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739:(this was mainly the case in the past) or words or phrases of the common language (this is generally the case in modern mathematics). The precise meaning of a term given by a mathematical definition is often different from the English definition of the word used, which can lead to confusion, particularly when the meanings are close. For example a
44:
986:
A definition should not be negative where it can be positive. We should not define "wisdom" as the absence of folly, or a healthy thing as whatever is not sick. Sometimes this is unavoidable, however. For example, it appears difficult to define blindness in positive terms rather than as "the absence
805:
as a form of stipulative definition which purports to state the "true" or "commonly accepted" meaning of a term, while in reality stipulating an altered use (perhaps as an argument for some specific belief). Stevenson has also noted that some definitions are "legal" or "coercive" – their object
782:
classifies a definition as "stipulative" if it is intended to guide a specific discussion. A stipulative definition might be considered a temporary, working definition, and can only be disproved by showing a logical contradiction. In contrast, a "descriptive" definition can be shown to be "right"
1074:
that what counts as a "simple" in one circumstance might not do so in another. He rejected the very idea that every explanation of the meaning of a term needed itself to be explained: "As though an explanation hung in the air unless supported by another one", claiming instead that explanation of a
1824:
involved taking up a dictionary and finding a selection of terms relating to the key concept, then looking up each of the words in the explanation of their meaning. Then, iterating this process until the list of words begins to repeat, closing in a "family circle" of words relating to the key
502:, he says that the meaning of a made-up name can be known (he gives the example "goat stag") without knowing what he calls the "essential nature" of the thing that the name would denote (if there were such a thing). This led medieval logicians to distinguish between what they called the
254:" might be "the most senior minister of a cabinet in the executive branch of parliamentary government", an extensional definition is not possible since it is not known who the future prime ministers will be (even though all prime ministers from the past and present can be listed).
1086:
cannot be defined. Names are learned by connecting an idea with a sound, so that speaker and hearer have the same idea when the same word is used. This is not possible when no one else is acquainted with the particular thing that has "fallen under our notice". Russell offered his
337:
It is also possible to have two different genus–differentia definitions that describe the same term, especially when the term describes the overlap of two large categories. For instance, both of these genus–differentia definitions of "square" are equally acceptable:
978:
The definition must not be obscure. The purpose of a definition is to explain the meaning of a term which may be obscure or difficult, by the use of terms that are commonly understood and whose meaning is clear. The violation of this rule is known by the Latin term
873:
So "0" will have exactly one successor, which for convenience can be called "1". In turn, "1" will have exactly one successor, which could be called "2", and so on. The second condition in the definition itself refers to natural numbers, and hence involves
537:
definitions. A nominal definition is the definition explaining what a word means (i.e., which says what the "nominal essence" is), and is definition in the classical sense as given above. A real definition, by contrast, is one expressing the real nature or
974:
The definition must not be too wide or too narrow. It must be applicable to everything to which the defined term applies (i.e. not miss anything out), and to nothing else (i.e. not include any things to which the defined term would not truly
47:
A definition states the meaning of a word using other words. This is sometimes challenging. Common dictionaries contain lexical descriptive definitions, but there are various types of definition – all with different purposes and
1895:
require it to prevent a misunderstanding. One might say: an explanation serves to remove or to avert a misunderstanding – one, that is, that would occur but for the explanation; not every one I can imagine."
792:
as one that extends the descriptive dictionary definition (lexical definition) for a specific purpose by including additional criteria. A precising definition narrows the set of things that meet the definition.
1644:
McPherson, M.; Arango, P.; Fox, H.; Lauver, C.; McManus, M.; Newacheck, P. W.; Perrin, J. M.; Shonkoff, J. P.; Strickland, B. (1998). "A new definition of children with special health care needs".
