline antibiotics are contraindicated in pregnancy and up to eight years of age, due to the potential for disrupting bone and tooth development. They include a class warning about staining of teeth and decreased development of dental enamel in children exposed to tetracyclines in utero, during breastfeeding or during young childhood. However, the FDA has acknowledged that the actual risk of dental staining of primary teeth is undetermined for doxycycline specifically. The best available evidence indicates that doxycycline has little or no effect on hypoplasia of dental enamel or on staining of teeth and the 2308: 648: 625: 897: 31: 905: 40: 1760:

of doxycycline by 20%. Doxycycline absorption is also inhibited by divalent and trivalent cations, such as iron, bismuth, aluminum, calcium and magnesium. Doxycycline forms unstable complexes with metal ions in the acidic gastric environment, which dissociate in the small intestine, allowing the drug to be absorbed. However, some doxycycline remains complexed with metal ions in the duodenum, resulting in a slight decrease in absorption.

1573:—such blocking leads to two main effects: it disrupts the parasite's ability to produce fatty acids, which are essential for its growth, and it impairs the production of heme, a cofactor. These effects occur late in the parasite's life cycle when it is in the blood stage, causing the symptoms of malaria. By blocking important processes in the parasite, doxycycline both inhibits the growth and prevents the multiplication of 11001: 1509:. For this reason, the Australian consensus statement mentions that doxycycline for PEP particularly in gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) should be considered only for the prevention of syphilis in GBMSM, and that the risk of increasing antimicrobial resistance outweighed any potential benefit from reductions in other bacterial STIs in GBMSM. 1912:. Doxycycline–metal ion complexes are unstable at acid pH, therefore more doxycycline enters the duodenum for absorption than the earlier tetracycline compounds. In addition, food has less effect on absorption than on absorption of earlier drugs with doxycycline serum concentrations being reduced by about 20% by test meals compared with 50% for tetracycline. 2390:. However, there is no clear understanding of what contributes more: the bacteriostatic properties of doxycycline, which affect bacteria (such as Propionibacterium acnes) on the surface of sebaceous glands even in lower doses called "submicrobial" or "subantimicrobial", or whether doxycycline's anti-inflammatory effects, which reduce inflammation in 6321: 2270:. The shortage came at a particularly bad time, since there were also shortages of an alternative antibiotic, tetracycline, at the same time. The market price for doxycycline dramatically increased in the United States in 2013 and early 2014 (from $ 20 to over $ 1800 for a bottle of 500 tablets), before decreasing again. 2533:

Research on novel drug formulations for the delivery of doxycycline in wound treatment is expanding, focusing on overcoming stability limitations for long-term storage and developing consumer-friendly, parenteral antibiotic delivery systems. The most common and practical form of doxycycline delivery

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Doxycycline also inhibits allikrein-related peptidase 5 (KLK5). The inhibition of MMPs and KLK5 enzymes subsequently suppresses the expression of LL-37, a cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide that, when overexpressed, can trigger inflammatory cascades. By inhibiting LL-37 expression, doxycycline helps

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Doxycycline is highly lipophilic, so it can easily enter cells, meaning the drug is easily absorbed after oral administration and has a large volume of distribution. It can also be re-absorbed in the renal tubules and gastrointestinal tract due to its high lipophilicity, giving it a long elimination

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Doxycycline has a high oral bioavailability, as it is almost completely absorbed in the stomach and proximal small intestine. Unlike other tetracyclines, its absorption is not significantly affected by food or dairy intake. However, co-administration of dairy products reduces the serum concentration

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Research directions on the use of doxycycline in wound healing include the continuous stabilization of doxycycline, scaling up technology and industrial production, and exploring non-contact wound treatment methods like sprays and aerosols for use in emergencies and when medical care is not readily

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effect, especially when taken for extended periods, such as several months in treating acne and rosacea. While the SDD is believed to have anti-inflammatory effects rather than solely antibacterial effects, SDD was proven to work by reducing inflammation associated with acne and rosacea. Still, the

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antibiotic. It inhibits the synthesis of bacterial proteins by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit, which is only found in bacteria. This prevents the binding of transfer RNA to messenger RNA at the ribosomal subunit meaning amino acids cannot be added to polypeptide chains and new proteins cannot

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rash in sun-exposed parts of the body has been reported to occur in 7.3–21.2% of persons taking doxycycline for malaria prophylaxis. One study examined the tolerability of various malaria prophylactic regimens and found doxycycline did not cause a significantly higher percentage of all skin events

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Mello BSF, Chaves Filho AJM, Custódio CS, Rodrigues PA, Carletti JV, Vasconcelos SMM, et al. (September 2021). "Doxycycline at subantimicrobial dose combined with escitalopram reverses depressive-like behavior and neuroinflammatory hippocampal alterations in the lipopolysaccharide model of

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infection, but the trials did not demonstrate the expected benefit. Researchers also believed that doxycycline possesses anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects that could reduce the production of cytokines in COVID-19, but these supposed effects failed to improve the outcome of COVID-19

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published in 2011. SDD is also used to treat skin conditions such as acne and rosacea, including ocular rosacea. In ocular rosacea, treatment period is 2 to 3 months. After discontinuation of doxycycline, recurrences may occur within three months; therefore, many studies recommend either slow

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induction. Research has shown no significant loss of effectiveness in oral contraceptives while using most tetracycline antibiotics (including doxycycline), although many physicians still recommend the use of barrier contraception for people taking the drug to prevent unwanted pregnancy.

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itself, the first semi-synthetic antibiotic. Charlie Stephens' group at Pfizer worked on further analogs and created one with greatly improved stability and pharmacological efficacy: doxycycline. It was clinically developed in the early 1960s and approved by the FDA in 1967.

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that was not resolved until 1983; at the time it was the largest litigated patent case in US history. Instead of a cash payment for infringement, Pfizer took the veterinary and feed-additive businesses of International Rectifier's subsidiary, Rachelle Laboratories.

2442:. Nevertheless, current results are inconclusive, and evidence of doxycycline's anti-inflammatory properties needs to be improved, considering conflicting reports from animal models so far. Doxycycline has been studied in various immunological disorders, including 4983:

Hoerauf A, Mand S, Fischer K, Kruppa T, Marfo-Debrekyei Y, Debrah AY, et al. (November 2003). "Doxycycline as a novel strategy against bancroftian filariasis-depletion of Wolbachia endosymbionts from Wuchereria bancrofti and stop of microfilaria production".

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Leyder E, Suresh P, Jun R, Overbey K, Banerjee T, Melnikova T, et al. (February 2023). "Depression-related phenotypes at early stages of Aβ and tau accumulation in inducible Alzheimer's disease mouse model: Task-oriented and concept-driven interpretations".

2004:. In the case of doxycycline, the absence of a hydroxyl group in C-6 prevents the formation of the nephrotoxic compound. Nevertheless, tetracyclines and doxycycline itself have to be taken with caution in patients with kidney injury, as they can worsen 2253:

In January 2013, the FDA reported shortages of some, but not all, forms of doxycycline "caused by increased demand and manufacturing issues". Companies involved included an unnamed major generics manufacturer that ceased production in February 2013,

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Okada T, Morozumi M, Tajima T, Hasegawa M, Sakata H, Ohnari S, et al. (December 2012). "Rapid effectiveness of minocycline or doxycycline against macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in a 2011 outbreak among Japanese children".

2566:. The mechanism of action for the antibacterial effect of tetracyclines relies on disrupting protein translation in bacteria, thereby damaging the ability of microbes to grow and repair; however protein translation is also disrupted in eukaryotic 2232:

and it was brought to market. Both compounds, like penicillin, were natural products and it was commonly believed that nature had perfected them, and further chemical changes could only degrade their effectiveness. Scientists at Pfizer led by

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García RA, Pantazatos DP, Gessner CR, Go KV, Woods VL, Villarreal FJ (April 2005). "Molecular interactions between matrilysin and the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor doxycycline investigated by deuterium exchange mass spectrometry".

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Doxycycline is used for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) to reduce the incidence of sexually transmitted bacterial infections (STIs), but it has been associated with tetracycline resistance in associated species, in particular, in

2454:. In these conditions, doxycycline has been researched to determine anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects that could be beneficial in treating these conditions. However, a solid conclusion still needs to be provided. 4252:

Sgolastra F, Petrucci A, Gatto R, Giannoni M, Monaco A (November 2011). "Long-term efficacy of subantimicrobial-dose doxycycline as an adjunctive treatment to scaling and root planing: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

1477:. Significant differences were observed for all investigated clinical parameters of periodontitis in favor of the scaling and root planing + SDD group where SDD dosage regimens is 20 mg twice daily for three months in a 4391:

Avraham S, Khaslavsky S, Kashetsky N, Starkey SY, Zaslavsky K, Lam JM, et al. (February 2024). "Therapie der okulären Rosazea: Eine systematische Literatur-Übersicht: Treatment of ocular rosacea: a systematic review".

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Sweet RL, Schachter J, Landers DV, Ohm-Smith M, Robbie MO (March 1988). "Treatment of hospitalized patients with acute pelvic inflammatory disease: comparison of cefotetan plus doxycycline and cefoxitin plus doxycycline".

2427:. It is observed that doxycycline exerts its anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting neutrophil chemotaxis and oxidative bursts, which are common mechanisms involved in inflammation and ROS activity in rosacea and acne. 5638:

Lee TW, Russell L, Deng M, Gibson PR (August 2013). "Association of doxycycline use with the development of gastroenteritis, irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease in Australians deployed abroad".

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Roca Mora MM, Cunha LM, Godoi A, Donadon I, Clemente M, Marcolin P, et al. (June 2024). "Shorter versus longer duration of antimicrobial therapy for early Lyme disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis".

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infections. The efficiency of oral doxycycline for treating papulopustular rosacea and adult acne is not solely based on its antibiotic properties, but also on its anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic properties.

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Taylor MJ, Makunde WH, McGarry HF, Turner JD, Mand S, Hoerauf A (2005). "Macrofilaricidal activity after doxycycline treatment of Wuchereria bancrofti: a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial".

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InChI=1S/C22H24N2O8.H2O/c1-7-8-5-4-6-9(25)11(8)16(26)12-10(7)17(27)14-15(24(2)3)18(28)13(21(23)31)20(30)22(14,32)19(12)29;/h4-7,10,14-15,17,25,27-29,32H,1-3H3,(H2,23,31);1H2/t7-,10+,14+,15-,17-,22-;/m0./s1

6223: 4589:"Australian consensus statement on doxycycline post-exposure prophylaxis (doxy-PEP) for the prevention of syphilis, chlamydia and gonorrhoea among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men" 2423:, helping minimize tissue damage caused by highly oxidative and inflammatory conditions. Studies have shown that SDD can effectively improve acne and rosacea symptoms, probably without inducing 7651:

Waitayangkoon P, Moon SJ, Tirupur Ponnusamy JJ, Zeng L, Driban J, McAlindon T (September 2023). "Long-Term Safety Profiles Macrolides and Tetracyclines: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis".

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Dursun D, Kim MC, Solomon A, Pflugfelder SC (July 2001). "Treatment of recalcitrant recurrent corneal erosions with inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase-9, doxycycline and corticosteroids".

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Margolis DJ, Fanelli M, Hoffstad O, Lewis JD (December 2010). "Potential association between the oral tetracycline class of antimicrobials used to treat acne and inflammatory bowel disease".

4659:"2023 Consensus Statement on doxycycline prophylaxis (Doxy-PEP) for the prevention of syphilis, chlamydia and gonorrhoea among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men in Australia" 4697: 3158:

Määttä M, Kari O, Tervahartiala T, Peltonen S, Kari M, Saari M, et al. (August 2006). "Tear fluid levels of MMP-8 are elevated in ocular rosacea--treatment effect of oral doxycycline".

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Karlsson M, Hammers-Berggren S, Lindquist L, Stiernstedt G, Svenungsson B (July 1994). "Comparison of intravenous penicillin G and oral doxycycline for treatment of Lyme neuroborreliosis".

2344:(IL-10). Cytokines are small proteins that are secreted by immune cells and play a key role in the immune response. Some studies suggest that doxycycline can suppress the activation of the 2000:

Expired tetracyclines or tetracyclines allowed to stand at a pH less than 2 are reported to be nephrotoxic due to the formation of a degradation product, anhydro-4-epitetracycline causing

865:. Use during pregnancy is not recommended. Like other agents of the tetracycline class, it either slows or kills bacteria by inhibiting protein production. It kills malaria by targeting a 8221:"Doxycycline for community treatment of suspected COVID-19 in people at high risk of adverse outcomes in the UK (PRINCIPLE): a randomised, controlled, open-label, adaptive platform trial" 8041:

do Amaral L, Dos Santos NAG, Sisti FM, Del Bel E, Dos Santos AC (August 2023). "Doxycycline inhibits dopaminergic neurodegeneration through upregulation of axonal and synaptic proteins".

1828:, particularly when it is swallowed without adequate fluid, or by persons with difficulty swallowing or impaired mobility. Doxycycline is less likely than other antibiotic drugs to cause 1001:. Additionally, doxycycline is used in the prevention and treatment of serious conditions like anthrax, leptospirosis, bubonic plague, and Lyme disease. However, some bacteria, including 3324: 2516:(NICE) updated its guidance to not recommend the medication for the treatment of COVID‑19. Doxycycline was expected to possess anti-inflammatory properties that could lessen the 1988:

is 18 to 22 hours (16 ± 6 hours according to another source) in healthy people, slightly longer in those with end-stage kidney disease, and significantly longer in those with

3919:"Diagnosis and Management of Tickborne Rickettsial Diseases: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Other Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses, Ehrlichioses, and Anaplasmosis — United States" 1331:

strains developed resistance to doxycycline. When bacteriologic testing indicates appropriate susceptibility to the drug, doxycycline may be used to treat these infections caused by

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cells. However, the involvement of this mechanism in the neuroprotective effect of doxycycline is unknown. Doxycycline is also studied in reverting inflammatory changes related to

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Quarterman MJ, Johnson DW, Abele DC, Lesher JL, Hull DS, Davis LS (January 1997). "Ocular rosacea. Signs, symptoms, and tear studies before and after treatment with doxycycline".

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Nadelman RB, Luger SW, Frank E, Wisniewski M, Collins JJ, Wormser GP (August 1992). "Comparison of cefuroxime axetil and doxycycline in the treatment of early Lyme disease".

