869:
998:
849:
3871:
43:
3332:
1536:
1069:. It was accompanied by concrete changes in some prisons, like giving more privileges to inmates, and attempting to instill a more communal atmosphere. At least nominally, most prisons became "correctional institutions", and guards became "correctional officers". Although the corrections-related terminology continued thereafter in US correctional practice, the philosophical view on offenders' treatment took an opposite turn in the 1980s, when academics labeled the
3847:
3346:
116:
1086:
3859:
1878:
On
November 6, 1929, the Central Executive Committee and Sovnarkom of the USSR amended the 'Basic Principles of Criminal Legislation of the Union of SSR and the Union Republics' adopted in 1924. Article 13 of this document reads, in part: 'Social protection measures of a judicial-correctional nature
1009:
concerned with the theories, policies, and programs pertaining to the practice of corrections. Its object of study includes personnel training and management as well as the experiences of those on the other side of the fence — the unwilling subjects of the correctional process. Stohr and colleagues
1206:
Many facilities operating in the United States adhere to particular correctional theories. Although often heavily modified, these theories determine the nature of the facilities' design and security operations. The two primary theories used today are the more traditional Remote
Supervision and the
1841:
Corrective labor without deprivation of freedom has developed from the initially ad hoc orders (some of them by Lenin himself) to apply it against class enemies. The first legal enactments were issued as early as 19 December 1917 Something new and constructive was brought into the stale and
1122:
In Canada, until 1972, the
Criminal Code legislated that courts could impose a form of whipping on male offenders, to be administered on up to three occasions, but did not limit the number of strokes. Whipping of female offenders was not allowed. The whipping could be inflicted using a strap,
1731:
as composed of "prisons, reformatories, parole, probation, juvenile courts , local jails, and a declining number of workhouses", and with added detail that "owever the main focus of the system was on expanding and differentiating prisons, parole, and probation" in
1096:
are sanctions imposed on convicted adults or adjudicated juveniles that occur in a residential or community setting outside of jail or prison. The sanctions are enforced by agencies or courts with legal authority over the adult or juvenile offenders.
3616:
1879:
are ... (b) deprivation of liberty in corrective-labor camps in remote locations of the USSR' This was the first mention in Soviet legislation of the term 'corrective-labor camp' (
200:
3556:
1335:
1142:
3744:
3398:
1211:. In the Remote Supervision Model, officers observe the inmate population from remote positions, e.g., towers or secure desk areas. The Direct Supervision Model positions
868:
1580:
1208:
1127:, or a paddle unless specified by the court. The move to abolish corporal punishment in the Canadian penal system coincided with several reforms and a change from the
3626:
1412:
3767:
1437:
3481:
1250:
3546:
1325:
1623:
1065:
The terminology change in US academia from "penology" to "corrections" occurred in the 1950s and 1960s which was driven by a new philosophy emphasizing
3772:
1395:
835:
1100:
Community Based
Corrections can focus on both of adults and juveniles, attempting to rehabilitate them back into the community. In contrary to the "
3631:
3391:
1417:
3420:, persons convicted of misdemeanors, and felons sentenced under state law to less than one year are held in county jails instead of state prisons.
3720:
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53:
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1883:: ITL) . roclaimed principles of legality and humanism are demonstrated by a different document - the Corrective-Labor Code of 1924.
17:
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This template pertains only to agencies that handle sentenced felons (with sentences over 1-2 years). In many states,
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is defined as "a network of governmental agencies that administer a jurisdiction's prisons, and parole system" in
994:
have ministries or departments, respectively, of corrections, correctional services, or similarly-named agencies.
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970:'s prisons, and community-based programs like parole, and probation boards. This system is part of the larger
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646:
1753:
Stohr et al., p. 1 distinguish prisons from community-based correctional programs like parole and probation.
1150:
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447:
31:
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1093:
704:
1854:
Ivanova, Galina
Mikhailovna (2015). "Chapter 1: Repression and Punishment". In Raleigh, Donald J (ed.).
2945:
2444:
1010:(2008) write that "Earlier scholars were more honest, calling what we now call corrections by the name
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1104:" mindset which expresses harsh punishment, this community based correctional method seeks to
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1975:"Mental health care and treatment in prisons: a new paradigm to support best practice"
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1823:. Law in Western Europe. Vol. 28 (Revised ed.). Brill. p. 200.
