Lady-in-waiting - Knowledge

797: 108: 2440: 59: 275:, with a relatively humble place in the background during the Middle Ages, the number of French ladies-in-waiting were rapidly expanded, divided into an advanced hierarchy with several offices and given an important and public role to play in the new ceremonial court life in early 16th century France. This example was followed by other courts in Europe, when courts expanded and became more ceremonial during the 16th century, and the offices, numbers and visibility of women expanded in the early modern age. 2294: 676:(1368–1644), palace women were sorted into roughly the same three categories as in the Song dynasty. However, female officials and assistants in the Ming dynasty were organized into six established government groups, called the Six Bureaus: the Bureau of General Affairs, Bureau of Handicrafts, Bureau of Ceremonies, Bureau of Apartments, Bureau of Apparel, and Bureau of Foodstuffs. These groups were all overseen by the Office of Staff Surveillance, headed by a female official. 721:(1644–1912), when a class of imperial women acting as consorts or concubines, who had not previously held other roles, existed. However, female court attendants were also all available for promotion to concubinage or the position of consort by the emperor. During the Qing dynasty, imperial women were selected from among the teenage daughters of the Manchu official banner families, who were drafted to an inspection before they could marry. Similarly, 604: 2217: 1796:, from 1380 until 1814, the Danish royal court in Copenhagen was counted as the Norwegian royal court, and thus there was no royal court present in Norway during this period. During the union between Norway and Sweden from 1814 to 1905, there were Norwegian courtiers who served during the Swedish royal family's visits to Norway. The female courtiers were appointed according to the Swedish court model, that is to say the class of 1650:. They accompanied the queen and the other female members of the Royal House during visits and receptions at the royal court. The monarch paid for their expenses, but they did not receive any salary. Not all of these ladies were members of the Dutch aristocracy, but each had a "notable" husband. Excellent social behavior and discretion were the most important recommendations for becoming a 1387:. The ladies-in-waiting worked as personal assistants, tending to the emperor's wardrobe, assisting the emperor's baths, serving meals, performing and attending court rituals. Ladies-in-waiting could be appointed as concubines, consorts or even empresses by the emperor or the heir to the throne. The function of a lady-in-waiting as potential concubine was abolished in 1924. 2542:

account summarised them as 16 'gentlewomen', seven maids of honour and three 'chamberers-women', who attended to her in the bedchamber. Aside from the women formally employed as ladies-in-waiting, the Queen's female retinue in reality also consisted of the daughters and the ladies-in-waiting of her ladies-in-waiting, who also resided in the Queen's household.

1914:. The queen's household mirrored that of the king, but was smaller. The queen's male courtiers were supervised by the Ochmistrz, a nobleman, and the women of her court were supervised by the chief lady-in-waiting, the Ochmistrzyni (magister curiae). The Ochmistrzyni was defined as a state office and it was the only state office in Poland prior to the 657:(960–1279), palace women were divided in three groups: imperial women (consisting of concubines and consorts), imperial daughters (consisting of daughters and sisters of the emperor), and the female officials and assistants, who performed a wide range of tasks and could potentially be promoted to the rank of concubine or consort. 1295:(794–1185) women could hold court offices of substantial responsibility, managing the affairs of the emperor. Female palace attendants were employed by the Imperial Bureau of Palace Attendants from among the court aristocracy, but were required to have sufficient education in Chinese classics to be accepted. 1783:

in much the same way as their actually male counterparts were served by women who belonged to theirs. Although these women effectively functioned as ladies-in-waiting, were often members of powerful families of the local nobility in their own right, and were not usually used for sexual purposes, they

1545:

The court of the Duchy of Burgundy, which was situated in the Netherlands in the 15th century, was famous for its elaborate ceremonial court life and became a role model for several other courts of Europe. The Burgundian court model came to be the role model for the Austrian imperial court during the

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In the late 12th century, the queens of France are confirmed to have had their own household, and noblewomen are mentioned as ladies-in-waiting. During the Middle Ages, however, the household of a European queen consort was normally small, and the number of actually employed ladies-in-waiting, rather

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court were to act as companions for the queen, both in public and in private. They had to accompany her wherever she went, to entertain her with music, dance or singing and to dress, bathe and help her use the toilet, since a royal person, by the standards of the day, was not supposed to do anything

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were not in daily attendance, but were called upon for the more important public occasions and events. Two ladies-in-waiting used to accompany the Queen on overseas tours, one of whom was usually a Lady of the Bedchamber. For many years the Queen was always attended by three ladies-in-waiting at the

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by a group of serving women. Led by palace maid Yang Jinying in 1542, the failed assassination attempt involved several maids sneaking into the emperor's bedchamber as he slept, to strangle him with a curtain cord. The attempt ultimately failed, and all the women involved were put to death, although

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Throughout the Ming dynasty, there was frequent movement between the palace service industry and the low levels of the Imperial Harem. Although emperors frequently selected minor consorts from Imperial serving women, few selected women ever reached the higher ranks of the consort structure or gained

845:

made ladies-in-waiting fashionable in official court ceremonies and representation, and female court offices became more developed and numerous in the French court as well as in other European courts. The introduction of ladies-in-waiting increased in great numbers at the French court at this time:

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had numerous ladies-in-waiting, which was reported by the Spanish ambassador, Rodrigo de Puebla, as something unusual and astonishing: "the Queen has thirty-two ladies, very magnificent and in splendid style". She reportedly had 36 ladies-in-waiting, 18 of them noblewomen; in 1502, a more complete

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were drafted from lower official and banner classes before they could marry. After their selection, palace maids were educated as personal attendants to consorts, female officials within court rituals or other tasks, and were also available for the emperor to promote to consort or concubine. Below

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Due to slanderous literary propaganda written and spread by male officials and Confucian authors, higher-class female officials also saw their power begin to weaken throughout the Ming dynasty. These prominent government men began to disparage having educated women in government and state roles in

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As the Ming dynasty progressed, living and working conditions for palace women began to deteriorate. Lower-ranked serving women working in the Imperial palace were often underpaid and unable to buy food, leaving them to support themselves by selling embroidery at the market outside the palace via

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in the mid-16th century, the court of the empress was organised in accordance with the Spanish court model, and after she left Austria, there was no further household of an empress until the 1610s. This resulted in a mix of Burgundian and Spanish customs when the Austrian court model was created.

1918:

which was held by a woman. She was always to be a noblewoman married to a nobleman of senatorial rank. The Ochmistrzyni supervised a large number of unmarried ladies-in-waiting, maids of honour. The queen's court was a larger version of the courts of the Polish magnate noblewomen, and it was the

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caring for imperial heirs or other palace children. These women received great wealth and social acclaim if their jobs were performed well. Seasonal or temporary palace women included midwives, female physicians, and indentured contractors (these were usually women serving as maids to consorts,

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Ladies-in-waiting were appointed because of their social status as members of the nobility, on the recommendation of court officials, or other prominent citizens, and because they were expected to be supporters of the royal family due to their own family relationships. When the queen was not a

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had only five ladies-in-waiting, but in the late 15th century and early 16th century, ladies-in-waiting were given a more dominant place at the English court, in parallel with developments in France and the continental courts. The court life of the Duchy of Burgundy served as an example when

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is often a generic term for women whose relative rank, title, and official functions varied, although such distinctions were also often honorary. A royal woman may or may not be free to select her ladies, and, even when she has such freedom, her choices are usually heavily influenced by the

2089:

The early modern Swedish court, as well as the Danish equivalent, were re-organized in the early 16th century according to the German court model, in turn inspired by the Austrian imperial court model. This model roughly organized the female noble courtiers in the class of the unmarried

2577:, who supervised the group of ladies of the bedchamber (typically wives or widows of peers above the rank of earl), in turn followed by the group of women of the bedchamber (usually the daughters of peers) and finally the group of maids of honour, whose service entitled them to the 320:

In the late Middle Ages, when the court of the emperor no longer moved around constantly, the household of the empress, as well as the equivalent household of the German princely consorts, started to develop a less fluid and more strict organisation with set court offices.

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After the death of Elizabeth II and the accession of Charles III, it was announced that the King would be retaining the late Queen's ladies-in-waiting, with their titles changing to "Ladies of the Household". They will help with hosting events at Buckingham Palace.

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Women from official elite families could be chosen to become empress, consort or concubine immediately upon their entrance in the palace, but the emperor could also promote any female court official to that post, as they were officially all members of his harem.

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in the late 13th century and early 14th century, but it was not until the 15th century that a set organisation of the ladies-in-waiting is confirmed. This characteristic organisation of the Spanish ladies-in-waiting, roughly established during the reign of

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In 1619, a set organisation was finally established for the Austrian imperial court, which came to be the characteristic organisation of the Austrian-Habsburg court roughly kept from this point onward. The first rank of the female courtiers was the

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was the most elaborate in Europe in the 15th century and became an example for France when the French royal court expanded in the late 15th century and introduced new offices for both men and women to be able to answer to the new renaissance ideal.

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than wives of noblemen accompanying their husbands to court, was very small: in 1286, the queen of France had only five ladies-in-waiting in her employment, and it was not until 1316 that her household was separated from that of the royal children.

