440:
190:
1759:
404:", which replaced the previous concept about the three Transylvanian regions (that is, the counties, and the Székely and Saxon seats). The noblemen (including the Székely, Saxon, Romanian nobles who held landed property in the counties) made up the Hungarian nation, but the Hungarian peasants were excluded from this group. The Székelys formed a separate nation, although they spoke Hungarian. The Saxons who lived in the privileged districts were the members of the Saxon nation, but the Saxon population of the counties was not included.
762:
the first day of the Diet, the delegates attended a morning worship in a church which was in most cases also the venue of the sessions of the Diets. The sessions could also be held in military camps, or even in a barn in case of emergency. After the morning worship, the delegates sent envoys to the monarch to inform him that they had assembled for the Diet. The princes rarely attended the sessions, but they were represented either by their appointed heirs or lieutenants.
581:
31:
282:
212:" from the 14th century. The seats were headed by elected officials. The Székelys initially held their lands in common. However, disparity between wealthy and poor Székelys grew, enforcing royal legislation to acknowledge the existence of Székely groups of diverse status in 1473. Thereafter, only the wealthiest Székelys fought in the royal army on horse; those who could only fight as foot-soldiers started to lose their political rights.
471:—the compendium of the customary law of Hungary, completed in 1514—explicitly acknowledged that Transylvania was a separate realm, with her own peculiar customs, but it also emphasized that Transylvania was an integral part of the Kingdom of Hungary. The laws of the Kingdom of Hungary were to be applied in Transylvania and the decisions of the royal courts of justice were also to be obeyed in the province. Unlike the autonomous
770:
each point of the memorandum. If the monarch's answer did not satisfy the delegates, the prince and the Diet started to exchange letters about the debated issues. The correspondence lasted until they reached a consensus, or the Diet acknowledged that the prince was unwilling to accept their proposal. The delegates started to discuss the royal propositions only after the debate about their memorandum was finished.
696:) held the third most important office in the principality. The speakers and their deputies were almost always appointed by the monarchs. Gábor Haller was the only speaker who was elected by the delegates in the Diets of 1660 and 1661. In most documented cases, the heads of the royal court of justice presided over the Diets. Most speakers were also royal counselors and heads of a county or a Székely seat.
260:) had already been present in Transylvania in the late 9th century. The earliest contemporaneous records evidence that Romanian communities existed in southern Transylvania in the first decade of the 13th century. In contrast with the Roman Catholic Hungarians, Székelys and Saxons, the Romanians adhered to the Orthodox Church. Their administrative units were known as lands or districts. The
1832:
333:. The administration of justice remained the principal task of such meetings, but the noblemen who attended the assemblies also regularly discussed other subjects, including the collection of the tithe or custom duties. Initially, all noblemen were entitled to be present, but from the 15th century, the counties sent delegates to the assemblies.
685:
the Diet in 1686. Most regalists were members of the wealthiest noble families. Székely leaders were also personally invited, although the Székely community opposed this practice. According to János
Bethlen's notes, the widows of former regalists were customarily also requested to send representatives to the Diets.
654:, with both appointed and elected members. Most Diets were attended by 130-150 persons. The noblemen (the "Hungarian nation") dominated the Diets, but the Székelys' military power and the Saxons' wealth secured the effective protection of their interests. The majority of the members of the Diets adhered to the
769:
In most documented cases, the "propositions" of the monarch about the topics to be discussed were read out soon after the opening of the Diet. Next, the delegates compiled a memorandum to air the grievances of each Nation, asking the prince to remedy their problems. The prince was required to respond
765:
The speaker of the Diet made sure that all who had been invited were present. For this purposes, two delegates were required to read out the names of all delegates at the opening of the Diet. The speaker was also responsible for keeping order during the debates. The sessions of the Diets were public,
316:
In comparison with
Hungary proper, the autonomy of the Transylvanian counties was limited, because the voivodes restricted the development of their self-governing bodies. The general assemblies of the Transylvanian counties disappeared in the middle of the 14th century. Instead, the voivodes or their
704:
The monarchs had the right to summon the Diets. If the prince was absent and during interregnums, the prince's representative (the voivode or governor) convened the assembly. The Diet could also pass a decree ordering the summon of the following Diet, but this happened only exceptionally. The prince
487:
and fines and in certain other legal procedures and in the observing of terms..., and have the right to use and enjoy these customs, and are allowed, even now, with the consent, to make statues and ordinances among themselves on similar matters; nevertheless, they cannot establish any law and they
782:
The princes were elected at the Diets, according to the fundamental laws of the principality. The negotiations preceding a prince's election enabled the Three
Nations to secure the issue of a specific charter in which the future monarch pledged to respect their liberties. However, few monarchs were
753:
instructions if they did not want to discuss certain subjects. For instance, when
Michael I Apafi tried to persuade the Diet to pass decrees concerning issues which had not been mentioned in his letter of invitation, the delegates resisted, saying that their instructions did not cover these topics.