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2016:
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248:
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1974:
1541:
1192:
931:
927:
919:
880:
739:
734:
540:
1990:
1857:
Labor Camp
Socialism: The Gulag sdfghin the Soviet Totalitarian System
1727:
Blomberg and Lucken (2010) describe the post-1940 penal system in the
3243:
3208:
3150:
3125:
2990:
2887:
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2860:
2848:
2776:
2694:
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947:
872:
378:
314:
3331:
2108:
2077:
1789:
1645:
1535:
1195:) is the basis of all criminal theory, along with the main goals of
3292:
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2980:
2865:
2662:
2206:
1215:
within the inmate population, creating a more pronounced presence.
1011:
884:
518:
465:
115:
107:
3182:
3130:
3110:
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2788:
2604:
2566:
2514:
1973:
McKenna, Brian; Skipworth, Jeremy; Pillai, Krishna (2017-01-26).
1085:
1001:
Corporal punishment in
Afghanistan during the days of the Taliban
923:
549:
3406:
3282:
3135:
2880:
2771:
2766:
2712:
2383:
975:
955:
943:
496:
130:
1733:
1336:
Maryland
Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services
3223:
3167:
3073:
2914:
2717:
2216:
1039:
983:
935:
491:
272:
1819:. In Feldbrugge, F. J. Ferdinafdgbhnjnd Joseph Maria (ed.).
1762:
3105:
3053:
2909:
2307:
2223:
1035:
914:
describing a variety of functions typically carried out by
1581:
National Law
Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center
2177:
2128:
Todd R. Clear; George F. Cole; Michael D. Reisig (2010).
1695:
0-314-19949-7, p. 396 (or p. 424 depending on the volume)
1413:
North Dakota
Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation
966:, thus refers to a network of agencies that administer a
1922:
John T. Whitehead; Mark Jones; Michael Braswell (2008).
1895:
John T. Whitehead; Mark Jones; Michael Braswell (2008).
1438:
Puerto Rico Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation
1191:, which can be either positive (rewarding) or negative (
1161:. Additional sanctions may be financial and may include
1326:
Louisiana Department of Public Safety & Corrections
1251:
California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation
2146:
1972:
1842:
unimaginative air of correctional and penal practice .
1624:
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
1218:
1531:
864:, is a prison, a component of a correctional system.
2081:
Prison and Jail Administration: Practice and Theory
1956:"Topic: Community Corrections - CrimeSolutions.gov"
1089:
US Marshals and prisoners on board a Con Air flight
2071:
2046:
1923:
1396:New York State Department of Correctional Services
1034:dates back as far as December 1917. From 1929 the
1014:, which means the study of punishment for crime."
2109:Mary Stohr; Anthony Walsh; Craig Hemmens (2008).
2084:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 46–47.
1888:
1790:Mary Stohr; Anthony Walsh; Craig Hemmens (2008).
1756:
1646:Mary Stohr; Anthony Walsh; Craig Hemmens (2008).
1465:(formed from the Texas Department of Corrections)
3889:
1418:Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction
3734:(incarcerated long-term felons until year 2001)
2078:Peter M. Carlson; Judith Simon Garrett (2008).
1725:, p. 396, which does not define "penal system".
1619:Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act
1571:National Commission on Correctional Health Care
2044:
1860:. New Russian history. Routledge. p. 23.
1271:District of Columbia Department of Corrections
1173:; these are sometimes applied in combination.
1080:
3392:
2162:
829:
50:The examples and perspective in this article
3408:Incarceration of adults in the United States
1371:Nebraska Department of Correctional Services
2053:. University of North Texas Press. p.
1586:National Prison Rape Elimination Commission
3833:Immigration detention in the United States
3399:
3385:
2169:
2155:
2038:
1596:United States Bureau of Justice Statistics
1484:Washington State Department of Corrections
836:
822:
2006:
1734:Thomas G. Blomberg; Karol Lucken (2010).
88:Learn how and when to remove this message
3314:History of the American legal profession
1814:
1641:
1639:
1448:South Carolina Department of Corrections
1084:
996:
867:
847:
1853:
1763:Michael Cavadino; James Dignan (2007).
1740:. Transaction Publishers. p. 110.