3379: 1558:. It is not recommended alone for initial treatment of malaria, even when the parasite is doxycycline-sensitive, because the antimalarial effect of doxycycline is delayed. 5335: 4780: 2415:

by inflammatory cells; these ROS contribute toward exacerbating symptoms. Doxycycline may reduce ROS levels and induce antioxidant activity because it directly scavenges

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is negligible. It is actively excreted into the gut (in part via the gallbladder, in part directly from blood vessels), where some of it is inactivated by forming

10290: 6231: 8270:"Combined therapy with ivermectin and doxycycline can effectively alleviate the cytokine storm of COVID-19 infection amid vaccination drive: A narrative review" 11051: 4160:

Dreno B, Thiboutot D, Gollnick H, Bettoli V, Kang S, Leyden JJ, et al. (2014). "Antibiotic stewardship in dermatology: limiting antibiotic use in acne".

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Doxycycline's dual benefits as an antibacterial and anti-inflammatory make it a helpful treatment option for diseases involving inflammation not only of the

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biomedical research experiments involving bacteria as well in experiments in eukaryotic cells and organisms with inducible protein expression systems using

1588:(WHO) guidelines state that the combination of doxycycline with either artesunate or quinine may be used for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria due to 8197: 6201: 6179: 6135: 6110: 3803: 3712: 977:

Doxycycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is employed in the treatment of numerous bacterial infections. It is effective against bacteria such as

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Doxycycline has been used successfully to treat sexually transmitted, respiratory, and ophthalmic infections. Representative pathogenic genera include

775: 9802: 6351: 2513: 8936: 5835:"Pharmacodynamics of doxycycline and tetracycline against Staphylococcus pseudintermedius: proposal of canine-specific breakpoints for doxycycline" 4750: 4721:"Comparison of doxycycline-streptomycin, doxycycline-rifampin, and ofloxacin-rifampin in the treatment of brucellosis: a randomized clinical trial" 4689: 1741:, doxycyclin appears to be a promising combination capable of disrupting transthyretine TTR fibrils in existing amyloid deposits of ATTR patients. 7103:"Efficacy of Subantimicrobial, Modified-Release Doxycycline Compared to Regular-Release Doxycycline for the Treatment of Hidradenitis Suppurativa" 5211: 2320:

Some studies show doxycycline as a potential agent to possess anti-inflammatory properties acting by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines such as

2489:(PD). Therefore, the regeneration of the axonal and synaptic network might be beneficial in PD. It has been demonstrated that doxycycline mimics 2212:

revolutionized the treatment of bacterial infections in World War II, many chemical companies moved into the field of discovering antibiotics by

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Gossen M, Freundlieb S, Bender G, Müller G, Hillen W, Bujard H (June 1995). "Transcriptional activation by tetracyclines in mammalian cells".

4636: 4516: 3312: 132: 7847:"Repurposing tetracyclines for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and severe COVID-19: a critical discussion of recent publications" 4458:"45 years of tetracycline post exposure prophylaxis for STIs and the risk of tetracycline resistance: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 10367: 10097: 6898:"Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors as Investigational and Therapeutic Tools in Unrestrained Tissue Remodeling and Pathological Disorders" 2402:, contribute more to its therapeutic effectiveness against these skin conditions. Subantimicrobial-dose doxycycline (SDD) can still have a 731: 3338: 3160:

Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv für Klinische und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie

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When bacteriologic testing indicates appropriate susceptibility to the drug, doxycycline may be used to treat these infections caused by

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proteins. Axonal degeneration and synaptic loss are key events at the early stages of neurodegeneration and precede neuronal death in

8656: 7385:"Effect of doxycycline on the generation of reactive oxygen species: a possible mechanism of action of acne therapy with doxycycline" 3236:

Walker DH, Paddock CD, Dumler JS (November 2008). "Emerging and re-emerging tick-transmitted rickettsial and ehrlichial infections".

2638: 6303: 10027: 3903: 3446:"Comparison of cefuroxime axetil and doxycycline in treatment of patients with early Lyme disease associated with erythema migrans" 3371: 8422:"Development strategy of novel drug formulations for the delivery of doxycycline in the treatment of wounds of various etiologies" 8928: 6373: 3948: 3604:

Karlsson U, Bjöersdorff A, Massung RF, Christensson B (2001). "Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis--a clinical case in Scandinavia".

7747:"Doxycycline aggravates granulomatous inflammation and lung microstructural remodeling induced by Schistosoma mansoni infection" 6020: 5327: 4772: 4666: 10276: 7553:"Immunomodulatory Effect of Doxycycline Ameliorates Systemic and Pulmonary Inflammation in a Murine Polymicrobial Sepsis Model" 2379:

to mitigate these downstream inflammatory cascades, thereby reducing inflammation and the symptoms of inflammatory conditions.

10268: 6653:"Effects of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor doxycycline and CD147 antagonist peptide-9 on gallbladder carcinoma cell lines" 6518: 10955: 10234: 9795: 9746: 6921: 6635: 6076: 5971: 5814: 5420: 5123: 4967: 4802: 2978: 2954: 2886: 2859: 2832: 2694: 2375:(MMP7), by interacting with the structural zinc atom and/or calcium atoms within the structural metal center of the protein. 1847:(photosensitivity not specified) when compared with other antimalarials. The rash resolves upon discontinuation of the drug. 877: 6403:

Leung E, Landa G (September 2013). "Update on current and future novel therapies for dry age-related macular degeneration".

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exact mechanisms have yet to be fully discovered. One probable mechanism is doxycycline's ability to decrease the amount of

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The combination of doxycycline with dairy, antacids, calcium supplements, iron products, laxatives containing magnesium, or

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Henehan M, Montuno M, De Benedetto A (November 2017). "Doxycycline as an anti-inflammatory agent: updates in dermatology".

4434: 2590:. Doxycycline is more stable than tetracycline for this purpose. At subantimicrobial doses, doxycycline is an inhibitor of 6446:

Greenwald RA (December 2011). "The road forward: the scientific basis for tetracycline treatment of arthritic disorders".

6255: 6702:"Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, doxycycline and progression of calcific aortic valve disease in hyperlipidemic mice" 5554:"Doxycycline for malaria chemoprophylaxis and treatment: report from the CDC expert meeting on malaria chemoprophylaxis" 4009: 430:)-4-(Dimethylamino)-3,5,10,12,12a-pentahydroxy-6-methyl-1,11-dioxo-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydrotetracene-2-carboxamide 11041: 11036: 8086:"Association between depression and antibiotic use: analysis of population-based National Health Insurance claims data" 7101:

Kontochristopoulos G, Tsiogka A, Agiasofitou E, Kapsiocha A, Soulaidopoulos S, Liakou AI, et al. (November 2022).

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Mylonas I (January 2011). "Antibiotic chemotherapy during pregnancy and lactation period: aspects for consideration".

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van Zuuren EJ, Fedorowicz Z, Carter B, van der Linden MM, Charland L, et al. (Cochrane Skin Group) (April 2015).

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is through wound dressings, which have evolved from mono- to three-layered systems to maximize healing effectiveness.

11046: 10598: 6813:"Mechanism of inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression by doxycycline in human aortic smooth muscle cells" 6036: 5215: 751: 105: 2245:

As its patent grew near to expiring in the early 1970s, the patent became the subject of lawsuit between Pfizer and

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Parish LC, Parish JL, Routh HB, Witkowski JA (2005). "The treatment of acne vulgaris with low dosage doxycycline".

5931: 2465:, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. In this context, it is important to note that doxycycline is able to cross the 1660: 8463:"Tetracyclines Disturb Mitochondrial Function across Eukaryotic Models: A Call for Caution in Biomedical Research" 7796:"Tetracyclines Diminish In Vitro IFN-γ and IL-17-Producing Adaptive and Innate Immune Cells in Multiple Sclerosis" 3884:"Diagnosis and management of Q fever--United States, 2013: recommendations from CDC and the Q Fever Working Group" 3495:"Prophylaxis with single-dose doxycycline for the prevention of Lyme disease after an Ixodes scapularis tick bite" 2348:(NF-κB) pathway, which is responsible for upregulating several inflammatory mediators in various cells, including 1473:

Subantimicrobial-dose doxycycline (SDD) is widely used as an adjunctive treatment to scaling and root planing for

11021: 1834: 1830: 398: 278: 164: 6143: 4203:

Garner SE, Eady A, Bennett C, Newton JN, Thomas K, Popescu CM, et al. (Cochrane Skin Group) (August 2012).

4071: 3833:"Doxycycline vs azithromycin in patients with scrub typhus: a systematic review of literature and meta-analysis" 10827: 8180: 6209: 6187: 2255: 6618:

Lagente V, Victoni T, Boichot E (2011). "Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors as New Anti-inflammatory Drugs".

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Archer JS, Archer DF (June 2002). "Oral contraceptive efficacy and antibiotic interaction: a myth debunked".

5503:"Doxycycline and Tigecycline: Two Friendly Drugs with a Low Association with Clostridium Difficile Infection" 3814: 3723: 5241:

Chung AM, Reed MD, Blumer JL (2002). "Antibiotics and breast-feeding: a critical review of the literature".

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is not inherently dangerous, but any of these foods and supplements may decrease absorption of doxycycline.

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Doxycycline is available worldwide under many brand names. Doxycycline is available as a generic medicine.

1793: 1274: 1048: 1038: 643: 524: 7602:"Unveiling the Osteogenic Potential of Tetracyclines: A Comparative Study in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells" 6343: 5466:

Affolter K, Samowitz W, Boynton K, Kelly ED (August 2017). "Doxycycline-induced gastrointestinal injury".

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Berman B, Perez OA, Zell D (January 2007). "Update on rosacea and anti-inflammatory-dose doxycycline".

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de Witte LD, Munk Laursen T, Corcoran CM, Kahn RS, Birnbaum R, Munk-Olsen T, et al. (July 2023).

5199:(in German). Vienna: Österreichischer Apothekerverlag. Doxycyclin Genericon 200 mg lösliche Tabletten. 10671: 9695: 6028: 5966:(in German). Vol. 4 (24 ed.). Eschborn, Germany: Govi Pharmazeutischer Verlag. Doxycyclin. 2914: 2595: 2502: 2498: 2482: 1861:, patients who were prescribed doxycycline for their acne had a 2.25-fold greater risk of developing 1797: 1781: 1738: 1734: 1585: 1111: 953: 884:. In 2022, it was the 68th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 9 796: 8512:"Tetracycline antibiotics impair mitochondrial function and its experimental use confounds research" 6955:

Eichenfield DZ, Sprague J, Eichenfield LF (November 2021). "Management of Acne Vulgaris: A Review".

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be made. This stops bacterial growth giving the immune system time to kill and remove the bacteria.

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Unlike some other members of the tetracycline group, it may be used in those with renal impairment.

9214: 8763: 6021:"Principles and methods for the assessment of nephrotoxicity associated with exposure to chemicals" 4720: 4628: 4508: 2547: 2424: 2360: 2333: 2017: 1981: 1821: 1692: 1629:. Field trials in 2005 showed an eight-week course of doxycycline almost eliminates the release of 1341: 1322: 1093: 1085: 913: 803: 620: 8958: 6158:"Nationwide Shortage of Doxycycline: Resources for Providers and Recommendations for Patient Care" 4337:

Cao H, Yang G, Wang Y, Liu JP, Smith CA, Luo H, et al. (Cochrane Skin Group) (January 2015).

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Santos M, Gonçalves-Santos E, Gonçalves R, Santos E, Campos C, Bastos D, et al. (May 2021).

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Zaenglein AL, Pathy AL, Schlosser BJ, Alikhan A, Baldwin HE, Berson DS, et al. (May 2016).

5605: 5149:"Emerging therapies in transthyretin amyloidosis – a new wave of hope after years of stagnancy?" 4834:"Tetracyclines specifically target the apicoplast of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum" 4085:

Taylor-Salmon E, Shapiro ED (April 2024). "Tick-borne infections in children in North America".

2367:(ECM) and thus are suggested to be important in the process of several diseases associated with 1900:. It works by preventing bacteria from reproducing through the inhibition of protein synthesis. 1824:

antibiotic group. Doxycycline can cause gastrointestinal upset. Oral doxycycline can cause pill

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Paldino E, Balducci C, La Vitola P, Artioli L, D'Angelo V, Giampà C, et al. (April 2020).

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Florou DT, Mavropoulos A, Dardiotis E, Tsimourtou V, Siokas V, Aloizou AM, et al. (2021).

7228:"Doxycycline, an Antibiotic or an Anti-Inflammatory Agent? The Most Common Uses in Dermatology" 5769: 4719:

Hashemi SH, Gachkar L, Keramat F, Mamani M, Hajilooi M, Janbakhsh A, et al. (April 2012).

3444:

Luger SW, Paparone P, Wormser GP, Nadelman RB, Grunwaldt E, Gomez G, et al. (March 1995).

3345: 3331: 2594:, and has been used in various experimental systems for this purpose, such as for recalcitrant 2591: 2486: 2345: 2043: 1874: 1718: 1426: 1419: 1332: 1317: 1311: 1306: 1279: 1239: 1223: 1116: 1015: 347: 8219:

Butler CC, Yu LM, Dorward J, Gbinigie O, Hayward G, Saville BR, et al. (September 2021).

4629:"Guidelines for the Use of Doxycycline Post-Exposure Prophylaxis for Bacterial STI Prevention" 3882:

Anderson A, Bijlmer H, Fournier PE, Graves S, Hartzell J, Kersh GJ, et al. (March 2013).

2876: 2849: 2822: 2307: 573: 513: 10816: 10134: 9985: 9981: 5078: 2944: 2267: 2079: 1753: 1680: 1626: 1590: 1546: 1506: 1354: 1098: 1078: 997: 979: 5604:

Dréno B, Bettoli V, Ochsendorf F, Layton A, Mobacken H, Degreef H (November–December 2004).

3917:

Biggs HM, Behravesh CB, Bradley KK, Dahlgren FS, Drexler NA, Dumler JS, et al. (2016).

3493:

Nadelman RB, Nowakowski J, Fish D, Falco RC, Freeman K, McKenna D, et al. (July 2001).

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Sharma S, Bhatt P, Asdaq S, Alshammari M, Alanazi A, Alrasheedi N, et al. (May 2022).

6713: 5359:"The end of a dogma: the safety of doxycycline use in young children for malaria treatment" 2785: 2730: 2634: 2443: 2403: 2364: 2359:

A potential explanation of doxycycline's anti-inflammatory properties is its inhibition of

2296: 2290: 2286:

Research areas on the application of doxycycline include the following medical conditions:

1985: 1921: 1897: 1486: 1444: 1128: 991: 533: 367: 142: 1381: 8: 10937: 10303: 10035: 10016: 9966: 9921: 9033: 8461:

Moullan N, Mouchiroud L, Wang X, Ryu D, Williams EG, Mottis A, et al. (March 2015).

