Digital photography

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have fewer lens options and shorter battery life. Ongoing improvements are making them even better. Mirrorless cameras give photographers new ways to shoot, like seeing previews on the LCD screen. Mirrorless cameras brought big changes to photography. They do not have the bulky parts of DSLRs, so they are smaller and easier to carry. They are also quiet, good for discreet shooting like weddings or wildlife photography. Electronic viewfinders show details like exposure and focus, helping photographers take better shots. New autofocus systems make capturing moving subjects easier and more accurate. In summary, mirrorless cameras are changing photography with their compact size, advanced features, and quiet operation. As they improve, they are becoming essential tools for photographers.

1568: 1548:, AgfaPhoto, split off. Within six months it filed for bankruptcy. Konica Minolta Photo Imaging, Inc., ended production of color film and paper worldwide by March 31, 2007. In addition, by 2005, Kodak employed less than a third of the employees it had twenty years earlier. It is not known if these job losses in the film industry have been offset in the digital image industry. Digital cameras have decimated the film photography industry through the declining use of the expensive film rolls and development chemicals previously required to develop the photos. This has had a dramatic effect on companies such as 1801:

interchangeable lenses, and having an electronic viewfinder or LCD screen to display images straight from the sensor, mirrorless cameras have the advantage over DSLRs. While mirrorless cameras also provide quick autofocus, silent operations, and quick shooting rates, they also have some drawbacks, like a restricted range of lenses and a shorter battery life. However, progress still continues. As of 2024, ongoing advancements in mirrorless technology continue to address these limitations, solidifying their position as a leading choice for photographers.

2311:, Vol. 0010, pp. XV-1–19, January 1967 (August 1965, San Francisco). "Mariner is unique in that the pictures were converted to the 6-bit digital form in the spacecraft. The digital signals were transmitted at a very slow rate (8 1/3 bits/sec) and decoded and reformatted in the 7094 computer before being presented to the film recording equipment on computer tape. Thus, there are no digitizing and synchronizing problems, and the operation consists merely of producing the digitally recorded film." 188: 1429:) depends on the type and quality of film or sensor used and the quality of the optical system and film processing. Different films and sensors have different color sensitivity; the photographer needs to understand their equipment, the lighting conditions, and the media used to ensure accurate color reproduction. Many digital cameras offer RAW format (sensor data), which makes it possible to choose the color gamut in the development stage regardless of camera settings. 6227: 1770: 215: 139: 880: 6238: 459: 1501:(such as higher image resolutions and LCD screens). Most, if not all these single-use digital cameras cost less than $ 20, not including processing. However, the huge demand for complex digital cameras at competitive prices has often caused manufacturing shortcuts, evidenced by a large increase in customer complaints over camera malfunctions, high parts prices, and short service life. Some digital cameras offer only a 90-day warranty. 871:. Digital camera manufacturers advertise this figure because consumers can use it to easily compare camera capabilities. It is not, however, the major factor in evaluating a digital camera for most applications. The processing system inside the camera that turns the raw data into a color-balanced and pleasing photograph is usually more critical, which is why some 4+ megapixel cameras perform better than higher-end cameras. 77: 36: 1497:, a 1.2-megapixel (1280 × 960) CMOS-based digital camera costing only $ 11. Following the familiar single-use concept long in use with film cameras, Ritz intended the Dakota Digital for single use. When the pre-programmed 25-picture limit is reached, the camera is returned to the store, and the consumer receives back prints and a CD-ROM with their photos. The camera is then refurbished and resold. 889: 1687:, are used by millions of people to share their pictures. Digital photography and social media allow organizations and corporations to make photographs more accessible to a greater and more diverse population. For example, National Geographic Magazine has Twitter, Snapchat, Facebook, and Instagram accounts, each of which includes content aimed at the specific audiences found on its platform. 204: 1050:(2560 × 1600= 4,096,000). Increasing to 3200 × 2048 increases the pixels in the picture to 6,553,600 (6.5 megapixels), a factor of 1.6, but the pixels per cm in the picture (at the same image size) increases by only 1.25 times. A measure of the comparative increase in linear resolution is the square root of the increase in area resolution (i.e., megapixels in the entire image). 1745:

themselves and their chosen aesthetic. With the invention of digital photography, photographs became less destructible and more easily maintained throughout the years, living across all types of digital devices. Digital photography advanced the use of photos for communication and identity rather than as a means of remembering.

1169:, which essentially involves scanning the cards for possible errors. Common advocacy calls for formatting cards after transferring its images onto a computer. Since all cameras only do quick formatting of cards, it is advisable to occasionally carry out a more thorough formatting using appropriate software on a computer. 424:, which typically provide better image quality than point-and-shoot or cell phone cameras but are smaller in size and shape than typical DSLRs. Many mirrorless cameras accept interchangeable lenses and have advanced features through an electronic viewfinder, which replaces the through-the-lens viewfinder of 1638:

Archivists and historians have noticed the transitory nature of digital media. Unlike film and print which are tangible, digital image storage is ever-changing, with old media and decoding software becoming obsolete or inaccessible by new technologies. Historians are concerned that this is creating a

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Even in RAW format, however, the sensor and the camera's dynamics can only capture colors within the gamut supported by the hardware. When that image is transferred for reproduction on any device, the widest achievable gamut is the gamut that the end device supports. For a monitor, it is the gamut of

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While digital photography has only relatively recently become mainstream, the late 20th century saw many small developments leading to its creation. The history of digital photography began in the 1950s. In 1951, the first digital signals were saved to magnetic tape via the first video tape recorder.

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The relative increase in detail resulting from an increase in resolution is better compared by looking at the number of pixels across (or down) the picture, rather than the total number of pixels in the picture area. For example, a sensor of 2560 × 1600 sensor elements is described as "4 megapixels"

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Digital photography is an example of the shift from analog information to digital information. In the past, conventional photography was an entirely chemical and mechanical process that did not require electricity. Now, modern photography is a digital process in which analog signals are converted to

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The advent of digital photography also gave way to cultural changes in the field of photography. Unlike film photography, dark rooms and hazardous chemicals were no longer required for the post-production of an image – images could now be processed and enhanced from a personal computer. This allowed

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were marketed in the late 1990s. Professionals gravitated to digital slowly, converting as their professional work required using digital files to fulfill demands for faster turnaround than conventional methods could allow. Starting around 2000, digital cameras were incorporated into cell phones; in

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The rise of mirrorless cameras has changed digital photography. These cameras are popular for their modern tech, portability, and versatility. Unlike DSLRs, mirrorless cameras have electronic viewfinders or LCD screens for previewing photos and manual controls. They are smaller and lighter, but may

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As of today, advancements in digital photography have sky-rocketed due to the introduction of mirrorless cameras. Due to their cutting-edge technology, portability, and versatility, being more compact and innovative, mirrorless cameras are preferred. With its manual controls, adjustable settings,

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In its early stages, photography was mainly used for physically preserving a family's heritage. It has now evolved into a key part of individual identity in the 21st century. Internet users often personally photograph and repost pictures that revolve around the ways they want to personally express

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The primary advantage of consumer-level digital cameras is the low recurring cost, as users need not purchase photographic film. Processing costs may be reduced or even eliminated. Digicams tend also to be easier to carry and use than comparable film cameras, and more easily adapt to modern use of

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are commonly used in social digital photography, some of which reflect the nostalgic gap left by the disappearance of film photography. Filters that emulated traditional analog effects (such as film grain, scratches, fading, and polaroid borders) grew immensely in popularity alongside the idea of