1737:American penology: a history of control
1602:
1517:Department of Corrections (New Zealand)
1489:West Virginia Department of Corrections
1408:North Carolina Department of Correction
1381:New Hampshire Department of Corrections
27:Terms related to conviction(s) of crime
14:
3890:
1453:South Dakota Department of Corrections
1443:Rhode Island Department of Corrections
1433:Pennsylvania Department of Corrections
1401:New York City Department of Correction
1341:Massachusetts Department of Correction
3380:
2150:
2049:Intermediate sanctions in corrections
2030:Abolition of Corporal Punishment 1972
1783:
1636:
1356:Mississippi Department of Corrections
3858:
1664:
1522:Department of Corrections (Thailand)
1463:Texas Department of Criminal Justice
1386:New Jersey Department of Corrections
1261:Connecticut Department of Correction
1060:исправительно-трудовые колонии (ИТК)
1005:"Corrections" is also the name of a
858:Texas Department of Criminal Justice
36:
1901:(2 ed.). Elsevier. p. 8.
1494:Wisconsin Department of Corrections
1351:Minnesota Department of Corrections
1048:исправительно-трудовые лагеря (ИТЛ)
938:. These functions commonly include
24:
2102:
1510:
1479:Virginia Department of Corrections
1458:Tennessee Department of Correction
1423:Oklahoma Department of Corrections
1361:Missouri Department of Corrections
1346:Michigan Department of Corrections
1321:Kentucky Department of Corrections
1301:Illinois Department of Corrections
1291:Hawaii Department of Public Safety
1256:Colorado Department of Corrections
1219:List of Departments of Corrections
1183:Incarceration in the United States
25:
3914:
2298:Restitution and unjust enrichment
1930:(2 ed.). Elsevier. pp.
1766:The Penal System: An Introduction
1576:National Institute of Corrections
1551:American Correctional Association
1499:Wyoming Department of Corrections
1474:Vermont Department of Corrections
1391:New Mexico Corrections Department
1366:Montana Department of Corrections
1281:Georgia Department of Corrections
1276:Florida Department of Corrections
1266:Delaware Department of Correction
1246:Arkansas Department of Correction
1241:Arizona Department of Corrections
1231:Alabama Department of Corrections
3869:
3857:
3846:
3845:
3345:
3344:
3330:
2132:(9 ed.). Cengage Learning.
1926:Exploring Corrections in America
1898:Exploring Corrections in America
1769:. SAGE Publications. p. 1.
1534:
1428:Oregon Department of Corrections
1376:Nevada Department of Corrections
1316:Kansas Department of Corrections
1306:Indiana Department of Correction
1236:Alaska Department of Corrections
1223:
1022:The idea of "corrective labor" (
191:Risk & actuarial criminology
114:
41:
3309:History of the legal profession
2023:
1966:
1948:
1331:Maine Department of Corrections
875:education for offenders at the
3791:United States military prisons
2034:Correctional Service of Canada
1915:
1847:
1808:
1698:
1469:Utah Department of Corrections
1311:Iowa Department of Corrections
1296:Idaho Department of Correction
1286:Guam Department of Corrections
1038:started using the terminology
1017:
974:, which additionally includes
13:
1:
3435:United States federal prisons
1881:ispravitel'no-trudovoi lager'
1717:, 9th ed., West Group, 2009,
1679:, 9th ed., West Group, 2009,
1629:
1111:
32:Corrections (disambiguation)
7:
3812:United States state prisons
1527:
1176:
1145:may include sentences to a
1094:Community Based Corrections
1081:Community Based Corrections
1052:"corrective labor colonies"
986:. Jurisdictions throughout
64:, discuss the issue on the
10:
3919:
2976:International legal theory
2455:International slavery laws
2450:International human rights
2445:International criminal law
2111:Corrections: A Text/Reader
1821:Encyclopedia of Soviet Law
1792:Corrections: A Text/Reader
1648:Corrections: A Text/Reader
1180:
1115:
171:Expressive function of law
29:
3841:
3820:
3804:
3781:
3739:
3728:Federal Bureau of Prisons
3715:
3448:
3440:Federal Prison Industries
3427:Federal Bureau of Prisons
3425:
3414:
3324:
3301:
3191:
3029:Administration of justice
3014:
2923:
2814:
2693:
2595:
2316:
2184:
1504:Federal Bureau of Prisons
1108:back into the community.