773:
Hungarian was the language of the discussions. Each delegate could take the floor, but they were required to stay concise. After closing the debate, the speaker summarized its main points and ordered the delegates to take their votes on the issue under discussion. The decisions passed at the Diets
761:
If the Diet was held in a town other than the prince's seat, the prince came to the town days before the opening of the Diet. The delegates of each Nation or denomination could hold separate meetings before the opening to draft their own proposals on specific issues relating to their community. On
688:
The counties, Saxon and Székely seats and about twenty towns had the right to send delegates to the Diets. The number of delegates depended of the importance of the issues to be discussed. According to a decree of the Diet which assembled in April 1571, each county and Székely seat had to send ten
684:
The princes were entitled to invite individuals to attend the Diet. The number of these "regalists" was not regulated, but more than twenty noblemen received a personal invitation from the monarch before each Diet. The number of regalists increased: more than 80 noblemen were personally invited to
420:
had introduced, forcing the monarch to personally come to
Transylvania and preside over the next general assembly. The role of the separate general assemblies of the Székelys also strengthened. A general assembly which was held without the consent of the Count of the Székelys in 1505 established a
305:. The wealthiest Saxons also attempted to acquire landed property in the counties, outside the jurisdiction of the Saxon communities. Being obliged to render services (primarily of military nature) for the lands that they possessed, the Romanian leaders' position was similar to the status of the "
407:
The "brotherly union" was first confirmed on 2 February 1438, after the fall of the peasant revolt. The representatives of the Three
Nations again confirmed their alliance in 1459, expanding it against all who threatened their liberties. The regular meetings of the delegates of the Three Nations
336:
The general assembly of the Székelys could be convoked by the Count of the Székelys, or by the captain of
Udvarhelyszék. The internal issues of the Saxons communities were initially regulated by the assemblies of the Saxon seats and districts. From 1486, the Count of the Saxons presided over the
822:
The Diets sometimes entered into direct correspondence with foreign powers, but the letters evidence that the support of the monarchs' specific diplomatic acts was the delegates' principal purpose. Correspondence between the Diet and pretenders or other internal opponents of the monarch is also
465:, the royal charters initially referred to the Transylvanian noblemen who formed a closed community "bound together by certain reciprocal rights and duties". The Székely and Saxon communities were included in the concept only after the confirmation of the Union of the Three Nations in 1459. The
799:
Almost 5,000 decrees were passed in the 16th and 17th centuries. Their analysis evidence that the monarchs dominated the political life of the principality. The delegates almost always accepted the royal propositions concerning taxation and made only one attempt to regulate the spending of tax
297:
formed the highest level of the society in the
Transylvanian counties. The wealthiest nobles owned dozens of villages, but most noble families had only one or two villages, or only a part of a village. They had specific privileges, such as tax exemption (from 1324), and the right to administer
752:
The delegates received detailed instructions at their appointment. Most instructions concerned local issues (such as trade privileges and conflicts between burghers and noblemen), enabling the delegates to freely discuss general topics. However, they could occasionally refer to the lack of
1794:
488:
have no right to make statutes in contravention of general statutes and decrees of this kingdom of
Hungary or against sentences and judicial decisions in cases of goods and property rights which are usually made, passed and pronounced in the royal court by justices ordinary.
528:. During the ensuing civil war, the medieval Kingdom of Hungary was actually divided into two parts, with John Zápolya controlling the eastern regions, including Transylvania. Taking advantage of the turmoil which followed Zápolya's death in 1540, Suleiman conquered the
1779:
317:
deputies held general assemblies for all noblemen from all the counties of the province. The first recorded general meeting of the "nobles of the realm of
Transylvania" was held in Keresztes at Torda (now Cristiș in Romania) on 8 June 1288. The assembly authorized the
411:
The legislative function of the assemblies strengthened in the second half of the 15th century. In 1463, the representatives of the "Three Nations" ordered that the poorest noblemen and the Hungarian peasants should stay behind to defend the province although King
705:
or his deputy convened the Diet in a letter, which was in most cases also signed by the chancellor. The letter was posted 2–4 weeks before the opening of the Diet. The appearance at the Diet was obligatory: those who failed were fined 100-200 florins.
344:
was the first king to hold such an assembly for the representatives of the Transylvanian noblemen, Saxons, Székelys and Romanians in early 1291. According to Andrew's charter mentioning the meeting, the king ordered the return of two domains to
689:
representatives to the following Diet where the successor of John Sigismund was to be elected. However, this was an extremely high number; sporadic data show that each autonomous community dispatched two to eight delegates to most Diets.
313:. Consequently, they were not regarded real nobles, but the monarch could award them with nobility. The ennobled Romanians adopted their Hungarian peers' way of life, but dozens of Romanian noble families remained Orthodox for centuries.
808:, only after lengthy negotiations with the prince. On the other hand, the Diets passed hundreds of decrees about issues of local interest, including the regulation of the quest for runaway serfs or of the boundaries of noble estates.
708:
More than 320 Diets were held from 1571 to 1690, but their annual number fluctuated from year to year. The delegates assembled more frequently during the periods of turmoil. For instance, the Diet was convoked more than fifty times
388:, demanded the payment of the tithe that he had failed to collect in the previous years, thousands of Hungarian and Romanian commoners and lesser noblemen took up arms against him in early 1437. They routed the army of the voivode,
559:. The following similar Diet was held only in 1544, but thereafter the delegates from the Partium were always invited to attend the Diet. Consequently, the Diet of John Sigismund's realm became a legal successor of the medieval
377:, the general assembly of the Transylvanian noblemen ordered in 1419 that one third of the noblemen and one tenth of the peasants were to take up arms in case of an Ottoman invasion against the Székely and Saxon territories.
396:
in Romania). At the meeting, the representatives of the noblemen, Székelys and Saxons concluded a "brotherly union" on 16 September, pledging to provide assistance to each other against their internal and external enemies.
819:(who had been Gabriel Báthory's chancellor) to death for incest, fornication and witchcraft during the reign of Báthory's successor, Gabriel Bethlen in early 1614. The legal cases were heard at specific judicial sessions.
728:
Most Diets assembled in Gyulafehérvár, especially in the 1590s and between 1613 and 1658. Although the town had customarily been the Transylvanian rulers' seat, the delegates preferred Torda, Kolozsvár and Nagyenyed (now
293:
General assemblies of the noblemen from one or more counties developed into important forums of the administration of justice in the entire Kingdom of Hungary in the second half of the 13th century.
231:
abolished the office of the Count of Hermannstadt and appointed royal judges to head the Saxon districts in 1324. However, the wealth of the Saxon merchants, who controlled the trade routes towards
563:. Laws could only be enacted and taxes could only be collected with the consent of the Diet, but most Diets were dominated by the monarch's partisans, which secured the imposition of royal will.
2789:
Barta, Gábor (1994). "The Emergence of the Principality and its First Crises (1526–1606)". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit (eds.).
713:, and more than fifty-five times between 1657 and 1667. According to customary law, the princes were required to hold two Diets in each year. The first Diet of the year was convoked around
789:
troops in 1608; the delegates elected Gabriel Bethlen "freely in their fear" of Ottoman intervention in 1613, according to the contemporaneous Ferenc Nagy Szabó's sarcastic remark.
919:, in October 1613. The Nations could also demand tax relief or similar concessions. For example, the Székelys requested the prince to exempt them from public labor in spring 1628.
369:
Transylvania was regularly raided by Ottoman armies from the 1420s, forcing the monarchs and the local authorities to strengthen the defense of the province. At the initiative of
208:
from the 1220s. The Székelys had moved from other regions of the kingdom to Transylvania and formed a community of free warriors. Their administrative units were known as "
2932:
Péter, Katalin (1994). "The Golden Age of the Principality (1606–1660)". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit (eds.).