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Doxycycline is also studied for its neuroprotective properties which are associated with

2451: 2439: 1958: 1809: 1714: 1326: 1198: 1169: 1140: 985: 847: 823: 448: 439: 231: 227: 8575: 7994:"Neuroprotective Effects of Doxycycline in the R6/2 Mouse Model of Huntington's Disease" 7920: 7895: 7628: 7601: 7352: 7325: 7301: 7276: 6717: 6700:

Jung JJ, Razavian M, Kim HY, Ye Y, Golestani R, Toczek J, et al. (September 2016).

4564: 4539: 4484: 4457: 3859: 3832: 2789: 2734: 647: 624: 473: 10909: 10716: 10498: 10401: 9958: 9840: 8536: 8511: 8487: 8462: 8394: 8367: 8343: 8318: 8294: 8269: 8245: 8220: 8161: 8112: 8085: 8066: 8018: 7993: 7974: 7871: 7846: 7822: 7795: 7776: 7722: 7695: 7676: 7577: 7552: 7498: 7414: 7365: 7326:"From Breakouts to Bargains: Strategies for Patient-Centered, Cost-effective Acne Care" 7257: 7127: 7102: 7016: 6999: 6980: 6932: 6897: 6878: 6788: 6763: 6734: 6701: 6682: 6565: 6510: 6428: 6381: 6275: 5859: 5834: 5707: 5664: 5578: 5553: 5529: 5502: 5385: 5358: 5309: 5266: 5053: 5009: 4936: 4909: 4858: 4833: 4363: 4338: 4314: 4289: 4229: 4204: 4185: 4138: 3629: 3559: 3426: 3276:

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3183: 3140: 3086: 2754: 1862: 1668: 1407: 1395: 1373: 1009: 194: 8618: 8236: 7896:"A Sex-Dependent Association Between Doxycycline Use and Development of Schizophrenia" 7529: 6829: 6812: 6498: 5783: 5328:"Bioterrorism and Drug Preparedness - Doxycycline Use by Pregnant and Lactating Women" 5041: 3918: 3470: 3445: 3039: 1904:

half-life, and it is also prevented from accumulating in the kidneys of patients with

10447: 10383: 10002: 9675: 9671: 9240: 8843: 8788: 8753: 8622: 8587: 8541: 8492: 8443: 8399: 8348: 8299: 8250: 8165: 8153: 8117: 8070: 8058: 8023: 7966: 7925: 7876: 7827: 7780: 7768: 7727: 7680: 7668: 7633: 7582: 7533: 7490: 7455: 7406: 7369: 7357: 7306: 7261: 7249: 7208: 7204: 7173: 7132: 7083: 7048: 7021: 6984: 6972: 6937: 6917: 6870: 6834: 6793: 6739: 6686: 6674: 6631: 6600: 6557: 6514: 6502: 6463: 6420: 6194: 6072: 6050: 6042: 6032: 5967: 5905: 5884:"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the tetracyclines including glycylcyclines" 5864: 5810: 5787: 5742: 5699: 5656: 5620: 5583: 5534: 5483: 5448: 5416: 5390: 5301: 5258: 5254: 5170: 5129: 5119: 5045: 5001: 4963: 4941: 4863: 4742: 4690:"Sexually transmitted infections in San Francisco have fallen since doxyPEP roll-out" 4658: 4610: 4569: 4489: 4409: 4368: 4319: 4270: 4234: 4177: 4142: 4106: 4049: 3975: 3940: 3895: 3864: 3633: 3621: 3586: 3551: 3516: 3475: 3418: 3293: 3253: 3218: 3175: 3123:

Holmes NE, Charles PG (5 January 2009). "Safety and Efficacy Review of Doxycycline".

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activated by doxycycline) and "tet-off" (gene expression inactivated by doxycycline)

2368: 2353: 2221: 2217: 2085: 2037: 1096:, and uncomplicated urethral, endocervical, or rectal infections in adults caused by 866: 319: 306: 156: 8641: 8334: 7978: 7502: 7418: 6882: 6569: 6432: 5711: 5313: 5079:"Doxycycline hyclate Susceptibility and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Data" 5057: 5013: 4189: 3998: 3563: 3430: 3187: 3144: 3090: 2758: 876:

Doxycycline was patented in 1957 and came into commercial use in 1967. It is on the

10505: 10484: 9723: 9667: 9295: 8833: 8768: 8716: 8614: 8579: 8531: 8523: 8482: 8474: 8433: 8389: 8379: 8338: 8330: 8289: 8281: 8240: 8232: 8189: 8145: 8107: 8097: 8050: 8013: 8005: 7956: 7915: 7907: 7866: 7858: 7817: 7807: 7758: 7717: 7707: 7660: 7623: 7613: 7572: 7564: 7525: 7516:

Ahuja TS (August 2003). "Doxycycline decreases proteinuria in glomerulonephritis".

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Riond JL, Riviere JE (October 1988). "Pharmacology and toxicology of doxycycline".

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recommends the use of doxycycline for treatment of Q fever and also for tick-borne

1621:, making the nematodes sterile, and thus reducing transmission of diseases such as 1231: 881: 660: 329: 261: 251: 57: 8983: 8527: 7862: 6596: 6482: 6111:"Pfizer, Inc. v. International Rectifier Corp., 545 F. Supp. 486 (C.D. Cal. 1980)" 5479: 2970: 2024:

are yellow, crystalline powders with a bitter taste. The latter smells faintly of

1873:

Previously, doxycycline was believed to impair the effectiveness of many types of

11005: 10873: 10119: 10063: 9714: 9709: 9421: 9290: 9285: 8706: 8510:

Chatzispyrou IA, Held NM, Mouchiroud L, Auwerx J, Houtkooper RH (November 2015).

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binding rate of about 80–90%. Doxycycline penetrates into almost all tissues and

1934: 1878: 1149: 1123: 1021: 357: 337: 8979: 8975: 8971: 8967: 6779: 6627: 4430: 3511: 3494: 3414: 1044:

Specifically, doxycycline is indicated for treatment of the following diseases:

10966: 10625: 10476: 10307: 10245: 10173: 10142: 10071: 10039: 9970: 9929: 9906: 9871: 9757: 9574: 9504: 9489: 9250: 9135: 9123: 9001: 8858: 8853: 8738: 8672: 8438: 8421: 8319:"Multi-drug Treatment for COVID-19-induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome" 8285: 8193: 8102: 8054: 8009: 7961: 7944: 7568: 7450: 7433: 6459: 5569: 5519: 4832:

Dahl EL, Shock JL, Shenai BR, Gut J, DeRisi JL, Rosenthal PJ (September 2006).

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Martin V, Bettencourt AF, Santos C, Fernandes MH, Gomes PS (September 2023).

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Wehrli JM, Xia Y, Offenhammer B, Kleim B, Müller D, Bach DR (February 2023).

6669: 6652: 6165: 6046: 5991: 5133: 4540:"Doxycycline Prophylaxis to Prevent Sexually Transmitted Infections in Women" 4005: 3979: 2508:

After a large-scale trial showed no benefit of using doxycycline in treating

2325: 2321: 2234: 2186: 1989: 1954: 1769: 1710: 1647: 1630: 1478: 1474: 1439: 1431: 1259: 1192: 933: 896: 819: 636: 8583: 7275:

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5738: 4266: 3533: 1953:, liver, kidneys, lung, breast milk, bone and genitals; low ones in saliva, 22: 10927: 10913: 10762: 10742: 10575: 10561: 10438: 10414: 10372: 10348: 10311: 10201: 10191: 10111: 10101: 9933: 9910: 9861: 9822: 9703: 9699: 9627: 9564: 9534: 9499: 9469: 9305: 9280: 9265: 9255: 9245: 9219: 9160: 9108: 9055: 9028: 9018: 8838: 8823: 8758: 8676: 8626: 8545: 8496: 8447: 8403: 8352: 8303: 8254: 8157: 8121: 8062: 8027: 7970: 7929: 7880: 7831: 7772: 7731: 7712: 7672: 7637: 7586: 7537: 7494: 7459: 7361: 7310: 7253: 7212: 7177: 7136: 7087: 7052: 7025: 6976: 6941: 6874: 6866: 6838: 6797: 6743: 6678: 6604: 6561: 6506: 6467: 6424: 5909: 5868: 5791: 5746: 5703: 5660: 5624: 5587: 5538: 5487: 5394: 5305: 5262: 5174: 5049: 5005: 4945: 4881:

Holmes NE, Charles PG (2009). "Safety and Efficacy Review of Doxycycline".

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World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019

2807: 2750: 2587: 2567: 2470: 2238: 2154: 1938: 1843: 1773: 1529: 1512:

Appropriate use of doxycycline for PEP is supported by guidelines from the

1210: 1186: 1056: 1034: 1030: 917: 827: 256: 246: 8591: 7618: 7410: 7154: 5501:

Hung YP, Lee JC, Lin HJ, Liu HC, Wu YH, Tsai PJ, et al. (June 2015).

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In Canada, in 2004, doxycycline was considered a first-line treatment for

10881: 10791: 10767: 10752: 10701: 10650: 10611: 10519: 10493: 10488: 10419: 10342: 10331: 10215: 10182: 10146: 10089: 10006: 9996: 9992: 9889: 9885: 9875: 9689: 9635: 9612: 9539: 9524: 9519: 9436: 9323: 9300: 9275: 9270: 9260: 9079: 9050: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8828: 8808: 8793: 8688: 8384: 7945:"The Neuroprotective Effect of Doxycycline on Neurodegenerative Diseases" 7693: 7225: 5900: 5883: 5850: 5695: 4849: 4045: 3461: 3313:"Doxycycline:" New" treatment of choice for genital chlamydia infections" 3082: 2949:(12th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 79. 2458: 2363:(MMPs), which are a group of proteases known to regulate the turnover of 2300: 1966: 1950: 1825: 1525: 1499: 1453: 1414: 1176: 1105: 1003: 941: 921: 904: 851: 150: 7342: 6224:"FDA reports shortage of doxycycline antibiotic. What are your options?" 5923: 4405: 4287: 2926: 2721:

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and inflammation. Doxycycline has been shown to inhibit MMPs, including

493: 30: 10804: 10732: 10711: 10696: 10589: 10535: 10509: 10424: 10154: 10123: 10107: 10079: 9943: 9939: 9810: 9685: 9645: 9640: 9589: 9569: 9554: 9529: 9484: 9479: 9413: 9384: 9364: 9184: 9179: 9170: 9165: 9150: 9145: 9093: 9045: 8959: 8917: 8803: 8783: 8730: 7942: 7277:"Scientometric analysis of trends in global research on acne treatment" 7226:

Navarro-Triviño FJ, Pérez-López I, Ruiz-Villaverde R (September 2020).

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Wang S, Liu C, Liu X, He Y, Shen D, Luo Q, et al. (October 2017).

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The substance is almost completely absorbed from the upper part of the

1812:

diseases in young children and others advocate for its use in malaria.

1801: 1722: 1655: 1651: 1562: 1533: 1382:

Specific applications of doxycycline when penicillin is contraindicated

1292: 1203: 1069: 870: 799: 693: 504: 7664: 7650: 7118: 6725: 6553: 5652: 5203: 5165: 5148: 4894: 4067: 3603: 3136: 2501:. While there is some research on the use of doxycycline for treating 1482:

tapering or treatment with a lower dose over a longer period of time.

1386:

When penicillin is contraindicated, doxycycline can be used to treat:

39: 10757: 10706: 10655: 10630: 10619: 10545: 10514: 10320: 10054: 9867: 9857: 9514: 9474: 9461: 9394: 9389: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9200: 9155: 9118: 9113: 9084: 9074: 9064: 8893: 8813: 8726: 8696: 7744: 2583: 2462: 1980:. About 40% are eliminated via the kidneys, much less in people with 1780:

are contraindications, as both tetracyclines and retinoids can cause

1643: 1618: 1612: 1607: 1603: 1566: 1493: 1156: 1135: 1019:, have shown resistance to doxycycline. It is also effective against 961: 949: 925: 815: 811: 459: 380: 136: 7943:

Santa-Cecília FV, Leite CA, Del-Bel E, Raisman-Vozari R (May 2019).

7793: 6013: 5413:

Top 100 drugs : clinical pharmacology and practical prescribing

2228:

of antibiotics. Shortly thereafter, scientists at Pfizer discovered

1663:

susceptibility data for a few medically significant microorganisms.

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Liu J, Xiong W, Baca-Regen L, Nagase H, Baxter BT (December 2003).

2571: 2509: 2337: 2303:(both of which have demonstrated modest efficacy for this disease). 2082: 2005: 1962: 1777: 1615: 1390: 1251: 1181: 1089: 957: 858: 839: 807: 553: 484: 178: 5833:

Maaland MG, Papich MG, Turnidge J, Guardabassi L (November 2013).

5606:"European recommendations on the use of oral antibiotics for acne" 4803:"Malaria - Chapter 3 - 2018 Yellow Book | Travelers' Health | CDC" 3972:"Use doxycycline as first-line treatment for rickettsial diseases" 3831:

Gupta N, Boodman C, Jouego CG, Van Den Broucke S (December 2023).

2220:

was one of these, and in the late 1940s chemists there discovered

1581:

but creates conditions that prevent their growth and replication.

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Orylska-Ratynska M, Placek W, Owczarczyk-Saczonek A (June 2022).

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CN(C)3C(\O)=C(\C(N)=O)C(=O)4(O)C(/O)=C2/C(=O)c1c(cccc1O)(C)2(O)34

8509: 7893: 7696:"Tetracyclines-An Important Therapeutic Tool for Dermatologists" 7599: 6097:

Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics

5832: 4621: 1749:

Doxycycline can be administered via oral or intravenous routes.

9681: 8685: 8365: 7991: 5356: 3157: 3001:"Doxycycline Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2022" 2349: 1052: 835: 584: 10789: 7845:

Garrido-Mesa J, Adams K, Galvez J, Garrido-Mesa N (May 2022).

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Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology

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Doxycycline may also be used as adjunctive therapy for severe

1300: 1217: 912:

In addition to the general indications for all members of the

93: 6954: 6150: 5410: 4159: 3916: 3881: 2447: 2352:; therefore, it is studied as a potential agent for treating 2259: 1909: 1820:

Adverse effects are similar to those of other members of the

861:, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and an increased risk of 707: 564: 8561: 7274: 6344:"Doxycycline Hyclate Prices and Doxycycline Hyclate Coupons" 5681: 5603: 5465: 5357:

Gaillard T, Briolant S, Madamet M, Pradines B (April 2017).

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experimental results. Doxycycline is also used in "tet-on" (

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Flower R, Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM, Henderson G (2012).

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penetrates significantly better into the CSF and meninges.