1059:
1047:
1027:
930:of persons who have been
18:Department of Corrections
3763:Northern Mariana Islands
2806:Basic structure doctrine
2656:Natural and legal rights
2537:Public international law
1729:United States of America
1209:direct supervision model
1040:"corrective-labor camps"
952:correctional institution
161:Differential association
2986:Principle of typicality
2460:International trade law
2176:
2045:Gail A. Caputo (2004).
1007:field of academic study
972:criminal justice system
877:Central Jail Faisalabad
221:Symbolic interactionism
1960:www.crimesolutions.gov
1714:Black's Law Dictionary
1676:Black's Law Dictionary
1143:Intermediate sanctions
1090:
1002:
887:
865:
201:Social disorganization
2981:Principle of legality
2740:Delegated legislation
2440:Intellectual property
1159:electronic monitoring
1088:
1028:исправительные работы
1000:
871:
851:
710:Biosocial criminology
417:Uniform Crime Reports
136:Biosocial criminology
3876:United States portal
3732:District of Columbia
3199:Barristers' chambers
3141:Legal representation
3079:Justice of the peace
2425:Financial regulation
2130:American Corrections
1815:Beermann, R (1985).
1614:Juvenile delinquency
1603:Juvenile corrections
1199:, and deterrence of
1106:transition offenders
918:, and involving the
585:Solitary confinement
70:create a new article
62:improve this article
52:may not represent a
30:For other uses, see
3773:U.S. Virgin Islands
3418:pre-trial detainees
3234:Election commission
2946:Expressive function
2475:Landlord–tenant law
2374:Consumer protection
1794:. Sage. p. 2.
1705:Correctional system
1650:. Sage. p. 1.
1129:Reform Institutions
960:correctional system
916:government agencies
775:Radical criminology
146:Collective efficacy
3192:Legal institutions
3059:Lawsuit/Litigation
3049:Dispute resolution
2854:Catholic canon law
2562:State of emergency
2525:Will and testament
2249:Law of obligations
2202:Constitutional law
2192:Administrative law
1817:"Corrective labor"
1207:more contemporary
1091:
1075:"The New Penology"
1003:
962:, also known as a
894:, particularly in
888:
866:
3885:
3884:
3828:Civil confinement
3730:, Misdemeanants:
3374:
3373:
3034:Constitutionalism
2956:Law and economics
2794:Act of parliament
2532:Product liability
2485:Legal archaeology
2410:Environmental law
2404:Entertainment law
2244:International law
2139:978-0-495-80748-3
2120:978-1-4129-3773-3
2091:978-0-7637-2862-5
2064:978-1-57441-186-7
1991:10.1002/wps.20395
1941:978-1-59345-512-5
1908:978-1-59345-512-5
1801:978-1-4129-3773-3
1776:978-1-4129-2946-2
1747:978-0-202-36334-9
1685:978-0-314-19949-2
1657:978-1-4129-3773-3
1566:Individual rights
1151:community service
1125:cat-o'-nine-tails
862:Huntsville, Texas
846:
845:
592:
591:
529:Prisoners' rights
433:Positivist school
98:
97:
90:
72:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
3910:
3873:
3872:
3861:
3860:
3849:
3848:
3783:Military prisons
3721:Federal district
3401:
3394:
3387:
3378:
3377:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3335:
3334:
3158:Question of fact
3039:Criminal justice
2369:Construction law
2364:Conflict of laws
2329:Agricultural law
2171:
2164:
2157:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2124:
2096:
2095:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2052:
2042:
2036:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2010:
1979:World Psychiatry
1970:
1964:
1963:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1929:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1875:
1874:
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1845:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1702:
1696:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1643:
1544:
1539:
1538:
1155:home confinement
1061:
1049:
1029:
892:criminal justice
838:
831:
824:
471:
470:
428:Crime statistics
354:
118:
100:
99:
93:
86:
82:
79:
73:
45:
44:
37:
21:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3870:
3837:
3816:
3800:
3777:
3735:
3711:
3444:
3421:
3410:
3405:
3375:
3370:
3343:
3329:
3320:
3297:
3288:Political party
3261:Legal education
3249:Law enforcement
3229:Court of equity
3187:
3163:Question of law
3116:Practice of law
3096:Judicial review
3010:
2961:Legal formalism
2941:Comparative law
2936:Contract theory
2919:
2839:Legal pluralism
2810:
2799:Act of Congress
2723:Executive order
2689:
2591:
2510:Nationality law
2435:Immigration law
2359:Competition law
2312:
2180:
2175:
2140:
2121:
2105:
2103:Further reading
2100:
2099:
2092:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2043:
2039:
2028:
2024:
1971:
1967:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1893:
1889:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1852:
1848:
1835:
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1831:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1726:
1709:Bryan A. Garner
1703:
1699:
1671:Bryan A. Garner
1669:
1665:
1658:
1644:
1637:
1632:
1605:
1600:
1540:
1533:
1530:
1513:
1511:Other countries
1508:
1226:
1221:
1213:prison officers
1185:
1179:
1120:
1114:
1083:
1020:
854:Huntsville Unit
842:
813:
812:
788:
780:
779:
705:Anthropological
695:
687:
686:
602:
594:
593:
468:
458:
457:
407:Critical theory
392:
384:
383:
364:State-corporate
352:
275:
264:
263:
259:Archibald Reiss
254:Cesare Lombroso
239:
238:Major theorists
231:
230:
206:Social learning
186:Rational choice
176:Labeling theory
156:Criminalization
126:
94:
83:
77:
74:
59:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3916:
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3900:
3883:
3882:
3880:
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3830:
3824:
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3808:
3806:
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3801:
3799:
3798:
3796:Guantanamo Bay
3793:
3787:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3753:American Samoa
3749:
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3713:
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3704:
3699:
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3669:
3664:
3659:
3657:South Carolina
3654:
3649:
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3629:
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3622:North Carolina
3619:
3614:
3609:
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3599:
3594:
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3404:
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3396:
3389:
3381:
3372:
3371:
3369:
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3361:
3354:
3340:
3337:Law portal
3325:
3322:
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3195:
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3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3173:Trial advocacy
3170:
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3155:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3113:
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3098:
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3018:
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2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
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2826:
2820:
2818:
2812:
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2769:
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2754:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2710:
2705:
2703:Ballot measure
2699:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2680:Legal treatise
2677:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2648:
2646:Letters patent
2643:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2597:Sources of law
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2582:Unenforced law
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
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2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
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2407:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
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2356:
2354:Commercial law
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2305:
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2256:
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2219:
2209:
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2199:
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2186:
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2174:
2173:
2166:
2159:
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2125:
2119:
2104:
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2098:
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2090:
2070:
2063:
2037:
2022:
1965:
1947:
1940:
1914:
1907:
1887:
1866:
1846:
1829:
1807:
1800:
1782:
1775:
1755:
1746:
1697:
1663:
1656:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1609:Juvenile court
1604:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1591:Social control
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1455:
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1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1393:
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1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
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1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
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1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1197:social control
1178:
1175:
1118:Sentence (law)
1116:Main article:
1113:
1110:
1102:tough on crime
1082:
1079:
1067:rehabilitation
1019:
1016:
912:umbrella terms
844:
843:
841:
840:
833:
826:
818:
815:
814:
811:
810:
805:
800:
795:
789:
786:
785:
782:
781:
778:
777:
772:
767:
762:
760:Organizational
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
696:
693:
692:
689:
688:
685:
684:
683:
682:
677:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
603:
600:
599:
596:
595:
590:
589:
588:
587:
582:
577:
572:
570:Transformative
567:
562:
554:
553:
546:
545:
544:
543:
538:
536:Rehabilitation
533:
532:
531:
526:
524:Prisoner abuse
516:
515:
514:
509:
504:
494:
489:
487:Incapacitation
484:
479:
469:
464:
463:
460:
459:
456:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
393:
390:
389:
386:
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382:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
323:
322:
312:
311:
310:
305:
297:
296:
295:
290:
285:
276:
270:
269:
266:
265:
262:
261:
256:
251:
246:
244:Émile Durkheim
240:
237:
236:
233:
232:
229:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
196:Social control
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