2913:
Makkai, László (1994). "The Emergence of the Estates (1172–1526)". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit (eds.).
392:, in July. Without seeking royal authorization, the vice-voivode convoked the noblemen and the leaders of the Székelys and Saxons to hold a joint assembly at Kápolna (now
792:
The Diets performed legislative, administrative and judicial functions. The Diet could authorize the monarch or the royal council to perform its functions. For instance,
669:
of the Diet. Available data show that the bishops of the Reformed and Evangelical Churches also had seats at the Diets, according to historian Zsolt Trócsányi. The
3040:
659:
2951:
Pop, Ioan-Aurel (2005). "Transylvania in the 14th century and the first half of the 15th century (1300–1456)". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Nägler, Thomas (eds.).
2768:(Edited and translated by János M. Bak, Péter Banyó and Martyn Rady with an introductory study by László Péter) (2005). Charles Schlacks, Jr. Publishers.
389:
340:
The monarchs or on their behalf the voivodes could also convoke the representatives of all privileged groups of Transylvania to meet at a joint assembly.
815:
at the Diet in November 1612, but this decision was cancelled at the first Diet of his rule in October 1613. The Diet sentenced Kata Iffjú, the widow of
264:
were initially located in royal estates, but most of them were given away to noblemen or prelates by the end of the Middle Ages, or the local chiefs (or
337:
annual general assemblies of the entire community, which consisted of the highest-ranking officials of the seats and districts and elected delegates.
381:
673:
were certainly notified when the Diet was announced, but their regular presence is not documented. The presence of Catholic prelates is uncertain.
243:
united the Saxon communities under the leadership of the elected mayor of Hermannstadt, who was thereafter known as the Count of the Saxons.
416:
had ordered a general mobilisation against the Ottomans. In 1494, the general assembly forbade the collection of the extraordinary tax that
612:
555:(the region between the Tisza and Transylvania) were represented. The delegates swore fealty to the Zápolyas and acknowledged the sultan's
75:
71:
2872:
Fodor, Romulus Gelu (2013). "Constitutional Thought and Institutions in Medieval Transylvania". In Rady, Martyn; Simon, Alexandru (eds.).
670:
811:
The Diets also functioned as a high court of justice, especially in politically motivated cases. Gabriel Bethlen was found guilty of
306:
1852:
1814:
915:
who had occupied Hermannstadt was murdered, the Saxons demanded the restoration of the town to their community from the new prince,
3045:
164:. The development of royal administration is documented from the second half of the 11th century. The royal castle at Torda (now
911:
The Nations could, for instance, make complaints about arbitrary actions of the monarchs or their officials. For example, after
681:
of the Catholic Diocese of Transylvania was deliberately ignored in 1666, because the Catholic priests had denied to pay taxes.
223:
granted privileges to the Saxons who inhabited southern Transylvania, putting them under the authority of a royal official, the
209:
380:
New taxes were introduced and the old taxes were increased to cover the costs of defense, which outraged the peasantry. After
3001:
2881:
2862:
2834:
Dörner, Anton E. (2005). "Transylvania between stability and crisis (1457–1541)". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Nägler, Thomas (eds.).
2824:
2569:
516:
died and two candidates laid claim to the vacant throne. The majority of the noblemen elected the voivode of Transylvania,
17:
126:
173:
99:
439:
3020:
2982:
2960:
2941:
2922:
2903:
2843:
2798:
2773:
1846:
1808:
1773:
634:
148:
521:
194:
142:
408:
developed into "Transylvania's foremost representative" assemblies, providing basis for the Transylvanian Diet.
289:
who held the first general assembly for the Transylvanian noblemen, Saxons, Székelys and Romanians in early 1291
2973:(1992). "Voivode and Regnum: Transylvania's Place in the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary". In Péter, László (ed.).
551:
on 18 October 1541. This was the first Diet where both the Three Nations of Transylvania and the counties of
472:
447:
83:
176:, which were important administrative units, each named for its center. A high-ranking royal official, the
783:
actually freely elected. For instance, Gabriel Báthory seized the throne with the support of the irregular
364:
318:
547:
Martinuzzi held an assembly for the representatives of the privileged groups of John Sigismund's realm in
483:...lthough the ... Transylvanians have various customs quite different from ours regarding the payment of
592:
2853:
Dörner, Anton E. (2009). "Power Structure". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Nägler, Thomas; Magyari, András (eds.).
2996:. East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages 450–1450. Vol. 37. Leiden and Boston: Brill.
1838:
655:
737:
in Romania), which were located in the central region of the principality. Frequent invasions forced
479:, it was simply an administrative district, and an integral part of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary.
434:
537:
1755:
665:
Royal counselors, judges of the royal court of justice and other high-ranking royal officials were
505:
417:
843:
804:. They enacted the state monopolies without significant resistance, although, during the reign of
201:
1800:
618:
461:(or realm) in royal charters already in the second half of the 13th century. When writing of the
370:
177:
152:
125:. The diet decided on juridical, military and economic matters. It ceased to exist following the
2994:
Transylvania in the Second Half of the Thirteenth Century: The Rise of the Congregational System
1765:
622:
385:
326:
106:) also attained the Transylvanian Diet, transforming it into a legal successor of the medieval
859:
793:
805:
714:
476:
349:
after those who attended the general assembly testified that he had been their lawful owner.
341:
286:
224:
2766:
Stephen Werbőczy: The Customary Law of the Renowned Kingdom of Hungary in Three Parts (1517)
1866:
Stephen Werbőczy: The Customary Law of the Renowned Kingdom of Hungary in Three Parts (1517)
625:, but his successors' right to use the new title was acknowledged by the Habsburg rulers of
2876:. School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London. pp. 15–19.
228:
220:
219:
settled in the southern and north-eastern regions in the 11th and 12th centuries. In 1224,
216:
91:
630:
8:
3013:
Az erdélyi fejedelemség korának országgyűlései (adalék az erdélyi rendiség történetéhez)
718:
678:
540:, who had already been elected king at the initiative of his father's staunch supporter,
525:
513:
401:
358:
774:
were sanctioned by the monarch. The execution of the laws was also a royal prerogative.
509:
169:
2813:
662:, but the Catholic and Unitarian denominations were in practice reduced to background.