1311:, who acted as intermediary between the emperor and those seeking an audience and issued his wishes in writing. Ladies-in-waiting acted as imperial secretaries and noted the events at court, visitors and gifts in the official court journals. 1856:

and were all formally available as concubines to the Sultan, but if they were not chosen to share his bed, they served in a position similar to lady-in-waiting, serving the mother, concubines, sisters, and daughters of the Sultan.

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would end the tradition of having ladies-in-waiting. Instead, she would be helped by "Queen's companions". Their role would be informal and they would not be involved in tasks such as replying to letters or developing schedules.

1919:

custom in the Polish nobility to send their teenage daughters to be educated as ladies-in-waiting in the household of another noblewoman or preferably the queen herself in order to receive an education and find someone to marry.

463:(Maid of Honour of the Chamber). The Austrian court model was the role model for the princely courts in Germany. The German court model in turn became the role model of the early modern Scandinavian courts of Denmark and Sweden. 278:

During the late 19th century and the early 20th century, however, most European courts started to reduce their court staff, often due to new economic and political circumstances which made court representation more questionable.

1988:, the head royal governess, who was normally selected from elder widows, often relatives to the tsar or tsarina. All offices were appointed by royal decree. The group of ladies-in-waiting were collectively above the rank of the 734:

The early modern Danish court was organized according to the German court model, in turn inspired by the Austrian imperial court model, from the 16th century onward. The highest rank female courtier to a female royal was the

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The system had formally remained roughly the same since the Tudor period. However, in practice, many offices have since then been left vacant. For example, in recent times, maids of honour have only been appointed for

1984:. The second was the group of companions. The third were the royal nurses to the princes and princesses (where the nurses of the male children outranked); among the nurses, the most significant post was that of the 854:, who was criticized for bringing to court "the constant presence" of large crowds of women, who gossiped and interfered in state affairs. Francis I once said: "a court without ladies is a court without a court". 709:

response to the influence Imperial women had held over the nation in the past. This prompted a gradual overtaking of female official roles by palace eunuchs that continued throughout the remainder of the dynasty.

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were honorary courtiers attached to the royal palaces in particular cities, such as Florence, Turin, and so forth, and only served temporary when the queen visited the city in question: among these, only the

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William J. Thoms: The Book of the Court: Exhibiting the History, Duties, and Privileges of the English Nobility and Gentry. Particularly of the Great Officers of State and Members of the Royal Household,

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and had roughly the same tasks, hiring and supervising the female courtiers and the queen's daily routine and expenditure. This post was created in 1523 and had originally been the highest female court

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Women workers in the imperial palace were distinguished as either permanent or temporary staff. Permanent palace staff included educated and literate female officials serving in the Six Bureaus, and

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entertainers, sewing tutors, or sedan-chair bearers). These women were recruited into the palace when necessary and then released following the termination of their predetermined period of service.

534:

refers to high ranking female servants who served food and drink, fanned and massaged, and sometimes provided sexual services to the king. Conventionally, these women could work their way up from

1143:), which consisted mostly of the wives of high-ranking male court officials, who simply used the feminine versions of their husbands' titles. The only specifically female dignity was that of the 512:. The chief functions at court were undertaken by members of the higher nobility, involving much contact with the royal ladies. Belgian princesses were assigned a lady upon their 18th birthdays. 1288:

In Japan, the imperial court offices were normally reserved for members of the court aristocracy and the ladies-in-waiting or 'palace attendants' were commonly educated members of the nobility.

1151:, the chief lady-in-waiting and female attendant of the empress, who was the head of the women's court and often a relative of the empress; this title existed at least since the 9th century. 567:

were probably initially drawn from the ranks of classical royal dancers of the lower class. He was noted for having the most classical dancers as concubines. The imperial celestial dancer,

1302:(1467–1603), the highest rank of a lady-in-waiting was the 'Female Assistant to the Major Counselor', who ran the affairs of the daily life of the Imperial Household. The second rank was 2875: 751:(Chief Court Mistress), equivalent to the Mistress of the Robes, normally an elder widow, who supervised the rest of the ladies-in-waiting. The rest of the female courtiers were mainly 4133: 1814:(Mistress of the Robes): these posts were first appointed in 1817. When the union between Sweden and Norway was dissolved in 1905, a permanent Norwegian royal court was established. 930:

composed of ladies-in-waiting whose task was simply to serve as companions and attending and assisting with court functions. The position was abolished in 1674, and replaced by the

173:, was in practice a servant or a slave rather than a high-ranking woman, but still had about the same tasks, functioning as companion and secretary to her mistress. In courts where 2573:

The organisation of the queen's ladies-in-waiting was set in the period of the Tudor court. The ladies-in-waiting were headed by the mistress of the robes, followed in rank by the

2165:. The Swedish court staff was reduced in size in 1873. The new court protocols of 1911 and 1954 continued this reduction, and many court posts were abolished or no longer filled. 1076:

The early modern princely courts in Germany were modeled after the Austrian imperial court model. This court model divided the ladies-in-waiting in a chief lady-in-waiting named

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The court model of the Duchy of Burgundy, as well as the Spanish court model, came to influence the organisation of the Austrian imperial court during the 16th century, when the

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from a mere five in 1286 and still only 23 in 1490, to 39 in 1498 and roughly 54 during the 16th century. This expansion of female presence at court has been attributed to both

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to three, hers being: Lieke Gaarlandt-van Voorst van Beest, Pien van Karnebeek-Thijssen and Annemijn Crince le Roy-van Munster van Heuven. After their voluntary retirement,

2232:. Ladies-in-waiting are routinely appointed by junior female members of the royal family, to accompany them on public engagements and provide other support and assistance. 2118:), normally a married or widowed elder noblewoman. Under this class of female noble courtiers, were the non-noble female servants. They were headed by the normally married 291:, languages, dances, horse riding, music making, and painting prevalent at court; keeping her mistress abreast of activities and personages at court; care of the rooms and 439:

when necessary, but otherwise had the responsibility of the unmarried female courtiers, their conduct and service. The rest of the female noble courtiers consisted of the

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associated with the inner quarters for the king and queen, who were recruited by the high ranked court ladies themselves, through recommendations and connections. The

1450:(literally translated to 'guest', were maids brought in the palace to work for the royal concubines, most of the time connected to the families of the concubines) and 2322:

State Opening of Parliament (the Mistress of the Robes, a Lady of the Bedchamber and a Woman of the Bedchamber), but in 1998 the number attending was reduced to two.

2837: 1400:(literally 'palace women') is a term that refers to women who worked in the palace and waited upon the king and other members of the royal family. It is short for 142:. Historically, in Europe, a lady-in-waiting was often a noblewoman but of lower rank than the woman to whom she attended. Although she may either have received a 4897: 1473:(governing class). Later, the candidates were also picked from among the government slaves, together with the daughters of noblemen's concubines (who were former 838:(Maids of Honour). However, the queen's household and the number of female courtiers during the Middle Ages was very small in France, as in most European courts. 1094:(Maid of Honour of the Chamber). The German princely courts in turn became the role model of the Scandinavian courts of Denmark and Sweden in the 16th century. 878:

were the only female office holders in France to give an oath of loyalty to the king himself. This office was created in 1619, and was vacant from the death of

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by her father, a symbolic acknowledgement of adulthood. When the queen entertains, the ladies welcome guests and assist the hostess in sustaining conversation.

3078:/1031); poet and the writer of the first known novel, "The Tale of Genji", she also wrote a diary about court life after serving at the court of Empress Shoshi 1107:(married ladies-in-waiting) were introduced in many German princely and royal courts. At the imperial German court, the ladies-in-waiting were composed of one 475:

when she became the first queen of Belgium in 1832. The female officeholders of the queen's household were created after the French model and composed of one

1864:, of different ranks. Each royal and royal concubine had their own household staff of kalfa; a kalfa serving as the servant of the sultan himself was titled 4398: 4366: 1927:

The royal court of Portugal was influenced by the Spanish court model, after Portugal became independent of Spain and created its own royal court in 1640.

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queens are assumed to have had their personal servants, and in the 9th century it is confirmed that Carolingian queens had an entourage of guards from the

1420:

from 9 to 5 (the ranks from 4 to 1 were the official concubines of the king), with two levels each (senior and junior), the highest attainable rank being

2519:, but no principal lady-in-waiting is mentioned, and until the 15th century, the majority of the officeholders of the queen's household were still male. 4292: 1508:. When they had served the court for more than 15 years, they would eventually be promoted to higher ranks; however, they were eligible for the rank of 1731: 588: 2466: 2444: 3229: 1620:

was founded in 1815, signifying the organisation of a royal court. In the 19th century, the ladies-in-waiting of the Dutch court were headed by the

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The duties of ladies-in-waiting varied from court to court, but functions historically discharged by ladies-in-waiting included proficiency in the

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Ladies-in-waiting could become concubines if the king favored them. They would be elevated to the highest rank (senior 5th) and would be known as

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Female palace attendants were divided into two classes, which in turn had several ranks, signifying their task. The first class consisted of the

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in 1906. During the 20th century, most of these titles came of use, and all ladies-in-waiting at the royal Danish court are now referred to as

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This is a list of particularly well known and famous ladies-in-waiting of each nation listed. More can be found in their respective category.