967:" would convey no information whatsoever. For this reason, Locke adds that a definition of a term must not consist of terms which are synonymous with it. This would be a circular definition, a
735:
In mathematics, definitions are generally not used to describe existing terms, but to describe or characterize a concept. For naming the object of a definition mathematicians can use either a
1453:
Bussler, Christoph, and Dieter Fensel, eds. Artificial
Intelligence: Methodology, Systems and Applications: 11th International Conference, AIMSA 2004: Proceedings. Springer-Verlag, 2004. p.6
389:. This gives the meaning of a term by pointing, in the case of an individual, to the thing itself, or in the case of a class, to examples of the right kind. For example, one can explain who
106:
In modern usage, a definition is something, typically expressed in words, that attaches a meaning to a word or group of words. The word or group of words that is to be defined is called the
971:. Note, however, that it is acceptable to define two relative terms in respect of each other. Clearly, we cannot define "antecedent" without using the term "consequent", nor conversely.
87:, a definition is used to give a precise meaning to a new term, by describing a condition which unambiguously qualifies what the mathematical term is and is not. Definitions and
80:, which convey the meaning of a term by pointing out examples. A term may have many different senses and multiple meanings, and thus require multiple definitions.
461:
lists all sets whose only member is a member of the "divided" set. The difference between this and an extensional definition is that extensional definitions list
619:
is, in the strict sense, one of a group of words that share the same spelling and pronunciation but have different meanings. Thus homonyms are simultaneously
297:(or family): An existing definition that serves as a portion of the new definition; all definitions with the same genus are considered members of that genus.
250:
definition, on the other hand, would be the list of wrath, greed, sloth, pride, lust, envy, and gluttony. In contrast, while an intensional definition of "
1549:
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1804:
487:
had it that an object's essential attributes form its "essential nature", and that a definition of the object must include these essential attributes.
1770:
1126:. In such cases, he argued, there is no fixed boundary that can be used to provide a definition. Rather, the items are grouped together because of a
829:
All things bearing a certain relation to other members of the set are also to count as members of the set. It is this step that makes the definition
397:(a class) is, by pointing at several and expecting another to understand. The process of ostensive definition itself was critically appraised by
420:
that fall under the concept or term in question. Enumerative definitions are only possible for finite sets (and only practical for small sets).
1798:
seek to avoid circularity wherever possible, but the definitions of words such as "the" and "a" use those words and are therefore circular.
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1891:
He continues: "Whereas an explanation may indeed rest on another one that has been given, but none stands in need of another – unless
941:
specific (that is, by reading the definition only, it should ideally not be possible to refer to any other entity than that being defined);
1130:. For terms such as these it is not possible and indeed not necessary to state a definition; rather, one simply comes to understand the
822:
definition, is one that defines a word in terms of itself, so to speak, albeit in a useful way. Normally this consists of three steps:
3088:
1594:
Kevin
Houston (2009) How to Think Like a Mathematician: A Companion to Undergraduate Mathematics. Cambridge University Press, p. 104
743:
is not exactly the same thing in mathematics and in common language. In some case, the word used can be misleading; for example, a
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contains, at any given time, a finite number of words, any comprehensive list of definitions must either be circular or rely upon
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2240:
2010:
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as particularly destructive of the life of grace and charity within a person, thus creating the threat of eternal damnation. An
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2043:
Verbatim: From the bawdy to the sublime, the best writing on language for word lovers, grammar mavens, and armchair linguists
1023:
must itself be defined, "where at last should we stop?" A dictionary, for instance, insofar as it is a comprehensive list of
751:. Frequently, a definition uses a phrase built with common English words, which has no meaning outside mathematics, such as
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2376:
2146:
193:
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650:(opposite of right). A distinction is sometimes made between "true" homonyms, which are unrelated in origin, such as
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2125:
2101:
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2020:
1978:
1955:
506:, or the "whatness of the name", and the underlying nature common to all the things it names, which they called the
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of a set, in the sense that every member of the "divided" set is a member of one of the subsets. An extreme form of
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to it, they are those things that it possesses in all possible worlds. Kripke refers to names used in this way as
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2330:
1511:. Early modern philosophers like Locke used the corresponding English terms "nominal essence" and "real essence".
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630:(words that share the same pronunciation, regardless of their spelling). The state of being a homonym is called
76:(which try to list the objects that a term describes). Another important category of definitions is the class of
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2659:
1553:
526:. The meaning of a name is distinct from the nature that a thing must have in order that the name apply to it.
