Dog coat genetics - Knowledge

4062:(Growth hormone receptor one) are dose-dependent with compact dwarfs vs leaner large dogs and heterozygotes of intermediate size and shape. IGF1R (Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor) and HMGA2 (High-mobility group AT-hook 2) are incomplete dominant with delicate dwarfs vs compact large dogs and heterozygotes closer to the homozygous dwarfed phenotypes. GHR(2) (Growth hormone receptor two) is completely dominant, homozygous and heterozygous dwarfs equally small, larger dogs with a broader flatter skull and larger muzzle. It is believed that the PMEL/SILV merle gene is linked to the HMGA2 size gene, meaning that alleles are most often inherited together, accounting for size differences in merle vs non-merle litter mates, such as in the Chihuahua and the Great Dane (merles usually larger) and 4098: 1111: 663: 1087: 1099: 1135: 258: 1075: 2613: 2585: 2670: 2636: 281: 1123: 2570: 162: 639: 680: 2601: 624: 695: 2760:

are wavy, and smaller and softer than the primary hair. The ratio of primary to secondary hairs varies at least six-fold, and varies between dogs according to coat type, and on the same dog in accordance with seasonal and other hormonal influences. Puppies are born with a single coat, with more hair follicles per unit area, but each hair follicle contains only a single hair of fine, silky texture. Development of the adult coat begins around 3 months of age, and is completed around 12 months.

144: 651: 951: 2655: 3382: 927: 2943: 798: 903: 939: 726: 3374:. Research suggests that hairlessness is caused by a dominant allele of the forkhead box transcription factor (FOXI3) gene, which is homozygous lethal. There are coated homozygous dogs in all hairless breeds, because this type of inheritance prevents the coat type from breeding true. The hairlessness gene permits hair growth on the head, legs and tail. Hair is sparse on the body, but present and typically enhanced by shaving, at least in the 20: 3345:, which does not match with their long-haired phenotype. The Yorkshire and Silky Terriers share common ancestry and likely share an unidentified gene responsible for their long hair. The Afghan Hound has a unique patterned coat that is long with short patches on the chest, face, back and tail. The Irish Water Spaniel may share the same pattern gene, although unlike the Afghan Hound, the IWS is otherwise genetically a long-haired (fixed for 187:(TYRP1). This gene affects the color of the eumelanin pigment produced, making it either black or brown. TYRP1 is an enzyme involved in the synthesis of eumelanin. Each of the known mutations appears to eliminate or significantly reduce TYRP1 enzymatic activity. This modifies the shape of the final eumelanin molecule, changing the pigment from a black to a brown color. Color is affected in coat and skin (including the nose and paw pads). 915: 2710: 760: 3468:"Dudley nose" is a dog with a loss of pigment on its nose. Typically, the pigment loss on Dali's nose is in the middle and spreads outward, covering almost the entire nose of some dogs. Dudley's nose will never completely lose its pigment, nor will it be as bright pink as a butterfly's or even a liver dog's. Dudley noses are common in blacknosed dogs and are particularly associated with the recessive red gene. 2897: 2864: 2478: 3465:

they are associated with meteorite coloration. The meteorite gene diluted the random portion of pigment in the hair and nose, forming gray areas in the hair and pink areas in the nose. Liver and Isabella's nose are usually very light, sometimes completely pink or bright pink, so the butterfly nose may not appear in the liver or Isabella meteorite color.

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There are size genes on all 39 chromosomes, 17 classified as "major" genes. 7 of those are identified as being of key importance and each results in ~2x difference in body weight. IGF1 (Insulin-like growth factor 1), SMAD2 (Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2), STC2 (Stanniocalcin-2) and GHR(1)

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may be caused by several genes rather than just one. Patterns of medium-sized individual spots, smaller individual spots, and tiny spots that completely cover all white areas leaving a roan-like or merle-like appearance (reserving the term large spots for the variation exclusive to the Dalmatian) can

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Baranowska Körberg, Izabella; Sundström, Elisabeth; Meadows, Jennifer R. S.; Rosengren Pielberg, Gerli; Gustafson, Ulla; Hedhammar, Åke; Karlsson, Elinor K.; Seddon, Jennifer; Söderberg, Arne; Vilà, Carles; Zhang, Xiaolan; Åkesson, Mikael; Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin; Andersson, Göran; Andersson, Leif (12

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the eumelanin mask will be unaffected and remain dark. Grey dogs are born fully coloured and develop the greying effect over several months. New hairs are grown fully coloured but their colour fades over time towards white. Greying is most evident in continuous-growing coats (long + wire + curly) as

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without the blue dilution gene are sometimes found. Therefore, a dog that appears to be "blue" may have a black nose and black eyes because it is actually a black dog with the gray gene, not a proper blue diluent. Sometimes the blues can also be so dark that their coats and noses look almost black.

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What separates Piebald from Irish White and Solid is the presence of a SINE insertion (Short Interspersed Element) in the S locus genes that changes the normal DNA production. The result is Piebald and Extreme Piebald. The only difference between the two recognized forms of Piebald is the length of

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Another type of variation of M allele is Ma and Ma+. This kinds of allele would lead to visibly merle-patterned dog if there are two copies of Ma. It is important to be supplement because if the dog with atypical merle bred to dog with any longer merle allele, the double merle health problems might

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Dogs have a wide range of coat colors, patterns, textures and lengths. Dog coat color is governed by how genes are passed from dogs to their puppies and how those genes are expressed in each dog. Dogs have about 19,000 genes in their genome but only a handful affect the physical variations in their

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A "butterfly" nose is a bright pink patch lacking pigment on the skin of a dog's nose. The patches are randomly positioned and can cover any number of noses, from a tiny pink blob to almost the entire nose. Butterfly noses are sometimes seen on dogs with extreme white spotted patterns, but usually

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Most dogs have a double coat, each hair follicle containing 1-2 primary hairs and several secondary hairs. The primary hairs are longer, thicker and stiffer, and called guard hairs or outer coat. Each follicle also holds a variety of silky- to wiry-textured secondary hairs (undercoat) all of which

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merles, black is reduced to silver on ~50% of the animal in semi-random patches with rough edges like torn paper. The fraction of the dog covered by merle patches is random such that some animals may be predominantly black and others predominantly silver. The merle gene is "faulty" with many merle

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The Merle (M), Harlequin (H), and Spotting (S) loci contribute to patching, spotting, and white markings. Alleles present at the Merle (M) and Harlequin (H) loci cause patchy reduction of melanin to half (merle), zero (harlequin) or both (double merle). Alleles present at the Spotting (S), Ticking

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To understand why a dog's coat looks the way it does based on its genes requires an understanding of a handful of genes and their alleles which affect the dog's coat. For example, to find how a black and white greyhound that seems to have wavy hair got its coat, the dominant black gene with its K

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Hayward, Jessica J.; Castelhano, Marta G.; Oliveira, Kyle C.; Corey, Elizabeth; Balkman, Cheryl; Baxter, Tara L.; Casal, Margret L.; Center, Sharon A.; Fang, Meiying; Garrison, Susan J.; Kalla, Sara E.; Korniliev, Pavel; Kotlikoff, Michael I.; Moise, N. S.; Shannon, Laura M.; Simpson, Kenneth W.;

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Cadieu, Edouard; Neff, Mark W.; Quignon, Pascale; Walsh, Kari; Chase, Kevin; Parker, Heidi G.; VonHoldt, Bridgett M.; Rhue, Alison; Boyko, Adam; Byers, Alexandra; Wong, Aaron; Mosher, Dana S.; Elkahloun, Abdel G.; Spady, Tyrone C.; André, Catherine; Lark, K. Gordon; Cargill, Michelle; Bustamante,

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an average of 25% of the puppies are homozygous and express the off-colour in the phenotype, 50% become carriers and 25% are homozygous for the standard colour. Usually off-coloured individuals are excluded from breeding, but that doesn't stop the inheritance of the recessive allele from carriers

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There are other new discovery on M locus and it would be useful to add the supplementary category on "M(merle) Locus" part. Since the original section only talk about just one allele M, but there are some variation on the one allele and derive a number of new alleles, which will lead to the other

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is unrelated to the other hairless breeds and displays a different hairlessness gene. Unlike the other hairless breeds, the AHT is born fully coated, and loses its hair within a few months. The AHT gene, serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase family member 3 gene (SGK3), is recessive and does not

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are thought to be the result of continuously growing curly coats (long + wire + curly) with double coats, though the genetic code of corded dogs has not yet been studied. Corded coats will form naturally, but can be messy and uneven if not "groomed to cord" while the puppy's coat is lengthening.

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Several loci can be grouped as controlling when and where on a dog eumelanin (blacks-browns) or phaeomelanin (reds-yellows) are produced: the Agouti (A), Extension (E) and Black (K) loci. Intercellular signaling pathways tell a melanocyte which type of melanin to produce. Time-dependent pigment

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Salmon Hillbertz, Nicolette H. C.; Isaksson, Magnus; Karlsson, Elinor K.; Hellmén, Eva; Pielberg, Gerli Rosengren; Savolainen, Peter; Wade, Claire M.; von Euler, Henrik; Gustafson, Ulla; Hedhammar, Åke; Nilsson, Mats; Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin; Andersson, Leif; Andersson, Göran (November 2007).

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DNA studies have isolated a missense mutation in the 20S proteasome β2 subunit at the H locus. The H locus is a modifier locus (of the M locus) and the alleles at the H locus will determine if an animal expresses a harlequin vs merle pattern. There are two alleles that occur at the H locus:

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However, based on a 2014 publication about albinism in the Doberman Pinscher and later in other small breeds, the discovery was made that multiple alleles in the C locus are highly unlikely, and that all dogs are homozygous for Normal Color production, excluding dogs who carry albinism.

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There are many genes and alleles that cause long hair in dogs, but most of these genes are recessive. This means that longhaired hybrid breeds usually have to have two longhair or longhair carrier parents, and the gene can also be passed on for many generations without being expressed.

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The development of coat colour, skin colour, iris colour, pigmentation in back of eye and melanin-containing cellular elements of the auditory system occur independently, as does development of each element on the left vs right side of the animal. This means that in semi-random genes

3418:) have an area of hair along the spine between the withers and hips that leans in the opposite direction (cranially) to the surrounding coat. The ridge is caused by a duplication of several genes (FGF3, FGF4, FGF 19, ORAOV1 and sometimes SNP), and ridge is dominant to non-ridged. 3514:

A different gene, unaffected by coat color, can make the eyes blue. However, this gene is rare. It occurs occasionally in Border Collies and similar breeds, but is mostly seen in Siberian Huskies, which may have one or both eyes blue, regardless of their predominant coat

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ticking), the expression of each element is independent. For example, skin spots on a piebald-spotted dog will not match up with the spots in the dog's coat; and a merle dog with one blue eye can just as likely have better eyesight in its blue eye than in its brown eye.