1550: 4130: 1018:

had the keys to the queen's rooms and could recommend and deny audiences to her, which in practice made her position very powerful at court.

4422:И. Е. Забелин. Глава VI. Царицын дворовый чин // Домашний быт русских цариц в XVI и XVII столетиях. – М.: Типография Грачева и Комп., 1869. 2563: 2471: 2270:, who (as well as being in attendance herself on occasion) was responsible for arranging all the duties of the queen's ladies in waiting. 2743: 4925: 4685: 4633: 3101:(989–1060); poet, she served Empress Shoshi along with Murasaki Shikibu, Akazome Emon and Izumi Shikibu, and later became the nurse of 2388:

Dame Philippa de Pass was appointed as an Extra Woman of the Bedchamber in 1987 and served throughout the rest of Elizabeth II's reign.

2258:) was also often referred to as a lady-in-waiting (including in official notices), although she would more formally be called either a 1519:(or 'favored/special court lady'). If they gave birth to a son, they would become members of the royal family, after being promoted to 796: 4602: 332:. In the early and mid-16th century, the female courtiers kept by female Habsburgs in the Netherlands and Austria was composed of one 4659: 4832: 2382: 2849: 1980:), often from the family and relatives of the tsarina. The first rank among the offices of the ladies-in-waiting was the tsarina's 1504:

They could be as young as 4 when entering the palace, and after learning court language and etiquette, they could be elevated to a

1454:(selected from public female slaves, they worked at the royal infirmary or public clinics, and practiced simple medicine skills). 810:

The queen of France is confirmed to have had a separate household in the late 12th century, and an ordinance from 1286 notes that

2737: 1521: 251:, when a new ceremonial court life, where women played a significant part, developed as representation of power in the courts of 216:

In Europe, the development of the office of lady-in-waiting is connected to that of the development of a royal court. During the

2901: 2225: 2155:(Mistress of the State) was introduced, which was the title for the group of married ladies-in-waiting with a rank between the 1549:

In the 16th century, the ladies-in-waiting in the courts of the Habsburg governors of the Netherlands, Margaret of Austria and

861: 423:), who was second in rank after the empress herself, and responsible for all the female courtiers. Second rank belonged to the 111: 2220:

The Countess of Airlie (right), a Lady of the Bedchamber, accompanying Queen Elizabeth II as her lady-in-waiting (March 2005).

645:(202 BC–220 AD) are reported to have had a harem of thousands of 'palace women', although the actual numbers are unconfirmed. 580: 5049: 4317: 3688: 983:, a lady-in-waiting who had the task to chaperone them: this post was divided into several from 1547 onward. The position of 879: 3286: 1834:

who functioned as servants, secretaries, and companions of the consorts (concubines), daughters, sisters and mothers of the

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The Kingdom of Belgium was founded in 1830, after which a royal court was founded, and ladies-in-waiting were appointed for

2974: 2508: 2235:

On more formal occasions ladies in waiting wear a badge of office, which usually takes the form of a jewelled or enamelled

571:, was one of these. This practice of drawing from the ranks of royal dancers began in the Golden Age of the Khmer Kingdom. 403: 775:). They were followed by the non-noble female court employees not ranking as ladies-in-waiting, such as the chambermaids. 3241:(1889–1973); she was given the title of "commandery princess" while serving as a lady-in-waiting for Empress Dowager Cixi 2351: 2334: 1756: 874: 664:

The female court officials and attendants were normally selected from trusted families and then educated for their task.

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were Letje van Karnebeek-van Lede, Lieke Gaarlandt-van Voorst van Beest, Julie Jeekel-Thate, Miente Boellaard-Stheeman,

915:, who formally supervised the queen's wardrobe and jewelry and the dressing of the queen. This post was created in 1534. 2239:

of the relevant member of the royal family beneath the appropriate crown or coronet, suspended from a coloured ribbon.

2476: 1525:(junior 4th) and until the 18th century, they could advance as high as becoming queen (the most notable example being 638:, regardless of their task, and could be promoted by him to the rank of official concubine, consort, or even empress. 5127: 5067: 2704: 1779:" due to their social eminence. As a result of this fact, they were often attended to by women who belonged to their 94: 4434:Верховая боярыня // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). – СПб., 1890–1907. 4349:

Bożena Popiołek, Rola dworów magnackich w edukacji dziewcząt na przełomie XVII i XVIII wieku, www.wilanow-palac.pl .

1999:

In 1722, this system was abolished and the Russian imperial court was reorganized in accordance with the reforms of

1670:

Reina de Blocq van Scheltinga, Elizabeth Baroness van Wassenaer-Mersmans and Bibi Baroness van Zuylen van Nijevelt,

841:

It was not until the end of the 15th century and early 16th century that emulation of the new courts of the Italian

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the palace maids were the maidservants, who were selected the same way by a draft among the daughters of soldiers.

307:; reading correspondence to her mistress and writing on her behalf; and discreetly relaying messages upon command. 4788: 4748: 4718: 4540: 4391: 4359: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3153: 2761: 2357: 2310: 1677: 1526: 1155: 2007:

Russia, and the old court offices of the tsarina were replaced with court offices inspired by the German model.

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was practiced, a court lady was formally available to the monarch for sexual services, and she could become his

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Dame Jennifer Gordon-Lennox was also appointed in 2002, and served throughout the rest of Elizabeth II's reign.

1719:(Grandmistress) is the highest-ranking lady at the royal court. From 1984 until 2014, the position was held by 883: 800: 146:

or may not have received compensation for the service she rendered, a lady-in-waiting was considered more of a

1613:(Chamber Maids), all with different titles depending on language in the multilingual area of the Netherlands. 5185: 4289: 4226: 3338: 1039: 635: 508:

The ladies-in-waiting have historically been chosen by the queen herself from the noblewomen of the Catholic

892: 427:, essentially governesses of the imperial children and heads of the children's court. Third in rank was the 5190: 2984: 2941: 2614: 2574: 1426:(senior 5th), as well as other types of working women who were not included in the classification, such as 1261:

was nominally the chief lady-in-waiting, but in practice often limited her service to state occasions; the

1043: 4557: 2302: 2184:

is the head of the court of the king rather than the queen, while the court of the queen is headed by the

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in 1478, and the organisation of the English royal household was essentially set from that point onward.

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were appointed to the honorary royal household. The honorary royal household still distinguishes between

1192: 1996:(the tsarina's chamber women and washing women) and the officials who handled the affairs of the staff. 959:, but were mainly placed at court to learn etiquette and look for a spouse. They were supervised by the 5180: 3211: 2992:(1839–1923); lady-in-waiting for Empress Elisabeth of Austria and Honorary Lady of the Order of Theresa 1641: 1617: 697: 240:

as a sign of their dignity, and some officials are stated to belong to the queen rather than the king.

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was a kalfa with special assignments rather than just an ordinary attendant, and was ranked under the

1740:

is Bibi Countess van Zuylen van Nijevelt-den Beer Poortugael (lady-in-waiting between 2011 and 2014).

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foreigner, her own relations were often appointed as they were presumed to be trustworthy and loyal.

2134: 2072:), but also for the female slaves and dwarfs, who were classified as courtiers and ranked before the 2034: 1191:

Prior to the unification, the greatest of the Italian states was the Kingdom of Naples, later called

3058:(с. 956–1041 or later); poet and writer of "Tale of Flowering Fortunes", she served at the court of 1546:

16th century, when the Burgundian Netherlands and Austria were united through the Habsburg dynasty.

1314:

In contrast to China, female palace attendants managed the palace of the imperial harem rather than

232:, from 882, in which he states that court officials took orders from the queen as well as the king. 3255: 2243: 1412:

consisted of the ladies-in-waiting—both high-ranking court ladies and the ordinary maids (known as

696:. Overall, living conditions and punishments for misbehaving eventually grew so bad that there was 67: 3387: 4958:

Kolk, Caroline zum (June 2009), "The Household of the Queen of France in the Sixteenth Century",

2970: 2767: 2419: 2259: 1430:(women from the lowest class who did odd jobs, such as drawing water and distributing firewood), 779: 38: 31: 3680: 3673: 2935: 2920: 4536:

e.g. "Mrs. Fiona Henderson has succeeded Mrs. Robert de Pass as Lady in Waiting to The Queen" (

2914: 2266:(depending on which of these offices she held). The senior lady of a queen's household was the 2263: 2197: 2145: 1768: 325: 107: 4936:

Early Modern Habsburg Women: Transnational Contexts, Cultural Conflicts, dynastic continuities

3735:

Hsieh, Bao Hua (1999). "From Charwoman to Empress Dowager: Serving-Women in the Ming Palace".

3316: 2028:, during the 16th century, and became the standard Spanish court model for ladies-in-waiting. 3369: 3310: 3121: 3021: 2815: 2267: 2115: 2039: 2021: 705:

this type of violent revolt by serving women had never been seen before in the Ming dynasty.