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Digital camera sales peaked in March 2012, averaging about 11 million units a month, but sales have declined significantly ever since. By March 2014, about 3 million were purchased each month, about 30 percent of the peak sales total. The decline may have bottomed out, with sales average hovering

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Different aspect ratios are one of the reasons consumers have issues when cropping photos. An aspect ratio of 4:3 translates to a size of 4.5"×6.0". This loses half an inch when printing on the "standard" size of 4"×6", an aspect ratio of 3:2. Similar cropping occurs when printing on other sizes,

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Fotoman. It used a CCD image sensor, stored pictures digitally, and connected directly to a computer for downloading images. Originally offered to professional photographers for a hefty price, by the mid-to-late 1990s, due to technology advancements, digital cameras were commonly available to the

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Since the introduction of the Dakota Digital, a number of similar single-use digital cameras have appeared. Most single-use digital cameras are nearly identical to the original Dakota Digital in specifications and function, though a few include superior specifications and more advanced functions

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Memory cards can hold vast numbers of photos, requiring attention only when the memory card is full. For most users, this means hundreds of quality photos stored on the same memory card. Images may be transferred to other media for archival or personal use. Cards with high speed and capacity are

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level automatically, so these technical burdens are removed from the photographer unless the photographer feels competent to intercede (and the camera offers traditional controls). Electronic by nature, most digital cameras are instant, mechanized, and automatic in some or all functions. Digital

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New technology in digital cameras and computer editing affects the way photographic images are now perceived. The ability to create and fabricate realistic imagery digitally—as opposed to untouched photos—changes the audience's perception of "truth" in digital photography. Digital manipulation

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Some digital cameras can show these blown highlights in the image review, allowing the photographer to re-shoot the picture with a modified exposure. Others compensate for the total contrast of a scene by selectively exposing darker pixels longer. A third technique is used by Fujifilm in its

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photographers to be more creative with their processing and editing techniques. As the field became more popular, digital photography and photographers diversified. Digital photography expanded the field of photography from a small, somewhat elite circle to one that encompassed many people.

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in 1973. The camera weighed 8 pounds (3.6 kg), recorded black-and-white images to a cassette tape, had a resolution of 0.01 megapixels (10,000 pixels), and took 23 seconds to capture its first image in December 1975. The prototype camera was a technical exercise, not intended for

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Turn-of-the-century digital cameras had a long start-up delay compared to film cameras (that is, the delay from when they are turned on until they are ready to take the first shot), but this is no longer the case for modern digital cameras, which have start-up times under 1/4 seconds.

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picture's aspect ratio is 1.5 (3:2). Several digital cameras take photos in either ratio. Nearly all digital SLRs take pictures in a 3:2 ratio, as most can use lenses designed for 35 mm film. Some photo labs print photos on 4:3 ratio paper, as well as the existing 3:2.

2282: 726:. Although there is light-sensing technology that can distinguish the wavelength of the light incident on each pixel, most cameras use monochrome sensors that can only record the intensity of that light, over a broad range of wavelengths that includes all the 1486:). At the same time, many discount stores with photo labs introduced a "digital front end", allowing consumers to obtain true chemical prints (as opposed to ink-jet prints) in an hour. These prices were similar to those of prints made from film negatives. 745: 1086:

required to fit their large dynamic range into the more limited dynamic range of the output (be it SDR display or printing). Because sensor elements for different colors saturate in turn, there can be hue or saturation shift in burnt-out highlights.

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Digital photography has made photography available to a larger group of people. New technology and editing programs available to photographers have changed the way photographs are presented to the public. Photographs can be heavily manipulated or

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Depending on the materials and how they are stored, analog photographic film and prints may fade as they age. Similarly, the media on which digital images are stored or printed can decay or become corrupt, leading to a loss of image integrity.

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to upload products to the Internet, preserving images even if the camera is destroyed or the photos deleted. Some high-street photography shops have self-service kiosks that allow images to be printed directly from smartphones via

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produced the first images from the surface of Mars. The imaging process was different from that of a modern digital camera, though the result was similar; Viking used a mechanically scanned facsimile camera rather than a mosaic of

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are deemed of sufficient quality for small images in newspaper or magazine reproduction. 8- to 24-megapixel images, found in modern digital SLRs, when combined with high-end lenses, can approximate the detail of film prints from

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Resolution in pixels is not the only measure of image quality. A larger sensor with the same number of pixels generally produces a better image than a smaller one. One of the most important benefits of this is a reduction in

1046:(interpolation), while Foveon sensors produce uninterpolated image files with one-third as many RGB pixels as photosensors. Comparisons of megapixel ratings of these two types of sensors are sometimes a subject of dispute. 738:. The resulting grayscale images are then combined to produce a color image. This step is usually performed by the camera itself, although some cameras may optionally provide the unprocessed grayscale images in a so-called 1748:

Widespread access to digital photography has greatly influenced social behavior. The phrase "pics or it didn't happen" reflects the notion that one's life experiences can only be verified by others through photographs.

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have reduced but not halted production of film cameras. The technology has improved so rapidly that one of Kodak's film cameras was discontinued before it was awarded a "camera of the year" award later in the year.

1293:: as with any sampled signal, the combination of the periodic pixel structure of common electronic image sensors and periodic structure of photographed objects (typically human-made objects) can cause objectionable 1891:

help keep dust off of image sensors. Originally introduced only by a few cameras like Olympus DSLRs, they have now become standard in most models and brands of detachable lens cameras, except the low-end or cheap

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who may have used film for creating artistic and personal memoirs may need to modify their approach to use and personalize digital photo books, thereby retaining the special qualities of traditional photo albums.

1584:, most of which have built-in digital cameras and are routinely improved. Like most digital cameras, they also offer the ability to record videos. While smartphones continue to improve on a technical level, their 1236:: which enables longer photography sessions without changing film rolls. To most users, a single memory card is sufficient for the lifetime of the camera whereas film rolls are a re-incurring cost of film cameras. 1845:

cameras and displays are commercially available. Sensors with dynamic range in excess of 1,000,000:1 are in development, and software is also available to combine multiple non-HDR images (shot with different

1620:. Digital photography eliminated the delay and cost of film. Consumers became able to view, transfer, edit, and distribute digital images with ordinary home computers rather than using specialized equipment. 494:

a series of MOS capacitors in a row, they connected a suitable voltage to the capacitors so that the charge could be stepped along from one to the next. This semiconductor circuit was later used in the first

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techniques use a hardware system of 2 sensors, one to take the photo as usual while the other records depth information. Bokeh effect and refocusing can then be applied to an image after the photo is taken.

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of limited capacity to hold pictures temporarily, regardless of whether or not the camera is equipped with a memory card. These pictures can then be transferred later to a memory card or external device.

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SVC prototype demonstrated in 1986, followed by the commercial Nikon QV-1000C released in 1988. The first widely commercially available digital camera was the 1990 Dycam Model 1; it also sold as the

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using deterministic (non-random) algorithms is perfectly reproducible and eliminates variations common with photochemical processing, and enables otherwise difficult or impractical processing techniques.

1218:: management (color and file), manipulation, and printing tools are more versatile than conventional film processes. However, batch processing of RAW files can be time-consuming, even on a fast computer. 2112: 1082:). The loss of detail in the highlights is not abrupt with film, or in dark shadows with digital sensors. "Highlight burn-out" of digital sensors is not usually abrupt in output images due to the 2528: 3161:

Srihatrai, Parinya, and Thanita Hlowchitsieng. 2018. "The diagnostic accuracy of single- and five-field fundus photography in diabetic retinopathy screening by primary care physicians."