2156:) determine the degree and distribution of white spotting on an animal's coat. There is disagreement as to the number of alleles that occur at the S locus, with researchers sometimes postulating a conservative two or, commonly, four alleles. The alleles postulated are: 3435:

There are lots of variations of allele that would affect the dog's hair. The allele that causes bristles is actually dominant. Dogs with both the longhair and line coat genes will be "coarse", which means longer line coats of fur. Examples of such coats include the

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Dreger DL, Parker H, Ostrander E, Schmutz SM. The involvement of RALY in a complex gene interaction producing the saddle tan phenotype in dogs. A presentation at Advances in Canine and Feline Genomics and Inherited Diseases 2012 Conference, Visby, Sweden. June 1,

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The genes responsible for the determination of coat colour also affect other melanin-dependent development, including skin colour, eye colour, eyesight, eye formation and hearing. In most cases, eye colour is directly related to coat colour, but blue eyes in the

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White spotting can cause blue eyes, microphthalmia, blindness and deafness; however, because pigmentation is generally retained around the eye/ear area, this is rare except in SINE White dogs (Piebald) which can sometimes lose pigment in those areas during fetal

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Based on this research the degree of White Spotting is dependent on the Promoter Length (Lp) to produce less or more color. A shorter Lp creates less white (Solid Colored and Residual White dogs) while a longer Lp creates more white (Irish Spotting and Piebald).

3378:, whose coat type is shaggy (long + wire). Teeth can be affected as well, and hairless dogs have sometimes incomplete dentition. It is one of the things which become better the last years, as it is common to select healthy dogs with good teeth for breeding. 2189:

In 2014, a study found that a combination of simple repeat polymorphism in the MITF-M Promoter and a SINE insertion is a key regulator of white spotting and that white color had been selected for by humans to differentiate dogs from their wild counterparts.

2473:. The colour of the tick marks will be as expected or one shade darker. Tick marks are semi-random, so that they vary from one dog to the next and can overlap, but are generally present on the lower legs and heavily present on the nose. 1339:

allele. In behavior and appearance it almost mimics the Grizzle allele found in Sighthounds, however it is not the same mutation. Domino animals of this type will either have two copies of the mutation or have a single copy paired with

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The alleles at the theoretical F locus are thought to determine whether an animal displays small, isolated regions of white in otherwise pigmented regions (not apparent on white animals). Two alleles are theorised to occur at the

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The mutation is the result of a Copy Number Variant, or duplication of certain instructions within a gene, that controls the distribution of pigment in a dog's hair follicle. As such, there are no genetic markers for red pigment.

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Kerns, Julie A.; Newton, J.; Berryere, Tom G.; Rubin, Edward M.; Cheng, Jan-Fang; Schmutz, Sheila M.; Barsh, Gregory S. (October 2004). "Characterization of the dog Agouti gene and a nonagoutimutation in German Shepherd Dogs".

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Hédan, Benoit; Cadieu, Edouard; Botherel, Nadine; Dufaure de Citres, Caroline; Letko, Anna; Rimbault, Maud; Drögemüller, Cord; Jagannathan, Vidhya; Derrien, Thomas; Schmutz, Sheila; Leeb, Tosso; André, Catherine (21 May 2019).

848:= Recombinant fawn (expresses a varied phenotype depending on the breed) has been identified in numerous Tibetan Spaniels and individuals in other breeds, including the Dingo. Its hierarchical position is not yet understood. 836:= Tan point. Black with tan patches on the face and underside - including saddle tan (tan with a black saddle or blanket). Phaeomelanin production is limited to tan points; dark portions of the dog are solid eumelanin hairs. 2130:

One of the variation of M allele is Mc and Mc+. Although just one copy of Mc is not long enough to make visible change on coats, the combination of Mc or more than two copies of Mc would lead to odd shade of black/liver.

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large white markings in heterozygous carriers with genotype S s or S s belong to the standard colours, therefore extreme white Boxers are born regularly, some of them with health problems. The cream-white colour of the

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The occurrence of a dominant coat colour gene not belonging to the standard colours is a suspicion for crossbreeding with another breed. For example, the dilute gen D in the suddenly appeared variety "silver coloured"

2701:, a mutation that can occur in body cells after formation of the embryo, can be passed on to next generations. A pigment somatic mutation can cause patches of different colors (mosaicism) to appear in the dog's coat. 5199:

Dürig, N.; Letko, A.; Lepori, V.; Hadji Rasouliha, S.; Loechel, R.; Kehl, A.; Hytönen, M. K.; Lohi, H.; Mauri, N.; Dietrich, J.; Wiedmer, M.; Drögemüller, M.; Jagannathan, V.; Schmutz, S. M.; Leeb, T. (August 2018).

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There are additional theoretical loci thought to be associated with coat color in dogs. DNA studies are yet to confirm the existence of these genes or alleles but their existence is theorised based on breeding data:

824:= Fawn or sable. Tan with black whiskers and varying amounts of black-tipped and/or all-black hairs dispersed throughout. Fawn typically referring to dogs with clearer tan and sable to those with more black shading. 1218:

will express a red to yellow coat regardless of most alleles at other loci. Eumelanin is inhibited, so there can be no black hairs anywhere, even the whiskers. Pigment on the nose leather can be lost at the middle

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except any tan (phaeomelanin) areas on the mask area are replaced with eumelanin (black/etc.) The mask can vary from the muzzle, to the face and ears, to a larger area with shading on the front and sides as in the

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has yet been described among coat genes. However, they do share chromosomes with other major conformational genes, and in at least one case, breeding records have shown an indication of genes passed on together.

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Piebald, yet there are Beagles with very little white on them, or Beagles that are mostly white. What makes them Piebald is the SINE Insertion, but the Lp length is what changes how their patterns are expressed.

2179:(varies from coloured with Irish spotting plus at least one white marking on the top or sides of the body or hips, to mostly white which generally retains patches of colour around the eyes, ears and tail base) 375:. Phaeomelanin is diluted from red to yellowish tan; this phaeomelanin dilution is not as dramatic as the eumelanin color shift. Slight to moderate dilution of the paw pads and eye rims towards bluish grey if 735:

Pigment Intensity for dogs who are darker than Tan (shades of gold to red) has been attributed to a mutation upstream of KITLG, in the same genes responsible for coat color in mice and hair color in humans.

2998:) have wavy hair that is easily distinguishable from either homozygote. Wavy hair is considered desirable in several breeds, but because it is heterozygous, these breeds do not breed true for coat type. 4592:

Welle, M.; Philipp, U.; Rufenacht, S.; Roosje, P.; Scharfenstein, M.; Schutz, E.; Brenig, B.; Linek, M.; Mecklenburg, L.; Grest, P.; Drogemuller, M.; Haase, B.; Leeb, T.; Drogemuller, C. (1 July 2009).

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Sophie I. Candille; Christopher B. Kaelin; Bruce M. Cattanach; Bin Yu; Darren A. Thompson; Matthew A. Nix; Julie A. Kerns; Sheila M. Schmutz; Glenn L. Millhauser; Gregory S. Barsh (November 2007).

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includes tan point and saddle tan, both of which look tan point at birth. Modifier genes in saddle tan puppies cause a gradual reduction of the black area until the saddle tan pattern is achieved.

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Droegemueller, C; Karlsson, EK; Hytšnen, MK; Perloski, M; Dolf, G; Sainio, K; Lohi, H; Lindblad-Toh, K; Leeb, T (2008). "A mutation in hairless dogs implicates FOXI3 in ectodermal development".

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dilution (changing of a dog's coat from tan to cream or white) was found to be the result of a mutation in MFSD12 in 2019. and occurs in breeds that do not exhibit dark gold or red phenotypes.

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switching can lead to the production of a single hair with bands of eumelanin and phaeomelanin. Spatial-dependent signaling results in parts of the body with different levels of each pigment.

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Rimbault, Maud; Beale, Holly C.; Schoenebeck, Jeffrey J.; Hoopes, Barbara C.; Allen, Jeremy J.; Kilroy-Glynn, Paul; Wayne, Robert K.; Sutter, Nathan B.; Ostrander, Elaine A. (December 2013).

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People have postulated several alleles at the C locus and suggested some/all determine the degree to which an animal expresses phaeomelanin, a red-brown protein related to the production of

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The second way blue eyes can appear is when a dog has a lot of white fur on the face. Since the white areas cannot produce any pigment, pigment from the eyes and nose may be lost as well.

2635: 1074: 1134: 775:) is a receptor on the surface of melanocytes. When active, it causes the melanocyte to synthesize eumelanin; when inactive, the melanocyte produces phaeomelanin instead. ASIP (the 2612: 223:

alleles will have brown, rather than black, hair, a liver nose, paw pads and eye rims, and hazel eyes. Phaeomelanin color is unaffected. Only one of the alleles is present in the

856:; however, research suggests the existence of pairwise dominance/recessiveness relationships in different families and not the existence of a single hierarchy in one family. 405:

This dilution gene can occur in almost any breed, where blue gene is the most common. Also, there are some breeds that come in dilute but with no specific color, such as the

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The alleles at the theoretical G locus are thought to determine if progressive greying of the animal's coat will occur. Two alleles are theorised to occur at the G locus:

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Leigh Anne Clark; Alison N. Starr; Kate L. Tsai; Keith E. Murphy (July 2008). "Genome-wide linkage scan localizes the harlequin locus in the Great Dane to chromosome 9".

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Dreger, Dayna L.; Hooser, Blair N.; Hughes, Angela M.; Ganesan, Balasubramanian; Donner, Jonas; Anderson, Heidi; Holtvoigt, Lauren; Ekenstedt, Kari J. (28 October 2019).

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individual hairs remain on the dog long enough for the colour to be lost. In short-haired dogs, hairs are shed out and re-grown before the colour has a chance to change.

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Hytonen, M. K.; Grall, A.; Hedan, B.; Dreano, S.; Seguin, S. J.; Delattre, D.; Thomas, A.; Galibert, F.; Paulin, L.; Lohi, H.; Sainio, K.; Andre, C. (1 March 2009).