533:
294:
161:
95:
79:
55:
912:
536:, to continue to rule the lands to the east of the Tisza on behalf of her infant son,
329:, in taking possession of three villages of a noble family to secure the payment of a
3016:
2997:
2978:
2956:
2937:
2918:
2899:
2877:
2858:
2839:
2820:
2794:
2769:
1842:
1804:
1769:
666:
541:
520:, king, but the wealthiest magnates offered the throne to Louis II's brother-in-law,
443:
413:
310:
261:
240:
227:, and authorizing them to freely elect their local leaders. After a Saxon rebellion,
121:) (2 March 1542) laid the basis for the political and administrative organization of
63:
1827:
322:
710:
248:
114:
875:
816:
674:
27:
Legislative, administrative, and judicial body of the Principality of Transylvania
1828:
916:
738:
722:
560:
529:
374:
301:
Székely chiefs could only seize private landed property in the counties, outside
130:
107:
47:
2891:
742:
717:(24 April). The second or "short Diet" was customarily held around the feast of
517:
422:
302:
239:, enabled them to gradually achieve the restoration of their autonomy. In 1486,
891:
855:
501:
330:
899:
3034:
879:
851:
847:
839:
801:
800:
revenues in 1593. They also regularly authorized the monarch to mobilize the
651:
626:
346:
2808:
863:
812:
400:
The agreement of the three privileged groups gave rise to the idea of the "
157:
122:
895:
887:
883:
2970:
730:
467:
393:
35:
2857:. Romanian Academy, Center for Transylvanian Studies. pp. 133–178.
580:
205:
94:—gave rise to its development. After the disintegration of the medieval
87:
70:) was an important legislative, administrative and judicial body of the
556:
30:
168:
in Romania) was first mentioned in 1075, the fortress at Küküllő (now
257:
232:
186:(or heads) of the Transylvanian counties from the late 12th century.
796:
was authorized to take actions against radical Protestants in 1578.
189:
172:
in Romania) in 1177. Most royal castles developed into the seats of
2874:
Government and Law in Medieval Moldavia, Transylvania and Wallachia
1834:
Nationalist Politics and Everyday Ethnicity in a Transylvanian Town
548:
484:
236:
78:
between 1570 and 1867. The general assemblies of the Transylvanian
38:, the building where the Diet of Transylvania functioned after 1790
741:
to convoke the Diets to the fortresses of Fogaras and Radnót (now
617:
John Sigismund only renounced the title of king of Hungary in the
268:) achieved the acknowledgement of their ownership from the kings.
182:
102:
of the eastern and northeastern territories of Hungary proper (or
1796:
Elective Monarchy in Transylvania and Poland-Lithuania, 1569–1587
552:
451:
446:: he held the first joint assembly of the representatives of the
103:
823:
documented, especially in the second half of the 17th century.
785:
746:
281:
253:
2639:
2557:
2378:
2376:
2627:
1187:
921:(Péter (1994), pp. 313, 316; Trócsányi (1976), pp. 83–87, 90)
165:
160:("Land beyond the Forests") was a borderland in the medieval
118:
2593:
2591:
2503:
2412:
1640:
1638:
1636:
2532:
2530:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2429:
2427:
2373:
2361:
734:
2334:
2324:
2322:
2307:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2266:
2256:
2254:
2216:
2214:
2199:
2189:
2187:
2172:
2160:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2108:
2098:
2096:
2094:
1711:
1709:
1466:
1464:
1385:
1383:
1327:
1315:
1259:
1235:
1058:
532:
in late summer 1541. However, he allowed Zápolya's widow,
2855:
The History of Transylvania, Vol. II. (from 1541 to 1711)
2738:
2726:
2714:
2702:
2692:
2690:
2675:
2663:
2651:
2615:
2603:
2588:
2547:
2545:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2013:
1917:
1633:
1339:
1121:
2527:
2515:
2491:
2474:
2462:
2424:
2400:
2388:
2351:
2349:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1941:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1761:
Hungary: From Ninth Century Origins to the 1956 Uprising
1754:
1696:
1694:
1606:
1604:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1547:
1545:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1481:
1479:
1427:
1425:
1400:
1398:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1177:
1175:
1150:
1148:
1099:
1097:
82:
and the joint assemblies of the representatives of the "
2319:
2295:
2278:
2251:
2211:
2184:
2120:
2091:
2037:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1736:
1706:
1461:
1380:
1199:
971:
475:, medieval Transylvania was not a separate Land of the
129:, when Transylvania was returned to the control of the
2687:
2576:
2542:
2439:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1591:
1589:
1574:
1271:
1070:
1007:
995:
2346:
2226:
2141:
2068:
2049:
1965:
1888:
1726:
1724:
1691:
1650:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1601:
1557:
1542:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1476:
1449:
1437:
1422:
1410:
1395:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1351:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1211:
1172:
1145:
1133:
1109:
1094:
1082:
1048:
1046:
1031:
2025:
2001:
1982:
1953:
1929:
1905:
1871:
1831:; Margit Feischmidt; Jon Fox; Liana Grancea (2018).
1674:
1586:
983:
959:
947:
766:but the Diet could decide to hold a close meeting.
321:, Ladislaus Borsa, to assist the representative of
2812:
1721:
1662:
1616:
1523:
1491:
1363:
1283:
1247:
1223:
1160:
1043:
2955:. Romanian Cultural Institute. pp. 246–298.
2953:The History of Transylvania, Vol. I. (until 1541)
2838:. Romanian Cultural Institute. pp. 299–348.
2836:The History of Transylvania, Vol. I. (until 1541)
1019:
935:
3032:
2815:Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250
658:in the 17th century. The Saxons represented the
633:. In that year, Báthory joined the anti-Ottoman
352:
1859:
1792:
725:persuaded the Estates to cancel it in 1622.
428:
252:—a book of debated reliability—stated that
2975:Historians and the History of Transylvania
402:Union of the Three Nations of Transylvania
3010:
2744:
2732:
2720:
2708:
2681:
2669:
2657:
2645:
2633:
2621:
2609:
2597:
2536:
2521:
2509:
2497:
2485:
2468:
2433:
2418:
2406:
2394:
2382:
2367:
2340:
2328:
2313:
2301:
2289:
2272:
2260:
2220:
2205:
2193:
2178:
2166:
2135:
2114:
2102:
2043:
566:
3041:Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)
2991:
2568:sfn error: no target: CITEREFPéter2009 (
1715:
1470:
1389:
613:Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)
438:
280:
188:
29:
14:
3033:
2912:
2890:
2852:
2833:
2696:
2582:
2551:
2456:
2355:
2245:
2154:
2085:
2062:
1976:
1923:
1899:
1700:
1656:
1644:
1610:
1568:
1551:
1517:
1485:
1455:
1443:
1431:
1416:
1404:
1357:
1345:
1333:
1321:
1309:
1265:
1241:
1217:
1205:
1181:
1154:
1139:
1127:
1115:
1103:
1088:
1064:
1037:
1013:
1001:
965:
298:justice in their estates (from 1342).