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historical void where information is being silently lost within failed or inaccessible digital media. They recommend that professional and amateur users develop strategies for

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Research and development continues to refine the lighting, optics, sensors, processing, storage, display, and software used in digital photography. Here are a few examples:

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social photography, the causal sharing of everyday images. Social photos differ from "true" photography as they are not meant to carry the same value or artistic qualities.

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cameras, for example, opted for a grayscale-only sensor to get better resolution and dynamic range. The reduction from three-dimensional color to grayscale or simulated

1736: 3089: 1311:: digital cameras cannot operate without electricity, usually provided via a battery. In contrast, a large number of mechanical film cameras existed, such as the 2885: 1896:

Other areas of progress include improved sensors, more powerful software, advanced camera processors (sometimes using more than one processor; for instance, the

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services or sold film no longer do, or have seen a tremendous decline. In 2012, Kodak filed for bankruptcy after struggling to adapt to the changing industry.

3112: 2908: 1224:: it will take no more than a few seconds to transfer a high-resolution RAW file from a memory card vs many minutes to scan film with a high-quality scanner. 1149:

format was the last new form of card, targeted at high-definition camcorders and high-resolution digital photo cameras. Most modern digital cameras also use

6195: 3064: 2479: 1536:(APS) compact cameras have dropped, probably due to direct competition from digital cameras and the resulting availability of second-hand film cameras. 2518: 2558: 6142: 1212:: image review and deletion are possible immediately; lighting and composition can be assessed immediately, which ultimately conserves storage space. 2634: 523: 2984: 2753: 1034:, the number claimed is the total number of single-color-sensitive photosensors, whether they have different locations in the plane, as with the 3310: 1436:

Professional photographers often use specially designed and calibrated monitors that help them to reproduce color accurately and consistently.

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followed suit and announced they would stop production of all but two models of their film cameras. They will continue to produce the low-end

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enables pictures to adjust the perception of reality, both past and present, and thereby shape people's identities, beliefs, and opinions.

486:(MOS) process, they realized that an electric charge was analogous to a magnetic bubble and that the charge could be stored on a tiny MOS 6185: 6137: 1544:

The decline in film camera sales has also led to a decline in purchases of film for such cameras. In November 2004, a German division of

2855: 916:. This is one of the advantages of DSLR cameras, which have larger sensors than simpler point-and-shoot cameras of the same resolution. 5922: 3889: 2957: 1178: 831:

standard to connect to printers without using a computer, and some can display pictures directly on a television set. Similarly, many

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are arrays of electronic devices that convert the optical image created by the camera lens into a digital file that is stored in some

662:. Small, convenient, and easy to use, camera phones have made digital photography ubiquitous in the daily life of the general public. 3576: 1612:

to look completely different from the originals. Until the advent of the digital camera, amateur photographers used either print or

3927: 2392: 2321: 1819:. The resulting scene can be viewed from novel viewpoints, but creating the model is very computationally intensive. An example is 549:, a digital camera developed as a commercial product and interfaced to a microcomputer, was featured in the February 1975 issue of 3035: 2580: 2366: 4787: 3829: 3009: 718:

Most cameras for the general consumer market create color images, in which each pixel has a color value from a three-dimensional

2134: 1860:(a flickering shutter that adds a signature to the blur, which postprocessing recognizes). It is not yet commercially available. 1165:

Because photographers rely on the integrity of image files, it is important to take proper care of memory cards. One process is

1042:. However, the images have different numbers of RGB pixels: Bayer-sensor cameras produce as many RGB pixels as photosensors via 3932: 1816: 1433:

the display device. For a photographic print, it is the gamut of the device that prints the image on a specific type of paper.

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sensor elements. This produced a digital image that was stored on tape for later, relatively slow transmission back to Earth.

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Modern day students have more access to photography classes as a result of digital photography's ease in comparison to film.

6190: 3764: 2663: 49: 3497: 1252:: a digital image can be modified and manipulated much easier and faster than with traditional negative and print methods. 1030:

quoted by manufacturers can be misleading as it may not be the number of full-color pixels. For cameras using single-chip

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Digital photography has resulted in some positive market impacts as well. The increasing popularity of products such as

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The quality of a digital image is a composite of various factors, many of which are similar to those of film cameras.

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is not optimized for use as a camera, and their battery life is typically more limited compared to a digital camera.

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is limited to 36 continuous frames (the length of the film) without the cumbersome bulk film back, while the digital

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Digital photography spans a wide range of applications with a long history. Much of the technology originated in the

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selected by NASA in 1986 (costing US$ 44 million) contains a 32-bit radiation-hardened 10 MHz processor and 12 MB of

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of lower sensitivity than the main ones; these retain detail in parts of the image too bright for the main sensor.

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has been a popular medium for storing and sharing photos ever since the first photograph was published online by

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sensor. Aliasing is also present in film, but typically manifests itself in less obvious ways (such as increased

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device is used for storing images, which may be transferred to a computer later. This memory device is usually a

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In professional usage, digital cameras offer many advantages in speed, precision, flexibility, ease, and cost.

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Lee, Dong-Hoo (2010). "Digital Cameras, Personal Photography and the Reconfiguration of Spatial Experiences".

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Digital photography has also impacted other fields, such as medicine. It has allowed doctors to help diagnose

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can be captured using computer-controlled lights and sensors. This is needed to create attractive images of

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with its rare high-speed motor drive, professional DSLR cameras can take still photographs at the highest

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can be created directly in camera without the need for any external processing. Some cameras feature a

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can be digitized; this was achieved in 1951. The modern era in digital photography is dominated by the

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capability, combining shots taken with a single lens from different angles to create a sense of depth.

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in 1992. JPEG compresses images down to much smaller file sizes, and has become the most widely used

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the following years, cell phone cameras became widespread, particularly due to their connectivity to

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In 2005, Panasonic launched the first consumer camera with a native aspect ratio of 16:9, matching

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In addition to taking pictures, digital cameras may also record sound and video. Some function as

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In late 2002, the cheapest digital cameras in the United States were available for around $ 100 (

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In advanced cameras or camcorders, manipulating the sensitivity of the sensor with two or more

1847: 1315:. These battery-less devices had advantages over digital devices in harsh or remote conditions. 1067: 867:, millions of pixels) is only one of the major factors, though it is the most heavily marketed 504: 420:. Since 2010, the digital point-and-shoot and DSLR cameras have also seen competition from the 389: 341: 2191: 1885:, for instance. It is not yet commercially available, but some museums are starting to use it. 6147: 5942: 5850: 5845: 5830: 5820: 5795: 5780: 5641: 5574: 5544: 5504: 5414: 5404: 5241: 5120: 5083: 5006: 4577: 4405: 4050: 4004: 3872: 3770: 3707: 2847: 2685: 1888: 1826: 1752: 1533: 1116:

and post-processing the separate images to create a single image with a higher dynamic range.

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Wilson, Timothy ColemanContributions from Mark; updated, Chris Rowlands last (2022-02-09).

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announced in January 2004 that they would no longer sell Kodak-branded film cameras in the

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Coleman, Chris RowlandsContributions from Timothy; published, Mark Wilson (2024-03-20).