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The alleles at the theoretical U locus are thought to limit phaeomelanin production on the cheeks and underside. Two alleles are theorized to occur at the U locus:

6046: 243:), but in most breeds with any brown allele two or all three are present. It is unknown whether the different brown alleles cause specific shades or hues of brown. 28:

coats. Most genes come in pairs, one being from the dog's mother and one being from its father. Genes of interest have more than one expression (or version) of an

2067:"double merles", black is replaced with ~25% black, ~50% silver and ~25% white, again with random variation, such that some animals have more black or more white. 4942:"True Colors: Commercially-acquired morphological genotypes reveal hidden allele variation among dog breeds, informing both trait ancestry and breed potential" 2879:) determine the coarseness and the presence of "facial furnishings" (e.g. beard, moustache, eyebrows). There are two known alleles that occur at the W locus: 4497:

Philipp, Ute; Hamann, Henning; Mecklenburg, Lars; Nishino, Seiji; Mignot, Emmanuel; Günzel-Apel, Anne-Rose; Schmutz, Sheila M; Leeb, Tosso (16 June 2005).

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All hepatic dogs (bb) have amber eyes. Amber eyes vary from light brown to yellow, chartreuse, or gray. Dogs with melanin can occasionally see amber eyes.

993:= Mask (a eumelanin mask is added to the face). The distribution of the pigments on the rest of the face and on the body is determined by the agouti locus. 5974: 2242:

is the result of the interaction of three loci (the S locus, the T locus and F locus) giving them a unique spotting pattern not found in any other breed.

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Philipp, Ute; Hamann, Henning; Mecklenburg, Lars; Nishino, Seiji; Mignot, Emmanuel; Günzel-Apel, Anne-Rose; Schmutz, Sheila M; Leeb, Tosso (June 2005).

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of a breed and there is an extremely low probability that one carrier will be mated with another. In case two carriers have offspring, according to the

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is one of the few breeds that lack agouti patterning, and only have sable and tan points. However, many border collies still test to have agouti genes.

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Researchers have not yet assigned a letter to this locus and "R" has been selected based on the use of the term "Rex" for curled hair in domestic cats.

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The merle gene results in a bluish iris, and merle dogs often have blue, walled, or split eyes due to random pigment loss. Some genetic variants cause

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Winkler, Paige A.; Gornik, Kara R.; Ramsey, David T.; Dubielzig, Richard R.; Venta, Patrick J.; Petersen-Jones, Simon M.; Bartoe, Joshua T. (2014).

817:, and, by controlling the distribution of pigment in individual hairs, what type of agouti. There are four known alleles that occur at the A locus: 6122:

D. J. E. Housley; P. J. Venta (August 2006). "The long and the short of it: evidence that FGF5 is a major determinant of canine 'hair'-itability".

5771: 1122: 2755:, hair growth stops, the follicle rests, and the old hair falls off—is shed. At the end of the telogen phase, the follicle begins the cycle again. 5775: 3528:

for the alleles of some genes has become available. Software is also available to assist breeders in determining the likely outcome of matings.

2584: 4458:"A Noncoding Melanophilin Gene (MLPH) SNP at the Splice Donor of Exon 1 Represents a Candidate Causal Mutation for Coat Color Dilution in Dogs" 2569: 2149: 1007:, tan underparts with a dark overlay covering the top and sides of the body, head and tail, and the outside of the limbs) - also called domino. 4317:

Schmutz, Sheila M.; Berryere, Tom G.; Goldfinch, Angela D. (1 July 2002). "TYRP1 and MC1R genotypes and their effects on coat color in dogs".

346:(defective MLPH) that occur in many breeds. But recently the research group of Tosso Leeb has identified additional alleles in other breeds. 2763:

Research indicates that the majority of variation in coat growth pattern, length and curl can be attributed to mutations in four genes, the

2163:= Solid color/no white (very small areas of white may still appear; a diamond or medallion on the chest, a few toe tips/toes, or a tail tip) 5012:

Dreger, Dayna L.; Anderson, Heidi; Donner, Jonas; Clark, Jessica A.; Dykstra, Arlene; Hughes, Angela M.; Ekenstedt, Kari J. (3 July 2020).

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The alleles at the theoretical T locus are thought to determine whether an animal displays small, isolated regions of pigment in otherwise

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Weich, Kalie; Affolter, Verena; York, Daniel; Rebhun, Robert; Grahn, Robert; Kallenberg, Angelica; Bannasch, Danika (9 January 2020).

5251: 2519: 662: 5626: 2600: 3362:

Some breeds of dog do not grow hair on parts of their bodies and may be referred to as hairless. Examples of hairless dogs are the

4730:"Identification of a Missense Variant in MFSD12 Involved in Dilution of Phaeomelanin Leading to White or Cream Coat Color in Dogs" 48:

and k alleles, the (white) spotting gene with its multiple alleles, and the R and r alleles of the curl gene, would be looked at.

6459: 4075: 300: 5704: 2074:, but phaeomelanin is barely affected such that there will be little to no evidence of the merle gene on any tan areas or on an 115:. Together these genes account for the variation in coat color seen in dogs. Each gene has a unique, fixed location, known as a 4781:"Five genetic variants explain over 70% of hair coat pheomelanin intensity variation in purebred and mixed breed domestic dogs" 2923:

dogs have the harsh wire texture, but decreased furnishings, and overall coat length and shedding similar to non-wire animals.

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determines the intensity of pigmentation. MLPH codes for a protein involved in the distribution of melanin - it is part of the

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These three genes responsible for the length and texture of an animal's coat interact to produce eight different (homozygous)

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gene or DEFB103) determine the coloring pattern of an animal's coat. There are three known alleles that occur at the K locus:

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sable extension allele has been studied only in English Cocker Spaniels and produces sable in the presence of dominant black

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Slavney, Andrea J.; Kawakami, Takeshi; Jensen, Meghan K.; Nelson, Thomas C.; Sams, Aaron J.; Boyko, Adam R. (27 May 2021).

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Alleles at the Agouti (A), Extension (E) and Black (K) loci determine the presence or absence of brindle and its location:

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merles except when extensive white markings cause pink skin to remain in these areas. Blue and part-blue eyes are common.

6043: 1013:= Northern Domino (functions and appears similar to Grizzle in sighthounds) found mostly in Northern breeds such as the 6272:"Duplication of FGF3, FGF4, FGF19 and ORAOV1 causes hair ridge and predisposition to dermoid sinus in Ridgeback dogs". 679: 751:

This mutation not only effects Pheomelanin, but Eumelanin as well. This mutation does not effect all breeds the same.

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gene or KRT71 and the melanocortin 5 receptor gene (MC5R). The wild-type coat in dogs is short, double and straight.

3402:) is permitted to increase genetic diversity. These crosses are fully coated and heterozygous for AHT-hairlessness. 606:

It does not effect eumelanin (black/brown/blue/lilac) pigment, i.e. leaving a cream Afghan with a very black mask.

2969:) determine whether an animal's coat is straight or curly. There are two known alleles that occur at the R locus: 893:

is only present in a handful of breeds. Most black dogs are black due to the K locus allele KB for dominant black.

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Several loci can be grouped as affecting the shade of color: the Brown (B), Dilution (D), and Intensity (I) loci.

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The effect of the ticking gene(s) is to add back little coloured spots to areas made white by piebald spotting (

2089:

puppies develop their skin pigmentation (nose, paws, belly) with speckled-edged progression, equally evident in

1207:. Some puppies are born with a mask which fades away within a few weeks of birth: these puppies do not have the 638: 5971: 2522:

pattern is expressed in the tan (phaeomelanin) areas of any dog and does not effect black (eumelanin) pigment.

1176:

allows normal expression of eumelanin and/or phaeomelanin according to the alleles present at the A and K loci.

1104:

Dogs with Genotype ee can only store pheomelanin in the fur. BB or Bb on the B locus still allows a black nose.

1045:, tan with a dark overlay covering the top and sides of the body, head and tail, and the outside of the limbs). 5705:

Edward J. Cargill1, Thomas R. Famula, Robert D. Schnabel, George M. Strain & Keith E. Murphy (July 2005).

2534:

of the recessive alleles causing fur colours that don't correspond to the breed standard are very rare in the

623: 355:= Not diluted. Black or brown eumelanin (as determined by Brown locus), reddish or orangish tan phaeomelanin. 650: 2085:

The merle gene also affects the skin, eye colour, eyesight and development of the eye and inner ear. Merle

335:

transport complex. Defective MLPH prevents normal pigment distribution, resulting in a paler colored coat.

2851:), the coat is often of medium length and many dogs of these breeds are also heterozygous at the L locus ( 2082:

affect both pigments equally, such that a fawn double merle would be, on average, ~75% tan and ~25% white.

1116:

Homozygous ee causes red or yellow fur. Eumelanin can be in nose, eyelids and paw pads but not in the fur.

6642: 4282:

Kaelin, Christopher B.; Barsh, Gregory S. (1 January 2013). "Genetics of Pigmentation in Dogs and Cats".

3303: 2288:= Blue-eyed albino/Platinum (almost total inhibition of phaeomelanin resulting in near albino appearance) 2230:

have a naturally longer Lp and are considered "Fixed for White". This means even if they are genetically

1080:

E allows the production of black and chocolate brown eumelanin in the fur and causes the melanistic mask.

2518:

but due to lack of genetic studies these assumptions have only been made through visual assessment. The

2298:(complete inhibition of phaeomelanin production, resulting in complete inhibition of melanin production) 744:

Dogs with a higher CNV were observed to have darker, richer colors such as deep gold, red, and chestnut.

4085: 2024: 792: 426: 5374:"A missense mutation in the 20S proteasome β2 subunit of Great Danes having harlequin coat patterning" 5120: 5499: 4097: 3541:

and related breeds, and copper eyes in some herding dogs are not known to be related to coat colour.

3394: 5850:"A Missense Mutation in SLC45A2 Is Associated with Albinism in Several Small Long Haired Dog Breeds" 5764: 2791:) determine the length of the animal's coat. There are two known alleles that occur at the L locus: 5890: 4456:

Drögemüller, Cord; Philipp, Ute; Haase, Bianca; Günzel-Apel, Anne-Rose; Leeb, Tosso (1 July 2007).

3110: 810: 61: 5645:"A Simple Repeat Polymorphism in the MITF-M Promoter Is a Key Regulator of White Spotting in Dogs" 4387: 2563:

for the auditory organs and eyes, therefore this colour is not associated with any health issues.

852:

Most texts suggest that the dominance hierarchy for the A locus alleles appears to be as follows:

3477:

The genes also affect the eye colours of dogs. There are two main types of eye colours patterns.

3398:

result in missing teeth. Because the breed is new and rare, outcrossing to the parent breed (the

2394:

The greying gene affects both eumelanin, and to a lesser extent phaeomelanin. In the presence of

5014:"Atypical Genotypes for Canine Agouti Signaling Protein Suggest Novel Chromosomal Rearrangement" 3452:

The most common colour of dog nose is black. However, a number of genes can affect nose colour.