1853:

Doxycycline use has been associated with increased risk of

1467: 1402: 544: 84: 8419: 8267: 7550: 7038: 6539: 6216: 5026: 4123: 66: 9341: 8992: 6851: 6761: 2913: 1544:

Doxycycline is active against the erythrocytic stages of

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modified these compounds, which led to the invention of

1733:

Doxycycline has found off-label use in the treatment of

1532:

and the second-line is a combination of doxycycline and

8420:

Saliy O, Popova M, Tarasenko H, Getalo O (April 2024).

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Akamatsu H, Asada M, Komura J, Asada Y, Niwa Y (1992).

4907: 4202: 2814: 2469:. Several studies have shown that doxycycline inhibits 2033: 1485:

Doxycycline is used as an adjunctive therapy for acute

1309:

have developed resistance to doxycycline. Up to 44% of

878:

World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines

8366:

Dorobisz K, Dorobisz T, Janczak D, Zatoński T (2021).

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Patel A, Khande H, Periasamy H, Mokale S (June 2020).

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Tan KR, Magill AJ, Parise ME, Arguin PM (April 2011).

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or following intravenous treatment of severe malaria.

1500:

As prophylaxis against sexually transmitted infections

1492:

Doxycycline is also used as an adjunctive therapy for

10989: 8671: 8368:"Doxycycline in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Therapy" 7000:"Oral Antibiotic Treatment Options for Acne Vulgaris" 6617: 5558:

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

5551: 5146: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 2881:. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. p. 406. 2878:

Drug discovery practices, processes, and perspectives

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impairing metabolism and leading to effects that can

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Doxycycline, like other tetracycline antibiotics, is

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Hitchings A, Lonsdale D, Burrage D, Baker E (2015).

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Weinstein RS (November 1996). "Human ehrlichiosis".

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Stoddard RA, Galloway RL, Guerra MA (10 July 2015).

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Tetracycline antibiotics § Mechanism of action