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

707:(CCD)—in which the photo charge is shifted to a central charge-to-voltage converter—and 152:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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announced it was pulling out of the camera business altogether. The price of 35 mm and

1230:: using flash in images can provide a different look such as the lighting of the image. 902: 610:

production. While it was not until 1981 that the first consumer camera was produced by

1023:. For example, an image 1600 × 1200 in size has 1,920,000 pixels, or 1.92 megapixels. 6051: 5987: 5974: 5905: 5569: 5494: 5484: 5474: 5459: 5323: 5291: 5151: 4986: 4757: 4495: 4445: 4415: 3999: 3292: 3282: 3256: 3244: 3204: 2792: 2695: 2605: 2418: 2288: 2197: 2170: 2080: 2055: 1490: 1477: 1449: 773: 765: 655: 591: 571: 563: 441: 252: 218: 6106: 6056: 6014: 5999: 5982: 5952: 5947: 5591: 5549: 5499: 5261: 5221: 5161: 5016: 4543: 4517: 4500: 4435: 4304: 4284: 4279: 4259: 3732: 3236: 3192: 2833: 2821: 2414: 2234: 2217:

Boyle, William S; Smith, George E. (1970). "Charge Coupled Semiconductor Devices".

2025: 1397: 1243: 1039: 1004: 958: 927: 739: 727: 546: 475: 401: 268: 6202: 3522: 594:. The JPEG standard was largely responsible for popularizing digital photography. 6111: 6019: 5636: 5384: 5266: 4961: 4908: 4903: 4871: 4856: 4814: 4582: 4369: 4334: 4324: 4254: 3922: 3917: 3899: 3862: 3857: 3782: 3742: 2912: 2825: 2020: 1951: 1656: 1617: 1513: 1269: 1166: 1150: 1105:(HDR) addresses this problem by increasing the dynamic range of images by either 868: 735: 723: 479: 408: 377: 272: 2655: 1508:

have dropped with manufacturers further outsourcing to countries such as China.

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for their cameras. Slides had to be developed and shown to an audience using a

1561: 1529: 1505: 1464:. This is similar to a 7:4 aspect ratio, which was a common size for APS film. 1385: 1376:

While some film cameras could reach up to 14 frames per second (fps), like the

1092: 844: 805: 757: 685: 671: 463: 452: 373: 333: 322: 3296: 3224: 392:, which evolved later. An early semiconductor milestone was the advent of the 6257: 6041: 6009: 5994: 5959: 5719: 5564: 5529: 5115: 5088: 5068: 5036: 4981: 4523: 4470: 4460: 4455: 4400: 4395: 4033: 4016: 4011: 3248: 3240: 3196: 2584: 1946: 1717: 1713: 1571:

A man takes a photo with a smartphone, holding it somewhat awkwardly, as the

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were made by exposing light-sensitive photographic film and paper, which was

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Bardis, Antonia (2004). "Digital photography and the question of realism".

2523: 2105:"The Inventor of Videotape Recorders Didn't Live to See Blockbuster's Fall" 2100: 2030: 1882: 1644: 1623: 1609: 1596: 1545: 1142: 1134: 1126: 1083: 1071: 1035: 1031: 840: 777: 689: 681: 647: 639: 556: 413: 397: 385: 366: 256: 2715: 1724:

is a related process in which digital photos are created using a scanner.

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of the subject that are too bright are rendered as white, with no detail (

597:

The first self-contained (portable) digital camera was created in 1975 by

187: 6212: 6076: 6071: 6004: 5917: 5754: 5729: 5559: 5554: 5539: 5394: 5276: 5256: 5125: 5026: 4918: 4881: 4851: 4804: 4772: 4767: 4728: 4649: 4592: 4480: 4410: 4374: 4364: 4289: 4113: 3086:"Digital Camera Sales Trends A declining trend that's slowly stabilizing" 2077:

Design For Media: A Handbook for Students and Professionals in Journalism

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Carolyn Said, "DYCAM Model 1: The first portable Digital Still Camera",

1599:

is a direct result of the increasing popularity of digital photography.

321:, or delete a captured photograph within seconds, making this a form of 5724: 5704: 5618: 5608: 5469: 5434: 5409: 5338: 5078: 5063: 5043: 4925: 4861: 4777: 4723: 4597: 4475: 4420: 4314: 4071: 3737: 3682: 3577:"Coded Exposure Photography: Motion Deblurring using Fluttered Shutter" 1716:, digital photos are often edited, manipulated, or combined with other 1684: 1627: 1613: 1581: 1521: 1504:

Since 2003, digital cameras have outsold film cameras. Prices of 35 mm

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Noise in a digital camera's image may sometimes be visually similar to

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Additional factors that impact the quality of a digital image include:

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by migrating stored digital images from old technologies to new ones.

1305:) due to the stochastic grain structure (stochastic sampling) of film. 514:

flew by it on July 15, 1965, with a digital camera system designed by

214: 6116: 5689: 5651: 5613: 5509: 5399: 4866: 4829: 4824: 4809: 4762: 4745: 4562: 4490: 4349: 4244: 4224: 4163: 3697: 3432:"Mirrorless vs DSLR cameras: the 10 key differences you need to know" 2307:

Fred C. Billingsley, "Processing Ranger and Mariner Photography," in

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have recently had a large impact on photography. Users can set their

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is that chips much larger than 1 cm are expensive to produce without

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cameras may record more than three color coordinates for each pixel.

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The first published color digital photograph was produced in 1972 by

511: 487: 381: 350: 2924: 2848:"From J-Phone to Lumia 1020: A complete history of the camera phone" 1904:

displays, built-in GPS and Wi-Fi, and computer-controlled lighting.

1137:

to store image data. The majority of cards for separate cameras are

879: 614:, the groundwork for digital imaging and photography had been laid. 458: 325:, in contrast to most photochemical cameras from the preceding era. 105:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 5709: 5524: 5021: 4951: 4819: 4740: 4735: 4602: 4567: 4425: 4214: 3692: 3687: 3554: 2489: 2388: 1929: 1897: 1549: 1525: 1453: 1393: 1389: 1338: 1334: 1312: 1294: 1194: 1146: 978: 974: 784:, often as an option in the camera itself. On the other hand, some 643: 627: 575: 329: 302:

and mechanical techniques, without wet bath chemical processing.

1384:. While the Sony SLT technology allows rates of up to 12 fps, the 328:

Moreover, the onboard computational resources can usually perform

5749: 4898: 4844: 4309: 3407:"The best mirrorless camera for 2024: top picks for every budget" 1694:, and is used in hospitals to diagnose and treat other diseases. 659: 229: 3484:"What Is a Mirrorless Camera and How Does It Compare to a DSLR?" 2746:"Dycam Model 1: The world's first consumer digital still camera" 1058:

Both digital and film practical imaging systems have a limited "

688:

device, inside or outside the camera. Each element of the image

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further helped popularize digital photography, along with the

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using CCD sensor technology and was featured on the cover of

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artifacts, such as false colors when using cameras using a

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cameras may choose to emulate traditional manual controls (

203: 196: 3574: 1823:, which provided some models of famous places as examples. 1038:, or in stacks of three co-located photosensors as in the 1483: 756:

However, some special-purpose cameras, such as those for

2519:"What Is a JPEG? The Invisible Object You See Every Day" 987:

digital or chemical processing of "negative" and "print"

696:

of light hitting a small area of the projected image (a

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The social photo : on photography and social media

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with built-in digital cameras were produced in 2000 by

545:. It was a picture of his wife, Margaret Tompsett. The 3225:"Digital photography: communication, identity, memory" 791: 851:

and stored as digital data using built-in computers.