1262:. Its placement in the dominance hierarchy has not been solidified. Black with fawn-tan points ( 986:

in its coat. There are three known, plus two more theorized, alleles that occur at the E locus:

5448:

Clark, Leigh Anne; Wahl, Jacquelyn M.; Rees, Christine A.; Murphy, Keith E. (31 January 2006).

5314: 3121: 3001: 830:= Wild-type agouti. Each hair with 3-6 bands alternating black and tan. Also called wolf sable. 57: 5202:"Two MC1R loss-of-function alleles in cream-coloured Australian Cattle Dogs and white Huskies" 5945: 5791:"A Partial Gene Deletion of SLC45A2 Causes Oculocutaneous Albinism in Doberman Pinscher Dogs" 2539: 1460:

causes the addition of eumelanin stripes to all tan areas of a dog except when combined with

1058: 614: 40:

where the gene is made of two identical alleles (one from its mother and one its father) or

6637: 6632: 6229: 6176: 5802: 5656: 5450:"Retrotransposon insertion in SILV is responsible for merle patterning of the domestic dog" 5328: 4953: 4792: 4683: 3498: 3367: 3225: 2848: 2827:

dogs have a small but noticeable increase in length and finer texture than closely related

2622: 881:

is the only allele present in many Nordic spitzes, and is not present in most other breeds.

5412: 5201: 2278:= Extreme dilution (inhibition of phaeomelanin resulting in extremely reduced red pigment) 409:

or the Slovakian Pointer. Some breeds that are commonly known to have dilution genes are "

8: 6017: 5991: 5958: 5108: 4499:"Polymorphisms within the canine MLPH gene are associated with dilute coat color in dogs" 4407:"Polymorphisms within the canine MLPH gene are associated with dilute coat color in dogs" 4295: 4090: 3411: 3169: 2223: 2201:

Because of this variability, a dog's Phenotype will not always match their Genotype. The

814: 372: 6309: 6233: 6180: 5806: 5660: 5332: 4957: 4796: 4687: 531:

Note that phaeomelanin is frequently diluted by intensity factor of theoretical I locus.

367:) diluted to bluish grey (ranging from light blue-grey to dark steel); brown eumelanin ( 6579: 6554: 6463: 6297: 6253: 6197: 6164: 5825: 5790: 5752: 5735: 5679: 5644: 5476: 5449: 5349: 5316: 5232: 5183: 5089: 5040: 5013: 4976: 4941: 4866: 4839: 4815: 4780: 4756: 4729: 4704: 4671: 4525: 4498: 4433: 4406: 4342: 4173: 2831:

individuals. However, between breeds there is significant overlap between the shortest

2725: 2687: 2679: 1383:, so it is unknown how the gene may function in the presence of other A-series alleles. 1204: 1092:

Dogs with Genotype EE or Ee can produce black or chocolate brown eumelanin for the fur.

430: 284: 257: 96:

Phaeomelanin — tan pigment, including all shades of red, gold and cream pigment; and/or

4901:"A SINE Insertion Causes the Black-and-Tan and Saddle Tan Phenotypes in Domestic Dogs" 4840:"Pigment Intensity in Dogs is Associated with a Copy Number Variant Upstream of KITLG" 1442:

causes a solid eumelanin coat (black, brown, grey or taupe) except when combined with

867:, so that heterozygous individuals have more black sabling, especially as puppies and 783:) in turn prevents ASIP from inhibiting MC1R, thereby increasing eumelanin synthesis. 779:) binds to and inactivates MC1R, thereby causing phaeomelanin synthesis. DEFB103 (the 6584: 6521: 6478: 6305: 6289: 6257: 6245: 6202: 6139: 6135: 6093: 5871: 5830: 5740: 5720: 5684: 5607: 5481: 5430: 5395: 5354: 5297: 5236: 5224: 5081: 5045: 4981: 4922: 4871: 4820: 4761: 4709: 4574: 4530: 4479: 4438: 4334: 4299: 4222: 4214: 4165: 4160: 4143: 4080: 4063: 3322: 2642: 1276:). Brindle affects fawn and sable areas, resulting in black with bridled-tan points ( 410: 236: 228: 6607: 6301: 6044:

Gutachten zur Auslegung von § 11b des Tierschutzgesetzes (Verbot von Qualzüchtungen)

6030: 5641: 5093: 4360: 4346: 4177: 2669: 2272:= Chinchilla (partial inhibition of phaeomelanin resulting in decreased red pigment) 2185:= Extreme piebald spotting (extremely large areas of white, almost completely white) 6574: 6566: 6555:"Derived variants at six genes explain nearly half of size reduction in dog breeds" 6511: 6500:"Ancestral T-Box Mutation Is Present in Many, but Not All, Short-Tailed Dog Breeds" 6281: 6237: 6192: 6184: 6131: 5861: 5820: 5810: 5730: 5710: 5674: 5664: 5567: 5471: 5461: 5422: 5385: 5344: 5336: 5287: 5216: 5073: 5035: 5025: 4971: 4961: 4912: 4861: 4851: 4810: 4800: 4751: 4741: 4699: 4691: 4606: 4564: 4520: 4510: 4469: 4428: 4418: 4326: 4291: 4204: 4192: 4155: 3437: 3292: 3281: 3143: 2844: 2698: 2108:

merles have normal-sized eyes and acceptably functional eyesight and hearing; most

2014: 1419:= Phaeomelanin permitted (pattern expressed as per alleles present at A and E loci) 1188: 1141: 1018: 629: 280: 201:

allele will have a black nose, paw pads and eye rims and (usually) dark brown eyes.

116: 86:(reddish-yellow). A melanocyte can be signaled to produce either color of melanin. 33: 5925: 5637: 5635: 5529: 2259:, in its coat and skin. Five alleles have been theorised to occur at the C locus: 2023:, aka premelanosome protein gene or PMEL) determine whether an animal expresses a 44:

where the gene is made of two different alleles (one inherited from each parent).

6050: 5978: 5933: 5815: 5669: 5591:. Catherine Roberts (translator). Ithaca, N.Y.: Comstock Publishing. p. 194. 5133: 4966: 4805: 3924: 3525: 3441: 3375: 3371: 2840: 2626: 2531: 2239: 1067:= Found only in Nordic breeds, this gene creates the white and yellow coat color. 1022: 979: 700: 418: 111:

have been verified to determine coat color. Each of these has at least two known

32:. Usually only one, or a small number of alleles exist for each gene. In any one 23:

Dogs display wide variation in coat type, density, length, color, and composition

5390: 5373: 5170: 2402:

Premature greying, in which the face/etc. greys at a young age is not caused by

617:, whose cream and white coats are controlled by genes in the Extension E Locus. 609:

This is not to be confused with the cream or white in Nordic Breeds such as the

6538: 5632: 5553: 5426: 4999: 3538: 3415: 3386: 3363: 3277: 3210: 3158: 3147: 2575: 2346:(See ticking below, which may be another name for the flecking described here) 2219: 1025:

who are descended from primitive spitz breeds brought across the Bering Strait.

1014: 668: 610: 224: 5077: 4330: 2169:= Irish-spotting (white on muzzle, forehead, feet, legs, chest, neck and tail) 1031:= Normal extension (pattern expressed as per alleles present at A and K loci). 383:, and slight to moderate reduction of eye color from brown towards amber in a 6626: 6064: 4218: 3326: 2736:, which has a three phase cycle, as in most other mammals. These phases are: 2733: 2112:

double merles suffer from microphthalmia and/or partial to complete deafness.

963: 328: 67: 6516: 6499: 6241: 5866: 5849: 5707:

The color of a Dalmatian's spots: Linkage evidence to support the TYRP1 gene

5572: 5555: 5466: 5340: 5292: 5271: 4917: 4900: 4695: 4626: 4611: 4594: 4474: 4457: 1258:, the latter in which it is referred to as "Domino", but also occurs in the 6588: 6525: 6293: 6249: 6206: 6143: 5911: 5875: 5834: 5744: 5688: 5485: 5434: 5399: 5358: 5301: 5228: 5085: 5049: 4985: 4926: 4875: 4824: 4765: 4713: 4672:"Coat Variation in the Domestic Dog Is Governed by Variants in Three Genes" 4578: 4534: 4515: 4483: 4442: 4423: 4338: 4303: 4226: 4169: 3567: 3381: 3331: 3318:

Breeds in which coat type Is not explained by FgF5, RSPO2 and KRT71 genes:

3221: 2919:

dogs have coarse hair, prominent furnishings and greatly-reduced shedding.

2560: 2419:-spotted white regions. Two alleles are theorised to occur at the T locus: 2227: 2104:) are linked to a range of auditory and ophthalmologic abnormalities. Most 1255: 950: 747:

Dogs with a lower CNV were observed to have lighter gold and orange colors.

729: 579:

interact with semi-dominance, so that there are three distinct phenotypes.

324: 314: 207:= Brown eumelanin - such as chocolate or liver (includes several alleles - 83: 41: 6570: 6356: 6326: 5715: 5030: 4856: 4746: 2555:

is not caused by any spotting gene but by strong dilution of pheomelanin.

1423:

The dominance hierarchy for the K locus alleles appears to be as follows:

1149:

The dominance hierarchy for the E locus alleles appears to be as follows:

161: 6390: 6157: 6155: 6153: 4102: 3399: 3095: 2591: 2547: 1981: 1220: 926: 598:

results in diluted phaeomelanin such as cream, yellow, and white. Unlike

544: 6548: 6546: 6437: 6188: 5146: 2942: 2704: 797: 6270: 4209: 2683: 2556: 902: 406: 332: 261: 71: 37: 6285: 6150: 5220: 4569: 4552: 2934:

will have long, soft coats with furnishings, rather than wirey coats.

2892:= Non-wire (hair is not coarse and facial furnishings are not present) 2027:

pattern to its coat. There are two alleles that occur at the M locus:

1968:

homozygotes are non-harlequin. Breeding data suggests that homozygous

938: 725: 6543: 3457: 3099: 3022: 2714: 2618: 2552: 2535: 2481: 2019:

The alleles at the M locus (the silver locus protein homolog gene or

1993: 983: 802: 422: 320: 143: 79: 19: 6219: 6163:

Sutter, Nathan B.; Todhunter, Rory J.; Boyko, Adam R. (April 2016).

4726: 4670:

Carlos D.; Wayne, Robert K.; Ostrander, Elaine A. (2 October 2009).

4248:"Genetics Basics Coat Color Genetics In Dogs | VCA Animal Hospitals" 2060:

animals having one odd patch of a third shade of grey, brown or tan.

1909:

are only included in the table where their interactions are known.

1454:

and appropriate coat type (light eumelanin with dark eumelanin mask)

1128:

Genotyp ee and bb for brown eumelanin causes red fur and liver-nose.