78: 8181:"Platform trial rules out treatments for COVID-19" 8179: 6296:"Hikma hits the jackpot with doxycycline shortage" 5147:Müller M, Butler J, Heidecker B (7 January 2020). 4831: 4431:"Doxycycline Dosage Guide + Max Dose, Adjustments" 3733: 3640: 2580:tetracycline-controlled transcriptional activation 2564:tetracycline-controlled transcriptional activation 2070: 6699: 6066: 5406: 5404: 4587:Cornelisse VJ, Riley B, Medland NA (April 2024). 2514:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence 11013: 8415: 8413: 7150: 7148: 7146: 6757: 6755: 6753: 6480: 6130: 6128: 2938: 2936: 472: 8557: 8555: 7323: 7066:Stein Gold LF (June 2016). "Acne: What's New". 6582: 5916: 5828: 5826: 5599: 5597: 5240: 4681: 4386: 4384: 4382: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3060: 2847: 916:group, doxycycline is frequently used to treat 447: 6262: 5727:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 5434: 5432: 5401: 4336: 3970:Schutze GE, Regan J, Bradley J (1 July 2010). 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2473:neurodegeneration through the upregulation of 806:used in the treatment of infections caused by 11052:World Health Organization essential medicines 10284: 9796: 8944: 8657: 8598: 8503: 8454: 8410: 8359: 8310: 8261: 8212: 8128: 8077: 8034: 7985: 7936: 7887: 7838: 7787: 7738: 7687: 7644: 7593: 7544: 7509: 7466: 7425: 7317: 7268: 7219: 7184: 7143: 7094: 7059: 7032: 6991: 6948: 6889: 6845: 6804: 6750: 6693: 6644: 6620:Proteases and Their Receptors in Inflammation 6611: 6576: 6533: 6474: 6439: 6396: 6206:American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 6184:American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 6125: 6095:Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollmann BC (eds.). 6090: 6088: 6062: 6060: 5881: 5500: 5209: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5067: 4880: 4765: 3363: 3122: 3063:Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 3028:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2933: 2653: 1965:. By comparison, the tetracycline antibiotic 1636: 1514:US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 8552: 7376: 6650: 6374:"International availability for doxycycline" 6287: 6238: 5985: 5983: 5875: 5823: 5759: 5753: 5724: 5718: 5675: 5631: 5594: 5545: 5494: 5459: 5438: 5350: 5277: 5234: 5118:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders. 5107: 5020: 4976: 4901: 4825: 4725:International Journal of Infectious Diseases 4712: 4580: 4531: 4449: 4425: 4423: 4379: 4330: 4281: 4245: 4196: 4153: 4117: 4078: 4024: 3974:. AAP News. American Academy of Pediatrics. 3963: 3910: 3875: 3824: 3597: 3486: 3264: 3229: 3151: 2667:. Public Health Scotland. Chemoprophylaxis. 1949:. Very high concentrations are found in the 1713:in slow-flow vascular malformations, namely 1461: 182: 5798: 5429: 5415:. Churchill Livingstone. pp. 200–201. 5140: 4874: 4500: 4343:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4339:"Complementary therapies for acne vulgaris" 4294:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4209:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3606:Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 3570: 3527: 3437: 3394: 3304: 3194: 3097: 3018: 2841: 2765: 2709: 1937:. It reaches highest concentrations in the 1744: 1321:specimens have developed resistance to the 1301:Gram-positive bacteria specific indications 1218:Gram-negative bacteria specific indications 10291: 10277: 9803: 9789: 9412: 8951: 8937: 8664: 8650: 8083: 7065: 6402: 6366: 6103: 6085: 6057: 5113: 5064: 4687: 3054: 2723:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2720: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2550:of antibiotics are often used as research 2315: 1787: 1352:skin and soft tissue infections caused by 1029:), and is prescribed for the treatment of 646: 623: 512: 8535: 8486: 8437: 8393: 8383: 8342: 8293: 8244: 8111: 8101: 8017: 7960: 7919: 7870: 7821: 7811: 7762: 7721: 7711: 7627: 7617: 7576: 7449: 7400: 7351: 7341: 7300: 7243: 7126: 7015: 6931: 6895: 6828: 6787: 6733: 6668: 6445: 6268: 6004: 5980: 5899: 5888:The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 5858: 5773: 5577: 5528: 5518: 5384: 5374: 5194: 5164: 4935: 4925: 4857: 4736: 4604: 4563: 4483: 4473: 4420: 4362: 4313: 4228: 3934: 3858: 3848: 3576: 3510: 3469: 2868: 2797: 1561:Doxycycline blocks protein production in 532: 7190: 6069:Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry 5684:The American Journal of Gastroenterology 5320: 3275: 2942: 2771: 2306: 903: 900:Generic 100 mg doxycycline capsules 895: 8084:Lee JW, Lee H, Kang HY (October 2021). 6997: 6336: 6067:Williams DA, Foye WO, Lemke TL (2008). 5962:Dinnendahl, V, Fricke, U, eds. (2010). 5283: 4960:Guidelines for the treatment of malaria 4537: 2608: 2258:(which ceased production in May 2013), 1800:in pregnancy. Doxycycline crosses into 1659:, and others. The following represents 1611:bacteria in the reproductive tracts of 1339:upper respiratory infections caused by 1076:respiratory tract infections caused by 619: 492: 155: 11014: 7324:Shields A, Barbieri JS (August 2023). 6405:Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology 6293: 4506: 3310: 2907: 2854:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 489. 2641:from the original on 23 September 2015 2273: 2078: −110° cm/dm·g in 0.01 2011: 1941:after one to two hours and has a high 1915: 972: 637: 300: 10272: 9784: 8932: 8645: 7515: 5990: 5934:from the original on 10 November 2008 5286:Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 5190: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5116:Vascular and interventional radiology 5095:from the original on 24 February 2015 4838:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 4663:Australasian Society for HIV Medicine 3450:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 3327:from the original on 2 February 2017. 2921:. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2874: 2697:from the original on 13 November 2016 2546:Doxycycline and other members of the 1908:due to the compensatory excretion in 1519: 592: 572: 313: 173: 141: 8043:Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 7472: 6521:from the original on 2 February 2024 5882:Agwuh KN, MacGowan A (August 2006). 5809:. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. 5338:from the original on 8 February 2019 4813:from the original on 3 December 2018 4437:from the original on 5 February 2024 4012:from the original on 5 February 2024 3986:from the original on 5 February 2024 3951:from the original on 28 January 2023 3804:"Doxycycline, ANDA no. 065454 Label" 3713:"Doxycycline, ANDA no. 065055 Label" 3238:The Medical Clinics of North America 2895:from the original on 14 January 2023 2691:"Choosing a Drug to Prevent Malaria" 2671:from the original on 4 December 2023 1763: 1528:is a combination of doxycycline and 260: 250: 8316: 6481:Singh S, Khanna D, Kalra S (2021). 5114:Kaufman JA, Lee MJ (22 June 2013). 4986:Medical Microbiology and Immunology 4795: 4783:from the original on 3 January 2022 4753:from the original on 28 August 2021 4509:"Using antibiotics to prevent STIs" 3906:from the original on 19 April 2014. 3499:The New England Journal of Medicine 2981:from the original on 30 August 2024 2541: 1928: 1550:but not against the gametocytes of 552: 463: 13: 6208:. 12 November 2014. Archived from 6186:. 12 December 2014. Archived from 6180:"Doxycycline Capsules and Tablets" 5181: 4700:from the original on 10 March 2024 4669:from the original on 10 March 2024 4639:from the original on 10 March 2024 4519:from the original on 10 March 2024 4139:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116215 4074:from the original on 10 June 2016. 3722:. 14 December 2012. Archived from 1961:(CSF), and especially in inflamed 1815: 1792:Doxycycline is categorized by the 14: 11063: 8637: 8607:American Journal of Ophthalmology 6499:10.2174/1874467214666210210122628 6354:from the original on 28 July 2016 6324:from the original on 4 March 2016 6230:. 4 February 2013. Archived from 5216:U.S. National Library of Medicine 5153:European Journal of Heart Failure 3923:MMWR. Recommendations and Reports 3888:MMWR. Recommendations and Reports 3811:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 3720:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 3382:from the original on 9 April 2017 1597: 287: 205: 10999: 8225:The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine 8200:from the original on 1 June 2022 7205:10.1111/j.1540-9740.2003.03014.x 5839:Journal of Clinical Microbiology 5255:10.2165/00128072-200204120-00006 3317:British Columbia Medical Journal 2743:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06354.x 2528: 1920:Doxycycline is a broad-spectrum 1728: 1704: 1661:minimum inhibitory concentration 967: 908:A package of generic doxycycline 880:. Doxycycline is available as a 677: 671: 56: 38: 29: 8335:10.4274/tjps.galenos.2021.63060 7700:Int J Environ Res Public Health 6254:. 12 March 2013. Archived from 6202:"Doxycycline Hyclate Injection" 5762:Dental Clinics of North America 5613:European Journal of Dermatology 5441:Veterinary and Human Toxicology 4883:Clinical Medicine. Therapeutics 4544:New England Journal of Medicine 4162:European Journal of Dermatology 3125:Clinical Medicine. 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Archived from 2821:Schlagenhauf-Lawlor P (2008). 2054: 2047: 683: 665: 1: 10392:trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 8619:10.1016/S0002-9394(01)00913-8 8528:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-15-1626 8237:10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00310-6 7863:10.1080/13543784.2022.2054325 7530:10.1016/s0272-6386(03)00662-0 6830:10.1016/s0741-5214(03)01022-x 6597:10.1358/dot.2007.43.1.1025697 6025:Environmental health criteria 5784:10.1016/S0011-8532(02)00017-4 5480:10.1016/j.humpath.2017.02.011 5210:PubMed Health (1 July 2016). 5042:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66591-9 4688:Highleyman L (5 March 2024). 3040:10.1016/S0002-9378(16)44537-0 2851:Analogue-based Drug Discovery 2601: 2382:Doxycycline is used to treat 2311:Tet-ON inducible shRNA system 1709:Doxycycline is also used for 1524:The first-line treatment for 1325:of antibiotics. Up to 57% of 1185:species (in conjunction with 842:. It is also used to prevent 16:Tetracycline-class antibiotic 10790:Fixed-dose (co-formulated) 8479:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.02.034 7764:10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107462 7293:10.1097/JW9.0000000000000082 6998:Baldwin H (September 2020). 6914:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.04.003 6417:10.1586/17512433.2013.829645 4099:10.1097/MOP.0000000000001326 4034:Clinical Infectious Diseases 2586:expression in organisms and 1995: 1721:, as well as post-operative 1275:respiratory tract infections 1067:, and tick fevers caused by 1055:fever and the typhus group, 1049:Rocky Mountain spotted fever 1039:Rocky Mountain spotted fever 857:Common side effects include 7: 6780:10.1523/ENEURO.0243-22.2023 6628:10.1007/978-3-0348-0157-7_5 4290:"Interventions for rosacea" 3512:10.1056/NEJM200107123450201 3415:10.7326/0003-4819-117-4-273 3403:Annals of Internal Medicine 3311:Rekart ML (December 2004). 2330:tumor necrosis factor-alpha 2281: 930:pelvic inflammatory disease 846:. Doxycycline may be taken 10: 11068: 8712:Sodium monofluorophosphate 8439:10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106636 8286:10.1016/j.jiph.2022.03.014 8194:10.3310/nihrevidence_50873 8103:10.1186/s12888-021-03550-2 8055:10.1007/s00210-023-02435-3 8010:10.1007/s12035-019-01847-8 7962:10.1007/s12640-019-00015-z 7851:Expert Opin Investig Drugs 7569:10.1007/s10753-020-01188-y 7451:10.1016/j.jaad.2015.12.037 6460:10.1016/j.phrs.2011.06.010 6294:Palmer E (13 March 2014). 5570:10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0285 5520:10.3390/antibiotics4020216 4910:"Tetracyclines in malaria" 4738:10.1016/j.ijid.2011.12.003 4475:10.1186/s12879-024-09275-3 4127:Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 3850:10.1186/s12879-023-08893-7 3618:10.1080/003655401750064130 3290:10.1007/s40266-024-01115-y 3250:10.1016/j.mcna.2008.06.002 2772:McFadden GI (March 2014). 2596:recurrent corneal erosions 2483:neurodegenerative diseases 2224:, the first member of the 2203: 2008:due to catabolic effects. 1889: 1855:inflammatory bowel disease 1637:Spectrum of susceptibility 655:Chemical and physical data 11042:Drugs developed by Pfizer 11037:Drugs developed by AbbVie 10950: 10926: 10898: 10872: 10836: 10780: 10725: 10685: 10672:sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine 10664: 10641: 10597: 10588: 10554: 10528: 10475: 10464: 10455: 10446: 10437: 10400: 10382: 10357: 10341: 10330: 10319: 10229: 10164: 10133: 10062: 10053: 10026: 9957: 9920: 9848: 9839: 9830: 9741: 9696:Quinupristin/dalfopristin 9654: 9626: 9598: 9460: 9449: 9403: 9349: 9340: 9314: 9228: 9213: 9193: 9132: 9015: 9000: 8991: 8964:inhibit protein synthesis 8886: 8852: 8725: 8684: 8150:10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114187 7813:10.3389/fimmu.2021.739186 7487:10.1007/s12019-007-8003-x 7170:10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.083 7041:Acta Dermatovenerol Croat 6896:Liu J, Khalil RA (2017). 6318:"Costco Drug Information" 6300:FiercePharmaManufacturing 6029:World Health Organization 6005:Haberfeld H, ed. 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PMPH-USA. p. 148. 2799:10.1016/j.cub.2014.01.024 2505:, the results are mixed. 2503:major depressive disorder 2361:matrix metalloproteinases 2334:matrix metalloproteinases 2071:{\displaystyle _{D}^{25}} 2016:Doxycycline, doxycycline 1782:intracranial hypertension 1739:tauroursodeoxycholic acid 1735:transthyretin amyloidosis 1586:World Health Organization 1462:Use as adjunctive therapy 1112:non-gonococcal urethritis 1025:(the infectious agent of 954:non-gonococcal urethritis 772: 747: 727: 705: 692: 659: 654: 635: 603: 583: 563: 543: 523: 503: 483: 458: 438: 394: 389: 379: 366: 356: 346: 336: 328: 277: 272: 237: 219: 193: 163: 149: 131: 121: 51: 46: 37: 28: 11047:Tetracycline antibiotics 9215:Tetracycline antibiotics 8764:Cetylpyridinium chloride 7402:10.2340/0001555572178179 7245:10.1016/j.ad.2019.12.006 7080:10.12788/j.sder.2016.036 6902:Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 6670:10.1177/1010428317718192 6663:(10): 1010428317718192. 6448:Pharmacological Research 6162:CDC Health Alert Network 5212:"Doxycycline (By mouth)" 4507:Samuel K (26 May 2023). 1982:end-stage kidney disease 1745:Routes of administration 1693:Streptococcus pneumoniae 1554:. It is used to prevent 1342:Streptococcus pneumoniae 1288:urinary tract infections 1094:inclusion conjunctivitis 1086:Lymphogranuloma venereum 914:tetracycline antibiotics 11032:Dimethylamino compounds 10823:artesunate/pyronaridine 10800:artemether/lumefantrine 9978:Pentavalent antimonials 9850:African trypanosomiasis 8584:10.1126/science.7792603 8317:Ohe M (February 2022). 7004:J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 6969:10.1001/jama.2021.17633 5992:Professional Drug Facts 5739:10.1067/mjd.2002.120448 4267:10.1902/jop.2011.110026 3203:Archives of Dermatology 2592:matrix metalloproteases 2409:reactive oxygen species 2316:Anti-inflammatory agent 2247:International Rectifier 2105:Doxycycline monohydrate 1788:Pregnancy and lactation 1719:lymphatic malformations 888:million prescriptions. 385:Mainly feces, 40% urine 11022:Anti-acne preparations 10811:artesunate/amodiaquine 8274:J Infect Public Health 7912:10.1093/schbul/sbad008 7713:10.3390/ijerph19127246 6867:10.1124/mol.104.006346 3936:10.15585/mmwr.rr6502a1 2946:Tarascon pharmacopoeia 2346:nuclear factor-kappa B 2312: 2197:practically insoluble 2181:practically insoluble 2072: 1875:hormonal contraception 1772:or concomitant use of 1754:bile acid sequestrants 1737:(ATTR). Together with 1602:Doxycycline kills the 1420:Listeria monocytogenes 1360:methicillin-resistant 1347:Diplococcus pneumoniae 1333:Gram-positive bacteria 1312:Streptococcus pyogenes 1307:Gram-positive bacteria 1286:respiratory tract and 1280:Haemophilus influenzae 1240:Enterobacter aerogenes 1224:Gram-negative bacteria 1117:Ureaplasma urealyticum 1016:Pseudomonas aeruginosa 909: 901: 814:. It is used to treat 10845:artesunate/mefloquine 10817:artesunate/mefloquine 9986:Sodium stibogluconate 9982:Meglumine antimoniate 7619:10.3390/cells12182244 7281:Int J Womens Dermatol 7107:Skin Appendage Disord 6228:Consumer Reports News 4635:. 29 September 2023. 4556:10.1056/NEJMoa2304007 4174:10.1684/ejd.2014.2309 3548:10.1212/WNL.44.7.1203 2971:"The Top 300 of 2022" 2635:"Doxycycline calcium" 2425:antibiotic resistance 2310: 2268:Hikma Pharmaceuticals 2194:practically insoluble 2178:practically insoluble 2073: 1831:Clostridium difficile 1681:Mycoplasma pneumoniae 1547:Plasmodium falciparum 1507:Neisseria gonorrhoeae 1451:infections caused by 1362:Staphylococcus aureus 1355:Staphylococcus aureus 1099:Chlamydia trachomatis 1079:Mycoplasma pneumoniae 998:Mycoplasma pneumoniae 980:Moraxella catarrhalis 907: 899: 852:injection into a vein 10857:quinine/tetracycline 10529:4-Methanolquinolines 10304:antiprotozoal agents 9896:naphthalenesulfonate 9405:Peptidyl transferase 8899:Acetylsalicylic acid 8744:Benzoxonium chloride 8385:10.2147/TCRM.S314923 8372:Ther Clin Risk Manag 7068:Semin Cutan Med Surg 6283:on 23 February 2017. 