144:
There are many sub-types of definitions, often specific to a given field of knowledge or study. These include,
2158:
956:
Certain rules have traditionally been given for definitions (in particular, genus-differentia definitions).
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At least one thing is stated to be a member of the set being defined; this is sometimes called a "base set".
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1897:
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can be stated. Wittgenstein argued that for some terms this is not the case. The examples he used include
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35:
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Richard J. Rossi (2011) Theorems, Corollaries, Lemmas, and
Methods of Proof. John Wiley & Sons p.4
778:
Authors have used different terms to classify definitions used in formal languages like mathematics.
522:
of hobbits cannot be known. By contrast, the name "man" denotes real things (men) that have a certain
334:("that has three straight bounding sides" and "that has four straight bounding sides", respectively).
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2589:
2371:
1910:
1585:
David Hunter (2010) Essentials of
Discrete Mathematics. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, Section 14.1
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883:
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are a kind of logic where the definitions are included as the feature of the formal system itself.
1334:
983:. However, sometimes scientific and philosophical terms are difficult to define without obscurity.
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Good reasons for better arguments: An introduction to the skills and values of critical thinking
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The idea that a definition should state the essence of a thing led to the distinction between
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1042:) cannot be defined, since a higher genus cannot be assigned under which they may fall. Thus
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In classical thought, a definition was taken to be a statement of the essence of a thing.
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280:) and narrows it down to a smaller category by a distinguishing characteristic (i.e. the
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1985:
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1811:" provides other examples of circularity in dictionary definitions. (McKean, p. 73–77)
162:"'Large', among female Asian elephants, is any individual weighing over 5,500 pounds."
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Definitions should avoid circularity. To define a horse as "a member of the species
200:. Any definition that attempts to set out the essence of something, such as that by
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Terms with the same pronunciation and spelling but unrelated meanings are called
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that the names of simple concepts do not admit of any definition. More recently
2729:
2422:
2401:
2316:
1347:
1068:, rejected the need for any undefined simples. Wittgenstein pointed out in his
875:
841:
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251:
243:
549:, in particular, is critical of attempts to elucidate the essence of a thing.
31:
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1035:
779:
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1375:
Lyons, John. "Semantics, vol. I." Cambridge: Cambridge (1977). p.158 and on.
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in part as a way of defining a proper name, the definition being given by a
727:, in which the multiple meanings of a word may be unconnected or unrelated.
3022:
2870:
2569:
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1834:
1821:
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1657:
1386:
Semantics and
Pragmatics of English: Teaching English as a Foreign Language
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1997:
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Many philosophers have chosen instead to leave some terms undefined. The
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565:
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This preoccupation with essence dissipated in much of modern philosophy.
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Those definitions can be expressed as a genus ("a plane figure") and two
160:, which reduce the vagueness of a word, typically in some special sense (
84:
1576:, James R. Hurford and Brendan Heasley, Cambridge University Press, 1983
960:
A definition must set out the essential attributes of the thing defined.
938:
useful clinically or in related areas where the definition will be used;
623:(words that share the same spelling, regardless of their pronunciation)
110:, and the word, group of words, or action that defines it is called the
91:
form the basis on which all of modern mathematics is to be constructed.
43:
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2875:
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2515:
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2006:
1208:
1110:
There is a presumption in the classic example of a definition that the
1047:
712:
148:, or the common dictionary definitions of words already in a language;
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pointed to difficulties with this approach, especially in relation to
303:: The portion of the new definition that is not provided by the genus.
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simple and easy to understand, preferably even by the general public;
830:
736:
627:
620:
484:
364:
346:
173:
167:
1799:
1692:
Morse, R. M.; Flavin, D. K. (1992). "The
Definition of Alcoholism".
2919:
2530:
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1289:
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684:
679:
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313:
307:
For example, consider the following genus–differentia definitions:
1801:
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360:
350:
518:, but one could not know the real nature of hobbits, and so the
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2432:
1439:
Hurley, Patrick J. (2006). "Language: Meaning and
Definition".
907:
Or simply: an ancestor is a parent or a parent of an ancestor.
708:
700:
696:
511:
454:
88:
65:
61:
1785:, but leads to scepticism about meaning rather than knowledge.