2950:"Digital outsells film, but film still king to some" 2309:

Computerized Imaging Techniques, Proceedings of SPIE

2135:"Fiftieth Anniversary of First Digital Image Marked" 1109:

increasing the dynamic range of the image sensor, or

3140:Goldberg, Susan. 2017. "OUR SOCIAL MEDIA MISSION." 1284: 1172: 1162:(capture several photographs in quick succession). 3389:""Mirrorless vs. DSLR: The Pros and Cons Examined" 2393:"How I Came Up With the Discrete Cosine Transform" 3457:"Mirrorless vs. DSLR: The Pros and Cons Examined" 3365:"Mirrorless vs. DSLR: The Pros and Cons Examined" 2253:"The 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics - Press Release" 2162: 1759: 1580:around 3 million a month. The main competitor is 6255: 3429: 2597: 2193:The Electronics Revolution: Inventing the Future 1575:of a phone is not optimized for use as a camera. 2074: 1404:must be cleared and the remaining space on the 298:are typically created solely by computer-based 263:ready for further digital processing, viewing, 3498:"Primer: Why would I buy a mirrorless camera?" 510:The first close-up image of Mars was taken as 309:(DSLR), most digital cameras now come with an 4634: 4098: 3651: 3404: 1900:camera has two Digic 4 processors), enlarged 1444:Most digital point-and-shoot cameras have an 1193:, can send their pictures directly to email, 835:can take still photographs and store them on 796:In most digital camera (except some high-end 470:The first semiconductor image sensor was the 313:, which approximates the final photograph in 3575:Raskar, Ramesh; Amit Agrawal; Jack Tumblin. 1697: 1184:Advantages already in consumer level cameras 586:image standard, which was introduced by the 482:at Bell Labs in 1969. While researching the 438:History of the camera § Digital cameras 6186:Conservation and restoration of photographs 3603:"HTC launches One M8 with new 'Duo Camera'" 2551:"Digital Photography Milestones from Kodak" 2513: 2511: 1240:Precision and reproducibility of processing 1095:DSLR: the image sensor contains additional 305:In consumer markets, apart from enthusiast 64:Learn how and when to remove these messages 5923:Comparison of digital and film photography 4641: 4627: 4105: 4091: 3658: 3644: 3520: 3309:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2981:"Kodak to drop 35mm cameras in Europe, US" 2216: 1839:, the interactive visualization of photos. 1489:In July 2003, digital cameras entered the 1201:Advantages of professional digital cameras 1179:Comparison of digital and film photography 376:, where it pertains to highly customized, 6143:Photographs considered the most important 3600: 3274: 3222: 3113:"How long will my digital pictures last?" 3006:"Nikon to End Many Film-Related Products" 2789:The Photographic Image in Digital Culture 2132: 1817:created from collections of normal images 1388:can take stills at a rate of 14 fps. The 1078:that are too dark are rendered as black ( 555:magazine. It used MOS technology for its 175:Learn how and when to remove this message 121:Learn how and when to remove this message 3110: 2508: 2359:"Digital imaging wins engineering prize" 2189: 1735: 1566: 744: 582:in 1972. DCT compression is used in the 503:, and its invention was recognized by a 457: 213: 202: 186: 3830:Application-specific integrated circuit 3665: 3029: 2906:Foveon X3 Sensor Claims Put to the Test 2183: 650:, and the JPEG image format. The first 14: 6256: 3182: 2858:from the original on 14 September 2019 2786: 2777:, vol. 4, No. 35, 16 Oct. 1990, p. 34. 2624: 2049: 1439: 1345: 1189:pictures. Some, particularly those in 854: 700:) and converts it to a digital value. 490:. As it was fairly straightforward to 292:processed in liquid chemical solutions 4622: 4086: 3639: 3478: 3476: 3454: 3400: 3398: 3362: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3218: 3216: 3214: 2978: 2683: 2601:The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography 2561:from the original on 28 December 2009 2460:from the original on 30 December 2019 2387: 2381: 2356: 2322:"Mariner to Mercury, Venus, and Mars" 2280: 2075:Middleditch, Steve; Hand, Di (2012). 1145:(CF) format; other formats are rare. 901:than the one to the right, but lower 843:cards with the same functionality as 768:capture, may record only monochrome ( 462:First digital image ever created, by 286:Until the advent of such technology, 3765:Three-dimensional integrated circuit 3609:from the original on October 3, 2015 3057:"Eastman Kodak Files for Bankruptcy" 1763: 1732:Digital photography and social media 1560:. Many stores that formerly offered 1197:, or other electronic distribution. 562:An important development in digital 466:. It is an image of his son, Walden. 447:Six years later, in 1957, the first 294:to develop and stabilize the image. 132: 70: 29: 6138:Museums devoted to one photographer 2811: 2531:from the original on 9 October 2019 2436: 1468:such as 5"×7", 8"×10", or 11"×14". 1396:is able to capture over 100 14-bit 1066:that can be reproduced accurately. 792:Multifunctionality and connectivity 451:was produced through a computer by 380:combined with sophisticated remote 317:. This enables the user to review, 199:, then considered state of the art. 24: 5685:Timeline of photography technology 4588:Los Angeles Center for Digital Art 4300:Generative artificial intelligence 3777:Erasable programmable logic device 3473: 3395: 3337: 3263: 3211: 3032:"Pentax plans to focus on digital" 3030:Tomkins, Michael R. (2004-06-01). 2960:from the original on 8 August 2018 2555:Women in Photography International 2369:from the original on 27 March 2018 2239:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1970.tb01790.x 1935:Design rule for Camera File system 1266:digital single-lens reflex cameras 703:The two main types of sensors are 365:interface for all functions; most 307:digital single-lens reflex cameras 210:— a 12.1-megapixel full-frame DSLR 25: 6275: 3812:Complex programmable logic device 3624: 3223:van Dijck, José (February 2008). 3092:from the original on May 10, 2019 2726:from the original on 26 June 2010 2480:"The JPEG image format explained" 2357:Ghosh, Pallab (1 February 2017). 2166:Scientific charge-coupled devices 2099: 1985:Digital single-lens reflex camera 1856:can be dramatically removed by a 780:may also be performed by digital 665: 45:This article has multiple issues. 27:Photography with a digital camera 6236: 6226: 6225: 2625:Estrin, James (12 August 2015). 1997:(Exchangeable image file format) 1768: 1602: 1471: 1285:Disadvantages of digital cameras 1173:Comparison with film photography 1053: 1015:vertical pixels) is the product 957:pixel count, digital file type ( 887: 878: 588:Joint Photographic Experts Group 137: 75: 34: 6237: 4648: 4112: 3824:Field-programmable object array 3760:Mixed-signal integrated circuit 3594: 3568: 3539: 3514: 3490: 3448: 3423: 3381: 3356: 3331: 3317: 3176: 3163:Indian Journal Of Ophthalmology 3155: 3134: 3104: 3078: 3067:from the original on 2020-12-13 3049: 3038:from the original on 2007-05-15 3023: 2998: 2987:from the original on 2007-02-23 2972: 2942: 2931:from the original on 2020-02-10 2917: 2899: 2888:from the original on 2016-10-12 2870: 2840: 2805: 2780: 2767: 2756:from the original on 2010-10-17 2738: 2708: 2677: 2666:from the original on 2021-01-28 2648: 2637:from the original on 2017-12-01 2618: 2591: 2573: 2543: 2472: 2425:from the original on 2016-06-10 2350: 2314: 2301: 2263:from the original on 2018-09-23 2145:from the original on 2017-09-29 2115:from the original on 2020-10-25 2011:Lenses for SLR and DSLR cameras 1493:market with the release of the 991: 369:fall into the latter category. 251:, as opposed to an exposure on 53:or discuss these issues on the 3185:Journal of Visual Art Practice 3152:(Retrieved February 10, 2018). 3111:Lombardi, Rosie (2006-12-20). 2627:"Kodak's First Digital Moment" 2274: 2245: 2210: 2156: 2133:Hernandez, Paul (2007-05-24). 2126: 2093: 2068: 2043: 1760:Recent research and innovation 1264:have promoted the adoption of 474:(CCD), invented by physicists 455:. It was an image of his son. 361:) or it may instead provide a 13: 1: 5735:Painted photography backdrops 5667:Golden triangle (composition) 4942:35 mm equivalent focal length 3950:Hardware description language 3818:Field-programmable gate array 3455:Shoot, Feature (2020-10-07). 