6258:on 31 December 2014. 6168:on 15 February 2015. 6121:on 24 February 2015. 5851:10.1128/JCM.01498-13 5696:10.1038/ajg.2010.303 4850:10.1128/AAC.00394-06 4394:J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 4070:. 21 December 2018. 3462:10.1128/AAC.39.3.661 2943:Hamilton RJ (2011). 2444:rheumatoid arthritis 2365:extracellular matrix 2297:rheumatoid arthritis 2291:macular degeneration 2108:Doxycycline hyclate 2044: 1986:biological half-life 1487:intestinal amebiasis 1445:Actinomyces israelii 1271:species) infections, 1245:Aerobacter aerogenes 1129:Borrelia recurrentis 992:Chlamydia pneumoniae 824:chlamydia infections 11027:Antimalarial agents 10854:quinine/doxycycline 10851:quinine/clindamycin 10839:(not co-formulated) 9034:Dihydrostreptomycin 8576:1995Sci...268.1766G 7751:Int Immunopharmacol 7343:10.12788/cutis.0844 7074:(6 Suppl): S114–6. 6718:2016NatSR...632659J 5964:Arzneistoff-Profile 5334:. 3 November 2018. 5222:on 11 November 2013 5159:(1). Wiley: 39–53. 4779:. 23 October 2020. 4406:10.1111/ddg.15290_g 4008:. 26 October 2023. 3820:on 19 October 2013. 2790:2014CBio...24.R262M 2735:2011NYASA1241...17N 2493:(NGF) signaling in 2491:nerve growth factor 2487:Parkinson's disease 2467:blood–brain barrier 2274:Society and culture 2157:hydroxyde solutions 2095: 2067: 2012:Chemical properties 1959:cerebrospinal fluid 1916:Mechanism of action 1859:retrospective study 1427:Vincent's infection 1255:species infections, 1199:granuloma inguinale 1170:campylobacter fetus 1141:Haemophilus ducreyi 986:Brucella melitensis 973:General indications 816:bacterial pneumonia 309:(Prescription only) 296:(Prescription only) 25: 10977:Never to phase III 10837:Other combinations 10717:dihydroartemisinin 10499:hydroxychloroquine 10256:Never to phase III 9768:Never to phase III 7438:J Am Acad Dermatol 7389:Acta Derm Venereol 6487:Curr Mol Pharmacol 6306:on 1 January 2015. 6276:The New York Times 6234:on 1 January 2015. 6212:on 1 January 2015. 6190:on 1 January 2015. 6140:The New York Times 5901:10.1093/jac/dkl224 4606:10.5694/mja2.52258 4046:10.1093/cid/cis784 3351:on 1 February 2014 3034:(3 Pt 2): 736–41. 2824:Travelers' Malaria 2548:tetracycline class 2520:associated with a 2313: 2226:tetracycline class 2091: 2068: 2053: 1669:Chlamydia psittaci 1520:Use in combination 1408:Treponema pertenue 1396:Treponema pallidum 1374:Bacillus anthracis 1323:tetracycline group 1263:species (formerly 1010:Mycoplasma hominis 960:for uncomplicated 910: 902: 804:tetracycline class 21: 10987: 10986: 10922: 10921: 10894: 10893: 10890: 10889: 10868: 10867: 10864: 10863: 10776: 10775: 10681: 10680: 10584: 10583: 10433: 10432: 10359:Cryptosporidiosis 10266: 10265: 10225: 10224: 10049: 10048: 10003:phosphorylcholine 9953: 9952: 9778: 9777: 9737: 9736: 9733: 9732: 9445: 9444: 9336: 9335: 9332: 9331: 9241:Chlortetracycline 9209: 9208: 8926: 8925: 8844:Tibezonium iodide 8789:Hydrogen peroxide 8754:Chlortetracycline 8717:Stannous fluoride 8473:(10): 1681–1691. 7665:10.1002/jcph.2358 7444:(5): 945–73.e33. 7119:10.1159/000524762 6963:(20): 2055–2067. 6923:978-0-12-812776-6 6726:10.1038/srep32659 6637:978-3-0348-0156-0 6554:10.1111/jdv.14345 6548:(11): 1800–1808. 6078:978-0-7817-6879-5 6027:. Vol. 119. 5973:978-3-7741-9846-3 5816:978-0-7020-3471-8 5653:10.1111/imj.12179 5422:978-0-7020-5516-4 5166:10.1002/ejhf.1695 5125:978-0-323-07672-2 5036:(9477): 2116–21. 4969:978-92-4-154912-7 4895:10.4137/CMT.S2035 4550:(25): 2331–2340. 4261:(11): 1570–1581. 4087:Curr Opin Pediatr 3729:on 19 April 2014. 3244:(6): 1345–61, x. 3137:10.4137/CMT.S2035 2956:978-1-4496-0067-9 2888:978-1-118-35446-9 2875:Corey EJ (2013). 2861:978-3-527-60749-5 2834:978-1-55009-336-0 2417:hydroxyl radicals 2369:tissue remodeling 2354:neuroinflammation 2222:chlortetracycline 2218:American Cyanamid 2201: 2200: 2086:hydrochloric acid 2038:specific rotation 1764:Contraindications 1315:and up to 74% of 867:plastid organelle 790: 789: 718:Interactive image 605:CompTox Dashboard 317: 304: 291: 209: 176: 11059: 11004: 11003: 11002: 10995: 10787: 10786: 10595: 10594: 10473: 10472: 10462: 10461: 10453: 10452: 10444: 10443: 10355: 10354: 10339: 10338: 10328: 10327: 10310:antiparasitics ( 10293: 10286: 10279: 10270: 10269: 10060: 10059: 9846: 9845: 9837: 9836: 9805: 9798: 9791: 9782: 9781: 9458: 9457: 9410: 9409: 9347: 9346: 9296:Rolitetracycline 9226: 9225: 9013: 9012: 8998: 8997: 8953: 8946: 8939: 8930: 8929: 8834:Sodium perborate 8769:Domiphen bromide 8666: 8659: 8652: 8643: 8642: 8631: 8630: 8602: 8596: 8595: 8570:(5218): 1766–9. 8559: 8550: 8549: 8539: 8507: 8501: 8500: 8490: 8458: 8452: 8451: 8441: 8417: 8408: 8407: 8397: 8387: 8363: 8357: 8356: 8346: 8323:Turk J Pharm Sci 8314: 8308: 8307: 8297: 8265: 8259: 8258: 8248: 8231:(9): 1010–1020. 8216: 8210: 8209: 8207: 8205: 8183: 8176: 8170: 8169: 8132: 8126: 8125: 8115: 8105: 8081: 8075: 8074: 8049:(8): 1787–1796. 8038: 8032: 8031: 8021: 8004:(4): 1889–1903. 7989: 7983: 7982: 7964: 7940: 7934: 7933: 7923: 7891: 7885: 7884: 7874: 7842: 7836: 7835: 7825: 7815: 7791: 7785: 7784: 7766: 7742: 7736: 7735: 7725: 7715: 7691: 7685: 7684: 7653:J Clin Pharmacol 7648: 7642: 7641: 7631: 7621: 7597: 7591: 7590: 7580: 7563:(3): 1035–1043. 7548: 7542: 7541: 7513: 7507: 7506: 7470: 7464: 7463: 7453: 7429: 7423: 7422: 7404: 7380: 7374: 7373: 7355: 7345: 7321: 7315: 7314: 7304: 7272: 7266: 7265: 7247: 7223: 7217: 7216: 7188: 7182: 7181: 7152: 7141: 7140: 7130: 7098: 7092: 7091: 7063: 7057: 7056: 7036: 7030: 7029: 7019: 6995: 6989: 6988: 6952: 6946: 6945: 6935: 6893: 6887: 6886: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6832: 6808: 6802: 6801: 6791: 6759: 6748: 6747: 6737: 6697: 6691: 6690: 6672: 6648: 6642: 6641: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6580: 6574: 6573: 6537: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6493:(6): 1046–1065. 6478: 6472: 6471: 6443: 6437: 6436: 6400: 6394: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6380:. Archived from 6370: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6340: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6329: 6314: 6308: 6307: 6302:. Archived from 6291: 6285: 6284: 6279:. Archived from 6266: 6260: 6259: 6242: 6236: 6235: 6220: 6214: 6213: 6198: 6192: 6191: 6176: 6170: 6169: 6154: 6148: 6147: 6146:on 6 March 2016. 6132: 6123: 6122: 6117:. Archived from 6107: 6101: 6100: 6099:(12th ed.). 6092: 6083: 6082: 6064: 6055: 6054: 6049:. Archived from 6017: 6011: 6010: 6002: 5996: 5994: 5987: 5978: 5977: 5959: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5920: 5914: 5913: 5903: 5879: 5873: 5872: 5862: 5830: 5821: 5820: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5777: 5757: 5751: 5750: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5635: 5629: 5628: 5610: 5601: 5592: 5591: 5581: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5532: 5522: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5436: 5427: 5426: 5408: 5399: 5398: 5388: 5378: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5281: 5275: 5274: 5243:Paediatric Drugs 5238: 5232: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5218:. Archived from 5207: 5201: 5200: 5192: 5179: 5178: 5168: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5094: 5083: 5075: 5062: 5061: 5024: 5018: 5017: 4980: 4974: 4973: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4939: 4929: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4878: 4872: 4871: 4861: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4799: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4740: 4731:(4): e247–e251. 4716: 4710: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4685: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4655: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4608: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4567: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4487: 4477: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4427: 4418: 4417: 4388: 4377: 4376: 4366: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4317: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4232: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4105: 10932821. 4082: 4076: 4075: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3938: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3862: 3852: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3819: 3808: 3800: 3731: 3730: 3728: 3717: 3709: 3638: 3637: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3514: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3473: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3350: 3344:. Archived from 3343: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3273: 3262: 3261: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3120: 3095: 3094: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3022: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3011: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2940: 2931: 2930: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2872: 2866: 2865: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2801: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2718: 2707: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2631: 2542:Research reagent 2096: 2090: 2077: 2075: 2074: 2069: 2066: 2061: 2036:of 2–3, and the 2020:and doxycycline 2002:Fanconi syndrome 1929:Pharmacokinetics 1232:Escherichia coli 887: 882:generic medicine 786: 785: 778: 720: 700: 685: 679: 673: 667: 650: 639: 628: 627: 613: 611: 596: 576: 556: 536: 516: 496: 476: 466: 465: 451: 371: 315: 312: 302: 299: 289: 286: 264: 254: 207: 204: 186: 175: 172: 159: 145: 113: 109: 103: 102: 99: 98: 95: 92: 89: 86: 83: 80: 77: 74: 71: 68: 65: 62: 42: 33: 26: 24: 20: 11067: 11066: 11062: 11061: 11060: 11058: 11057: 11056: 11012: 11011: 11010: 11000: 10998: 10990: 10988: 10983: 10982: 10967:Clinical trials 10946: 10929: 10918: 10901: 10886: 10860: 10838: 10832: 10782: 10772: 10721: 10688: 10677: 10660: 10637: 10599:DHFR inhibitors 10580: 10550: 10524: 10477:Aminoquinolines 10467: 10457: 10429: 10396: 10378: 10346: 10333: 10322: 10315: 10297: 10267: 10262: 10261: 10246:Clinical trials 10221: 10186: 10166:Dientamoebiasis 10160: 10129: 10045: 10022: 9949: 9916: 9903: 9841:Trypanosomiasis 9826: 9809: 9779: 9774: 9773: 9758:Clinical trials 9729: 9715:Streptogramin B 9710:Streptogramin A 9650: 9622: 9594: 9441: 9422:Chloramphenicol 9399: 9353: 9328: 9310: 9291:Penimepicycline 9286:Oxytetracycline 9217: 9205: 9189: 9128: 9004: 9002:Aminoglycosides 8987: 8957: 8927: 8922: 8882: 8859:Glucocorticoids 8856: 8854:Corticosteroids 8848: 8721: 8707:Sodium fluoride 8680: 8670: 8640: 8635: 8634: 8603: 8599: 8560: 8553: 8516:Cancer Research 8508: 8504: 8459: 8455: 8426:Eur J Pharm Sci 8418: 8411: 8364: 8360: 8315: 8311: 8266: 8262: 8217: 8213: 8203: 8201: 8188:. 31 May 2022. 8178: 8177: 8173: 8138:Behav Brain Res 8133: 8129: 8082: 8078: 8039: 8035: 7990: 7986: 7941: 7937: 7892: 7888: 7843: 7839: 7792: 7788: 7743: 7739: 7692: 7688: 7649: 7645: 7598: 7594: 7549: 7545: 7518:Am J Kidney Dis 7514: 7510: 7471: 7467: 7430: 7426: 7381: 7377: 7322: 7318: 7273: 7269: 7224: 7220: 7189: 7185: 7158:J Affect Disord 7153: 7144: 7099: 7095: 7064: 7060: 7037: 7033: 6996: 6992: 6953: 6949: 6924: 6894: 6890: 6850: 6846: 6809: 6805: 6760: 6751: 6698: 6694: 6649: 6645: 6638: 6616: 6612: 6581: 6577: 6538: 6534: 6524: 6522: 6479: 6475: 6444: 6440: 6401: 6397: 6387: 6385: 6372: 6371: 6367: 6357: 6355: 6342: 6341: 6337: 6327: 6325: 6316: 6315: 6311: 6292: 6288: 6267: 6263: 6244: 6243: 6239: 6222: 6221: 6217: 6200: 6199: 6195: 6178: 6177: 6173: 6156: 6155: 6151: 6134: 6133: 6126: 6109: 6108: 6104: 6093: 6086: 6079: 6065: 6058: 6053:on 10 May 2011. 6039: 6019: 6018: 6014: 6003: 5999: 5988: 5981: 5974: 5960: 5947: 5937: 5935: 5928:www.drugbank.ca 5922: 5921: 5917: 5880: 5876: 5845:(11): 3547–54. 5831: 5824: 5817: 5803: 5799: 5775:10.1.1.620.9933 5758: 5754: 5723: 5719: 5680: 5676: 5636: 5632: 5608: 5602: 5595: 5550: 5546: 5499: 5495: 5468:Human Pathology 5464: 5460: 5437: 5430: 5423: 5409: 5402: 5363:Malaria Journal 5355: 5351: 5341: 5339: 5326: 5325: 5321: 5282: 5278: 5239: 5235: 5225: 5223: 5208: 5204: 5193: 5182: 5145: 5141: 5126: 5112: 5108: 5098: 5096: 5092: 5081: 5077: 5076: 5065: 5025: 5021: 4981: 4977: 4970: 4958: 4957: 4953: 4906: 4902: 4879: 4875: 4830: 4826: 4816: 4814: 4801: 4800: 4796: 4786: 4784: 4771: 4770: 4766: 4756: 4754: 4717: 4713: 4703: 4701: 4686: 4682: 4672: 4670: 4657: 4656: 4652: 4642: 4640: 4627: 4626: 4622: 4585: 4581: 4536: 4532: 4522: 4520: 4505: 4501: 4454: 4450: 4440: 4438: 4429: 4428: 4421: 4389: 4380: 4349:(1): CD009436. 4335: 4331: 4300:(4): CD003262. 4286: 4282: 4250: 4246: 4215:(8): CD002086. 4201: 4197: 4158: 4154: 4122: 4118: 4083: 4079: 4066: 4065: 4061: 4029: 4025: 4015: 4013: 4004: 4003: 3999: 3989: 3987: 3968: 3964: 3954: 3952: 3915: 3911: 3894:(RR-03): 1–30. 3880: 3876: 3829: 3825: 3817: 3806: 3802: 3801: 3734: 3726: 3715: 3711: 3710: 3641: 3602: 3598: 3575: 3571: 3532: 3528: 3491: 3487: 3442: 3438: 3399: 3395: 3385: 3383: 3372:"Leptospirosis" 3368: 3364: 3354: 3352: 3348: 3341: 3337: 3336: 3332: 3309: 3305: 3274: 3265: 3234: 3230: 3199: 3195: 3156: 3152: 3121: 3098: 3059: 3055: 3023: 3019: 3009: 3007: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2984: 2982: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2957: 2941: 2934: 2912: 2908: 2898: 2896: 2889: 2873: 2869: 2862: 2846: 2842: 2835: 2819: 2815: 2778:Current Biology 2770: 2766: 2719: 2710: 2700: 2698: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2674: 2672: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2644: 2642: 2633: 2632: 2609: 2604: 2576:gene expression 2544: 2531: 2510:COVID‑19 2318: 2284: 2276: 2230:oxytetracycline 2206: 2062: 2057: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2032:solution has a 2014: 1998: 1935:small intestine 1931: 1918: 1894: 1888: 1871: 1863:Crohn's disease 1857:. In one large 1818: 1816:Adverse effects 1790: 1766: 1747: 1731: 1707: 1696:: 0.06–32 1684:: 0.016–2 1639: 1600: 1542: 1522: 1502: 1464: 1384: 1303: 1220: 1150:Yersinia pestis 1124:relapsing fever 1022:Yersinia pestis 975: 970: 894: 885: 781: 779: 776:(what is this?) 773: 768: 765: 760: 755: 754: 743: 740: 735: 734: 723: 698: 688: 682: 676: 670: 631: 607: 599: 579: 559: 539: 519: 499: 479: 462: 454: 434: 431: 402: 401: 369: 348:Protein binding 338:Bioavailability 330:Pharmacokinetic 324: 268: 222: 215: 196: 189: 111: 107: 104: 59: 55: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11065: 11055: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11029: 11024: 11009: 11008: 10985: 10984: 10981: 10980: 10979: 10978: 10975: 10964: 10958: 10952: 10951: 10948: 10947: 10945: 10944: 10938:Blastocystosis 10934: 10932: 10924: 10923: 10920: 10919: 10917: 10916: 10906: 10904: 10896: 10895: 10892: 10891: 10888: 10887: 10885: 10884: 10878: 10876: 10870: 10869: 10866: 10865: 10862: 10861: 10859: 10858: 10855: 10852: 10849: 10846: 10842: 10840: 10834: 10833: 10831: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10814: 10808: 10802: 10796: 10794: 10784: 10778: 10777: 10774: 10773: 10771: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10729: 10727: 10723: 10722: 10720: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10693: 10691: 10683: 10682: 10679: 10678: 10676: 10675: 10668: 10666: 10665:Co-formulation 10662: 10661: 10659: 10658: 10653: 10647: 10645: 10639: 10638: 10636: 10635: 10634: 10633: 10628: 10626:chlorproguanil 10615: 10614: 10609: 10603: 10601: 10592: 10586: 10585: 10582: 10581: 10579: 10578: 10572: 10571: 10570: 10569: 10558: 10556: 10552: 10551: 10549: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10532: 10530: 10526: 10525: 10523: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10502: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10481: 10479: 10470: 10459: 10450: 10441: 10435: 10434: 10431: 10430: 10428: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10406: 10404: 10398: 10397: 10395: 10394: 10388: 10386: 10380: 10379: 10377: 10376: 10363: 10361: 10352: 10336: 10325: 10317: 10316: 10308:Chromalveolata 10300:Antiparasitics 10296: 10295: 10288: 10281: 10273: 10264: 10263: 10260: 10259: 10258: 10257: 10254: 10243: 10237: 10231: 10230: 10227: 10226: 10223: 10222: 10220: 10219: 10209: 10199: 10188: 10187: 10180: 10174:nitroimidazole 10170: 10168: 10162: 10161: 10159: 10158: 10143:nitroimidazole 10139: 10137: 10135:Trichomoniasis 10131: 10130: 10128: 10127: 10116: 10115: 10105: 10094: 10093: 10083: 10072:nitroimidazole 10068: 10066: 10057: 10051: 10050: 10047: 10046: 10044: 10043: 10040:Amphotericin B 10032: 10030: 10024: 10023: 10021: 10020: 10010: 10000: 9975: 9974: 9971:Amphotericin B 9963: 9961: 9955: 9954: 9951: 9950: 9948: 9947: 9937: 9930:nitroimidazole 9926: 9924: 9922:Chagas disease 9918: 9917: 9915: 9914: 9907:nitroimidazole 9904: 9893: 9883: 9865: 9854: 9852: 9843: 9834: 9828: 9827: 9812:Antiparasitics 9808: 9807: 9800: 9793: 9785: 9776: 9775: 9772: 9771: 9770: 9769: 9766: 9755: 9749: 9743: 9742: 9739: 9738: 9735: 9734: 9731: 9730: 9728: 9727: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9693: 9679: 9660: 9658: 9656:Streptogramins 9652: 9651: 9649: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9632: 9630: 9624: 9623: 9621: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9604: 9602: 9596: 9595: 9593: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9575:Troleandomycin 9572: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9505:Flurithromycin 9502: 9497: 9492: 9490:Clarithromycin 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9466: 9464: 9455: 9447: 9446: 9443: 9442: 9440: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9418: 9416: 9407: 9401: 9400: 9398: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9361: 9359: 9344: 9338: 9337: 9334: 9333: 9330: 9329: 9327: 9326: 9320: 9318: 9316:Glycylcyclines 9312: 9311: 9309: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9251:Demeclocycline 9248: 9243: 9238: 9232: 9230: 9223: 9211: 9210: 9207: 9206: 9204: 9203: 9197: 9195: 9191: 9190: 9188: 9187: 9182: 9176: 9175: 9174: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9142: 9140: 9136:Micromonospora 9130: 9129: 9127: 9126: 9124:Nourseothricin 9121: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9090: 9089: 9088: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9061: 9060: 9059: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9037: 9036: 9031: 9025: 9023: 9010: 8995: 8989: 8988: 8960:Antibacterials 8956: 8955: 8948: 8941: 8933: 8924: 8923: 8921: 8920: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8890: 8888: 8884: 8883: 8881: 8880: 8875: 8873:Hydrocortisone 8870: 8864: 8862: 8850: 8849: 8847: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8739:Amphotericin B 8735: 8733: 8723: 8722: 8720: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8693: 8691: 8682: 8681: 8675:preparations ( 8673:Stomatological 8669: 8668: 8661: 8654: 8646: 8639: 8638:External links 8636: 8633: 8632: 8597: 8551: 8522:(21): 4446–9. 