1474:
Katerina
Ierodiakonou, "The Stoic Division of Philosophy", in
762:
In first-order logic definitions are usually introduced using
393:(an individual) is, by pointing her out to another; or what a
116:"An elephant is a large gray animal native to Asia and Africa"
2624:
2339:
2178:
1043:
293:
453:
is not an extensional definition, but an exhaustive list of
68:). Definitions can be classified into two large categories:
2584:
2153:
Definitions, Dictionaries, and
Meanings, Norman Swartz 1997
858:
the successor of a natural number is also a natural number;
692:
371:
Thus, a "square" is a member of both genera (the plural of
287:
More formally, a genus–differentia definition consists of:
57:
583:
553:
described essence as "a hopelessly muddle-headed notion".
472:
152:, which define something by pointing to an example of it (
498:
essence—a distinction originating with
Aristotle. In the
416:
that gives an explicit and exhaustive listing of all the
2308:
1643:
317:: A plane figure that has three straight bounding sides.
855:
Each natural number has a unique successor, such that:
326:: A plane figure that has four straight bounding sides.
2175:, a very short introduction by Garth Kemerling (2001).
2094:
Oxford English Dictionary, second edition (20 volumes)
1854:, players compete to find circularity in a dictionary.
878:. Although this sort of definition involves a form of
730:
34:. For other uses of the word "definition" itself, see
572:. Insofar as the essential properties of a thing are
378:
257:
2785:
2091:
1909:
This theory of meaning is one of the targets of the
1141:
383:
One important form of the extensional definition is
1809:
Sexual Intercourse in American College Dictionaries
137:of the word defined, but is instead something that
3028:The False Subtlety of the Four Syllogistic Figures
2040:
1966:
861:distinct natural numbers have distinct successors;
599:
529:This leads to a corresponding distinction between
514:", for example, is perfectly meaningful. It has a
375:): the genus "rectangle" and the genus "rhombus".
168:Intensional definitions vs extensional definitions
2163:Elsevier Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics
1333:Bickenbach, Jerome E., and Jacqueline M. Davies.
987:of sight in a creature that is normally sighted".
806:is to create or alter rights, duties, or crimes.
99:"Definiens" redirects here. For the company, see
3040:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1388:. Univ. Autònoma de Barcelona, 2006. p.48 and on
1046:, unity and similar concepts cannot be defined.
1038:claimed that the highest genera (called the ten
886:, and the definition has been quite successful.
1734:
1732:
1075:term is only needed to avoid misunderstanding.
723:. It is thus usually regarded as distinct from
703:) to have multiple meanings (that is, multiple
217:definition, of a concept or term specifies its
2771:
2324:
2194:
2061:
1628:
1060:sought to develop a formal language based on
947:a reflection of current scientific knowledge.
72:(which try to give the sense of a term), and
2110:
1729:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1550:"Linguistics 201: Study Sheet for Semantics"
1002:
931:, definitions should as far as possible be:
783:or "wrong" with reference to general usage.
510:, or the "whatness of the thing". The name "
122:, and everything after the word "is" is the
2062:Macagno, Fabrizio; Walton, Douglas (2014).
1995:. London, New York: Longmans, Green and co.
1993:Principles of logic, 3d ed., new impression
1691:
1476:Phronesis: A Journal for Ancient Philosophy
1348:"Definition of definition | Dictionary.com"
766:(so using a metalogic). On the other hand,
56:is a statement of the meaning of a term (a
27:Statement that attaches a meaning to a term
2778:
2764:
2331:
2317:
2201:
2187:
991:
836:All other things are excluded from the set
588:A definition may also be classified as an
1680:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1095:that "picks out" exactly one individual.
196:for a thing to be a member of a specific
2070:
1965:Joseph, Horace William Brindley (1916).
1443:(9 ed.). Wadsworth. pp. 86–91.
809:
747:has nothing more (or less) real than an
658:(the fish), and polysemous homonyms, or
42:
30:For the definition of another word, see
2066:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
2012:An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
1478:, Volume 38, Number 1, 1993, pp. 57–74.
1371:
1369:
1367:
1053:An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
900:A parent of an ancestor is an ancestor.