3363:Shoot, Feature (2020-10-07). 3173:(Retrieve February 23, 2018). 2687:Nikon D70 Digital Field Guide 2604:(4th ed.). Focal Press. 2492:. 31 May 2018. Archived from 2037: 2016:List of digital camera brands 1129:and most digital cameras use 402:photolithographic fabrication 4573:Austin Museum of Digital Art 3601:Lars Rehm (March 25, 2014). 3008:. 2006-01-11. Archived from 2925:"Digital Cameras - Dec 2002" 2826:10.1080/01972243.2010.489854 2581:"Kodak blog: We Had No Idea" 2419:10.1016/1051-2004(91)90086-Z 2196:. Springer. pp. 245–8. 2169:. SPIE Press. pp. 3–4. 1452:or early movies. However, a 1333:compatible with traditional 1321:: a persistent challenge in 800:cameras and simple, low-end 578:while he was working at the 574:technique first proposed by 442:Digital image § History 7: 5445:Intentional camera movement 4220:Artificial intelligence art 4190:Fractal-generating software 3962:Formal equivalence checking 3340:"Viewfinder vs LCD Display" 1907: 1837:Virtual-reality photography 1448:of 1.33 (4:3), the same as 1337:optics to professional and 897:Image at left has a higher 749:Monochromatic image from a 241:analog-to-digital converter 101:the claims made and adding 10: 6280: 6133:Most expensive photographs 5490:Multi-exposure HDR capture 3982:Hierarchical state machine 3940:Transaction-level modeling 3275:Jurgenson, Nathan (2019). 2979:Smith, Tony (2004-01-20). 2878:"How Digital Cameras Work" 2163:James R. Janesick (2001). 2079:. Routledge. p. 328. 2006:High-dynamic-range imaging 1974:Digital Print Order Format 1920:Automatic image annotation 1701: 1475: 1176: 1141:(SD) format, or the older 1120: 1103:High-dynamic-range imaging 676: 669: 619:digital single-lens reflex 435: 431: 426:single-lens reflex cameras 422:mirrorless digital cameras 6221: 6178: 6125: 6030: 5973: 5879: 5763: 5675: 5627: 5367: 5134: 4934: 4656: 4553: 4509: 4383: 4207: 4177: 4127: 4120: 4059: 3992: 3908: 3883:Digital signal processing 3868:Logic in computer science 3845: 3794:Programmable logic device 3754:Hybrid integrated circuit 3673: 3631:Digital Photography – FAQ 3523:"A Year After Mirrorless" 3521:Contrastly (2016-09-09). 2791:. Routledge. p. 86. 2660:The Digital Camera Museum 2598:Michael R. Peres (2007). 2398:Digital Signal Processing 2054:. Routledge. p. 29. 1777:This section needs to be 1698:Digitally altered imagery 1659:in 1992 (an image of the 1323:semiconductor fabrication 568:discrete cosine transform 522:. In 1976, the twin Mars 484:metal-oxide semiconductor 146:This article needs to be 6067:Digital image processing 4537:Listening Post (artwork) 3895:Switching circuit theory 3800:Programmable Array Logic 3788:Programmable logic array 3241:10.1177/1470357207084865 3167:Academic Search Complete 3146:Academic Search Complete 3034:. The Imaging Resource. 2750:DigiBarn computer museum 2684:Busch, David D. (2011). 2190:Williams, J. B. (2017). 2050:Merrin, William (2014). 1272:. Images captured at 2+ 539:Michael Francis Tompsett 336:adjustment (via inbuilt 281:electromagnetic spectrum 5740:Photography and the law 4608:V&A Digital Futures 4345:Photograph manipulation 3945:Register-transfer level 2814:The Information Society 2787:Lister, Martin (2013). 2720:DigiCam History Dot Com 1872:neutral density filters 1665:Les Horribles Cernettes 607:Fairchild Semiconductor 580:Kansas State University 501:television broadcasting 6087:Gelatin silver process 5111:Science of photography 5096:Photographic processes 5074:Perspective distortion 3836:Tensor Processing Unit 3197:10.1386/jvap.3.3.209/0 3088:. September 22, 2014. 2281:Mutch, Thomas (1978). 1889:Dust reduction systems 1821:Microsoft's Photosynth 1741: 1576: 1256:Manufacturers such as 753: 705:charge-coupled devices 621:(DSLR) camera was the 505:Nobel Prize in Physics 467: 390:semiconductor industry 222: 211: 200: 5545:Schlieren photography 5084:Photographic printing 5007:Exposure compensation 4578:Computer Arts Society 4051:Electronic literature 4005:Hardware acceleration 3873:Computer architecture 3771:Emitter-coupled logic 3708:Printed circuit board 3461:The Shutterstock Blog 3369:The Shutterstock Blog 2692:John Wiley & Sons 2527:. 24 September 2013. 2284:The Martian Landscape 1827:Panoramic photographs 1739: 1570: 1534:Advanced Photo System 1528:. In the same month, 1351:Image noise and grain 1309:Electricity-dependent 1234:Higher image quantity 1011:horizontal pixels by 863:(typically listed in 748: 497:digital video cameras 472:charge-coupled device 461: 436:Further information: 394:charge-coupled device 340:) as well as set the 311:electronic viewfinder 265:electronic publishing 259:image is stored as a 232:containing arrays of 217: 206: 190: 5329:Straight photography 4967:Chromatic aberration 4466:Hamid Naderi Yeganeh 4441:Lynn Hershman Leeson 4275:Digital architecture 4250:Digital illustration 4185:Graphic art software 3977:Finite-state machine 3955:High-level synthesis 3890:Circuit minimization 3325:"Mirrorless cameras" 3229:Visual Communication 2001:Geotagged photograph 1990:Digital watermarking 1850:) into an HDR image. 1692:diabetic retinopathy 1641:digital preservation 1593:digital photo frames 1425:Color reproduction ( 1331:image sensor formats 1250:Digital manipulation 1158:suited to video and 1003:for a given maximum 713:active pixel sensors 543:Electronics Magazine 6264:Digital photography 6196:photographic plates 5881:Digital photography 5059:Hyperfocal distance 4972:Circle of confusion 4340:Music visualization 4265:Digital photography 4024:Digital photography 3806:Generic Array Logic 3728:Combinational logic 3703:Printed electronics 3667:Digital electronics 3142:National Geographic 2587:on 21 January 2013. 2411:1991DSP.....1....4A 2338:on 15 February 2017 2231:1970BSTJ...49..587B 1969:Digital photo frame 1879:specular reflection 1669:photo sharing sites 1524:, and the high-end 1516:. In January 2006, 1495:Ritz Dakota Digital 1440:Frame aspect ratios 1346:Equivalent features 1319:Limited sensor size 1222:Faster image ingest 855:Performance metrics 751:night-vision device 566:technology was the 552:Popular Electronics 407:The first consumer 323:instant photography 296:Digital photographs 275:based on gathering 226:Digital photography 193:Mars Orbiter Camera 18:Digital Photography 5700:Autochrome Lumière 5695:Analog photography 5520:Pigeon photography 5309:Social documentary 4788:discontinued films 4486:Ben Rubin (artist) 4431:Desmond Paul Henry 4230:Computer art scene 4195:Animation software 3972:Asynchronous logic 3748:Integrated circuit 3713:Electronic circuit 3551:Microsoft Research 3165:66, no. 1: 94–97. 3061:The New York Times 2911:2007-10-13 at the 2854:. 11 August 2013. 2453:. September 1992. 2257:www.nobelprize.org 2219:Bell Syst. Tech. J 1980:Digital Revolution 1957:Digital microscope 1915:Analog photography 1843:High-dynamic-range 1742: 1704:Photo manipulation 1577: 1421:Color reproduction 1400:images before its 1359:in a film camera. 1329:, confining large 903:spatial resolution 754: 468: 271:. It is a form of 223: 212: 201: 86:possibly contains 6251: 6250: 6052:Collodion process 5988:Chromogenic print 5975:Color photography 5485:Multiple exposure 5460:Lo-fi photography 4987:Color temperature 4616: 4615: 4496:Camille Utterback 4446:Zachary Lieberman 4416:Stephanie Dinkins 4203: 4202: 4080: 4079: 4029:Digital telephone 4000:Computer hardware 3967:Synchronous logic 3288:978-1-78873-091-4 2852:digitaltrends.com 2611:978-0-240-80740-9 2176:978-0-8194-3698-6 2052:Media Studies 2.0 1798: 1797: 1491:disposable camera 1478:Photographic film 1450:analog television 820:are less common. 