151:Crime analysis
148:
143:
141:Broken windows
138:
133:
127:
124:
123:
120:
119:
111:
110:
96:
95:
56:of the subject
54:worldwide view
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3915:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3878:
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3854:
3853:
3844:
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3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3805:State prisons
3803:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
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3748:
3746:
3745:Insular areas
3742:
3738:
3733:
3729:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3697:West Virginia
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
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3653:
3650:
3648:
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3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3602:New Hampshire
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3562:Massachusetts
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3413:
3409:
3402:
3397:
3395:
3390:
3388:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3219:Civil society
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3178:Trier of fact
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3064:Legal opinion
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3044:Court-martial
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3016:Jurisprudence
3013:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2905:Statutory law
2903:
2901:
2900:Socialist law
2898:
2894:
2893:Byzantine law
2891:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2844:Religious law
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2816:Legal systems
2813:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2784:Statutory law
2782:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2614:Statutory law
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2572:Transport law
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2490:Legal fiction
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
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2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2420:Financial law
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2379:Corporate law
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2303:Statutory law
2301:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2255:
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2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:Core subjects
2183:
2179:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2141:
2135:
2131:
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3647:Pennsylvania
3627:North Dakota
3449:
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3356:
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3328:
3101:Jurisdiction
3069:Legal remedy
3024:Adjudication
2924:Legal theory
2762:Ratification
2757:Promulgation
2728:Proclamation
2708:Codification
2641:Human rights
2629:Divine right
2619:Constitution
2587:Women in law
2505:Military law
2500:Marriage law
2495:Maritime law
2394:Election law
2334:Aviation law
2324:Abortion law
2276:Property law
2212:Criminal law
2129:
2110:
2080:
2073:
2048:
2040:
2025:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1959:
1950:
1925:
1917:
1897:
1890:
1880:
1877:
1871:. Retrieved
1856:
1849:
1840:
1834:. Retrieved
1820:
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1674:
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1647:
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1186:
1141:
1137:Correctional
1136:
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1121:
1099:
1092:
1064:
1021:
1004:
968:jurisdiction
964:penal system
963:
959:
951:
950:. A typical
940:imprisonment
908:correctional
907:
903:
899:
889:
755:Experimental
477:Denunciation
443:Quantitative
353:Public-order
308:White-collar
249:Hans Eysenck
84:
78:October 2011
75:
51:
3768:Puerto Rico
3741:Corrections
3717:Corrections
3577:Mississippi
3492:Connecticut
3450:Corrections
3273:Legislature
3204:Bureaucracy
3001:Rule of man
2996:Rule of law
2971:Libertarian
2834:Chinese law
2735:Legislation
2685:Regulations
2673:Law reports
2651:Natural law
2547:Reparations
2542:Refugee law
2465:Jurimetrics
2406:(Media law)
2344:Banking law
2339:Amnesty law
2317:Disciplines
2254:Private law
1187:The use of
1171:restitution
1133:Corrections
1073:program as
1071:"get tough"
1018:Terminology
980:prosecution
928:supervision
904:corrections
745:Development
720:Criminology
642:Integrative
580:Utilitarian
575:Retributive
565:Restorative
552:in penology
438:Qualitative
412:Ethnography
397:Comparative
303:Blue-collar
226:Victimology
181:Psychopathy
104:Criminology
3892:Categories
3692:Washington
3612:New Mexico
3607:New Jersey
3482:California
3266:Law school
3146:Prosecutor
3084:Magistrate
2871:Jewish law
2829:Common law
2750:Rulemaking
2745:Regulation
2695:Law making
2634:Divine law
2610:Legal code
2557:Sports law
2480:Law of war
2430:Health law
2415:Family law
2399:Energy law
2349:Bankruptcy
2286:Punishment
2281:Public law
1985:(1): 3–4.
1873:2016-05-06
1836:2016-05-06
1711:, editor,
1673:, editor,
1630:References
1561:Deterrence
1542:Law portal
1203:behavior.