584:Operational vs. theoretical definitions
473:Nominal definitions vs real definitions
449:is simply an intensional definition. A
423:
14:
3041:
2965:
2038:
1964:
1438:
1427:
864:no natural number is succeeded by "0".
662:, which have a shared origin, such as
642:(follow/harass a person) and the pair
2759:
2312:
2182:
2092:Simpson, John; Edmund Weiner (1989).
2005:
1990:
1973:. Clarendon Press repr. Paper Tiger.
1969:An Introduction to Logic, 2nd edition
1552:. Pandora.cii.wwu.edu. Archived from
2912:
2159:"Definitions: Uses and Varieties of"
1945:
1526:
1405:
1403:
1364:
715:), usually related by contiguity of
634:. Examples of homonyms are the pair
94:
2506:Analytic and synthetic propositions
2377:Formal semantics (natural language)
2147:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
731:In logic, mathematics and computing
194:necessary and sufficient conditions
24:
2077:. Oxford: At The Clarendon Press.
1756:Macagno & Walton 2014, Ch. III
1537:Random House Unabridged Dictionary
379:Classes of extensional definitions
258:Classes of intensional definitions
25:
3100:
2136:
2064:Emotive Language in Argumentation
1900:, Part 1 §87, italics in original
1841:. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1961. 1979.)
1400:
869:Nothing else is a natural number.
773:
276:that takes a large category (the
154:"This," , "is an Asian elephant."
114:. For example, in the definition
3089:Meaning (philosophy of language)
2718:
1706:10.1001/jama.1992.03490080086030
1172:
1158:
1144:
840:For instance, we could define a
204:, is an intensional definition.
1928:
1915:
1903:
1885:
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1857:
1844:
1814:
1788:
1775:
1759:
1750:
1741:
1720:
1615:
1597:
1588:
1579:
1574:Semantics: a coursebook, p. 123
1567:
1542:
1521:A History of Western Philosophy
1514:
1505:
1493:
1481:
1468:
1456:
1441:A Concise Introduction to Logic
1299:
889:In the same way, we can define
600:Terms with multiple definitions
227:that is a member of a specific
2807:Problem of multiple generality
2208:
1991:Joyce, George Hayward (1926).
1447:
1391:
1378:
1340:
1337:. Broadview Press, 1996. p. 49
1327:
1282:
1064:. Other philosophers, notably
910:
13:
1:
2015:. National Geographic Books.
2001:(full text of 2nd ed. (1916))
1986:(full text of 1st ed. (1906))
1833:in Philosophical Papers. Ed.
1320:
1309:, in the same way, as in the
1305:One learns inductively, from
410:of a concept or a term is an
118:, the word "elephant" is the
2117:Philosophical Investigations
1935:Philosophical Investigations
1898:Philosophical Investigations
1879:Philosophical Investigations
1463:Philosophical investigations
1071:Philosophical Investigations
903:Nothing else is an ancestor.
673:
270:genus–differentia definition
264:Genus–differentia definition
223:. It is a list naming every
7:
2096:. Oxford University Press.
1781:This problem parallels the
1605:"Norman Swartz - Biography"
1137:
951:
818:, sometimes also called an
604:
36:Definition (disambiguation)
10:
3105:
2071:Robinson, Richard (1954).
1415:beisecker.faculty.unlv.edu
995:
677:
646:(past tense of leave) and
608:
476:
261:
192:definition, specifies the
171:
98:
29:
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2590:Necessity and sufficiency
2493:
2458:
2410:
2364:
2346:
2338:
2216:
2157:Guy Longworth (ca. 2008)
1911:private language argument
1820:An exercise suggested by
1019:. If every term of every
1003:Limitations of definition
568:led to a new approach to
445:terms for definitions. A
150:demonstrative definitions
3074:Mathematical terminology
2120:. Blackwell Publishing.
1275:
897:A parent is an ancestor.
852:"0" is a natural number.
242:as those singled out by
139:conveys the same meaning
3069:Linguistics terminology
3000:Sophistical Refutations
2812:Dictum de omni et nullo
1950:. New York: Macmillan.