592:image file format 572:lossy compression 564:image compression 384:. Any electronic 253:photographic film 243:(ADC) to produce 239:interfaced to an 219:Canon PowerShot A 185: 184: 177: 167: 166: 131: 130: 123: 88:original research 68: 16:(Redirected from 6271: 6240: 6239: 6229: 6228: 6107:Print permanence 6057:Cross processing 6015:CMYK color model 6000:Color management 5953:Foveon X3 sensor 5948:Three-CCD camera 5592:Miniature faking 5550:Sabattier effect 5162:Astrophotography 5017:Zebra patterning 4643: 4636: 4629: 4620: 4619: 4544:Remember To Rise 4518:Edmond de Belamy 4510:Notable artworks 4501:Pindar Van Arman 4436:Mario Klingemann 4305:Generative music 4285:Evolutionary art 4280:Electronic music 4260:Digital painting 4125: 4124: 4107: 4100: 4093: 4084: 4083: 3733:Sequential logic 3660: 3653: 3646: 3637: 3636: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3588: 3579:. Archived from 3572: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3562: 3553:. Archived from 3543: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3533: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3508: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3480: 3471: 3470: 3468: 3467: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3442: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3417: 3402: 3393: 3392: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3376: 3375: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3350: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3308: 3300: 3272: 3261: 3260: 3220: 3209: 3208: 3180: 3174: 3159: 3153: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3128: 3119:. Archived from 3108: 3102: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3073: 3072: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3043: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3017: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2992: 2983:. The Register. 2976: 2970: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2936: 2921: 2915: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2894: 2893: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2809: 2803: 2802: 2784: 2778: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2762: 2761: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2672: 2671: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2643: 2642: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2583:. Archived from 2577: 2571: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2515: 2506: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2496:on 5 August 2019 2476: 2470: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2459: 2448: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2431: 2430: 2391:(January 1991). 2385: 2379: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2354: 2348: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2337: 2331:. Archived from 2326: 2318: 2312: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2269: 2268: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2214: 2208: 2207: 2187: 2181: 2180: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2151: 2150: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2121: 2120: 2097: 2091: 2090: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2047: 2026:Raw image format 1793: 1790: 1784: 1772: 1771: 1764: 1270:photojournalists 1244:image processing 1062:": the range of 1040:Foveon X3 sensor 891: 882: 740:raw image format 736:dichroic mirrors 728:visible spectrum 631:general public. 547:Cromemco Cyclops 476:Willard S. Boyle 378:embedded systems 269:digital printing 180: 173: 162: 159: 153: 141: 140: 133: 126: 119: 115: 112: 106: 103:inline citations 79: 78: 71: 60: 38: 37: 30: 21: 6279: 6278: 6274: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6269: 6268: 6254: 6253: 6252: 6247: 6217: 6174: 6121: 6112:Push processing 6033: 6026: 6020:RGB color model 5969: 5875: 5759: 5671: 5637:Diagonal method 5623: 5363: 5267:Photojournalism 5130: 4962:Black-and-white 4930: 4909:Slide projector 4904:Movie projector 4783:available films 4652: 4647: 4617: 4612: 4583:EVA Conferences 4556:and conferences 4555: 4549: 4505: 4384:Notable artists 4379: 4370:Texture mapping 4335:Motion graphics 4325:Interactive art 4255:Digital imaging 4199: 4173: 4116: 4111: 4081: 4076: 4055: 3988: 3923:Place and route 3918:Logic synthesis 3904: 3900:Gate equivalent 3863:Logic synthesis 3858:Boolean algebra 3841: 3783:Macrocell array 3743:Boolean circuit 3669: 3664: 3627: 3622: 3612: 3610: 3599: 3595: 3586: 3584: 3573: 3569: 3560: 3558: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3531: 3529: 3519: 3515: 3506: 3504: 3496: 3495: 3491: 3482: 3481: 3474: 3465: 3463: 3453: 3449: 3440: 3438: 3428: 3424: 3415: 3413: 3403: 3396: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3373: 3371: 3361: 3357: 3348: 3346: 3338:Europe, Canon. 3336: 3332: 3323: 3322: 3318: 3302: 3301: 3289: 3273: 3264: 3221: 3212: 3181: 3177: 3160: 3156: 3144:231, no. 4: 4. 3139: 3135: 3126: 3124: 3109: 3105: 3095: 3093: 3084: 3083: 3079: 3070: 3068: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3041: 3039: 3028: 3024: 3015: 3013: 3004: 3003: 2999: 2990: 2988: 2977: 2973: 2963: 2961: 2948: 2947: 2943: 2934: 2932: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2913:Wayback Machine 2904: 2900: 2891: 2889: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2861: 2859: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2810: 2806: 2799: 2785: 2781: 2772: 2768: 2759: 2757: 2744: 2743: 2739: 2729: 2727: 2714: 2713: 2709: 2702: 2682: 2678: 2669: 2667: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2640: 2638: 2623: 2619: 2612: 2596: 2592: 2579: 2578: 2574: 2564: 2562: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2534: 2532: 2517: 2516: 2509: 2499: 2497: 2478: 2477: 2473: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2446: 2442: 2441: 2437: 2428: 2426: 2386: 2382: 2372: 2370: 2355: 2351: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2324: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2306: 2302: 2295: 2279: 2275: 2266: 2264: 2251: 2250: 2246: 2215: 2211: 2204: 2188: 2184: 2177: 2161: 2157: 2148: 2146: 2131: 2127: 2118: 2116: 2098: 2094: 2087: 2073: 2069: 2062: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2021:Online proofing 1952:Digital imaging 1910: 1858:flutter shutter 1794: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1773: 1769: 1762: 1734: 1706: 1700: 1685:social websites 1657:Tim Berners-Lee 1618:slide projector 1605: 1514:developed world 1506:compact cameras 1480: 1474: 1442: 1412:Image longevity 1348: 1287: 1216:Faster workflow 1203: 1186: 1181: 1175: 1167:card formatting 1151:internal memory 1123: 1112:using exposure 1056: 994: 981:), aspect ratio 955:Capture format: 942:Capture medium: 909: 908: 907: 906: 894: 893: 892: 884: 883: 869:figure of merit 857: 845:digital cameras 827:, some use the 794: 782:post-processing 774:Leica Monochrom 758:thermal mapping 679: 674: 668: 480:George E. Smith 444: 434: 409:digital cameras 332:adjustment and 273:digital imaging 181: 170: 169: 168: 163: 157: 154: 151: 142: 138: 127: 116: 110: 107: 92: 80: 76: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6277: 6267: 6266: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6245: 6234: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6199: 6198: 6193: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6172: 6171: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6129: 6127: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6038: 6036: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6024: 6023: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 5997: 5992: 5991: 5990: 5979: 5977: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5956: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5914: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5902: 5901: 5889:Digital camera 5885: 5883: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5767: 5765: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5715:Camera obscura 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5681: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5657:Rule of thirds 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5633: 5631: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5595: 5594: 5584: 5579: 5578: 5577: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5425:Harris shutter 5422: 5420:Hand-colouring 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5371: 5369: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5305: 5304: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5138: 5136: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5106:Red-eye effect 5103: 5098: 5093: 5092: 5091: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5040: 5039: 