117:) (20 January 1542) and at Torda (now
2936:. Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 301–358.
2931:
2917:. Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 178–243.
2871:
2807:
2793:. Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 247–300.
2788:
2563:
2031:
2019:
2007:
1995:
1959:
1947:
1935:
1911:
1882:
1742:
1685:
1595:
1193:
989:
977:
953:
276:
2969:
2781:
1730:
1668:
1627:
941:
575:
508:, annihilated the royal army in the
113:The diet sessions at Vásárhely (now
2950:
1580:
1536:
1500:
1374:
1292:
1277:
1253:
1229:
1166:
1076:
1052:
1025:
131:Diet of the newly-empowered Hungary
127:Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
76:Grand Principality) of Transylvania
24:
2758:
629:only in 1595, during the reign of
621:in 1570. Thereafter he was styled
25:
3057:
3015:(in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó.
671:bishops of the Orthodox Romanians
905:
635:Holy League of Pope Clement VIII
579:
457:Transylvania was mentioned as a
3046:Defunct unicameral legislatures
1821:
1786:
1748:
869:
749:in Romania) in the late 1680s.
200:A separate royal official, the
195:Transylvania in the Middle Ages
143:Transylvania in the Middle Ages
2819:. Cambridge University Press.
833:
699:
645:
530:central regions of the kingdom
271:
204:, lead the Hungarian-speaking
13:
1:
2896:Early Transylvania (895-1324)
929:
448:Three Nations of Transylvania
149:History of the Székely people
136:
84:Three Nations of Transylvania
2977:. Boulder. pp. 87–101.
777:
756:
692:The speaker of the Diet (or
640:
365:Transylvanian peasant revolt
98:in 1541, delegates from the
7:
10:
3062:
2753:
1839:Princeton University Press
610:
571:
432:
362:
356:
353:Union of the Three Nations
146:
140:
3011:Trócsányi, Zsolt (1976).
435:Eastern Hungarian Kingdom
429:Disintegration of Hungary
2992:Sălăgean, Tudor (2016).
2566:, pp. 305–306, 313.
1756:Carlile Aylmer Macartney
1196:, pp. 350–351, 355.
826:
506:Suleiman the Magnificent
450:and the counties of the
418:Vladislaus II of Hungary
193:Administrative units in
180:was the superior of the
52:Siebenbürgischer Landtag
2934:History of Transylvania
2915:History of Transylvania
2791:History of Transylvania
1801:Oxford University Press
371:Sigismund of Luxembourg
153:Origin of the Romanians
1766:Transaction Publishers
623:prince of Transylvania
567:Age of elected princes
538:John Sigismund Zápolya
498:
454:
386:Bishop of Transylvania
327:Bishop of Transylvania
309:" and other groups of
290:
197:
67:
59:
51:
39:
1793:Felicia Rosu (2017).
711:between 1594 and 1606
522:Ferdinand of Habsburg
481:
477:Holy Crown of Hungary
442:
363:Further information:
342:Andrew III of Hungary
287:Andrew III of Hungary
284:
225:Count of Hermannstadt
215:The ancestors of the
202:Count of the Székelys
192:
147:Further information:
33:
2648:, pp. 146, 152.
2022:, pp. 260, 294.
1336:, pp. 218, 230.
1324:, pp. 215, 230.
1268:, pp. 220, 241.
1244:, pp. 198, 218.
1067:, pp. 128, 136.
721:(29 September), but
307:nobles of the Church
229:Charles I of Hungary
221:Andrew II of Hungary
217:Transylvanian Saxons
60:erdélyi országgyűlés
18:Diet of Transylvania
2636:, pp. 151–152.
1950:, pp. 252–253.
1926:, pp. 342–343.
1647:, pp. 221–222.
1583:, pp. 279–280.
1348:, pp. 230–231.
1280:, pp. 263–264.
1130:, pp. 236–237.
1079:, pp. 254–255.
980:, pp. 355–356.
794:Christopher Báthory
526:Archduke of Austria
514:Louis II of Hungary
512:on 29 August 1529.
463:regnum Transylvanum
359:Unio Trium Nationum
68:Dieta Transilvaniei
2512:, pp. 72, 83.
2421:, pp. 33, 39.
1745:, pp. 15, 18.
715:Saint George's Day
677:recorded that the
667:ex officio members
660:Evangelical Church
591:. You can help by
534:Isabella Jagiellon
473:Kingdom of Croatia
455:
421:supreme court for
311:conditional nobles
291:
277:General assemblies
262:Romanian districts
198:
162:Kingdom of Hungary
96:Kingdom of Hungary
44:Transylvanian Diet
40:
3003:978-90-04-24362-0
2898:. Lucidus Kiadó.
2883:978-0-903425-87-2
2864:978-973-7784-43-8
2826:978-0-521-89452-4
2782:Secondary sources
2385:, pp. 21–22.
2370:, pp. 17–18.
2343:, pp. 16–18.
2316:, pp. 16–17.
2275:, pp. 68–70.
2208:, pp. 28–30.
2181:, pp. 28–29.
2169:, pp. 25–27.
2117:, pp. 26–27.
1868:(3.2.2.), p. 377.
1208:, pp. 32–33.
1016:, pp. 97–98.
1004:, pp. 88–91.