1219:Fallacies of definition
1036:scholastic philosophers
998:Fallacies of definition
992:Fallacies of definition
764:extension by definition
74:extensional definitions
70:intensional definitions
3059:Philosophy of language
2173:Definition and Meaning
1658:10.1542/peds.102.1.137
1269:Theoretical definition
1244:Operational definition
1229:Intensional definition
1214:Extensional definition
1089:theory of descriptions
981:obscurum per obscurius
969:circulus in definiendo
687:is the capacity for a
638:(part of a plant) and
594:theoretical definition
590:operational definition
413:extensional definition
407:enumerative definition
274:intensional definition
210:extensional definition
185:intensional definition
49:
2725:Philosophy portal
2039:McKean, Erin (2001).
1948:Introduction to Logic
1946:Copi, Irving (1982).
1925:, Bk. III, Ch. iii, 3
1264:Synthetic proposition
810:Recursive definitions
802:persuasive definition
202:genus and differentia
178:Extension (semantics)
158:precising definitions
78:ostensive definitions
46:
2802:Square of opposition
2161:in: K. Brown (ed.):
2112:Wittgenstein, Ludwig
1726:Copi 1982 pp 165–169
1307:ostensive definition
1249:Ostensive definition
1189:Analytic proposition
1105:Naming and Necessity
1093:definite description
925:consensus statements
917:medical dictionaries
816:recursive definition
789:precising definition
386:ostensive definition
3054:Philosophical logic
2990:Posterior Analytics
2387:Philosophy of logic
1652:(1 Pt 1): 137–140.
1623:Ethics and Language
1500:Posterior Analytics
1488:Posterior Analytics
1311:Ramsey–Lewis method
1254:Ramsey–Lewis method
1194:Circular definition
1025:lexical definitions
757:irreducible variety
654:(glide on ice) and
547:Analytic philosophy
500:Posterior Analytics
399:Ludwig Wittgenstein
146:lexical definitions
101:Definiens (company)
2787:Aristotelian logic
2686:Rules of inference
2655:Mathematical logic
2397:Semantics of logic
2149:Gupta, Anil (2008)
1830:A plea for excuses
1771:Bk. III, Ch. iv, 5
1625:, Connecticut 1944
1352:www.dictionary.com
1234:Lexical definition
1180:Mathematics portal
1152:Linguistics portal
1128:family resemblance
844:as follows (after
711:and thus multiple
64:, or other set of
50:
3079:Concepts in logic
3036:
3035:
3008:
3007:
2980:On Interpretation
2954:
2953:
2753:
2752:
2709:
2708:
2543:Deductive closure
2489:
2488:
2428:Critical thinking
2306:
2305:
2256:Genus–differentia
2084:978-0-19-824160-7
2047:. Harvest Books.
1867:, Bk. III, Ch. iv
1621:Stevenson, C.L.,
1539:at dictionary.com
1239:Logic programming
1166:Philosophy portal
1082:also argued that
1027:, must resort to
1017:primitive notions
786:Swartz defines a
666:(of a river) and
578:rigid designators
560:formalisation of
238:" can be defined
236:seven deadly sins
95:Basic terminology
16:(Redirected from
3096:
3018:Port-Royal Logic
2963:
2962:
2910:
2909:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2757:
2756:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2643:
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2408:
2407:
2372:Computer science
2333:
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2107:
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1996:
1984:
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1961:
1937:
1932:
1926:
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1907:
1901:
1889:
1883:
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1855:
1848:
1842:
1818:
1812:
1805:Sidney I. Landau
1792:
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1779:
1773:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1727:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1700:(8): 1012–1014.
1689:
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1395:
1389:
1384:Dooly, Melinda.
1382:
1376:
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1176:
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1163:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1058:Bertrand Russell
1009:natural language
749:imaginary number
670:(of an animal).