592: 420: 5103:

An Imperial Concubine's Tale: Scandal, Shipwreck, and Salvation in Seventeenth-Century Japan

4681: 4629: 3833:

Cass, Victoria B (1986). "Female Healers in the Ming and the Lodge of Ritual and Ceremony".

3381: 2947: 2550:

for herself, but was always to be waited upon in all daily tasks as a sign of their status.

4598: 3238: 3233: 2879: 2843: 2821: 2528: 2491: 2439: 2286:

was always in daily attendance; each served for a fortnight at a time, in rotation. In the

2229: 2025: 1915: 1910:

In early modern Poland, the queen's ladies-in-waiting were collectively referred to as the

1534: 1047: 564: 4919: 4655: 1860:

The (enslaved) ladies-in-waiting of the Ottoman Imperial harem were collectively known as

472: 8: 5111:

Blått blod och liljevita händer: en etnologisk studie av aristokratiska kvinnor 1850–1900

3436: 3365: 3329: 3017: 2926: 2866: 2827: 2659: 2523: 2290:

the phrase 'Lady in Waiting to the Queen' referred to the women on duty at a given time.

1942:. All three positions were at that date occupied by one person. The fourth rank was the 1843: 1839: 1159: 1023: 851: 449:), unmarried women from the nobility who normally served temporarily until marriage. The 233: 155: 5152: 3375: 3038: 2341:

from 1967 until her death on 3 December 2021 (after which the position remained vacant).

3850: 3426: 3278: 3046: 2640: 2370: 2298: 2279: 2176:, none of the titles above are in use today. At the death of Queen Louise in 1965, her 1810: 1793: 1195:. In 1842, the ladies-in-waiting of the queen of the Two Sicilies were composed of one 584: 414: 217: 204:

sovereign, her parents, her husband, or the sovereign's ministers (for example, in the

147: 143: 131: 3291: 953:(Maids of Honour), unmarried daughters of the nobility, who had the same tasks as the 44:. For British peers who hold office in the Royal Household of the United Kingdom, see 5123: 5063: 5045: 5038: 4313: 3752: 3684: 3400: 3361: 3342: 3225: 3129: 3115: 3102: 2953: 2755: 2653: 2627: 2538: 2408: 2391: 2376: 2306: 2015:

The royal court of Castile included a group of ladies-in-waiting for the queen named

1882:. All kalfa belonging to the same household within the court were ranked under their 1847: 1530: 1485:

for the departments with specific skills such as sewing and embroidery were from the

1098: 811: 746: 478: 329: 260: 259:, from Burgundy to France, and to the rest of the courts of Europe. The court of the 205: 73: 3059: 3042: 3025: 1934:

as the senior of all the ladies-in-waiting of the Portuguese court, followed by the

458: 3842: 3744: 3473: 3333: 3111: 3064: 3034: 2966: 2690: 2379:

was also appointed in 1960, and served throughout the rest of Elizabeth II's reign.

1965: 1234: 1134: 847: 804: 609: 509: 247:

The role of ladies-in-waiting in Europe changed dramatically during the age of the

225: 2511:

is noted to have had seven ladies-in-waiting: three married ones, who were called

2139: 1886:, who was the supervisor of the kalfa's belonging to a specific royal person. All 4544: 4296: 4137: 4108: 3147: 2989: 2790: 2784: 2731: 2496: 2415: 2060:, the married ladies-in-waiting, who were responsible for not only the unmarried 2000: 1752:

of Southern Africa, had a similar custom of ladies-in-waiting in historic times.

1101:

in 1806, and the establishment of several minor kingdoms in Germany, the post of

910: 701: 395: 391: 163: 45: 4576: 3251: 3081: 3050: 2980: 2325:

Towards the end of her reign, the ladies-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth II were:

2161: 1280:

attached to the royal palace of the capital of Rome served more than temporary.

1267:

was the regular lady-in-waiting who personally attended to the queen, while the

754: 4874:

The Politics of Female Households: Ladies-In-Waiting Across Early Modern Europe

3945:

Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women, Volume II: Tang Through Ming 618–1644

3748: 3441: 3216: 3107: 2696: 2583: 2546: 2516: 2486: 2287: 2123: 2095: 2069: 2004: 1835: 1831: 1823: 1626:(Grand Mistress, equivalent to Mistress of the Robes), of second rank were the 1457:

Generally, the ladies-in-waiting were chosen from among the young girls of the

1299: 1146: 1088:(Maids of Honour), of which one or two could be promoted to the middle rank of 933: 772: 553: 486: 446: 387: 5174: 5006:

Maria van Hongarije en haar hof 1505–1558: tot plichtsbetrachting uitverkoren

4914: 3413: 3348: 3260: 3114:

she served at the court of Grand Empress Dowager Shoshi and was the nurse of

3030: 2726: 2481: 2455: 2394:

was appointed in 2002 and served throughout the rest of Elizabeth II's reign.

2385:

was appointed in 1987 and served throughout the rest of Elizabeth II's reign.

2373:

was appointed in 1960 and served throughout the rest of Elizabeth II's reign.

2354:

was appointed in 1973 and served throughout the rest of Elizabeth II's reign.

2293: 2255: 2251: 2247: 1776: 1764: 1749: 1723:, descendant of the famous banker family, a former diplomat and the widow of 778:

This hierarchy was roughly in place from the 16th century until the death of

738: 543: 182: 4929:, vol. 13 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 662–663 1946:(there were five in 1896), and the lowest rank of ladies-in-waiting was the 1748:

A number of tribes and cultural areas in the African continent, such as the

583:. Canadian ladies-in-waiting are typically appointed in order to assist the 169:

In some other parts of the world, the lady-in-waiting, often referred to as

4338:

The Concubine, the Princess, and the Teacher: Voices from the Ottoman Harem

4310:

The Concubine, the Princess, and the Teacher: Voices from the Ottoman Harem

3756: 3272: 3207: 3098: 3055: 2995: 2780: 2722: 2684: 2567: 2338: 1838:. These women originally came to the Harem as slaves, captured through the 1292: 850:, who encouraged all male courtiers to send their daughters to her, and to 718: 673: 654: 4158:

la Repubblica.it, 2007, 11, 25, La dama di compagnia dell' ultima Regina

3266: 3190: 3020:(d. 996); served at the court of Empress Junshi, later the legal wife of 3012: 2930: 2794: 2716: 2678: 2665: 2559: 1772: 1760: 1417: 1318:, and could hold high court offices in the emperor's personal household. 842: 642: 539: 248: 190: 135: 4952:

Vienna and Versailles: The Courts of Europe's Dynastic Rivals, 1550–1780

5040:

Marie-Therese, Child of Terror: The Fate of Marie Antoinette's Daughter

4780: 3446: 3431: 3141: 2998:(1839–1928); close friend and confidant of Empress Elisabeth of Austria 2870: 2710: 2672: 2592: 1050:, the female courtiers of the empress were composed of the first rank, 304: 4740: 4710: 4537: 4290:

Women and Slavery in the Late Ottoman Empire: The Design of Difference

3854: 4882:

Almanach de Gotha: annuaire généalogique, diplomatique et statistique

3451: 3220: 3194: 1981: 1870: 1162:, organized the ladies-in-waiting of its first royal court with one ' 680: 296: 288: 186: 4979:

Gosman, Martin; Macdonald, Alasdair James; Vanderjagt, Arie Johan,

4522:

Risk, James; Pownall, Henry; Stanley, David; Tamplin, John (2001).

3846: 3203: 3008: 2831: 2236: 2216: 2151: 1726: 1665: 1497: 1422: 1396: 858:

The first ranked female courtier in the French royal court was the

603: 579:

Several Canadian ladies-in-waiting have also been appointed to the

292: 256: 237: 174: 151: 139: 3711: 3011:(875–938); poet, lover of Prince Atsuyoshi and later concubine of 4918: 4838: 3675:

On Her Majesty's Service: Royal Honours and Recognition in Canada

3474:"Lady-in-waiting | Definition, History, & Facts | Britannica" 3198: 2905: 2892: 2883: 1969: 1830:

or court lady has often been used to describe those women of the

1474: 1469: 1459: 1237:. The ladies-in-waiting of the queen of Italy were headed by the 717:

The system of palace women continued mostly unchanged during the

221: 5014:

Above the Clouds: Status Culture of the Modern Japanese Nobility

4470: 4468: 4466: 2956:, later Countess of Hohenau (1820–1879); at the court of Prussia 2228:, a lady-in-waiting is a woman attending a female member of the 1850:. When they entered the Harem, they were given the position of 1416:) responsible for most of the labour work—who were divided into 826:). In the 1480s, the French ladies-in-waiting were divided into 4340:. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-78335-5. s. 293–301 4096: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 2909: 2896: 2811: 1852: 1487: 1315: 693: 591:. Five Canadian ladies-in-waiting were made Lieutenants of the 568: 300: 27:

Female personal assistant to a high-ranking noblewoman or royal

4332: 4330: 4328: 4326: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3154:

Jang Ok-jeong, Royal Noble Consort Hui of the Indong Jang clan

2305:

in 2010 are two ladies-in-waiting: a Woman of the Bedchamber (

79:

You can help by providing page numbers for existing citations.