8502: 8453: 8409: 8358: 8329:(1): 101–103. 8309: 8280:(5): 566–572. 8260: 8211: 8171: 8127: 8090:BMC Psychiatry 8076: 8033: 7984: 7955:(4): 981–986. 7935: 7906:(4): 953–961. 7900:Schizophr Bull 7886: 7857:(5): 475–482. 7837: 7786: 7737: 7686: 7659:(2): 164–177. 7643: 7592: 7543: 7508: 7465: 7424: 7375: 7336:(2): E24–E29. 7316: 7267: 7238:(7): 561–566. 7218: 7183: 7142: 7113:(6): 476–481. 7093: 7058: 7031: 6990: 6947: 6922: 6888: 6861:(4): 1128–36. 6844: 6823:(6): 1376–83. 6803: 6749: 6692: 6643: 6636: 6610: 6585:Drugs of Today 6575: 6532: 6473: 6438: 6395: 6384:on 16 May 2015 6365: 6335: 6309: 6286: 6261: 6237: 6215: 6193: 6171: 6149: 6124: 6102: 6084: 6077: 6056: 6037: 6012: 5997: 5979: 5972: 5945: 5915: 5874: 5822: 5815: 5797: 5752: 5717: 5690:(12): 2610–6. 5674: 5630: 5593: 5544: 5493: 5458: 5428: 5421: 5400: 5349: 5319: 5276: 5249:(12): 817–37. 5233: 5202: 5180: 5139: 5124: 5106: 5063: 5019: 4975: 4968: 4951: 4900: 4873: 4844:(9): 3124–31. 4824: 4794: 4764: 4711: 4680: 4650: 4620: 4599:(7): 381–386. 4579: 4530: 4499: 4462:BMC Infect Dis 4448: 4419: 4400:(2): 167–176. 4378: 4329: 4280: 4244: 4195: 4152: 4116: 4093:(2): 156–163. 4077: 4059: 4040:(12): 1642–9. 4023: 3997: 3962: 3909: 3874: 3837:BMC Infect Dis 3823: 3732: 3639: 3596: 3569: 3526: 3485: 3436: 3393: 3362: 3330: 3303: 3284:(5): 407–421. 3263: 3228: 3193: 3150: 3096: 3053: 3017: 2992: 2962: 2955: 2932: 2906: 2887: 2867: 2860: 2840: 2833: 2813: 2764: 2708: 2682: 2665:Fit for Travel 2652: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2543: 2540: 2530: 2527: 2518:cytokine storm 2463:anti-apoptotic 2436:osteoarthritis 2421:singlet oxygen 2404:bacteriostatic 2400:ocular rosacea 2342:interleukin-10 2317: 2314: 2305: 2304: 2294: 2283: 2280: 2275: 2272: 2214:bioprospecting 2205: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2167: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2151: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2138: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2124: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2110: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2065: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2049: 2013: 2010: 1997: 1994: 1943:plasma protein 1930: 1927: 1922:bacteriostatic 1917: 1914: 1906:kidney failure 1898:bacteriostatic 1887: 1884: 1870: 1867: 1817: 1814: 1789: 1786: 1765: 1762: 1746: 1743: 1730: 1727: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1701: 1689: 1677: 1638: 1635: 1623:onchocerciasis 1599: 1598:Antihelminthic 1596: 1541: 1538: 1521: 1518: 1501: 1498: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1458: 1449: 1437: 1424: 1412: 1400: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1378: 1366: 1350: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1297: 1284: 1272: 1256: 1248: 1236: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1214: 1208: 1196: 1190: 1174: 1166: 1160: 1154: 1147:plague due to 1145: 1133: 1121: 1109: 1103: 1083: 1074: 1065:rickettsialpox 1027:bubonic plague 974: 971: 969: 966: 893: 890: 797:broad-spectrum 788: 787: 770: 769: 767: 766: 763: 761: 758: 750: 749: 748: 745: 744: 742: 741: 738: 730: 729: 728: 725: 724: 722: 721: 713: 711: 703: 702: 696: 690: 689: 686: 680: 674: 668: 663: 657: 656: 652: 651: 641: 633: 632: 630: 629: 616: 614: 601: 600: 598: 597: 589: 587: 581: 580: 578: 577: 569: 567: 561: 560: 558: 557: 549: 547: 541: 540: 538: 537: 529: 527: 521: 520: 518: 517: 509: 507: 501: 500: 498: 497: 489: 487: 481: 480: 478: 477: 469: 467: 456: 455: 453: 452: 444: 442: 436: 435: 433: 432: 405: 397: 396: 395: 392: 391: 387: 386: 383: 377: 376: 373: 364: 363: 360: 354: 353: 350: 344: 343: 340: 334: 333: 326: 325: 323: 322: 310: 297: 283: 281: 275: 274: 270: 269: 267: 266: 243: 241: 235: 234: 225: 223:administration 217: 216: 214: 213: 211: 201: 199: 191: 190: 188: 187: 169: 167: 161: 160: 153: 147: 146: 139: 129: 128: 125: 119: 118: 53: 49: 48: 44: 43: 35: 34: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11064: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11019: 11017: 11007: 10997: 10996: 10993: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10953: 10949: 10943: 10942:metronidazole 10939: 10936: 10935: 10933: 10931: 10925: 10915: 10911: 10910:Balantidiasis 10908: 10907: 10905: 10903: 10897: 10883: 10880: 10879: 10877: 10875: 10871: 10856: 10853: 10850: 10848:artesunate/SP 10847: 10844: 10843: 10841: 10835: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10818: 10815: 10812: 10809: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10797: 10795: 10793: 10788: 10785: 10779: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10738: 10734: 10731: 10730: 10728: 10724: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10694: 10692: 10690: 10687:Sesquiterpene 10684: 10673: 10670: 10669: 10667: 10663: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10648: 10646: 10644: 10640: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10623: 10622: 10621: 10617: 10616: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10607:pyrimethamine 10605: 10604: 10602: 10600: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10587: 10577: 10574: 10573: 10568: 10565: 10564: 10563: 10560: 10559: 10557: 10553: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10533: 10531: 10527: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10507: 10504: 10503: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10486: 10483: 10482: 10480: 10478: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10463: 10460: 10454: 10451: 10449: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10436: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10410:pyrimethamine 10408: 10407: 10405: 10403: 10402:Toxoplasmosis 10399: 10393: 10390: 10389: 10387: 10385: 10381: 10374: 10370: 10369: 10365: 10364: 10362: 10360: 10356: 10353: 10350: 10349:Coccidiostats 10344: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10318: 10313: 10309: 10305: 10301: 10294: 10289: 10287: 10282: 10280: 10275: 10274: 10271: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10232: 10228: 10217: 10213: 10210: 10207: 10203: 10200: 10197: 10193: 10190: 10189: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10178:Metronidazole 10175: 10172: 10171: 10169: 10167: 10163: 10156: 10152: 10151:Metronidazole 10148: 10144: 10141: 10140: 10138: 10136: 10132: 10125: 10121: 10120:aminoacridine 10118: 10117: 10113: 10109: 10106: 10103: 10099: 10096: 10095: 10091: 10087: 10086:benzimidazole 10084: 10081: 10077: 10076:Metronidazole 10073: 10070: 10069: 10067: 10065: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10052: 10041: 10037: 10034: 10033: 10031: 10029: 10025: 10018: 10014: 10011: 10008: 10004: 10001: 9998: 9994: 9991: 9990: 9989: 9987: 9983: 9979: 9972: 9968: 9965: 9964: 9962: 9960: 9959:Leishmaniasis 9956: 9945: 9941: 9938: 9935: 9931: 9928: 9927: 9925: 9923: 9919: 9912: 9908: 9905: 9901: 9897: 9894: 9891: 9887: 9884: 9881: 9877: 9873: 9869: 9866: 9863: 9859: 9856: 9855: 9853: 9851: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9832:Discicristata 9829: 9824: 9820: 9817: 9813: 9806: 9801: 9799: 9794: 9792: 9787: 9786: 9783: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9744: 9740: 9725: 9721: 9720:Virginiamycin 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9705: 9701: 9697: 9694: 9691: 9687: 9683: 9680: 9677: 9673: 9669: 9665: 9664:Pristinamycin 9662: 9661: 9659: 9657: 9653: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9633: 9631: 9629: 9625: 9619: 9618:Solithromycin 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9608:Telithromycin 9606: 9605: 9603: 9601: 9597: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9580:Tulathromycin 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9560:Telithromycin 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9550:Solithromycin 9548: 9546: 9545:Roxithromycin 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9510:Gamithromycin 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9495:Dirithromycin 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9467: 9465: 9463: 9459: 9456: 9453: 9448: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9432:Thiamphenicol 9430: 9428: 9427:Azidamfenicol 9425: 9423: 9420: 9419: 9417: 9415: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9402: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9352: 9351:Oxazolidinone 9348: 9345: 9343: 9339: 9325: 9322: 9321: 9319: 9317: 9313: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9233: 9231: 9229:Tetracyclines 9227: 9224: 9221: 9216: 9212: 9202: 9199: 9198: 9196: 9192: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9177: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9148: 9147: 9144: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9137: 9131: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9104:Spectinomycin 9102: 9099: 9095: 9092: 9091: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9067: 9066: 9063: 9062: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9043: 9042: 9039: 9038: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9020: 9014: 9011: 9008: 9003: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8990: 8985: 8981: 8977: 8973: 8969: 8965: 8961: 8954: 8949: 8947: 8942: 8940: 8935: 8934: 8931: 8919: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8891: 8889: 8885: 8879: 8878:Triamcinolone 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8868:Dexamethasone 8866: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8855: 8851: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8799:Metronidazole 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8749:Chlorhexidine 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8736: 8734: 8732: 8728: 8724: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8694: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8683: 8678: 8674: 8667: 8662: 8660: 8655: 8653: 8648: 8647: 8644: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8608: 8601: 8593: 8589: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8569: 8565: 8558: 8556: 8547: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8529: 8525: 8521: 8517: 8513: 8506: 8498: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8468: 8464: 8457: 8449: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8431: 8427: 8423: 8416: 8414: 8405: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8378:: 1023–1026. 8377: 8373: 8369: 8362: 8354: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8320: 8313: 8305: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8279: 8275: 8271: 8264: 8256: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8222: 8215: 8199: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8186:NIHR Evidence 8182: 8175: 8167: 8163: 8159: 8155: 8151: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8131: 8123: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8087: 8080: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8037: 8029: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8011: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7998:Mol Neurobiol 7995: 7988: 7980: 7976: 7972: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7954: 7950: 7946: 7939: 7931: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7897: 7890: 7882: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7841: 7833: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7800:Front Immunol 7797: 7790: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7741: 7733: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7705: 7701: 7697: 7690: 7682: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7647: 7639: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7596: 7588: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7547: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7524:(2): 376–80. 7523: 7519: 7512: 7504: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7480: 7476: 7469: 7461: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7428: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7379: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7320: 7312: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7271: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7222: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7199:(4): 234–45. 7198: 7194: 7187: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7156:depression". 7151: 7149: 7147: 7138: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7097: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7062: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7035: 7027: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6994: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6951: 6943: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6925: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6892: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6855:Mol Pharmacol 6848: 6840: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6807: 6799: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6758: 6756: 6754: 6745: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6696: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6647: 6639: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6614: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6579: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6536: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6477: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6442: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6411:(5): 565–79. 6410: 6406: 6399: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6369: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6339: 6323: 6319: 6313: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6290: 6282: 6278: 6277: 6272: 6265: 6257: 6253: 6252: 6247: 6241: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6219: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6197: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6175: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6153: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6131: 6129: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6106: 6098: 6091: 6089: 6080: 6074: 6070: 6063: 6061: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6038:92-4-157119-5 6034: 6031:(WHO). 1991. 6030: 6026: 6022: 6016: 6008: 6007:Austria-Codex 6001: 5993: 5986: 5984: 5975: 5969: 5965: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5924:"Doxycycline" 5919: 5911: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5894:(2): 256–65. 5893: 5889: 5885: 5878: 5870: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5829: 5827: 5818: 5812: 5808: 5801: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5768:(4): 653–64. 5767: 5763: 5756: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5733:(6): 917–23. 5732: 5728: 5721: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5678: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5647:(8): 919–26. 5646: 5642: 5634: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5607: 5600: 5598: 5589: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5564:(4): 517–31. 5563: 5559: 5555: 5548: 5540: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5513:(2): 216–29. 5512: 5508: 5504: 5497: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5462: 5454: 5450: 5447:(5): 431–43. 5446: 5442: 5435: 5433: 5424: 5418: 5414: 5407: 5405: 5396: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5353: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5323: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5280: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5237: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5206: 5198: 5197:Austria-Codex 5191: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5176: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5143: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5121: 5117: 5110: 5091: 5087: 5080: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5023: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4979: 4971: 4965: 4961: 4955: 4947: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4904: 4896: 4892: 4889:: CMT.S2035. 