78:

into a developing hair. Dog fur is colored by two types of melanin:

6415: 5253:

Genetic Interactions Among Three Pigmentation Loci in Domestic Dogs

4144:"Genes affecting coat color and pattern in domestic dogs: a review" 3731:

Black mask, grizzle, normal extension, cocker-sable, recessive red

3508: 3249: 3245: 3206: 3009: 3005: 2947: 1393: 685: 5259:. 10th World Congress of Genetics Applied to Livestock Production. 4455: 974:

The alleles at the E locus (the melanocortin receptor one gene or

914: 5589:

Inheritance in Dogs: With Special Reference to the Hunting Breeds

5554:

Sheila M. Schmutz; Tom G. Berryere; Dayna L. Dreger (June 2009).

4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4646: 3493:

Blue eyes in dogs are often related to pigment loss in coatings.

2709: 2645: 2445: 2256: 2176: 1472:(eumelanin and sabled areas become striped, tan areas remain tan) 1410: 1247: 875:

phenotype. Other genes also affect how much black is in the coat.

414: 75: 5317:"A β-Defensin Mutation Causes Black Coat Color in Domestic Dogs" 5269: 5194: 5192: 2664:

tricolor Genotype s s is the first colour in the breed standard.

5372:

Clark, LA; Tsai, KL; Starr, AN; Nowend, KL; Murphy, KE (2011).

5198: 4496: 4404: 3241: 2815:. A long coat is demonstrated when a dog has pair of recessive 2661: 2295: 2202: 1259: 1251: 299:

dilution. Labrador dogs with the dilute gene often suffer from

197:= Black eumelanin. An animal that has at least one copy of the 112: 108: 29: 6552: 6161: 4643: 3566:

All known genes are on separate chromosomes, and therefore no

2096:

Both heterozygosity and homozygosity of the merle gene (i.e.,

759: 5272:"A New Mutation in MC1R Explains a Coat Color Phenotype in 2 5189: 4595:"MLPH Genotype--Melanin Phenotype Correlation in Dilute Dogs" 4546: 4544: 4141: 2962: 2896: 2872: 2772: 2764: 2648:

s s is not allowed. Tricolor Yorkies became a separate breed.

2477: 1359:. Its expression is dependent upon the animal not possessing 183: 5788: 2863: 2461:

animals. It does not affect white areas that were caused by

809:

The alleles at the A locus are related to the production of

6165:"Complex disease and phenotype mapping in the domestic dog" 6121: 4778: 4591: 3920:

Single coat/minimal shedding, double coat/regular shedding

3519: 3229: 2784: 2768: 2721: 2051:

show a relationship of both co-dominance and no dominance.

2020: 1375:

is theorized to be on the E locus and to have no effect on

842:= Recessive black. Solid black, inhibition of phaeomelanin. 763:

An agouti hair showing bands of eumelanin and phaeomelanin.

104: 6088:

Evans, Howard E.; de Lahunta, Alexander (August 7, 2013).

4541: 4191:

Ostrander, Elaine A.; Wayne, Robert K. (1 December 2005).

3682:

C = full color, 2 recessive alleles for types of albinism

3016: 2717:

whose long hair has faded due to exposure to the elements.

2306: 1972:

is embryonic lethal and that therefore all harlequins are

1482: 93:

Eumelanin — black, chocolate brown, grey or taupe pigment;

5011: 4939: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4267: 2372:= Progressive greying (melanin lost from hairs over time) 1051:= Recessive or clear fawn (tan, inhibition of eumelanin). 5062: 4551:

Brancalion, L.; Haase, B.; Wade, C. M. (February 2022).

4316: 3561: 3531: 1269:) is instead dark-sable with extended clear-tan points ( 190:

There are four known alleles that occur at the B locus:

122:

Some of the loci associated with canine coat color are:

6497: 4837: 1316:

is theorized to have no effect on the phenotype of non-

1144:

can be hidden, as they don't have eumelanin in the fur.

982:, as well as determining whether an animal can produce 219:). An animal with any matched or unmatched pair of the 5492: 4668: 4264: 2886:= Wire (hair is coarse and facial furnishings present) 5556:"MITF and White Spotting in Dogs: A Population Study" 2705:

Genes associated with hair length, growth and texture

2625:, cream-white is nonstandard albeit accepted by the 2606:

Punnett square: Inheritance with two genetic carriers

2530:

Miscolours occur quite rarely in dog breeds, because

2234:

for Solid Color, they will still show White Spotting.

1478:

is wild-type allowing full expression of other genes.

74:(pigment cells), which make and transfer the pigment 5371: 4390:[Which colors can cause diseases in dogs?]. 1927:(T) and Flecking (F) loci determine white markings. 1231:

dog will be white to off-white; in combination with

5447: 4550: 2543:mated with standard-coloured dogs to new carriers. 2070:Eumelanin (black/etc.) is significantly reduced by 2034:= Merle (patches of full colour and reduced colour) 1203:animal while the rest of the dog pales, such as in 51: 3461:It's hard to tell if these dogs are black or blue. 2578:: Inheritance with one carrier of a recessive gene 1300:is dependent upon the animal being homozygous for 1211:allele and their temporary mask is due to sabling. 1061:, this gene creates the cream color in this breed. 715:Chihuahua: same parts are creme-white, genotype ii 319:(MLPH) at the D locus causes a dilution mainly of 5888: 4142:Schmutz, S. M.; Berryere, T. G. (December 2007). 3777:Dominant black, brindle, fawn/sable/banded hairs 2926:Animals that are homozygous for long coat (i.e., 6624: 6005:Silver Labrador Retrievers Facts And Controversy 3337:Genotypes of dogs of these 3 breeds are usually 3313: 2728:lying next to its combed-out seasonal undercoat. 2693: 2360: 6087: 5847: 5454:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5270:Dayna L. Dreger; Sheila M. Schmutz (Jun 2010). 4375:Silver Labrador Retriever Facts And Controversy 3632:Sable, wolf-sable, tan point, recessive black; 3456:A blue dog nose is genetically impossible. But 2238:It is thought that the spotting that occurs in 387:animal, or from hazel towards light amber in a 363:= Diluted. Diluted fur color: black eumelanin ( 5848:Wijesena, H. R.; Schmutz, S. M. (1 May 2015). 5606:. New York: Comstock Publishing. p. 194. 4190: 2150:microphthalmia-associated transcription factor 6092:(Fourth ed.). Saunders. pp. 71–73. 5249: 4899:Dreger, Dayna L.; Schmutz, Sheila M. (2011). 4898: 4553:"Canine coat pigmentation genetics: a review" 2449:each occur separately or in any combination. 1988:) have the same pattern of patches as merle ( 1921: 1379:dogs. All cocker spaniels are homozygous for 813:and determine whether an animal expresses an 602:, it allows the skin and eyes to remain dark. 6539:http://munster.sasktelwebsite.net/white.html 2266:= Full color (animal expresses phaeomelanin) 2116: 1996:affects eumelanin and phaeomelanin equally. 4281: 3507:The third way is when dogs are affected by 2525: 1387: 5774:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5700: 5698: 2594:Genotype S s mated with another s carrier. 2078:dog. However, the white patches caused by 978:) determine whether an animal expresses a 550:Two alleles are theorised to occur at the 436: 6578: 6515: 6196: 5865: 5824: 5814: 5770:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5734: 5714: 5678: 5668: 5571: 5475: 5465: 5389: 5348: 5291: 5039: 5029: 4975: 4965: 4916: 4865: 4855: 4814: 4804: 4755: 4745: 4703: 4610: 4568: 4524: 4514: 4473: 4432: 4422: 4208: 4159: 3870:Solid, Irish spotting, piebald spotting; 2749:, growth slows, and hair shaft thins; and 2559:are present in the whole skin and in the 6385: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6377: 6321: 6319: 5882: 5547: 5524: 5522: 5520: 4394:(in Swiss High German). 24 October 2019. 4388:"Welche Fellfarben können krank machen?" 3520:Genetic testing and phenotype prediction 3380: 3177: 3066: 3030: 2941: 2895: 2862: 2819:alleles at this locus. The dominance of 2732:Every hair in the dog coat grows from a 2720: 2708: 2668: 2476: 1763: 1653: 1555: 1492: 1335:Little information exists regarding the 796: 758: 724: 703:: tan is lightened to creme, genotype Ii 279: 256: 18: 6605: 6351: 6349: 6347: 5889:Sheila M. Schmutz (December 27, 2008). 5695: 5595: 5406: 5005: 4933: 4076:Labrador Retriever coat colour genetics 3017:Interaction of length and texture genes 2994:is one of no dominance. Heterozygotes ( 2307:Theoretical genes for color and pattern 1756:brindle with clear-tan points (Afghan) 1483:Interactions of some genes with brindle 175:Eumelanin color due to the brown locus. 6625: 6483:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 5946:I locus - dilution of pheomelanin only 5601: 5250:Schmutz, S. M.; Dreger, D. L. (2014). 3352: 2406:and has not been proven to be genetic. 1992:) dogs, but the patches are white and 1930: 969: 538: 89:Dog coat colors are from patterns of: 6374: 6316: 5604:The Inheritance of Coat Color in Dogs 5586: 5517: 3562:Loci for coat colour, type and length 3532:Characteristics linked to coat colour 2315: 2143: 1182:allows similar pattern expression to 99:Lack of melanin — white (no pigment). 6344: 4296:10.1146/annurev-animal-031412-103659 3357: 2488: 2410: 2250: 1980:The Harlequin allele is specific to 1286:) or brindle with clear-tan points ( 1021:, as well as Native breeds like the 181:The gene at the B locus is known as 6606:Schmutz, Sheila M. (June 4, 2023). 6418:. Veterinary Genetic Services. 2010 4284:Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 4052:No coat genes yet identified here. 4032:No coat genes yet identified here. 4012:No coat genes yet identified here. 2930:) and possess at least one copy of 2778: 2457:) or the limited white markings of 1947:, patches of full colour and white) 786: 307: 13: 2858: 2690:suffering from Blue dog syndrome. 2008: 1413:(black stripes added to tan areas) 1195:is unaffected by the greying gene 133: 14: 6654: 6599: 6440:. Premier Pedigree Software. 2009 4398: 2937: 1214:An animal that is homozygous for 932:Allele a with BB or Bb on B-Locus 587:animals but normally darker than 295:for black eumelanin lightened by 272:for brown eumelanin lightened by 6136:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2006.01448.x 6031:Health problems linked to colour 5276:Breeds: Saluki and Afghan Hound" 5121:Banded hairs on agouti wolf back 4161:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2007.01664.x 4096: 3370:(Peruvian Hairless Dog) and the 2961:The alleles at the R locus (the 2950:'s coat forms cords as it grows. 2871:The alleles at the W locus (the 2783:The alleles at the L locus (the 2653: 2634: 2611: 2599: 2583: 2568: 2148:The alleles at the S locus (the 1964:heterozygotes are harlequin and 1392:The alleles at the K locus (the 1250:allele has been studied only in 1133: 1121: 1109: 1097: 1085: 1073: 949: 937: 925: 913: 901: 811:agouti signalling protein (ASIP) 708: 693: 678: 661: 649: 637: 622: 160: 142: 125: 52:Genes associated with coat color 6532: 6491: 6452: 6430: 6408: 6264: 6213: 6115: 6106: 6081: 6057: 6036: 6023: 6010: 5997: 5984: 5964: 5951: 5938: 5918: 5904: 5841: 5782: 5620: 5580: 5441: 5365: 5308: 5263: 5243: 5175: 5163: 5139: 5126: 5113: 5100: 5056: 4992: 4892: 4882: 4831: 4772: 4720: 4619: 4585: 4490: 4449: 4115: 3823:Double merle, merle, non-merle 3708:Black/chocolate, blue/isabella 3447: 3236:Long curly with furnishings or 2839:phenotypes. In certain breeds ( 2040:= Non-merle (normal expression) 1913:has yet to be fully understood. 1243:dog will be off-white or cream. 1140:In dogs with recessive red the 754: 6327:"Genetic Bases for Coat Types" 5602:Little, Clarence Cook (1957). 4380: 4367: 4353: 4310: 4240: 4184: 4135: 3472: 720: 342:(normal, wild-type MLPH), and 338:There are two common alleles: 1: 6018:FCI Standard No 143 Dobermann 4128: 4066:(merles frequently smaller). 3659:Black, 3 x chocolate / liver 3480: 3314:Breed exceptions to coat type 2694:Somatic Mutations and Chimera 2361:G (progressive greying) locus 1957:, normal expression of merle) 1227:(phaeomelanin inhibitor), an 688:: black and tan, genotype II) 583:heterozygotes are paler than 522:Taupe or "Isabella" eumelanin 5891:"Coat Color Alleles in Dogs" 5816:10.1371/journal.pone.0092127 5670:10.1371/journal.pone.0104363 4967:10.1371/journal.pone.0223995 4806:10.1371/journal.pone.0250579 4042: 4039: 4022: 4019: 4002: 3999: 3981: 3976: 3958: 3953: 3935: 3930: 3908: 3903: 3885: 3880: 3858: 3853: 3835: 3830: 3811: 3806: 3788: 3783: 3765: 3760: 3742: 3737: 3719: 3714: 3696: 3691: 3670: 3665: 3647: 3642: 3620: 3615: 3488: 3430: 3421: 3405: 3366:(Mexican Hairless Dog), the 3298: 3287: 3272: 3257: 3235: 3216: 3201: 3192: 3164: 3153: 3138: 3129: 3116: 3105: 3090: 3075: 3055: 3046: 3037: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1876: 1867: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1832: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1803: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1772: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1728: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1699: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1668: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1622: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1595: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1564: 1544: 1529: 1508: 1499: 863:is incompletely dominant to 656:Golden Retriever genotype ii 644:Golden Retriever genotype Ii 543:The alleles responsible for 521: 516: 507: 500: 495: 480: 467: 450: 443: 184:tyrosinase related protein 1 7: 6112:Miller's Anatomy of the Dog 6090:Miller's Anatomy of the Dog 5391:10.1016/j.ygeno.2011.01.003 4069: 3304:Wirehaired Pointing Griffon 2682:might probably come from a 2484:displaying urajiro pattern. 2245: 2135:Atypical merle (Ma and Ma+) 2000:has no effect on non-merle 944:Allele a with bb on B-Locus 427:Staffordshire bull terriers 10: 6659: 6065:"Dog Coat Colour Genetics" 5992:FCI Standard No 161 Beagle 5912:"Dog Coat Colour Genetics" 5709:. Vol. 1. p. 1. 5427:10.1016/j.gene.2008.04.006 5147:"Dog Coat Colour Genetics" 4627:"Dog Coat Colour Genetics" 4086:Equine coat color genetics 3847:Straight coat, curly coat 2785:fibroblast growth factor-5 2769:fibroblast growth factor-5 2126:Cryptic merle (Mc and Mc+) 2012: 1922:Patches and white spotting 1324:dogs and to be allelic to 1199:and will remain dark in a 793:Agouti coloration genetics 790: 671:: intermediate inheritance 398:is completely dominant to 291:for solid eumelanin coat; 268:for solid eumelanin coat; 55: 6608:"Dog Coat Color Genetics" 5566:(Supplement 1): 566–574. 5530:"Advanced Merle Genetics" 5078:10.1007/s00335-004-2377-1 4605:(Supplement 1): S75–S79. 4361:"Dog Coat Color Genetics" 4331:10.1007/s00335-001-2147-2 3993:Ridgeback, non-ridgeback 3897:Wire coat, non-wire coat 3754:Harlequin, non-harlequin 3395:American Hairless Terrier 3004:coats, like those of the 2205:for example is fixed for 2117:Variation on merle allele 1899: 1721:black & brindled tan 1367:nor being homozygous for 528: 517:Chocolate-brown eumelanin 119:, within the dog genome. 103:By 2020, more than eight 6395:Dog Coat Colour Genetics 6361:Dog Coat Colour Genetics 6331:Dog Coat Colour Genetics 5627:Why white dogs are white 5534:Dog Coat Colour Genetics 5500:"George Strain on Merle" 4108: 3111:Chesapeake Bay Retriever 2743:, growth of normal hair; 2526:Miscolours in dog breeds 2378:= No progressive greying 1688:black & brindled tan 1403:= Dominant black (black) 1388:K (dominant black) locus 571:It's been observed that 62:Introduction to genetics 16:Genetics behind dog coat 6242:10.1126/science.1162525 5629:Uppsala University 2014 5467:10.1073/pnas.0506940103 5341:10.1126/science.1147880 5106:Sheila Schmutz: A locus 4696:10.1126/science.1177808 4392:Schweizer Hunde Magazin 2911:, but the dominance of 2686:. The same applies for 2122:production of pigment. 1223:). In combination with 613:, or cream roan in the 437:Color gene interactions 327:is less affected. This 301:color dilution alopecia 5587:Winge, Ojvind (1950). 4516:10.1186/1471-2156-6-34 4424:10.1186/1471-2156-6-34 3800:Short coat, long coat 3390: 3122:Curly Coated Retriever 2951: 2901: 2868: 2729: 2718: 2674: 2485: 854:A > a > a > a 806: 764: 732: 371:) diluted to taupe or 304: 277: 70:is surrounded by many 58:biological inheritance 24: 6571:10.1101/gr.157339.113 6517:10.1093/jhered/esn085 6169:Nature Communications 6069:www.doggenetics.co.uk 5867:10.1093/jhered/esv008 5716:10.1186/1746-6148-1-1 5573:10.1093/jhered/esp029 5293:10.1093/jhered/esq061 5151:www.doggenetics.co.uk 5031:10.3390/genes11070739 4918:10.1093/jhered/esr042 4857:10.3390/genes11010075 4747:10.3390/genes10050386 4631:www.doggenetics.co.uk 4612:10.1093/jhered/esp010 4475:10.1093/jhered/esm021 3970:Coated, AHT-hairless 3384: 2945: 2899: 2866: 2724: 2712: 2672: 2480: 2218:Some breeds like the 1059:Australian Cattle Dog 800: 762: 728: 615:Australian Cattle Dog 561:= Non-diluted pigment 283: 260: 82:(brownish-black) and 36:a dog will either be 22: 6438:"Breeders Assistant" 4911:(Suppl 1): S11–S18. 3874:not proven to exist 3499:Heterochromia iridum 3385:Hairless and Coated 3368:Peruvian Inca Orchid 3226:Portuguese Water Dog 2986:The relationship of 2849:Cardigan Welsh Corgi 1953:= Non-harlequin (if 1057:= Found only in the 524:Yellow phaeomelanin 503:Yellow phaeomelanin 6504:Journal of Heredity 6234:2008Sci...321.1462D 6189:10.1038/ncomms10460 6181:2016NatCo...710460H 5959:FCI standard No 257 5854:Journal of Heredity 5807:2014PLoSO...992127W 5661:2014PLoSO...9j4363B 5560:Journal of Heredity 5333:2007Sci...318.1418C 5327:(5855): 1418–1423. 