4463: 4035: 4033: 4031: 1977: 1861: 1780: 252: 5060:

Servants of Fortune. The Swedish Court between 1598 and 1721

3128:, she served Imperial Princess Yushi, the third daughter of 2192:, and the other ladies-in-waiting are simply referred to as 2126:), often of burgher background, who supervised the group of 1902:, who supervised all the kalfa of the entire court (harem). 1137:, the Byzantine empress was attended by a female court (the 4323: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3574: 3178:

Imperial Consort Boknyeong Gwi-in of the Cheongju Yang clan

2973:, she organized the abduction of the Holy Crown and nursed 2026:

Isabella of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Spain

1784:

were nonetheless referred to as their principals' "wives".

1464: 1046:

restored the pre-revolutionary court hierarchy. During the

535: 178: 5022:

Art and Palace Politics in Early Modern Japan, 1580s–1680s

4028: 3033:(949–1011); poet, she served under Empress Kishi (wife of 2950:(1802–1887); chief lady-in-waiting at the court of Prussia 1406:, which translates to 'woman officer of the royal court'. 634:, were all formally, if not always in practice, a part of 4682:"London Gazette, Issue 42185, Page 7459, 4 November 1960" 4521: 3049:(wife of Emperor Ichijō), and later became a follower of 4266: 4019: 4017: 1632:(married ladies-in-waiting), followed by the third rank 4989:

Sophie: biografie van Sophie van Würtemberg (1818–1877)

4850: 4630:"London Gazette, Issue 51019, Page 9885, 4 August 1987" 4430: 4428: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 1363:). The second class were the female palace attendants: 1026:, the principal lady-in-waiting of the empress was the 560:) is the Cambodian term for the Khmer lady-in-waiting. 483:, followed by several ladies-in-waiting with the title 5087:

Servants of the Dynasty: Palace Women in World History

4781:"Camilla scraps ladies-in-waiting in modernising move" 4526:. Lingfield, Surrey: Third Millennium. pp. 65–70. 4051: 4049: 4047: 3565: 3563: 2462:

As of 30 November 2022 her companions were:

1477:

or slaves). The appointment process was different for

1382: 1376: 1370: 1364: 1358: 1352: 1346: 1340: 1334: 1328: 1322: 1082:(a widowed or married elder woman) who supervised the 4978: 4844: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4444: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4014: 3980:. London: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 147–174. 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 884:

Marie Louise of Savoy-Carignan, Princesse de Lamballe

801:

Marie Louise of Savoy-Carignan, Princesse de Lamballe

5030:

The Eagle in Splendour: Inside the Court of Napoleon

4425: 4206: 4204: 4161: 3770:

Hsieh, Bao Hua (2014). "Ming Palace Serving-Women".

3172:

Royal Noble Consort Ui of the Changnyeong Seong clan

1401: 1233:

In 1861, the Italian Peninsula was united in to the

5135: 4102: 4044: 3702: 3700: 3657:

Almanach royal officiel de Belgique, pour l'an 1841

3560: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 2838:

Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy, Princess of Lamballe

1936:

Dama Camarista Mulher do mordomo mór de S. a Rainha

1144: 1138: 547: 114:, a lady-in-waiting of the Imperial Court of Russia 5037: 4763: 4493: 4283: 4281: 4181: 4084: 3672: 3534: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 2122:(Mistress of the Chamber, roughly equivalent to a 1734:of the famous Amsterdam canal estate. The current 4880: 4245: 4201: 4114: 4072: 3232:" while serving as the first lady-in-waiting for 2204:(Court Ladies). Her chief lady-in-waiting is the 1565:who served as the principal lady-in-waiting; one 344:who served as the principal lady-in-waiting; one 5172: 4973:Concubinage and Servitude in Late Imperial China 4888: 4582: 4558:"State Opening of Parliament - Royal Procession" 3772:Concubinage and Servitude in Late Imperial China 3697: 2850:Louise-Élisabeth de Croÿ, Marchioness of Tourzel 1898:of the court. The highest ranked kalfa was the 1808:(Lady of the Bedchamber), all supervised by the 759:(Senior Maid of Honour), followed by a group of 587:when carrying out official duties in Canada and 4872:Akkerman, Nadine; Houben, Birgit, eds. (2013), 4449:rusneb.ru – Национальная электронная библиотека 4278: 3491: 3166:Royal Noble Consort Yeong of the Jeonui Yi clan 3037:), Fujiwara no Senshi (the imperial consort of 2902:Baroness Maria Caroline Charlotte von Ingenheim 2414:Mrs. Simon Rhodes, daughter-in-law of The Hon. 1960:Lady-in-waiting of the Imperial Court of Russia 1638:(Court Ladies, equivalent to Maids of Honour). 1327:, or ladies-in-waiting who held court offices: 1303: 622:The ladies-in-waiting in China, referred to as 402:(Chamber Maids). However, during the tenure of 138:, attending on a royal woman or a high-ranking 4871: 4833:Elizabeth of York: A Tudor Queen and Her World 4507:Allison, Ronald; Riddell, Sarah, eds. (1991). 4506: 4060: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3619: 3160:Royal Noble Consort Suk of the Haeju Choe clan 2822:Jacqueline de Longwy, Countess of Bar-sur-Sein 1186: 5113:, Carlsson, Diss. Stockholm: Univ., Stockholm 4826: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4624: 4622: 4620: 2981:Countess Irma Sztáray de Sztára et Nagymihály 2615:Countess Sophie Chotek von Chotkow und Wognin 2149:(Chief Court Mistress). In 1774, the post of 1275: 1268: 1262: 1256: 1250: 1244: 1238: 1220: 1214: 1208: 1202: 1196: 1158:was established in 1832 and its first queen, 5075: 4894:The Official website of the British Monarchy 4484: 4482: 4272: 4006:Hsieh. "From Charwoman to Empress Dowager". 3928:Hsieh. "From Charwoman to Empress Dowager". 3898:Hsieh. "From Charwoman to Empress Dowager". 3883:Hsieh. "From Charwoman to Empress Dowager". 3774:. London: Lexington Books. pp. 179–208. 3305:Marie Casimire Louise de La Grange d'Arquien 2996:Ida Krisztina Veronika Ferenczy of Vecseszék 1894:, who in turn was the supervisor of all the 1627: 1602: 1596: 1590: 1572: 1560: 1173: 1167: 1120: 1114: 1108: 1102: 1089: 1083: 1077: 1063: 1057: 1051: 1033: 1027: 1013: 1007: 1001: 993: 984: 978: 972: 966: 960: 954: 948: 942: 938:, 12 married noblewomen with the same tasks. 931: 925: 919: 908: 898: 890: 867: 859: 833: 827: 821: 815: 783: 766: 760: 752: 744: 736: 517: 500: 492: 484: 476: 456: 450: 440: 434: 428: 412: 381: 375: 369: 357: 351: 345: 339: 333: 328:, Spain and Austria were united through the 4445:"НЭБ – Национальная электронная библиотека" 4131:Almanacco reale del regno delle Due Sicilie 3947:. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. p. 543. 3624: 3148:Royal Consort Gwi-in of the Okcheon Jo clan 3095:, she served at the court of Empress Teishi 2042:). This office is confirmed from the 1410s. 1735: 1724: 1714: 1705: 1699: 1693: 1687: 1681: 1671: 1663: 1657: 1651: 1645: 1633: 1621: 1608: 1584: 1578: 1577:, who was second in rank and deputy of the 1566: 1554: 363: 356:, who was second in rank and deputy of the 4813: 4617: 4392:"Corte Portugueza. Casa de Suas Magestade" 4360:"Corte Portugueza. Casa de Suas Magestade" 3275:(1525–1597); mistress of financial affairs 2828:Henriette of Cleves, 4th Duchess of Nevers 2808:Françoise de Brézé, Countess of Maulévrier 1968:, the offices of ladies-in-waiting to the 1512:only after a minimum of 35 years of work. 866:(Mistress of the Robes) to the queen. The 743:(Court Mistress) or, from 1694/98 onward, 5138:Twelve Years at the Imperial German Court 5108: 4970: 4705: 4703: 4488: 4479: 4263:S Gravenhaagsche Stads-Almanak: voor 1857 4039: 3285:1895–1924); lady-in-waiting to her aunt, 3228:(1885–1944); she was given the title of " 3206:(1615–1705); palace attendant during the 2360:served from 1987 until her death in 2021. 2180:was employed by the king. From 1994, the 2032:The highest rank female courtier was the 1491:(middle class), with the lowest class of 95:Learn how and when to remove this message 4933: 4913: 4856: 4778: 4515: 4474: 3835:Journal of the American Oriental Society 3670: 2938:(1752–1807); at the court of Saxe-Weimar 2787:after her divorce from the Shah of Iran. 2617:, later Duchess of Hohenberg (1868–1914) 2454:In November 2022, it was announced that 2438: 2292: 2246:, a woman attending on a queen (whether 2215: 889:The second highest rank was that of the 795: 602: 106: 5092: 5057: 4981:Princes and Princely Culture: 1450–1650 4944:Women and the Family in Chinese History 4055: 3645: 3219:(d. 693); favourite lady-in-waiting of 2746:, later Duchess of Portland (1887–1982) 2738:Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough 2647: 2545:The duties of ladies-in-waiting at the 897:, who could act as the stand-in of the 14: 5173: 5117: 4934:Cruz, Anne J.; Stampino, Maria Galli, 4700: 4090: 3975: 2793:(1895–1990); first lady-in-waiting of 2309:, left) and a Lady of the Bedchamber ( 2226:Royal Households of the United Kingdom 1201:(Lady of Honor, ranked just below the 1000:, who in turn outranked the remaining 862:Surintendante de la Maison de la Reine 112:Princess Tatiana Alexandrovna Yusupova 5076:Hauge, Yngvar; Egeberg, Nini (1960), 5035: 4986: 4791:from the original on 27 November 2022 4251: 4078: 3956: 3954: 3798: 3796: 3769: 3734: 3666: 3664: 2418:(a cousin of Elizabeth II and former 2273: 1930:The court register of 1896 noted the 1755:As a further example, within certain 5136:Zedlitz-Trützschler, Robert (1924), 5084: 5019: 5003: 4957: 4688:from the original on 3 November 2023 4662:from the original on 3 November 2023 4636:from the original on 3 November 2023 4605:from the original on 3 November 2023 4176: 4023: 3832: 3569: 3528: 3468: 3466: 2944:(1760–1826); at the court of Prussia 2923:(1729–1814); at the court of Prussia 2917:(1720–1755); at the court of Prussia 2719:, later Duchess of Feria (1538–1612) 2522:As late as in the mid-15th century, 1940:Dama honoraria Mulher do mestre sala 1890:of the harem were rankend under the 882:, in 1741, until the appointment of 404:Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress 362:, as well as being in charge of the 52: 4998:Frauen am Münchener Hof (1651–1756) 4992:– op basis van brieven en dagboken 4949: 4779:Coughlan, Sean (27 November 2022). 3942: 3555: 3307:, later Queen of Poland (1641–1716) 2985:Empress Elisabeth "Sisi" of Austria 2830:(1542–1601); one of France's chief 2598: 2558:was a lady of the privy chamber to 2337:served as Mistress of the Robes to 1463:(commoners) and the private female 1228: 1213:(Lady Companions, ranked below the 875:Governess of the Children of France 24: 5150: 5120:Eugénie. An empress and her empire 5100: 5095:Det Kongelige Danske Hof 1660–2000 5027: 4995: 4845:Gosman, Macdonald & Vanderjagt 4196: 4066: 3990: 3951: 3793: 3661: 2990:Countess Marie Festetics von Tolna 2106:(Chief Maid of Honour, until 1719 2045:The second rank was shared by the 1992:(the tsarina's sewing women), the 1950:, of which there were 21 in 1896. 1583:as well as being in charge of the 1540: 1442:, who were personal servants of a 812:Joan I of Navarre, Queen of France 25: 5202: 5144: 5011: 4941: 4907:Palace Women in the Northern Sung 4904: 4890:"Ladies-in-Waiting and Equerries" 4751:from the original on 29 June 2016 4721:from the original on 29 June 2016 4511:. London: Macmillan. p. 307. 4404:from the original on 1 March 2021 4372:from the original on 1 March 2021 4210: 4149:Calendario reale per l'anno 1879 4005: 3927: 3912: 3897: 3882: 3817: 3802: 3784: 3722: 3706: 3463: 3370:Elizabeth Carlsdotter Gyllenhielm 3256:Sultan Suleiman I the Magnificent 3254:(d. 1562); supposed concubine of 2977:, who later become a Polish queen 2969:(1400–1470); lady-in-waiting for 2891:(1686–1766); at the court of the 2878:(1699–1780); at the court of the 2876:Maria Charlotte von Schafftenberg 2705:Jane Boleyn, Viscountess Rochford 2211: 1817: 1589:(Maids of Honour), also known as 1062:, followed by six (later twelve) 977:were from 1531 supervised by the 563:The six favorite court ladies of 433:, who was the replacement of the 368:(Maids of Honour), also known as 224:describes the royal household of 4711:"Court Circular, 11 August 2002" 3867: 3281:(née Princess Kezban Marshania; 2449:2024 State Opening of Parliament 2434: 2424:Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother 1972:were normally divided among the 1032:, followed by between 20 and 36 918:The fourth rank was that of the 832:(married ladies-in-waiting) and 805:Queen Marie Antoinette of France 299:tasks; supervision of servants, 57: 4803: 4733: 4674: 4648: 4601:. 