213:, also called a
188:, also called a
21:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3039:
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3037:
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3004:
2985:Prior Analytics
2950:
2929:
2908:
2885:
2859:
2821:
2790:
2784:
2754:
2749:
2719:
2717:
2705:
2669:
2660:Boolean algebra
2634:
2485:
2476:Metamathematics
2454:
2406:
2360:
2342:
2337:
2307:
2302:
2212:
2207:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2104:
2085:
2055:
2023:
1981:
1958:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1929:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1890:
1886:
1876:See especially
1875:
1871:
1862:
1858:
1850:In the game of
1849:
1845:
1826:
1819:
1815:
1793:
1789:
1780:
1776:
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1531:
1527:
1519:
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1510:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1482:
1473:
1469:
1465:, Part 1 §27–34
1461:
1457:
1452:
1448:
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1396:
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1278:
1273:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1150:
1143:
1140:
1005:
1000:
994:
954:
929:classifications
913:
812:
799:has identified
776:
753:primitive group
733:
682:
676:
613:
607:
602:
586:
481:
475:
432:
381:
301:the differentia
266:
260:
180:
172:Main articles:
170:
104:
97:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2183:
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2138:
2137:External links
2135:
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2126:
2108:
2102:
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2003:
1988:
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1962:
1956:
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1939:
1938:
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1914:
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1884:
1869:
1856:
1843:
1813:
1803:Lexicographer
1796:lexicographers
1787:
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1719:
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1627:
1614:
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1196:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1169:
1155:
1139:
1136:
1103:, in his book
1004:
1001:
996:Main article:
993:
990:
989:
988:
984:
976:
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961:
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950:
949:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
912:
909:
905:
904:
901:
898:
876:self-reference
871:
870:
867:
866:
865:
862:
859:
853:
842:natural number
838:
837:
834:
827:
811:
808:
797:C.L. Stevenson
775:
774:Classification
772:
768:lambda-calculi
732:
729:
721:semantic field
678:Main article:
675:
672:
609:Main article:
606:
603:
601:
598:
585:
582:
562:possible world
556:More recently
542:of the thing.
477:Main article:
474:
471:
431:
422:
380:
377:
369:
368:
354:
328:
327:
318:
305:
304:
298:
262:Main article:
259:
256:
252:prime minister
244:Pope Gregory I
169:
166:
141:as that word.
96:
93:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3101:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
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2832:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2817:Syncategorema
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2789:(syllogistic)
2788:
2781:
2776:
2774:
2769:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2702:
2701:Logic symbols
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2663:
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2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
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2618:
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2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
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2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2580:Logical truth
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
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2541:
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2536:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2521:Contradiction
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2466:Argumentation
2464:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2450:Philosophical
2448:
2446:
2445:Non-classical
2443:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
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2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2409:
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2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
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2369:
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2357:
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2352:
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2345:
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2320:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2299:
2296:
2294:
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2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2254:
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2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
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2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2199:
2197:
2192:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2129:
2127:0-631-23127-7
2123:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2103:0-19-861186-2
2099:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2054:0-15-601209-X
2050:
2045:
2044:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2022:0-14-043482-8
2018:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1982:
1980:1-889439-17-7
1976:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1959:
1957:0-02-977520-5
1953:
1949:
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1936:
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1894:
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1840:
1839:G. J. Warnock
1836:
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1806:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1791:
1784:
1778:
1772:
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1762:
1753:
1747:Joseph, Ch. V
1744:
1735:
1733:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
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1634:
1632:
1624:
1618:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1591:
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1575:
1570:
1556:on 2013-06-17
1555:
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1471:
1464:
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1416:
1412:
1411:"DEFINITIONS"
1406:
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1240:
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1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1224:Indeterminacy
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1204:Definitionism
1202:
1200:
1199:Definable set
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1175:
1170:
1167:
1156:
1153:
1147:
1142:
1135:
1134:of the term.
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1062:logical atoms
1059:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1040:generalissima
1037:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1007:Given that a
999:
985:
982:
977:
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946:
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824:
823:
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817:
807:
804:
803:
798:
794:
791:
790:
784:
781:
780:Norman Swartz
771:
769:
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1490:, Bk 1 c. 4
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1084:individuals
1029:circularity
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911:In medicine
880:circularity
745:real number
691:(such as a
566:modal logic
282:differentia
248:extensional
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190:connotative
135:the meaning
120:definiendum
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3049:Definition
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2876:Assertoric
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2511:Antecedent
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1882:Part 1 §48
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1502:Bk 2 c. 7
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