4888: 4884: 4877: 4869: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4828: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4798: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4768: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4715: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4684: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4654: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4624: 4616: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4583: 4575: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4534: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4503: 4495: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4436: 4432: 4426: 4424: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4333: 4325: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4284: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4248: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4199: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4156: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4133:(2): 116215. 4132: 4128: 4120: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4081: 4073: 4069: 4063: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4027: 4011: 4007: 4001: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3966: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3913: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3870: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3827: 3816: 3812: 3805: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3725: 3721: 3714: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3600: 3592: 3588: 3585:(6): 1971–6. 3584: 3580: 3573: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3542:(7): 1203–7. 3541: 3537: 3530: 3522: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3489: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3440: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3409:(4): 273–80. 3408: 3404: 3397: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3366: 3347: 3340: 3334: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3307: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3232: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3197: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3166:(8): 957–62. 3165: 3161: 3154: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3131:: CMT.S2035. 3130: 3126: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3057: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3021: 3006: 3002: 2996: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2966: 2958: 2952: 2948: 2947: 2939: 2937: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2910: 2894: 2890: 2884: 2880: 2879: 2871: 2863: 2857: 2853: 2852: 2844: 2836: 2830: 2826: 2825: 2817: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2784:(7): R262-3. 2783: 2779: 2775: 2768: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2696: 2692: 2686: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2656: 2640: 2636: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2607: 2599: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2588:cell cultures 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2539: 2535: 2529:Wound healing 2526: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2453: 2452:periodontitis 2449: 2445: 2441: 2440:periodontitis 2437: 2433: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2392:acne vulgaris 2389: 2385: 2384:acne vulgaris 2380: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2332:(TNF-α), and 2331: 2327: 2326:interleukin-6 2323: 2322:interleukin-1 2309: 2302: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2288: 2287: 2279: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2251: 2248: 2243: 2240: 2236: 2235:Lloyd Conover 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2187:Diethyl ether 2185: 2184: 2180: 2177: 2175:very slightly 2174: 2172: 2169: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2141:Aqueous acids 2140: 2139: 2135: 2133:very slightly 2132: 2130:very slightly 2129: 2126: 2125: 2121: 2119:very slightly 2118: 2116:very slightly 2115: 2112: 2111: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2099:Solubility in 2098: 2097: 2094: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2063: 2058: 2050: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1993: 1991: 1990:liver disease 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1955:aqueous humor 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1926: 1923: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1901: 1899: 1893: 1883: 1880: 1876: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1840: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1827: 1823: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1770:liver disease 1761: 1757: 1755: 1750: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1729:Off-label use 1726: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1711:sclerotherapy 1705:Sclerotherapy 1699: 1695: 1694: 1690: 1687: 1683: 1682: 1678: 1675: 1671: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1648:Streptococcus 1645: 1634: 1632: 1631:microfilariae 1628: 1627:elephantiasis 1624: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1610: 1609: 1605: 1595: 1593: 1592: 1591:P. falciparum 1587: 1582: 1580: 1579:P. falciparum 1576: 1575:P. falciparum 1572: 1571:P. falciparum 1568: 1564: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1552:P. falciparum 1549: 1548: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1517: 1515: 1510: 1508: 1497: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1483: 1480: 1479:meta-analysis 1476: 1475:periodontitis 1471: 1469: 1456: 1455: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1441: 1440:actinomycosis 1438: 1435: 1433: 1432:Fusobacterium 1428: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1376: 1375: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1357: 1356: 1351: 1348: 1344: 1343: 1338: 1337: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1329: 1324: 1320: 1319: 1314: 1313: 1308: 1295: 1294: 1289: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1261: 1260:Acinetobacter 1257: 1254: 1253: 1249: 1247:) infections, 1246: 1242: 1241: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1229: 1228: 1227: 1225: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1193:bartonellosis 1191: 1188: 1184: 1183: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1023: 1018: 1017: 1012: 1011: 1006: 1005: 1000: 999: 994: 993: 988: 987: 982: 981: 968:Antibacterial 965: 963: 959: 955: 951: 946: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 906: 898: 889: 883: 879: 874: 872: 868: 864: 860: 855: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 798: 794: 784: 777: 771: 762: 757: 756: 753: 746: 737: 736: 733: 726: 719: 715: 714: 712: 709: 704: 697: 695: 691: 664: 662: 658: 653: 649: 645: 642: 640: 638:ECHA InfoCard 634: 626: 622: 621:DTXSID0037653 618: 617: 615: 606: 602: 595: 591: 590: 588: 586: 582: 575: 571: 570: 568: 566: 562: 555: 551: 550: 548: 546: 542: 535: 531: 530: 528: 526: 522: 515: 511: 510: 508: 506: 502: 495: 491: 490: 488: 486: 482: 475: 471: 470: 468: 461: 457: 450: 446: 445: 443: 441: 437: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 404: 403: 400: 393: 388: 384: 382: 378: 374: 372: 365: 361: 359: 355: 351: 349: 345: 341: 339: 335: 331: 327: 321: 311: 308: 298: 295: 285: 284: 282: 280: 276: 271: 263: 258: 253: 248: 245: 244: 242: 240: 236: 233: 229: 226: 224: 218: 212: 203: 202: 200: 198: 192: 185: 180: 171: 170: 168: 166: 162: 158: 154: 152: 148: 144: 140: 138: 134: 130: 126: 124: 120: 116: 115: 101: 54: 52:Pronunciation 50: 47:Clinical data 45: 41: 36: 32: 27: 19: 10914:tetracycline 10807:/piperaquine 10763:pyronaridine 10747: 10743:tetracycline 10643:Sulfonamides 10618: 10576:halofantrine 10567:+ artemether 10562:lumefantrine 10439:Aconoidasida 10415:sulfadiazine 10384:Isosporiasis 10373:nitazoxanide 10366: 10205: 10202:tetracycline 10192:oxyquinoline 10112:Furazolidone 10102:Nitazoxanide 9976: 9934:Benznidazole 9911:Fexinidazole 9880:Tryparsamide 9862:Eflornithine 9814:directed at 9704:Quinupristin 9700:Dalfopristin 9628:Lincosamides 9565:Tildipirosin 9535:Oleandomycin 9500:Erythromycin 9470:Azithromycin 9306:Tetracycline 9281:Omadacycline 9266:Meclocycline 9256:Eravacycline 9246:Clomocycline 9235: 9161:Micronomicin 9134: 9109:Hygromycin B 9098:+loteprednol 9056:Ribostamycin 9029:Streptomycin 9019:Streptomyces 9017: 8839:Tetracycline 8824:Oxyquinoline 8773: 8759:Clotrimazole 8610: 8606: 8600: 8567: 8563: 8519: 8515: 8505: 8470: 8467:Cell Reports 8466: 8456: 8429: 8425: 8375: 8371: 8361: 8326: 8322: 8312: 8277: 8273: 8263: 8228: 8224: 8214: 8202:. Retrieved 8185: 8174: 8141: 8137: 8130: 8093: 8089: 8079: 8046: 8042: 8036: 8001: 7997: 7987: 7952: 7949:Neurotox Res 7948: 7938: 7903: 7899: 7889: 7854: 7850: 7840: 7803: 7799: 7789: 7754: 7750: 7740: 7706:(12): 7246. 7703: 7699: 7689: 7656: 7652: 7646: 7612:(18): 2244. 7609: 7605: 7595: 7560: 7557:Inflammation 7556: 7546: 7521: 7517: 7511: 7481:(2): 78–81. 7478: 7474: 7468: 7441: 7437: 7427: 7395:(3): 178–9. 7392: 7388: 7378: 7333: 7329: 7319: 7284: 7280: 7270: 7235: 7231: 7221: 7196: 7192: 7186: 7161: 7157: 7110: 7106: 7096: 7071: 7067: 7061: 7047:(3): 156–9. 7044: 7040: 7034: 7010:(9): 26–32. 7007: 7003: 6993: 6960: 6956: 6950: 6905: 6901: 6891: 6858: 6854: 6847: 6820: 6816: 6806: 6771: 6767: 6709: 6705: 6695: 6660: 6656: 6646: 6619: 6613: 6591:(1): 27–34. 6588: 6584: 6578: 6545: 6541: 6535: 6523:. Retrieved 6490: 6486: 6476: 6454:(6): 610–3. 6451: 6447: 6441: 6408: 6404: 6398: 6386:. Retrieved 6382:the original 6377: 6368: 6356:. Retrieved 6347: 6338: 6326:. Retrieved 6312: 6304:the original 6299: 6289: 6281:the original 6274: 6264: 6256:the original 6249: 6240: 6232:the original 6227: 6218: 6210:the original 6205: 6196: 6188:the original 6183: 6174: 6166:the original 6161: 6152: 6144:the original 6139: 6119:the original 6114: 6105: 6096: 6068: 6051:the original 6024: 6015: 6006: 6000: 5989:Doxycycline 5963: 5936:. Retrieved 5927: 5918: 5891: 5887: 5877: 5842: 5838: 5806: 5800: 5765: 5761: 5755: 5730: 5726: 5720: 5687: 5683: 5677: 5644: 5640: 5633: 5619:(6): 391–9. 5616: 5612: 5561: 5557: 5547: 5510: 5506: 5496: 5471: 5467: 5461: 5444: 5440: 5412: 5366: 5362: 5352: 5340:. Retrieved 5331: 5322: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5246: 5242: 5236: 5224:. Retrieved 5220:the original 5205: 5196: 5156: 5152: 5142: 5115: 5109: 5097:. Retrieved 5085: 5033: 5029: 5022: 4992:(4): 211–6. 4989: 4985: 4978: 4959: 4954: 4917: 4913: 4903: 4886: 4882: 4876: 4841: 4837: 4827: 4815:. Retrieved 4806: 4797: 4785:. Retrieved 4776: 4767: 4755:. Retrieved 4728: 4724: 4714: 4702:. Retrieved 4693: 4683: 4671:. Retrieved 4662: 4653: 4641:. Retrieved 4632: 4623: 4596: 4592: 4582: 4547: 4543: 4533: 4521:. Retrieved 4512: 4502: 4465: 4461: 4451: 4439:. Retrieved 4397: 4393: 4346: 4342: 4332: 4297: 4293: 4283: 4258: 4254: 4247: 4212: 4208: 4198: 4168:(3): 330–4. 4165: 4161: 4155: 4130: 4126: 4119: 4090: 4086: 4080: 4062: 4037: 4033: 4026: 4014:. Retrieved 4000: 3988:. Retrieved 3965: 3953:. Retrieved 3926: 3922: 3912: 3891: 3887: 3877: 3840: 3836: 3826: 3815:the original 3810: 3724:the original 3719: 3609: 3605: 3599: 3582: 3578: 3572: 3539: 3535: 3529: 3505:(2): 79–84. 3502: 3498: 3488: 3456:(3): 661–7. 3453: 3449: 3439: 3406: 3402: 3396: 3384:. Retrieved 3375: 3365: 3353:. Retrieved 3346:the original 3333: 3320: 3316: 3306: 3281: 3277: 3241: 3237: 3231: 3209:(1): 49–54. 3206: 3202: 3196: 3163: 3159: 3153: 3128: 3124: 3069:(2): 137–9. 3066: 3062: 3056: 3031: 3027: 3020: 3008:. Retrieved 3004: 2995: 2983:. Retrieved 2974: 2965: 2945: 2927:10665/325771 2918: 2909: 2897:. Retrieved 2877: 2870: 2850: 2843: 2823: 2816: 2781: 2777: 2774:"Apicoplast" 2767: 2729:(1): 17–32. 2726: 2722: 2699:. Retrieved 2685: 2673:. Retrieved 2664: 2655: 2643:. Retrieved 2582:to regulate 2568:mitochondria 2559: 2555: 2545: 2538:accessible. 2536: 2532: 2507: 2485:, including 2471:dopaminergic 2456: 2429: 2398:, including 2381: 2377: 2358: 2319: 2285: 2277: 2252: 2244: 2239:tetracycline 2207: 2015: 1999: 1972:Doxycycline 1971: 1939:blood plasma 1932: 1919: 1902: 1895: 1886:Pharmacology 1872: 1869:Interactions 1852: 1849: 1844:erythematous 1841: 1837: 1829: 1822:tetracycline 1819: 1798:class D drug 1791: 1774:isotretinoin 1767: 1758: 1751: 1748: 1732: 1708: 1697: 1691: 1685: 1679: 1673: 1672:: 0.03 1667: 1642: 1640: 1606: 1601: 1589: 1583: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1560: 1551: 1545: 1543: 1540:Antimalarial 1536:(rifampin). 1530:streptomycin 1523: 1511: 1503: 1491: 1484: 1472: 1465: 1452: 1443: 1430: 1418: 1406: 1394: 1385: 1372: 1361: 1358:, including 1353: 1346: 1340: 1327: 1316: 1310: 1304: 1291: 1278: 1268: 1267:species and 1264: 1258: 1250: 1244: 1238: 1230: 1221: 1211:Lyme disease 1202: 1187:streptomycin 1180: 1168: 1148: 1139: 1127: 1115: 1097: 1077: 1068: 1057:scrub typhus 1043: 1035:ehrlichiosis 1031:Lyme disease 1020: 1014: 1008: 1002: 996: 990: 984: 978: 976: 947: 918:Lyme disease 911: 892:Medical uses 875: 856: 828:Lyme disease 810:and certain 792: 791: 780: 774: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 368:Elimination 279:Legal status 273:Legal status 165:License data 18: 10963:from market 10882:clindamycin 10768:piperaquine 10753:clindamycin 10748:doxycycline 10737:+ proguanil 10702:artemisinin 10651:sulfadoxine 10612:cycloguanil 10590:Antifolates 10520:tafenoquine 10494:chloroquine 10489:amodiaquine 10456:Individual 10420:clindamycin 10368:thiazolides 10343:Conoidasida 10242:from market 10216:Paromomycin 10206:Doxycycline 10183:Secnidazole 10147:Carnidazole 10090:Albendazole 10017:Paromomycin 10007:Miltefosine 9997:Pentamidine 9993:benzamidine 9890:Pentamidine 9886:benzamidine 9876:Melarsoprol 9754:from market 9690:Linopristin 9636:Clindamycin 9613:Cethromycin 9540:Rokitamycin 9525:Midecamycin 9520:Kitasamycin 9437:Florfenicol 9414:Amphenicols 9358:inhibitors) 9324:Tigecycline 9301:Sarecycline 9276:Minocycline 9271:Metacycline 9261:Lymecycline 9236:Doxycycline 9080:Bekanamycin 9051:Paromomycin 9009:inhibitors) 8914:Epinephrine 8909:Benzydamine 8904:Becaplermin 8829:Polynoxylin 8809:Minocycline 8794:Mepartricin 8774:Doxycycline 8731:antiseptics 8689:prophylaxis 8613:(1): 8–13. 7287:(3): e082. 7164:: 733–745. 6908:: 355–420. 6817:J Vasc Surg 6657:Tumour Biol 5507:Antibiotics 5474:: 212–215. 5292:(1): 7–18. 3929:(2): 1–44. 3612:(1): 73–4. 3376:Yellow Book 3323:(10): 503. 3278:Drugs Aging 2899:9 September 2525:treatment. 2512:, the UK's 2459:antioxidant 2301:minocycline 2299:instead of 2102:Doxycycline 2018:monohydrate 1967:minocycline 1951:gallbladder 1947:body fluids 1826:esophagitis 1810:rickettsial 1723:lymphoceles 1526:brucellosis 1454:Clostridium 1415:listeriosis 1365:infections, 1318:S. faecalis 1235:infections, 1177:brucellosis 1173:infections, 1106:psittacosis 1004:Haemophilus 942:rickettsial 922:prostatitis 793:Doxycycline 701: g·mol 644:100.008.429 574:CHEBI:60648 474:Doxycycline 390:Identifiers 375:10–22 hours 232:intravenous 184:Doxycycline 151:MedlinePlus 123:Trade names 23:Doxycycline 11016:Categories 10874:Babesiosis 10805:arterolane 10733:atovaquone 10712:artesunate 10697:artemether 10620:biguanides 10536:mefloquine 10510:primaquine 10468:inhibitors 10425:atovaquone 10196:Iodoquinol 10155:Tinidazole 10124:Quinacrine 10108:nitrofuran 10098:thiazolide 10080:Tinidazole 10064:Giardiasis 9944:Nifurtimox 9940:nitrofuran 9686:Flopristin 9646:Pirlimycin 9641:Lincomycin 9590:Tylvalosin 9570:Tilmicosin 9555:Spiramycin 9530:Miocamycin 9485:Carrimycin 9480:Carbomycin 9462:Macrolides 9385:Ranbezolid 9365:Eperezolid 9356:initiation 9185:Astromicin 9180:Verdamicin 9171:Isepamicin 9166:Plazomicin 9151:Netilmicin 9146:Gentamicin 9094:Tobramycin 9046:Framycetin 9007:initiation 8918:Adrenalone 8804:Miconazole 8784:Hexetidine 8432:: 106636. 8144:: 114187. 8096:(1): 536. 7806:: 739186. 7757:: 107462. 7475:Compr Ther 6525:2 February 6115:Justia Law 5938:23 January 5369:(1): 148. 5342:9 December 5086:toku-e.com 4817:4 December 4593:Med J Aust 4468:(1): 376. 4441:5 February 4016:5 February 3990:5 February 3955:5 February 3843:(1): 884. 2701:4 December 2675:4 December 2602:References 2522:SARS-CoV-2 2499:depression 2373:matrilysin 2210:penicillin 2171:Chloroform 2136:sparingly 2093:Solubility 2083:methanolic 1974:metabolism 1890:See also: 1802:breastmilk 1656:Mycoplasma 1652:Ureaplasma 1563:apicoplast 1534:rifampicin 1442:caused by 1429:caused by 1405:caused by 1393:caused by 1377:infection. 1371:caused by 1345:(formerly 1293:Klebsiella 1290:caused by 1277:caused by 1243:(formerly 1204:Klebsiella 1179:caused by 1138:caused by 1114:caused by 1070:Rickettsia 920:, chronic 871:apicoplast 800:antibiotic 706:3D model ( 694:Molar mass 594:ChEMBL1433 534:334895S862 505:ChemSpider 440:CAS Number 399:IUPAC name 362:Negligible 358:Metabolism 10973:Phase III 10961:Withdrawn 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