2 January 1973. p. 105. 4591: 4550: 4538:Court Circular, 29 October 2002 4530: 4437: 4416: 4384: 4352: 4343: 4336:Brookes, Douglas Scott (2010). 4308:Brookes, Douglas Scott (2010). 4302: 4257: 4215: 4152: 4143: 4123: 3999: 3984: 3969: 3960: 3936: 3921: 3906: 3891: 3876: 3861: 3826: 3811: 3778: 3763: 3728: 3263:(d. 1600); mistress housekeeper 2762:Jane Loftus, Marchioness of Ely 2472:The Baroness Chisholm of Owlpen 2392:The Hon. Dame Annabel Whitehead 2114:(Court Mistress, equivalent to 2110:). They were supervised by the 1710:is slated for discontinuation. 1166:', followed by the second rank 907:The third rank belonged to the 455:could sometimes be promoted to 398:respectively), and finally the 5062:, Lund: Wallin & Dalholm, 4741:"Court Circular, 13 July 2017" 4658:. 1 January 1960. p. 79. 3671:McCreery, Christopher (2008). 3650: 3330:Sophia Stepanovna Razumovskaya 2783:(b.1917); lady-in-waiting for 2447:and Lady Sarah Keswick at the 814:, had a group of five ladies ( 13: 1: 5044:, NY: Bloomsbury: Macmillan, 4950:Duindam, Jeroen Frans Jozef, 4865: 4599:"London Gazette, Issue 45868" 4312:. University of Texas Press. 4227:The Academy of Korean Studies 3407: 3124:(1008–after 1059); writer of 3085: 3068: 2983:(1863–1940); at the court of 2929:(1742–1827); at the court of 2904:(1704–1749); at the court of 2865:(1634–1677); at the court of 2102:) which could be promoted to 803:was chief lady-in-waiting to 607:Tang dynasty court ladies on 267:From small circle of married 4656:"London Gazette, Issue 4191" 3943:Lee, Lily Xiao Hong (2016). 2942:Karoline Friederike von Berg 2856: 2634: 2608: 2575:first lady of the bedchamber 2467:The Marchioness of Lansdowne 2411:), a cousin of Elizabeth II. 2407:Lady Elizabeth Leeming (née 2024:(r. 1474–1504), was kept by 1097:After the end of the German 780:King Christian IX of Denmark 491:, in turn ranking above the 7: 3420: 3394: 3364:(1596–1662), and later her 3355: 3332:(1746–1803); a mistress of 3323: 3298: 3118:and the imperial princesses 3091:–1017/1025); writer of the 2801: 2750:Ruth Roche, Baroness Fermoy 2621: 2533:Black Book of the Household 2502: 2371:The Hon. Dame Mary Morrison 2049:(royal governess), and the 1922: 1804:(Chief Maid of Honour) and 1721:Martine van Loon-Labouchere 1402: 1383: 1377: 1371: 1365: 1359: 1353: 1347: 1341: 1335: 1329: 1323: 1304: 1193:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 1187:Naples and the Two Sicilies 1145: 1139: 548: 525: 310: 10: 5207: 5109:Rundquist, Angela (1989), 3749:10.1179/014703799788763371 3620:Akkerman & Houben 2013 3401:Princess Vibhavadi Rangsit 3349:Anna Alexandrovna Vyrubova 3317:Elżbieta Helena Sieniawska 3245: 3212:Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang 3184: 3135: 3002: 2960: 2168:With the exception of the 1957: 1743: 1642:Beatrix of the Netherlands 1618:Kingdom of the Netherlands 1071: 729: 589:royal tours in the country 466: 315: 211: 29: 4942:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, 4524:Royal Service (Volume II) 4225:(in Korean and English). 3915:Concubinage and Servitude 3820:Concubinage and Servitude 3805:Concubinage and Servitude 3787:Concubinage and Servitude 2889:Sophie Caroline von Camas 2863:Marie Luise von Degenfeld 2641:Louise Scheel von Plessen 2084: 2035:Camarera Mayor de Palacio 1953: 1905: 1787: 1309:(Female Palace Attendant) 1219:), and a large number of 1128: 1015:Premiere femme de chambre 996:Première femme de chambre 791: 581:Royal Household of Canada 574: 565:King Sisowath of Cambodia 557: 495:Première femme de chambre 282: 5122:, Stroud: Sutton, cop., 5118:Seward, Desmond (2004), 5058:Persson, Fabian (1999), 4905:Chung, Priscilla Ching, 4273:Hauge & Egeberg 1960 4103:Zedlitz-Trützschler 1924 3457: 3339:Countess Julia von Hauke 3193:(d. 577); served as the 3110:(999–1082); daughter of 2774: 2725:(1542–1581); one of the 2445:Marchioness of Lansdowne 2346:Ladies of the Bedchamber 2319:ladies of the bedchamber 2244:Accession of Charles III 2188:. There is now only one 2010: 1390: 1283: 1181: 820:) and maids-in-waiting ( 698:an assassination attempt 688:significant prominence. 598: 5093:Kjølsen, Klaus (2010), 5012:Lebra, Takie Sugiyama, 4926:Encyclopædia Britannica 3993:Women in Imperial China 3978:Women in Imperial China 3963:Biographical Dictionary 3210:and close confidant of 2971:Elisabeth of Luxembourg 2768:Lady Sarah McCorquodale 2756:Lady Pamela Mountbatten 2443:Queen's companions the 2420:Woman of the Bedchamber 2402:Extra ladies-in-waiting 2365:Women of the Bedchamber 2284:women of the bedchamber 2260:woman of the bedchamber 2056:The third rank was the 1553:, were composed of one 1056:, and the second rank, 1044:Marie Thérèse of France 992:The sixth rank was the 941:The fifth rank was the 893:Première dame d'honneur 712: 667: 648: 510:Noble Houses of Belgium 386:depending on language ( 122:(alternatively written 66:This article cites its 5004:Kerkhoff, Jacqueline, 4987:Hamer, Dianne (2011), 4509:The Royal Encyclopedia 3294:; mistress housekeeper 2915:Eleonore von Schlieben 2451: 2352:The Countess of Airlie 2335:The Duchess of Grafton 2314: 2264:lady of the bedchamber 2221: 2198:Queen Silvia of Sweden 2143:was supervised by the 1794:Danish–Norwegian union 1736: 1725: 1715: 1706: 1700: 1694: 1688: 1682: 1680:reduced the number of 1672: 1664: 1658: 1652: 1646: 1634: 1628: 1622: 1609: 1603: 1597: 1591: 1585: 1579: 1573: 1567: 1561: 1555: 1276: 1269: 1263: 1257: 1251: 1245: 1239: 1221: 1215: 1209: 1203: 1197: 1174: 1168: 1121: 1115: 1109: 1103: 1090: 1084: 1078: 1064: 1058: 1052: 1034: 1028: 1014: 1008: 1002: 994: 989:was abolished in 1674. 985: 979: 973: 967: 961: 955: 949: 943: 932: 926: 920: 909: 899: 891: 868: 860: 834: 828: 822: 816: 807: 784: 767: 761: 753: 745: 737: 617: 614: 538:to ladies-in-waiting, 530:In Cambodia, the term 518: 501: 493: 485: 477: 457: 451: 441: 435: 429: 413: 382: 376: 370: 364: 358: 352: 346: 340: 334: 326:Burgundian Netherlands 220:, in the 9th century, 115: 5036:Nagel, Susan (2008), 5020:Lillehoj, Elizabeth, 4295:14 April 2023 at the 3976:Hinsch, Bret (2016). 3388:Magdalena Rudenschöld 3311:Klara Izabella Pacowa 3022:Fujiwara no Michitaka 2975:Elisabeth of Habsburg 2662:(possibly; 1437–1492) 2515:, and four unmarried 2442: 2329:Mistress of the Robes 2296: 2268:mistress of the robes 2219: 2116:Mistress of the Robes 2040:Mistress of the Robes 2022:Isabella I of Castile 1676:den Beer Poortugael. 1644:had a total of seven 1172:, and the third rank 1140:Sekreton Tōn Gynaikōn 1113:in charge of several 980:Gouvernante de Filles 950:Demoiselles d'honneur 880:Marie Anne de Bourbon 799: 765:(Court Lady) and the 606: 593:Royal Victorian Order 421:Mistress of the Robes 110: 37:. For the novel, see 5186:Gendered occupations 4543:29 June 2016 at the 3341:, later Princess of 3239:Nellie Yu Roung Ling 3234:Empress Dowager Cixi 2936:Luise von Göchhausen 2921:Sophie Marie von Voß 2880:Electorate of Saxony 2844:Yolande de Polastron 2648:England and Scotland 2507:In the Middle Ages, 2278:During the reign of 1976:(widows or wives of 1592:Demoiselle d'honneur 1559:(Court Mistress) or 1535:Gyeongjong of Joseon 1501:(vulgar commoners). 653:At least during the 641:The emperors of the 430:Fräuleinhofmeisterin 371:Demoiselle d'honneur 338:(Court Mistress) or 5191:Women by occupation 4960:The Court Historian 4909:, pp. 960–1126 4475:Cruz & Stampino 3725:, pp. 960–1126 3679:. Dundurn. p. 3230:commandery princess 3018:Takashina no Takako 2927:Charlotte von Stein 2675:'s queens consort: 2668:(с. 1499/1500–1543) 2660:Elizabeth Woodville 2524:Elizabeth Woodville 2492:Jane von Westenholz 1916:partition of Poland 1844:Barbary slave trade 1840:Crimean slave trade 1757:pre-colonial states 1704:, but the category 1160:Amalia of Oldenburg 1040:Bourbon Restoration 852:Francis I of France 636:the emperor's harem 514:Princess Clementine 30:For the album, see 5078:Bogstad, 1773–1995 4920:"Honourable" 4900:on 3 February 2016 4223:"상궁(尙宮), Sanggung" 4136:5 May 2023 at the 3478:www.britannica.com 3427:Chaperone (social) 3382:Augusta von Fersen 2948:Gabriele von Bülow 2824:(before 1520–1561) 2509:Margaret of France 2482:Lady Sarah Keswick 2452: 2315: 2299:Queen Elizabeth II 2280:Queen Elizabeth II 2274:Queen Elizabeth II 2222: 2133:From the reign of 1811:Overhoffmesterinne 1800:(Maid of Honour), 1607:, and finally the 1249:, and finally the 1243:, followed by the 1204:Cavaliere di Onore 924:, from 1523 named 808: 615: 436:Obersthofmeisterin 415:Obersthofmeisterin 218:Carolingian Empire 132:personal assistant 116: 5181:Ladies-in-waiting 5153:"Lady in Waiting" 5051:978-1-59691-057-7 4564:. 15 October 1998 4318:978-0-292-78335-5 4116:Almanach de Gotha 3690:978-1-5500-2742-6 3362:Elizabeth Ribbing 3226:Princess Der Ling 3130:Emperor Go-Suzaku 3116:Emperor Go-Reizei 3103:Emperor Shirakawa 2954:Rosalie von Rauch 2818:from 1553 to 1559 2744:Ivy Gordon-Lennox 2681:(c. 1501/07–1536) 2654:Catherine Douglas 2628:Margaret Southern 2564:Elizabeth Seymour 2539:Elizabeth of York 2377:Lady Susan Hussey 2307:Lady Susan Hussey 2182:Överhovmästarinna 2178:Överhovmästarinna 2174:Överhovmästarinna 2146:Överhovmästarinna 2130:(Chamber Maids). 