631:Sigismund Báthory
609:
608:
542:George Martinuzzi
444:George Martinuzzi
414:Matthias Corvinus
241:Matthias Corvinus
34:Reduta Palace in
16:(Redirected from
3053:
3026:
3007:
2988:
2966:
2947:
2928:
2909:
2887:
2868:
2849:
2830:
2818:
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2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
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2718:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2649:
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2637:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2540:
2534:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2437:
2431:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2258:
2249:
2243:
2224:
2218:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2139:
2133:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2089:
2083:
2066:
2060:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1980:
1974:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1886:
1880:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1851:. Archived from
1825:
1819:
1818:
1813:. Archived from
1790:
1784:
1783:
1778:. Archived from
1752:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1719:
1713:
1704:
1698:
1689:
1683:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1631:
1625:
1614:
1608:
1599:
1593:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1555:
1549:
1540:
1534:
1521:
1515:
1504:
1498:
1489:
1483:
1474:
1468:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1393:
1387:
1378:
1372:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1296:
1290:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
987:
981:
975:
969:
963:
957:
951:
945:
939:
923:
909:
903:
873:
867:
837:
806:George I Rákóczi
619:Treaty of Speyer
604:
601:
583:
576:
510:Battle of Mohács
496:
249:Gesta Hungarorum
170:Cetatea de Baltă
108:Diets of Hungary
86:"—the noblemen,
21:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3023:
3004:
2985:
2963:
2944:
2925:
2906:
2884:
2865:
2846:
2827:
2801:
2784:
2779:
2761:
2759:Primary sources
2756:
2751:
2743:
2739:
2731:
2727:
2719:
2715:
2707:
2703:
2695:
2688:
2680:
2676:
2668:
2664:
2656:
2652:
2644:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2620:
2616:
2608:
2604:
2596:
2589:
2581:
2577:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2550:
2543:
2535:
2528:
2520:
2516:
2508:
2504:
2496:
2492:
2484:
2475:
2467:
2463:
2455:
2440:
2432:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2405:
2401:
2393:
2389:
2381:
2374:
2366:
2362:
2354:
2347:
2339:
2335:
2327:
2320:
2312:
2308:
2300:
2296:
2288:
2279:
2271:
2267:
2259:
2252:
2244:
2227:
2219:
2212:
2204:
2200:
2192:
2185:
2177:
2173:
2165:
2161:
2153:
2142:
2134:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2101:
2092:
2084:
2069:
2061:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2034:, pp. 294.
2030:
2026:
2018:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1994:
1983:
1975:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1898:
1889:
1881:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1849:
1829:Rogers Brubaker
1826:
1822:
1811:
1791:
1787:
1776:
1753:
1749:
1741:
1737:
1729:
1722:
1714:
1707:
1699:
1692:
1684:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1643:
1634:
1626:
1617:
1609:
1602:
1594:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1558:
1550:
1543:
1535:
1524:
1516:
1507:
1499:
1492:
1484:
1477:
1469:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1430:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1396:
1388:
1381:
1373:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1299:
1291:
1284:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1240:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1180:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1153:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1012:
1008:
1000:
996:
988:
984:
976:
972:
964:
960:
952:
948:
940:
936:
932:
927:
926:
917:Gabriel Bethlen
913:Gabriel Báthory
910:
906:
874:
870:
838:
834:
829:
780:
759:
739:Michael I Apafi
723:Gabriel Bethlen
702:
656:Reformed Church
648:
643:
615:
605:
599:
596:
589:needs expansion
574:
569:
561:Diet of Hungary
497:
492:
437:
431:
390:Ladislaus Csáki
375:King of Hungary
367:
361:
355:
279:
274:
155:
145:
139:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3059:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3028:
3027:
3021:
3008:
3002:
2989:
2983:
2967:
2961:
2948:
2942:
2929:
2923:
2910:
2904:
2888:
2882:
2869:
2863:
2850:
2844:
2831:
2825:
2805:
2799:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2747:, p. 174.
2745:Trócsányi 1976
2737:
2735:, p. 154.
2733:Trócsányi 1976
2725:
2723:, p. 170.
2721:Trócsányi 1976
2713:
2711:, p. 163.
2709:Trócsányi 1976
2701:
2699:, p. 157.
2686:
2684:, p. 162.
2682:Trócsányi 1976
2674:
2672:, p. 145.
2670:Trócsányi 1976
2662:
2660:, p. 149.
2658:Trócsányi 1976
2650:
2646:Trócsányi 1976
2638:
2634:Trócsányi 1976
2626:
2624:, p. 146.
2622:Trócsányi 1976
2614:
2612:, p. 142.
2610:Trócsányi 1976
2602:
2600:, p. 175.
2598:Trócsányi 1976
2587:
2585:, p. 153.
2575:
2556:
2554:, p. 138.
2541:
2537:Trócsányi 1976
2526:
2522:Trócsányi 1976
2514:
2510:Trócsányi 1976
2502:
2498:Trócsányi 1976
2490:
2486:Trócsányi 1976
2473:
2469:Trócsányi 1976
2461:
2459:, p. 144.
2438:
2434:Trócsányi 1976
2423:
2419:Trócsányi 1976
2411:
2407:Trócsányi 1976
2399:
2395:Trócsányi 1976
2387:
2383:Trócsányi 1976
2372:
2368:Trócsányi 1976
2360:
2358:, p. 143.
2345:
2341:Trócsányi 1976
2333:
2329:Trócsányi 1976
2318:
2314:Trócsányi 1976
2306:
2302:Trócsányi 1976
2294:
2290:Trócsányi 1976
2277:
2273:Trócsányi 1976
2265:
2261:Trócsányi 1976
2250:
2248:, p. 156.
2225:
2221:Trócsányi 1976
2210:
2206:Trócsányi 1976
2198:
2194:Trócsányi 1976
2183:
2179:Trócsányi 1976
2171:
2167:Trócsányi 1976
2159:
2157:, p. 142.
2140:
2136:Trócsányi 1976
2119:
2115:Trócsányi 1976
2107:
2103:Trócsányi 1976
2090:
2088:, p. 155.
2067:
2065:, p. 154.
2048:
2044:Trócsányi 1976
2036:
2024:
2012:
2010:, p. 260.
2000:
1998:, p. 265.
1981:
1979:, p. 344.
1964:
1962:, p. 254.
1952:
1940:
1938:, p. 252.
1928:
1916:
1914:, p. 249.
1904:
1902:, p. 342.
1887:
1885:, p. 247.
1870:
1858:
1855:on 2020-05-14.
1847:
1841:. p. 57.
1820:
1817:on 2020-05-14.
1809:
1803:. p. 24.
1785:
1782:on 2020-05-14.
1774:
1768:. p. 23.
1747:
1735:
1720:
1718:, p. 158.
1705:
1703:, p. 237.
1690:
1673:
1661:
1659:, p. 228.
1649:
1632:
1615:
1613:, p. 300.
1600:
1585:
1573:
1571:, p. 226.
1556:
1554:, p. 225.
1541:
1539:, p. 267.