5280:Journal of Heredity 5184:The E Locus in Dogs 4958:2019PLoSO..1423995D 4905:Journal of Heredity 4797:2021PLoSO..1650579S 4688:2009Sci...326..150C 4599:Journal of Heredity 4462:Journal of Heredity 4193:"The canine genome" 4091:Farm-Fox Experiment 3440:, and possibly the 3412:Rhodesian Ridgeback 3410:Some breeds (e.g., 3353:Other related genes 3170:Irish Water Spaniel 2823:is incomplete, and 2767:gene or RSPO2, the 2688:Dobermann Pinschers 2627:British Kennel Club 2621:: According to the 2510:It is thought that 2436:It is thought that 2382:It is thought that 2349:It is thought that 2224:Australian Shepherd 1931:H (harlequin) locus 1304:and not possessing 1205:Kerry Blue Terriers 1037:= Cocker sable (if 970:E (extension) locus 805:genotype a/a or a/a 539:I (intensity) locus 501:Blue-grey eumelanin 431:Neapolitan mastiffs 6643:Animal coat colors 6049:2017-05-17 at the 5977:2016-03-19 at the 5972:Japanese Shiba Inu 5932:2017-09-08 at the 4210:10.1101/gr.3736605 3687:& GHR(2) size 3391: 2952: 2902: 2869: 2771:gene or FGF5, the 2730: 2719: 2680:Labrador Retriever 2675: 2643:Yorkshire Terriers 2540:law of segregation 2486: 2144:S (spotting) locus 1984:. Harlequin dogs ( 1450:(Cocker sable) or 807: 801:Banded hairs of a 765: 733: 519:Red* phaeomelanin 498:Red* phaeomelanin 411:Italian greyhounds 305: 278: 25: 6565:(12): 1985–1995. 6286:10.1038/ng.2007.4 6280:(11): 1318–1320. 6099:978-1-4377-0812-7 5726:978-1-74661-481-2 5613:978-0-87605-621-9 5221:10.1111/age.12660 4682:(5949): 150–153. 4570:10.1111/age.13154 4203:(12): 1706–1716. 4081:Cat coat genetics 4064:Shetland Sheepdog 4059: 4058: 3947:Hairless, coated 3358:Hairlessness gene 3323:Yorkshire Terrier 3311: 3310: 3307: 3296: 3285: 3253: 3233: 3214: 3173: 3162: 3151: 3125: 3114: 3103: 2489:U (urajiro) locus 2411:T (ticking) locus 2251:C (colored) locus 1919: 1918: 1914: 1750:brindle (Afghan) 1296:). Expression of 871:can resemble the 815:agouti appearance 567:= Diluted pigment 536: 535: 532: 237:Italian Greyhound 229:Doberman Pinscher 6650: 6619: 6617: 6615: 6610:. Sheila Schmutz 6593: 6592: 6582: 6550: 6541: 6536: 6530: 6529: 6519: 6495: 6489: 6488: 6482: 6474: 6472: 6471: 6462:. Archived from 6456: 6450: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6434: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6412: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6387: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6353: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6337: 6323: 6314: 6313: 6268: 6262: 6261: 6217: 6211: 6210: 6200: 6159: 6148: 6147: 6119: 6113: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6085: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6075: 6061: 6055: 6040: 6034: 6027: 6021: 6014: 6008: 6001: 5995: 5988: 5982: 5968: 5962: 5955: 5949: 5942: 5936: 5922: 5916: 5915: 5908: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5886: 5880: 5879: 5869: 5845: 5839: 5838: 5828: 5818: 5786: 5780: 5779: 5768: 5762: 5758: 5756: 5748: 5738: 5718: 5702: 5693: 5692: 5682: 5672: 5639: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5584: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5551: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5526: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5504: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5479: 5469: 5460:(5): 1376–1381. 5445: 5439: 5438: 5410: 5404: 5403: 5393: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5352: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5295: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5247: 5241: 5240: 5206: 5196: 5187: 5181:Sheila Schmutz: 5179: 5173: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5157: 5143: 5137: 5134:Agouti Wolf Grey 5130: 5124: 5117: 5111: 5104: 5098: 5097: 5066:Mammalian Genome 5060: 5054: 5053: 5043: 5033: 5009: 5003: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4979: 4969: 4952:(10): e0223995. 4937: 4931: 4930: 4920: 4896: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4869: 4859: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4818: 4808: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4759: 4749: 4724: 4718: 4717: 4707: 4666: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4637: 4623: 4617: 4616: 4614: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4572: 4548: 4539: 4538: 4528: 4518: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4477: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4436: 4426: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4384: 4378: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4319:Mammalian Genome 4314: 4308: 4307: 4279: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4258: 4252:vcahospitals.com 4244: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4212: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4163: 4139: 4122: 4119: 4101: 4100: 3574: 3573: 3524:In recent years 3438:Korthals Griffon 3301: 3293:Wire Fox Terrier 3290: 3282:Scottish Terrier 3275: 3239: 3219: 3204: 3167: 3156: 3141: 3119: 3108: 3093: 3028: 3027: 2845:Alaskan Malamute 2835:and the longest 2779:L (length) locus 2699:Somatic mutation 2657: 2646:Piebald spotting 2638: 2615: 2603: 2587: 2572: 2561:embryonic tissue 2532:genetic carriers 2514:is recessive to 2055:On heterozygous 2015:Merle (dog coat) 1943:= Harlequin (if 1901: 1895:white (Samoyed) 1825:black & tan 1490: 1489: 1446:(tan or white), 1189:Belgian Tervuren 1137: 1125: 1113: 1101: 1089: 1077: 1041:and may require 1019:Finnish Lapphund 953: 941: 929: 917: 905: 787:A (agouti) locus 712: 697: 682: 665: 653: 641: 630:Golden Retriever 626: 530: 441: 440: 419:Tibetan mastiffs 308:D (dilute) locus 287:(non-standard): 164: 146: 6658: 6657: 6653: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6648: 6647: 6623: 6622: 6613: 6611: 6602: 6597: 6596: 6559:Genome Research 6551: 6544: 6537: 6533: 6496: 6492: 6476: 6475: 6469: 6467: 6460:"Archived copy" 6458: 6457: 6453: 6443: 6441: 6436: 6435: 6431: 6421: 6419: 6414: 6413: 6409: 6399: 6397: 6389: 6388: 6375: 6365: 6363: 6355: 6354: 6345: 6335: 6333: 6325: 6324: 6317: 6274:Nature Genetics 6269: 6265: 6218: 6214: 6160: 6151: 6124:Animal Genetics 6120: 6116: 6111: 6107: 6100: 6086: 6082: 6073: 6071: 6063: 6062: 6058: 6051:Wayback Machine 6041: 6037: 6028: 6024: 6015: 6011: 6002: 5998: 5989: 5985: 5979:Wayback Machine 5969: 5965: 5956: 5952: 5943: 5939: 5934:Wayback Machine 5923: 5919: 5910: 5909: 5905: 5895: 5893: 5887: 5883: 5846: 5842: 5787: 5783: 5769: 5760: 5759: 5750: 5749: 5727: 5703: 5696: 5640: 5633: 5625: 5621: 5614: 5600: 5596: 5585: 5581: 5552: 5548: 5538: 5536: 5528: 5527: 5518: 5508: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5497: 5493: 5446: 5442: 5411: 5407: 5370: 5366: 5313: 5309: 5268: 5264: 5256: 5248: 5244: 5209:Animal Genetics 5204: 5197: 5190: 5180: 5176: 5168: 5164: 5155: 5153: 5145: 5144: 5140: 5131: 5127: 5118: 5114: 5105: 5101: 5072:(10): 798–808. 5061: 5057: 5010: 5006: 4997: 4993: 4938: 4934: 4897: 4893: 4887: 4883: 4836: 4832: 4791:(5): e0250579. 4777: 4773: 4725: 4721: 4667: 4644: 4635: 4633: 4625: 4624: 4620: 4590: 4586: 4557:Animal Genetics 4549: 4542: 4495: 4491: 4454: 4450: 4403: 4399: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4372: 4368: 4359: 4358: 4354: 4315: 4311: 4280: 4265: 4256: 4254: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4231: 4229: 4197:Genome Research 4189: 4185: 4148:Animal Genetics 4140: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4125: 4120: 4116: 4111: 4103:Dogs portal 4095: 4072: 3686: 3609: 3597: 3587: 3584: 3564: 3534: 3526:genetic testing 3522: 3491: 3483: 3475: 3450: 3442:Irish Wolfhound 3433: 3424: 3408: 3376:Chinese Crested 3372:Chinese Crested 3360: 3355: 3316: 3300: 3289: 3274: 3260: 3237: 3218: 3203: 3195: 3180: 3166: 3155: 3140: 3132: 3118: 3107: 3092: 3078: 3069: 3058: 3049: 3040: 3033: 3019: 2940: 2915:is incomplete. 2907:is dominant to 2861: 2859:W (wired) locus 2841:German Shepherd 2811:is dominant to 2781: 2707: 2696: 2665: 2658: 2649: 2639: 2630: 2616: 2607: 2604: 2595: 2588: 2579: 2573: 2528: 2491: 2440:is dominant to 2413: 2386:is dominant to 2363: 2353:is dominant to 2322: 2309: 2253: 2248: 2146: 2119: 2017: 2011: 2009:M (merle) locus 1933: 1924: 1879: 1870: 1837: 1806: 1798: 1793: 1792:black & tan 1788: 1783: 1775: 1766: 1733: 1702: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1671: 1656: 1627: 1598: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1567: 1558: 1547: 1532: 1511: 1502: 1495: 1485: 1464:(no effect) or 1390: 1145: 1138: 1129: 1126: 1117: 1114: 1105: 1102: 1093: 1090: 1081: 1078: 980:melanistic mask 972: 961: 960: 959: 958: 957: 954: 946: 945: 942: 934: 933: 930: 922: 921: 918: 910: 909: 906: 795: 789: 757: 723: 716: 713: 704: 698: 689: 683: 672: 666: 657: 654: 645: 642: 633: 627: 541: 523: 518: 510: 502: 497: 496:Black eumelanin 483: 470: 453: 446: 439: 310: 250:is dominant to 179: 178: 177: 176: 172: 171: 170: 165: 157: 156: 147: 136: 134:B (brown) locus 128: 64: 54: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6656: 6646: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6621: 6620: 6601: 6600:External links 6598: 6595: 6594: 6542: 6531: 6510:(2): 236–240. 6490: 6451: 6429: 6407: 6391:"Eyes Colours" 6373: 6357:"Nose Colours" 6343: 6315: 6263: 6228:(5895): 1462. 6212: 6149: 6130:(4): 309–315. 6114: 6105: 6098: 6080: 6056: 6035: 6022: 6009: 5996: 5983: 5963: 5950: 5937: 5926:Boxer markings 5917: 5903: 5881: 5860:(3): 285–288. 5840: 5781: 5761:|journal= 5725: 5694: 5655:(8): e104363. 5643:August 2014). 5631: 5619: 5612: 5594: 5579: 5546: 5516: 5491: 5440: 5421:(1–2): 49–52. 5405: 5384:(4): 244–248. 5364: 5307: 5286:(5): 644–649. 5262: 5242: 5215:(4): 284–290. 5188: 5174: 5162: 5138: 5125: 5112: 5099: 5055: 5004: 4991: 4932: 4891: 4881: 4830: 4771: 4719: 4642: 4618: 4584: 4540: 4489: 4468:(5): 468–473. 4448: 4397: 4379: 4366: 4352: 4325:(7): 380–387. 4309: 4290:(1): 125–156. 4263: 4239: 4183: 4154:(6): 539–549. 4133: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4124: 4123: 4113: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4106: 4105: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4071: 4068: 4057: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4036: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4017: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4004: 4001: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3983: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3965: 3960: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3937: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3910: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3887: 3884: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3868: 3865: 3860: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3837: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3813: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3790: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3767: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3744: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3721: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3698: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3672: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3649: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3630: 3627: 3622: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3605: 3600: 3593: 3588: 3580: 3563: 3560: 3539:Siberian Husky 3533: 3530: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3505: 3502: 3490: 3487: 3482: 3479: 3474: 3471: 3470: 3469: 3466: 3462: 3449: 3446: 3432: 3429: 3423: 3420: 3416:Thai Ridgeback 3407: 3404: 3387:Xoloitzcuintli 3364:Xoloitzcuintli 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3335: 3334: 3329: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3308: 3297: 3286: 3278:Border Terrier 3271: 3255: 3254: 3234: 3215: 3211:Bearded Collie 3200: 3191: 3175: 3174: 3163: 3159:Boykin Spaniel 3152: 3148:Cocker Spaniel 3137: 3127: 3126: 3115: 3104: 3089: 3074: 3064: 3063: 3054: 3045: 3036: 3032:Coat type gene 3018: 3015: 2984: 2983: 2977: 2939: 2938:R (curl) locus 2936: 2894: 2893: 2887: 2860: 2857: 2806: 2805: 2799: 2780: 2777: 2757: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2706: 2703: 2695: 2692: 2673:Blue Dobermann 2667: 2666: 2659: 2652: 2650: 2640: 2633: 2631: 2617: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2598: 2596: 2589: 2582: 2580: 2576:Punnett square 2574: 2567: 2527: 2524: 2508: 2507: 2501: 2490: 2487: 2475: 2474: 2434: 2433: 2427: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2407: 2400: 2380: 2379: 2373: 2362: 2359: 2344: 2343: 2337: 2321: 