1193:punishment
1181:See also:
1167:forfeiture
920:punishment
900:correction
881:Faisalabad
740:Demography
662:Positivist
541:Recidivism
482:Deterrence
374:Victimless
216:Subculture
3702:Wisconsin
3667:Tennessee
3572:Minnesota
3547:Louisiana
3244:Judiciary
3239:Executive
3214:The bench
3151:Solicitor
3126:Barrister
3006:Sociology
2991:Pseudolaw
2931:Anarchist
2888:Roman law
2876:Parsi law
2861:Hindu law
2849:Canon law
2824:Civil law
2777:Concordat
2668:Precedent
2577:Trust law
2552:Space law
2389:Drugs law
2259:Procedure
2197:Civil law
1999:1723-8617
1693:420487111
1189:sanctions
1153:program,
1131:label to
1112:Sentences
948:probation
932:convicted
924:treatment
765:Political
694:Subfields
617:Classical
607:Anarchist
502:abolition
402:Profiling
347:Political
342:Organized
327:Corporate
315:Cold case
271:Types of
66:talk page
3903:Penology
3852:Category
3821:See also
3726:Felons:
3687:Virginia
3637:Oklahoma
3617:New York
3592:Nebraska
3582:Missouri
3567:Michigan
3557:Maryland
3542:Kentucky
3522:Illinois
3497:Delaware
3487:Colorado
3477:Arkansas
3351:Category
3293:Tribunal
3278:Military
3121:Attorney
3091:Judgment
2951:Feminist
2866:Jain law
2663:Case law
2384:Cyberlaw
2291:Corporal
2269:Criminal
2239:Evidence
2229:Doctrine
2207:Contract
2113:. Sage.
2017:28127923
1932:8 and 54
1528:See also
1177:Theories
1012:penology
990:and the
885:Pakistan
873:Qur'anic
798:Journals
725:Critical
715:Conflict
700:American
671:Realism
637:Feminist
627:Critical
622:Conflict
519:Prisoner
466:Penology
332:Juvenile
283:Humanity
279:Against
166:Deviance
108:penology
60:You may
3864:Commons
3707:Wyoming
3682:Vermont
3587:Montana
3527:Indiana
3507:Georgia
3502:Florida
3472:Arizona
3462:Alabama
3365:Outline
3302:History
3209:The bar
3183:Verdict
3131:Counsel
3111:Justice
2966:History
2789:Statute
2605:Charter
2567:Tax law
2515:Probate
2008:5269683
1201:deviant
1056:Russian
1044:Russian
1024:Russian
856:of the
730:Culture
652:Marxist
647:Italian
612:Chicago
601:Schools
550:Justice
391:Methods
320:Perfect
3642:Oregon
3597:Nevada
3537:Kansas
3512:Hawaii
3467:Alaska
3454:States
3283:Police
3254:Agency
3136:Lawyer
2881:Sharia
2772:Treaty
2767:Repeal
2713:Decree
2624:Custom
2520:Estate
2470:Labour
2234:Equity
2136:
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2061:
2015:
2005:
1997:
1938:
1905:
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1827:
1798:
1773:
1744:
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1691:
1683:
1654:
1169:, and
1157:, and
1050:) and
988:Canada
984:courts
976:police
956:prison
946:, and
944:parole
936:crimes
926:, and
910:, are
906:, and
808:People
787:Browse
770:Public
512:reform
497:Prison
299:Class
288:Person
211:Strain
131:Anomie
125:Theory
3672:Texas
3552:Maine
3517:Idaho
3358:Index
3224:Court
3168:Trial
3074:Judge
2915:Yassa
2718:Edict
2264:Civil
2217:Crime
1163:fines
1030:) in
954:is a
793:Index
735:Cyber
680:Right
492:Trial
453:NIBRS
359:State
293:State
273:crime
68:, or
3758:Guam
3677:Utah
3632:Ohio
3532:Iowa
3106:Jury
3054:Fiqh
2910:Xeer
2308:Tort
2224:Deed
2134:ISBN
2115:ISBN
2086:ISBN
2059:ISBN
2013:PMID
1995:ISSN
1936:ISBN
1903:ISBN
1862:ISBN
1825:ISBN
1796:ISBN
1771:ISBN
1742:ISBN
1719:ISBN
1689:OCLC
1681:ISBN
1652:ISBN
1036:USSR
982:and
958:. A
852:The
675:Left
507:open
106:and
3743:by
3719:by
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2178:Law
2003:PMC
1987:doi
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934:of
890:In
879:in
860:in
448:BJS
379:War
3894::
2612:/
2057:.
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2032:,
2011:.
2001:.
1993:.
1983:16
1981:.
1977:.
1958:.
1934:.
1876:.
1839:.
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1638:^
1165:,
1139:.
1077:.
1058::
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992:US
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2019:.
1989::
1962:.
1944:.
1911:.
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