1522:
1520:, p. 224.
1505:
1503:, p. 294.
1490:
1488:, p. 221.
1475:
1473:, p. 155.
1460:
1458:, p. 310.
1448:
1446:, p. 308.
1436:
1434:, p. 307.
1421:
1419:, p. 302.
1409:
1407:, p. 220.
1394:
1392:, p. 147.
1379:
1377:, p. 273.
1362:
1360:, p. 223.
1350:
1338:
1326:
1314:
1312:, p. 207.
1297:
1295:, p. 264.
1282:
1270:
1258:
1256:, p. 259.
1246:
1234:
1232:, p. 258.
1222:
1220:, p. 140.
1210:
1198:
1186:
1184:, p. 235.
1171:
1169:, p. 256.
1159:
1157:, p. 180.
1144:
1142:, p. 115.
1132:
1120:
1118:, p. 236.
1108:
1106:, p. 208.
1093:
1091:, p. 130.
1081:
1069:
1057:
1055:, p. 255.
1042:
1040:, p. 133.
1030:
1028:, p. 270.
1018:
1006:
994:
992:, p. 356.
982:
970:
958:
956:, p. 350.
946:
933:
931:
928:
925:
924:
904:
868:
831:
830:
828:
825:
779:
776:
758:
755:
701:
698:
647:
644:
642:
639:
611:Main article:
607:
606:
586:
584:
573:
570:
568:
565:
502:Ottoman Sultan
490:
433:Main article:
430:
427:
357:Main article:
354:
351:
323:Peter Monoszló
285:Royal seal of
278:
275:
273:
270:
141:Main article:
138:
135:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3058:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3024:
3022:963-05-0843-5
3018:
3014:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2984:0-88033-229-8
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2962:973-7784-04-9
2958:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2943:963-05-6703-2
2939:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2924:963-05-6703-2
2920:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2905:963-9465-12-7
2901:
2897:
2893:
2892:Kristó, Gyula
2889:
2885:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2845:973-7784-00-6
2841:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2817:
2816:
2810:
2809:Curta, Florin
2806:
2802:
2800:963-05-6703-2
2796:
2792:
2787:
2786:
2775:
2774:1-884445-40-3
2771:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2746:
2741:
2734:
2729:
2722:
2717:
2710:
2705:
2698:
2693:
2691:
2683:
2678:
2671:
2666:
2659:
2654:
2647:
2642:
2635:
2630:
2623:
2618:
2611:
2606:
2599:
2594:
2592:
2584:
2579:
2571:
2565:
2560:
2553:
2548:
2546:
2539:, p. 99.
2538:
2533:
2531:
2524:, p. 98.
2523:
2518:
2511:
2506:
2500:, p. 47.
2499:
2494:
2488:, p. 72.
2487:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2471:, p. 46.
2470:
2465:
2458:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2436:, p. 39.
2435:
2430:
2428:
2420:
2415:
2409:, p. 33.
2408:
2403:
2397:, p. 22.
2396:
2391:
2384:
2379:
2377:
2369:
2364:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2342:
2337:
2331:, p. 17.
2330:
2325:
2323:
2315:
2310:
2304:, p. 40.
2303:
2298:
2292:, p. 23.
2291:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2274:
2269:
2263:, p. 70.
2262:
2257:
2255:
2247:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2223:, p. 71.
2222:
2217:
2215:
2207:
2202:
2196:, p. 28.
2195:
2190:
2188:
2180:
2175:
2168:
2163:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2138:, p. 27.
2137:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2116:
2111:
2105:, p. 25.
2104:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2046:, p. 24.
2045:
2040:
2033:
2028:
2021:
2016:
2009:
2004:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1961:
1956:
1949:
1944:
1937:
1932:
1925:
1920:
1913:
1908:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1867:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1848:9780880334792
1844:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1824:
1816:
1812:
1810:9780192506436
1806:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1775:9780202366654
1771:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1751:
1744:
1739:
1733:, p. 87.
1732:
1727:
1725:
1717:
1716:Sălăgean 2016
1712:
1710:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1688:, p. 18.
1687:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1671:, p. 99.
1670:
1665:
1658:
1653:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1630:, p. 98.
1629:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1598:, p. 17.
1597:
1592:
1590:
1582:
1577:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1472:
1471:Sălăgean 2016
1467:
1465:
1457:
1452:
1445:
1440:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1418:
1413:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1391:
1390:Sălăgean 2016
1386:
1384:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1359:
1354:
1347:
1342:
1335:
1330:
1323:
1318:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1279:
1274:
1267:
1262:
1255:
1250:
1243:
1238:
1231:
1226:
1219:
1214:
1207:
1202:
1195:
1190:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1168:
1163:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1141:
1136:
1129:
1124:
1117:
1112:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1090:
1085:
1078:
1073:
1066:
1061:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1039:
1034:
1027:
1022:
1015:
1010:
1003:
998:
991:
986:
979:
974:
968:, p. 91.
967:
962:
955:
950:
944:, p. 91.