2314: 2308: 2305: 2300: 2299: 2289: 2279: 2273: 2267: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2236: 2235: 2220:Boston Terrier 2216: 2187: 2186: 2180: 2170: 2164: 2145: 2142: 2137: 2136: 2128: 2127: 2118: 2115: 2114: 2113: 2094: 2083: 2068: 2063:On homozygous 2061: 2042: 2041: 2035: 2010: 2007: 2006: 2005: 1959: 1958: 1948: 1932: 1929: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1897: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1875: 1865: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1834:Grizzle/domino 1830: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1819:fawn or sable 1817: 1801: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1771: 1761: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1730:Grizzle/domino 1726: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1697: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1667: 1651: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1620: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1593: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1563: 1553: 1552: 1543: 1528: 1507: 1498: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1479: 1473: 1455: 1421: 1420: 1414: 1404: 1394:β-Defensin 103 1389: 1386: 1385: 1384: 1355:and tan point 1345: 1333: 1244: 1212: 1177: 1147: 1146: 1139: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1062: 1052: 1046: 1032: 1026: 1015:Siberian Husky 1008: 999:= Grizzle (if 994: 971: 968: 964:Border Collies 955: 948: 947: 943: 936: 935: 931: 924: 923: 919: 912: 911: 907: 900: 899: 898: 897: 896: 895: 894: 888: 882: 876: 850: 849: 843: 837: 831: 825: 788: 785: 756: 753: 749: 748: 745: 722: 719: 718: 717: 714: 707: 705: 699: 692: 690: 684: 677: 674: 673: 669:Punnett square 667: 660: 658: 655: 648: 646: 643: 636: 634: 628: 621: 611:Siberian Husky 604: 603: 569: 568: 562: 540: 537: 534: 533: 526: 525: 520: 515: 505: 504: 499: 494: 478: 477: 466: 449: 438: 435: 393: 392: 356: 309: 306: 245: 244: 225:English Setter 202: 174: 173: 166: 159: 158: 148: 141: 140: 139: 138: 137: 135: 132: 127: 124: 107:in the canine 101: 100: 97: 94: 53: 50: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6655: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6609: 6604: 6603: 6590: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6549: 6547: 6540: 6535: 6527: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6494: 6486: 6480: 6466:on 2017-09-01 6465: 6461: 6455: 6444:September 12, 6439: 6433: 6422:September 12, 6417: 6411: 6396: 6392: 6386: 6384: 6382: 6380: 6378: 6362: 6358: 6352: 6350: 6348: 6332: 6328: 6322: 6320: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6267: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6216: 6208: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6118: 6109: 6101: 6095: 6091: 6084: 6070: 6066: 6060: 6053: 6052: 6048: 6045: 6039: 6033: 6032: 6026: 6020: 6019: 6013: 6007: 6006: 6000: 5994: 5993: 5987: 5981: 5980: 5976: 5973: 5967: 5961: 5960: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5941: 5935: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5921: 5913: 5907: 5896:September 12, 5892: 5885: 5877: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5844: 5836: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5801:(3): e92127. 5800: 5796: 5792: 5785: 5777: 5773: 5766: 5754: 5746: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5728: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5708: 5701: 5699: 5690: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5638: 5636: 5628: 5623: 5615: 5609: 5605: 5598: 5590: 5583: 5574: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5550: 5535: 5531: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5501: 5495: 5487: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5444: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5409: 5401: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5368: 5360: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5311: 5303: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5275: 5266: 5255: 5254: 5246: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5203: 5195: 5193: 5186: 5185: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5166: 5152: 5148: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5103: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5059: 5051: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5008: 5002: 5001: 5000:Agouti Series 4995: 4987: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4936: 4928: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4895: 4885: 4877: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4834: 4826: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4775: 4767: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4723: 4715: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4632: 4628: 4622: 4613: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4588: 4580: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4547: 4545: 4536: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4493: 4485: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4444: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4401: 4393: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4370: 4362: 4356: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4313: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4253: 4249: 4243: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4187: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4138: 4134: 4118: 4114: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4073: 4067: 4065: 4054: 4051: 4048: 4045: 4038: 4034: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4018: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4005: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3979: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3956: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3933: 3929: 3926: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3906: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3883: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3856: 3852: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3809: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3786: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3763: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3740: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3724:E, E, E, e, e 3722: 3717: 3713: 3710: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3684: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3645: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3618: 3614: 3611: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3559: 3556: 3553:spotting and 3552: 3548: 3542: 3540: 3529: 3527: 3513: 3510: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3496: 3495: 3494: 3486: 3478: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3454: 3453: 3445: 3443: 3439: 3428: 3419: 3417: 3413: 3403: 3401: 3396: 3388: 3383: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3350: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3327:Silky Terrier 3324: 3321: 3320: 3319: 3305: 3294: 3283: 3279: 3270: 3269: 3264: 3263: 3256: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3212: 3208: 3199: 3198: 3190: 3189: 3184: 3183: 3176: 3171: 3160: 3149: 3145: 3136: 3135: 3128: 3124:? (unproven)) 3123: 3112: 3101: 3097: 3088: 3087: 3082: 3081: 3073: 3072: 3065: 3062: 3061: 3053: 3052: 3044: 3043: 3035: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3014: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2971: 2970: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2958: 2949: 2944: 2935: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2898: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2874: 2865: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2793: 2792: 2790: 2786: 2776: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2738: 2737: 2735: 2734:hair follicle 2727: 2723: 2716: 2713:Black-coated 2711: 2702: 2700: 2691: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2671: 2663: 2656: 2651: 2647: 2644: 2637: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2614: 2609: 2602: 2597: 2593: 2586: 2581: 2577: 2571: 2566: 2565: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2546:In the breed 2544: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2506:= Not urajiro 2505: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2495: 2494: 2483: 2479: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2451: 2450: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2420: 2418: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2392: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2367: 2366: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2342:= Not flecked 2341: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2330: 2328: 2319: 2313: 2304: 2297: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2260: 2258: 2243: 2241: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2212: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2158: 2157: 2155: 2151: 2141: 2134: 2133: 2132: 2125: 2124: 2123: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2053: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2016: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1978: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1956: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1942: 1939: 1938: 1937: 1928: 1915: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1898: 1883: 1882: 1874: 1873: 1866: 1851: 1850: 1845: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1831: 1816: 1815: 1810: 1809: 1802: 1799:(with mask)* 1782:fawn or sable 1779: 1778: 1770: 1769: 1762: 1747: 1746: 1741: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1727: 1712: 1711: 1706: 1705: 1698: 1695:(with mask)* 1675: 1674: 1666: 1665: 1660: 1659: 1652: 1646:cocker sable 1637: 1636: 1631: 1630: 1625: 1621: 1606: 1605: 1601: 1594: 1591:(with mask)* 1586:(with mask)* 1581:(with mask)* 1576:(with mask)* 1571: 1570: 1562: 1561: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1542: 1541: 1536: 1535: 1527: 1526: 1521: 1520: 1515: 1514: 1506: 1505: 1501:Fawn or sable 1497: 1491: 1488: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1397: 1395: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1343: 1338: 1334: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1275: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1256:Afghan Hounds 1253: 1249: 1245: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1213: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1143: 1136: 1131: 1124: 1119: 1112: 1107: 1100: 1095: 1088: 1083: 1076: 1071: 1070: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1002: 998: 995: 992: 989: 988: 987: 985: 981: 977: 967: 965: 952: 940: 928: 916: 904: 892: 889: 886: 883: 880: 877: 874: 870: 866: 862: 859: 858: 857: 855: 847: 844: 841: 838: 835: 832: 829: 826: 823: 820: 819: 818: 816: 812: 804: 799: 794: 784: 782: 778: 774: 769: 761: 752: 746: 743: 742: 741: 737: 731: 727: 711: 706: 702: 696: 691: 687: 681: 676: 675: 670: 664: 659: 652: 647: 640: 635: 631: 625: 620: 619: 618: 616: 612: 607: 601: 597: 594: 593: 592: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 566: 563: 560: 557: 556: 555: 553: 548: 546: 527: 514: 513: 506: 493: 492: 487: 486: 479: 476: 474: 465: 463: 458: 457: 448: 442: 434: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 403: 401: 397: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 361: 357: 354: 353: 349: 348: 347: 345: 341: 336: 334: 330: 329:dilution gene 326: 322: 318: 316: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 253: 249: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 203: 200: 196: 193: 192: 191: 188: 186: 185: 169: 163: 155: 151: 145: 131: 126:Pigment shade 123: 120: 118: 114: 110: 106: 98: 95: 92: 91: 90: 87: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 68:hair follicle 63: 59: 49: 45: 43: 39: 35: 31: 21: 6612:. Retrieved 6562: 6558: 6534: 6507: 6503: 6493: 6468:. Retrieved 6464:the original 6454: 6442:. Retrieved 6432: 6420:. Retrieved 6410: 6398:. Retrieved 6394: 6364:. Retrieved 6360: 6334:. Retrieved 6330: 6277: 6273: 6266: 6225: 6221: 6215: 6175:(1): 10460. 6172: 6168: 6127: 6123: 6117: 6108: 6089: 6083: 6072:. Retrieved 6068: 6059: 6042: 6038: 6029: 6025: 6016: 6012: 6003: 5999: 5990: 5986: 5970: 5966: 5957: 5953: 5944: 5940: 5924: 5920: 5906: 5894:. Retrieved 5884: 5857: 5853: 5843: 5798: 5794: 5784: 5706: 5652: 5648: 5622: 5603: 5597: 5588: 5582: 5563: 5559: 5549: 5537:. Retrieved 5533: 5507:. Retrieved 5505:. Merle Poms 5494: 5457: 5453: 5443: 5418: 5414: 5408: 5381: 5377: 5367: 5324: 5320: 5310: 5283: 5279: 5273: 5265: 5252: 5245: 5212: 5208: 5182: 5177: 5169: 5165: 5154:. 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