5034: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5012:Exposure value 5009: 5004: 4999: 4997:Depth of focus 4994: 4992:Depth of field 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4938: 4936: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4928: 4923: 4922: 4921: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4890: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4849: 4848: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4797: 4792: 4791: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4755: 4750: 4749: 4748: 4743: 4733: 4732: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4660: 4658: 4654: 4653: 4646: 4645: 4638: 4631: 4623: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4559: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4547: 4540: 4533: 4530:Jesus Dress Up 4526: 4521: 4513: 4511: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4451:Margot Lovejoy 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4387: 4385: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4295:Generative art 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4270:Digital poetry 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4235:Computer music 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4204: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4181: 4179: 4175: 4174: 4172: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4160: 4159: 4154: 4153: 4152: 4142: 4131: 4129: 4122: 4118: 4117: 4110: 4109: 4102: 4095: 4087: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4074: 4069: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4053: 4048: 4047: 4046: 4041: 4039:cinematography 4031: 4026: 4021: 4020: 4019: 4009: 4008: 4007: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3986: 3985: 3984: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3958: 3957: 3952: 3942: 3937: 3936: 3935: 3930: 3920: 3914: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3886: 3885: 3878:Digital signal 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3853:Digital signal 3849: 3847: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3809: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3757: 3751: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3679: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3663: 3662: 3655: 3648: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3626: 3625:External links 3623: 3621: 3620: 3593: 3567: 3538: 3513: 3489: 3472: 3447: 3422: 3394: 3380: 3355: 3330: 3316: 3287: 3262: 3210: 3191:(3): 209–218. 3175: 3154: 3133: 3103: 3077: 3063:. 2012-01-19. 3048: 3022: 2997: 2971: 2941: 2916: 2898: 2884:. 2006-11-29. 2869: 2839: 2820:(4): 266–275. 2804: 2798:978-0415535298 2797: 2779: 2766: 2737: 2707: 2700: 2676: 2647: 2617: 2610: 2590: 2572: 2542: 2507: 2471: 2435: 2380: 2349: 2313: 2300: 2293: 2273: 2244: 2225:(4): 587–593. 2209: 2202: 2182: 2175: 2155: 2125: 2092: 2086:978-1405873666 2085: 2067: 2061:978-0415638630 2060: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1971: 1966: 1965: 1964: 1962:USB microscope 1954: 1949: 1943: 1941:Digital camera 1938: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1894: 1893: 1886: 1875: 1868: 1861: 1851: 1840: 1834: 1824: 1796: 1795: 1776: 1774: 1767: 1761: 1758: 1733: 1730: 1718:digital images 1702:Main article: 1699: 1696: 1604: 1601: 1562:photofinishing 1530:Konica Minolta 1473: 1470: 1441: 1438: 1423: 1422: 1414: 1413: 1386:Canon EOS-1D X 1374: 1373: 1365: 1364: 1353: 1352: 1347: 1344: 1343: 1342: 1316: 1306: 1286: 1283: 1254: 1253: 1247: 1237: 1231: 1225: 1219: 1213: 1202: 1199: 1185: 1182: 1177:Main article: 1174: 1171: 1139:Secure Digital 1122: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1110: 1093:FinePix S3 Pro 1055: 1052: 996:The number of 993: 990: 989: 988: 982: 952: 939: 896: 895: 886: 885: 877: 876: 875: 874: 873: 856: 853: 806:digital memory 793: 790: 772:) images. The 686:digital memory 678: 675: 672:Digital camera 670:Main article: 667: 666:Digital camera 664: 464:Russell Kirsch 453:Russell Kirsch 433: 430: 374:space industry 237:photodetectors 183: 182: 165: 164: 145: 143: 136: 129: 128: 83: 81: 74: 69: 43: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6276: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6244: 6235: 6233: 6224: 6223: 6220: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6187: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6177: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6150: 6149: 6148:Photographers 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6124: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6042:Bleach bypass 6040: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6029: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6010:primary color 6008: 6006: 6003: 6002: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5995:Reversal film 5993: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5972: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5960:Image sharing 5958: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5935: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5900: 5897: 5896: 5895: 5892: 5891: 5890: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5878: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5861:United States 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5762: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5720:Daguerreotype 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5674: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5626: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5593: 5590: 5589: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5576: 5573: 5572: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5565:Stopping down 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5530:Rephotography 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5465:Long-exposure 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5366: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5303: 5300: 5299: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5157:Architectural 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5133: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5116:Shutter speed 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5069:Metering mode 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4982:Color balance 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4947:Angle of view 4945: 4943: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4933: 4927: 4924: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4894:Manufacturers 4892: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4853: 4850: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4760: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4737: 4734: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4666: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4644: 4639: 4637: 4632: 4630: 4625: 4624: 4621: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4554:Organizations 4552: 4546: 4545: 4541: 4539: 4538: 4534: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4525: 4524:Barnsley fern 4522: 4520: 4519: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4508: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4471:Trevor Paglen 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4461:Eric Millikin 4459: 4457: 4456:Mauro Martino 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4401:Sougwen Chung 4399: 4397: 4396:Cory Arcangel 4394: 4392: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4176: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4158: 4155: 4151: 4148: 4147: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4137: 4136: 4133: 4132: 4130: 4126: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4108: 4103: 4101: 4096: 4094: 4089: 4088: 4085: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4067:Metastability 4065: 4064: 4062: 4060:Design issues 4058: 4052: 4049: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4035: 4034:Digital video 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4018: 4015: 4014: 4013: 4012:Digital audio 4010: 4006: 4003: 4002: 4001: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3991: 3983: 3980: 3979: 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