943:
938:
934:
922:
918:
914:
908:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
876:Udvarhelyszék
872:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
836:
832:
824:
820:
818:
817:János Imreffy
814:
809:
807:
803:
797:
795:
790:
788:
787:
775:
771:
767:
763:
754:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
726:
724:
720:
719:Saint Michael
716:
712:
706:
697:
695:
690:
686:
682:
680:
676:
675:János Bethlen
672:
668:
663:
661:
657:
653:
650:The Diet was
638:
636:
632:
628:
627:Royal Hungary
624:
620:
614:
603:
594:
590:
587:This section
585:
582:
578:
577:
564:
562:
558:
554:
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545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
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489:
486:
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474:
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469:
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460:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
426:
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409:
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403:
398:
395:
391:
387:
383:
378:
376:
372:
366:
360:
350:
348:
343:
338:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
314:
312:
308:
304:
299:
296:
288:
283:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
250:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
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213:
211:
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203:
196:
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187:
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144:
134:
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128:
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120:
116:
111:
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105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
37:
32:
19:
3012:
2993:
2974:
2971:Rady, Martyn
2952:
2933:
2914:
2895:
2873:
2854:
2835:
2814:
2790:
2765:
2740:
2728:
2716:
2704:
2677:
2665:
2653:
2641:
2629:
2617:
2605:
2578:
2559:
2517:
2505:
2493:
2464:
2414:
2402:
2390:
2363:
2336:
2309:
2297:
2268:
2201:
2174:
2162:
2110:
2039:
2027:
2015:
2003:
1955:
1943:
1931:
1919:
1907:
1865:
1861:
1853:the original
1833:
1823:
1815:the original
1795:
1788:
1780:the original
1760:
1750:
1738:
1664:
1652:
1576:
1451:
1439:
1412:
1353:
1341:
1329:
1317:
1273:
1261:
1249:
1237:
1225:
1213:
1201:
1189:
1162:
1135:
1123:
1111:
1084:
1072:
1060:
1033:
1021:
1009:
997:
985:
973:
961:
949:
937:
920:
907:
871:
835:
821:
813:high treason
810:
802:general levy
798:
791:
784:
781:
772:
768:
764:
760:
751:
727:
707:
703:
693:
691:
687:
683:
664:
649:
616:
597:
593:adding to it
588:
546:
518:John Zápolya
499:
493:
482:
466:
462:
458:
456:
423:Székely Land
410:
406:
399:
382:George Lépes
379:
368:
339:
335:
319:vice-voivode
315:
303:Székely Land
300:
292:
265:
247:
245:
214:
199:
181:
158:Transylvania
156:
123:Transylvania
112:
72:Principality
43:
41:
2697:Dörner 2009
2583:Dörner 2009
2552:Dörner 2009
2457:Dörner 2009
2356:Dörner 2009
2246:Dörner 2009
2155:Dörner 2009
2086:Dörner 2009
2063:Dörner 2009
1977:Dörner 2005
1924:Dörner 2005
1900:Dörner 2005
1701:Makkai 1994
1657:Makkai 1994
1645:Makkai 1994
1611:Dörner 2009
1569:Makkai 1994
1552:Makkai 1994
1518:Makkai 1994
1486:Kristó 2003
1456:Dörner 2005
1444:Dörner 2005
1432:Dörner 2005
1417:Dörner 2005
1405:Kristó 2003
1358:Makkai 1994
1346:Makkai 1994
1334:Makkai 1994
1322:Makkai 1994
1310:Makkai 1994
1266:Kristó 2003
1242:Makkai 1994
1218:Kristó 2003
1206:Kristó 2003
1182:Makkai 1994
1155:Makkai 1994
1140:Kristó 2003
1128:Makkai 1994
1116:Makkai 1994
1104:Makkai 1994
1089:Kristó 2003
1065:Kristó 2003
1038:Kristó 2003
1014:Kristó 2003
1002:Kristó 2003
966:Kristó 2003
900:Aranyosszék
731:Cluj-Napoca
700:Convocation
646:Composition
494:Tripartitum
468:Tripartitum
272:Development
115:Târgu Mureș
74:(from 1765
36:Cluj-Napoca
3035:Categories
2564:Péter 2009
2032:Barta 1994
2020:Barta 1994
2008:Barta 1994
1996:Barta 1994
1960:Barta 1994
1948:Barta 1994
1936:Barta 1994
1912:Barta 1994
1883:Barta 1994
1743:Fodor 2013
1686:Fodor 2013
1596:Fodor 2013
1194:Curta 2006
990:Curta 2006
978:Curta 2006
954:Curta 2006
930:References
652:unicameral
557:suzerainty
347:Ugrin Csák
137:Background
1731:Rady 1992
1669:Rady 1992
1628:Rady 1992
942:Rady 1992
896:Marosszék
892:Kézdiszék
888:Orbaiszék
884:Sepsiszék
778:Functions
757:Procedure
641:The Diets
600:July 2017
485:man-price
258:Romanians
233:Wallachia
56:Hungarian
2894:(2003).
2811:(2006).
1758:(2008).
1581:Pop 2005
1537:Pop 2005
1501:Pop 2005
1375:Pop 2005
1293:Pop 2005
1278:Pop 2005
1254:Pop 2005
1230:Pop 2005
1167:Pop 2005
1077:Pop 2005
1053:Pop 2005
1026:Pop 2005
880:Csíkszék
549:Debrecen
491:—
295:Noblemen
237:Moldavia
206:Székelys
174:counties
100:counties
88:Székelys
80:noblemen
64:Romanian
2754:Sources
860:Küküllő
856:Kraszna
743:Făgăraș
694:praeses
572:History
553:Partium
452:Partium
394:Căpâlna
178:voivode
104:Partium
3019:
3000:
2981:
2959:
2940:
2921:
2902:
2880:
2861:
2842:
2823:
2797:
2772:
1845:
1807:
1772:
852:Kolozs
848:Hunyad
840:Doboka
747:Iernut
459:regnum
266:knezes
254:Vlachs
183:ispáns
92:Saxons
48:German
864:Torda
844:Fehér
827:Notes
786:Hajdú
679:vicar
210:seats
166:Turda
119:Turda
3017:ISBN
2998:ISBN
2979:ISBN
2957:ISBN
2938:ISBN
2919:ISBN
2900:ISBN
2878:ISBN
2859:ISBN
2840:ISBN
2821:ISBN
2795:ISBN
2770:ISBN
2570:help
1843:ISBN
1805:ISBN
1770:ISBN
898:and
862:and
745:and
735:Aiud
733:and
500:The
331:fine
256:(or
246:The
235:and
151:and
90:and
42:The
595:.
3037::
2689:^
2590:^
2544:^
2529:^
2476:^
2441:^
2426:^
2375:^
2348:^
2321:^
2280:^
2253:^
2228:^
2213:^
2186:^
2143:^
2122:^
2093:^
2070:^
2051:^
1984:^
1967:^
1890:^
1873:^
1837:.
1799:.
1764:.
1723:^
1708:^
1693:^
1676:^
1635:^
1618:^
1603:^
1588:^
1559:^
1544:^
1525:^
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1493:^
1478:^
1463:^
1424:^
1397:^
1382:^
1365:^
1300:^
1285:^
1174:^
1147:^
1096:^
1045:^
894:,
890:,
886:,
882:,
878:,
858:,
854:,
850:,
846:,
842:,
637:.
544:.
524:,
504:,
425:.
384:,
373:,
325:,
133:.
110:.
66::
62:;
58::
54:;
50::
3025:.
3006:.
2987:.
2965:.
2946:.
2927:.
2908:.
2886:.
2867:.
2848:.
2829:.
2803:.
2776:.
2572:)
902:.
866:.
602:)
598:(
46:(
20:)
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