1848:White slave trade 1775:were considered " 1531:Sukjong of Joseon 1529:, a concubine of 1517:seungeun sanggung 1210:Dama di Compagnia 1156:Kingdom of Greece 1099:Holy Roman Empire 1003:Femme de Chambres 747:Overhofmesterinde 585:monarch of Canada 532:ladies-in-waiting 473:Louise of Orléans 330:House of Habsburg 295:of her mistress; 261:Duchy of Burgundy 230:De Ordine Palatii 206:Bedchamber crisis 105: 104: 97: 72:does not provide 16:(Redirected from 5198: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5140: 5132: 5114: 5105: 5097: 5089: 5085:Walthall, Anne, 5081: 5072: 5054: 5043: 5032: 5028:Mansel, Philip, 5024: 5016: 5008: 5000: 4996:Kägler, Britta, 4991: 4983: 4975: 4967: 4954: 4946: 4938: 4930: 4922: 4910: 4901: 4896:, archived from 4885: 4877: 4860: 4854: 4848: 4842: 4836: 4828: 4811: 4807: 4801: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4776: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4745:The Royal Family 4737: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4715:The Royal Family 4707: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4678: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4626: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4595: 4589: 4584:British Monarchy 4580: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4554: 4548: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4504: 4491: 4486: 4477: 4472: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4441: 4435: 4432: 4423: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4403: 4396: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4371: 4364: 4356: 4350: 4347: 4341: 4334: 4321: 4306: 4300: 4287:Madeline Zilfi: 4285: 4276: 4270: 4264: 4261: 4255: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4229:. Archived from 4219: 4213: 4208: 4199: 4194: 4179: 4174: 4159: 4156: 4150: 4147: 4141: 4127: 4121: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4053: 4042: 4037: 4026: 4021: 4012: 4011: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3958: 3949: 3948: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3800: 3791: 3790: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3709: 3704: 3695: 3694: 3678: 3668: 3659: 3654: 3648: 3643: 3622: 3617: 3572: 3567: 3558: 3553: 3532: 3526: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3470: 3437:Lady's companion 3376:Ulrika Strömfelt 3334:Paul I of Russia 3284: 3112:Murasaki Shikibu 3090: 3087: 3077: 3073: 3070: 3065:Murasaki Shikibu 3035:Emperor Murakami 2967:Helene Kottanner 2711:Katherine Ashley 2691:Catherine Howard 2679:Lady Anne Boleyn 2666:Lady Mary Boleyn 2599:Notable examples 2358:The Lady Farnham 2303:visit to Toronto 1966:Muscovite Russia 1964:In the Court of 1866:Hünkar Kalfalari 1773:high priestesses 1767:in Nigeria, the 1739: 1732:Maurits van Loon 1730: 1718: 1709: 1703: 1697: 1691: 1685: 1675: 1669: 1661: 1655: 1649: 1637: 1631: 1625: 1612: 1606: 1600: 1594: 1588: 1582: 1576: 1570: 1564: 1558: 1495:coming from the 1405: 1403:Gungjung Yeogwan 1386: 1380: 1374: 1368: 1362: 1356: 1350: 1344: 1338: 1332: 1326: 1310: 1307: 1279: 1272: 1266: 1260: 1254: 1248: 1242: 1235:Kingdom of Italy 1229:Kingdom of Italy 1225:(Court Ladies). 1224: 1218: 1212: 1206: 1200: 1177: 1175:'Dame de Palais' 1171: 1169:'Dame d'honneur' 1164:Grande Maitresse 1150: 1142: 1135:Byzantine Empire 1124: 1118: 1112: 1110:Oberhofmeisterin 1106: 1093: 1087: 1081: 1079:Oberhofmeisterin 1067: 1061: 1055: 1037: 1031: 1017: 1011: 1005: 999: 988: 986:Filles d'honneur 982: 976: 970: 968:Sous-gouvernante 964: 958: 952: 946: 944:Filles d'honneur 937: 929: 923: 914: 902: 896: 871: 865: 848:Anne of Brittany 837: 835:Filles d'honneur 831: 825: 819: 787: 770: 764: 758: 750: 742: 610:A Palace Concert 559: 551: 521: 504: 502:Femme de chambre 498: 490: 482: 462: 454: 444: 438: 432: 418: 385: 379: 373: 367: 361: 355: 349: 343: 337: 255:, and spread to 226:Charles the Bald 100: 93: 89: 86: 80: 61: 60: 53: 21: 5206: 5205: 5201: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5196: 5195: 5171: 5170: 5161: 5159: 5157:Elizabethan Era 5151:Alchin, Linda. 5147: 5130: 5101:Rowley, G. G., 5070: 5052: 4971:Hsieh Bao Hua, 4876:, Leiden: Brill 4868: 4863: 4855: 4851: 4843: 4839: 4829: 4814: 4808: 4804: 4794: 4792: 4777: 4764: 4754: 4752: 4739: 4738: 4734: 4724: 4722: 4709: 4708: 4701: 4691: 4689: 4680: 4679: 4675: 4665: 4663: 4654: 4653: 4649: 4639: 4637: 4628: 4627: 4618: 4608: 4606: 4597: 4596: 4592: 4581: 4577: 4567: 4565: 4556: 4555: 4551: 4545:Wayback Machine 4535: 4531: 4520: 4516: 4505: 4494: 4487: 4480: 4473: 4464: 4454: 4452: 4443: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4426: 4421: 4417: 4407: 4405: 4401: 4394: 4390: 4389: 4385: 4375: 4373: 4369: 4362: 4358: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4335: 4324: 4307: 4303: 4297:Wayback Machine 4286: 4279: 4271: 4267: 4262: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4236: 4234: 4233:on 3 March 2016 4221: 4220: 4216: 4209: 4202: 4195: 4182: 4175: 4162: 4157: 4153: 4148: 4144: 4138:Wayback Machine 4128: 4124: 4113: 4109: 4101: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4077: 4073: 4065: 4061: 4054: 4045: 4038: 4029: 4022: 4015: 4004: 4000: 3989: 3985: 3974: 3970: 3959: 3952: 3941: 3937: 3926: 3922: 3911: 3907: 3896: 3892: 3881: 3877: 3866: 3862: 3831: 3827: 3816: 3812: 3801: 3794: 3783: 3779: 3768: 3764: 3733: 3729: 3721: 3712: 3705: 3698: 3691: 3669: 3662: 3655: 3651: 3644: 3625: 3618: 3575: 3568: 3561: 3554: 3535: 3527: 3492: 3482: 3480: 3472: 3471: 3464: 3460: 3423: 3410: 3397: 3358: 3326: 3301: 3292:Şekerpare Hatun 3282: 3269:(d. 1590); poet 3248: 3199:Emperor Gao Wei 3187: 3138: 3126:Sarashina Nikki 3088: 3075: 3071: 3005: 2963: 2859: 2834:until her death 2804: 2791:Zeinab Zulficar 2785:Princess Fawzia 2777: 2732:Lettice Knollys 2650: 2637: 2624: 2611: 2601: 2517:maids of honour 2505: 2497:Sarah Troughton 2477:The Lady Brooke 2437: 2416:Margaret Rhodes 2297:Walking behind 2276: 2214: 2200:has only three 2135:Queen Christina 2087: 2080:(washer women). 2070:Maids of honour 2058:Dueñas de Honor 2013: 2001:Peter the Great 1962: 1956: 1925: 1908: 1828:lady-in-waiting 1820: 1790: 1746: 1707:Dames du Palais 1695:Dames du Palais 1656:. In 2012, the 1629:Dames du Palais 1598:Fille d'honneur 1551:Mary of Hungary 1543: 1541:The Netherlands 1434:(also known as 1393: 1308: 1286: 1277:Dame di Palazzo 1270:Dame di Palazzo 1252:Dame di Palazzo 1231: 1189: 1184: 1131: 1074: 1065:Dames du Palais 1053:Grand Maitresse 1035:Dames du Palais 927:Dame d'honneur, 794: 732: 715: 702:Jiajing Emperor 670: 651: 620: 601: 577: 528: 469: 396:Austrian German 377:Fille d'honneur 318: 313: 285: 214: 197:Lady-in-waiting 124:lady in waiting 120:lady-in-waiting 101: 90: 84: 81: 78: 74:page references 62: 58: 49: 46:Lord-in-waiting 40:Lady in Waiting 33:Lady in Waiting 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5204: 5194: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5169: 5168: 5146: 5145:External links 5143: 5142: 5141: 5133: 5128: 5115: 5106: 5098: 5090: 5082: 5080:, H. Aschehoug 5073: 5068: 5055: 5050: 5033: 5025: 5017: 5009: 5001: 4993: 4984: 4976: 4968: 4955: 4947: 4939: 4931: 4917:, ed. (1911), 4915:Chisholm, Hugh 4911: 4902: 4886: 4878: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4861: 4859:, p. 663. 4849: 4837: 4812: 4802: 4762: 4732: 4699: 4673: 4647: 4616: 4590: 4575: 4549: 4529: 4514: 4492: 4489:Rundquist 1989 4478: 4462: 4436: 4424: 4415: 4383: 4351: 4342: 4322: 4301: 4277: 4265: 4256: 4244: 4214: 4200: 4180: 4160: 4151: 4142: 4122: 4107: 4095: 4083: 4071: 4059: 4043: 4027: 4013: 3998: 3995:. p. 148. 3983: 3968: 3965:. p. 543. 3950: 3935: 3920: 3917:. p. 187. 3905: 3890: 3875: 3872:. p. 236. 3870:Female Healers 3860: 3847:10.2307/602374 3841:(1): 233–245. 3825: 3822:. p. 181. 3810: 3807:. p. 180. 3792: 3789:. p. 184. 3777: 3762: 3727: 3710: 3696: 3689: 3660: 3649: 3623: 3573: 3559: 3533: 3490: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3422: 3419: 3418: 3417: 3409: 3406: 3405: 3404: 3396: 3393: 3392: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3357: 3354: 3353: 3352: 3346: 3336: 3325: 3322: 3321: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3300: 3297: 3296: 3295: 3289: 3287:Nazikeda Kadın 3276: 3270: 3264: 3258: 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Lady). 773:Maid of Honour 731: 728: 714: 711: 669: 666: 650: 647: 619: 616: 600: 597: 576: 573: 527: 524: 487:Dame du Palais 479:Dame d'honneur 468: 465: 459:Kammerfräulein 447:Maid of Honour 353:Mere de Filles 341:Dame d'honneur 317: 314: 312: 309: 284: 281: 271:and unmarried 213: 210: 103: 102: 65: 63: 56: 26: 18:Dueña de honor 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5203: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5158: 5154: 5149: 5148: 5139: 5134: 5131: 5129:0-7509-2979-0 5125: 5121: 5116: 5112: 5107: 5104: 5099: 5096: 5091: 5088: 5083: 5079: 5074: 5071: 5069:91-628-3340-5 5065: 5061: 5056: 5053: 5047: 5042: 5041: 5034: 5031: 5026: 5023: 5018: 5015: 5010: 5007: 5002: 4999: 4994: 4990: 4985: 4982: 4977: 4974: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4956: 4953: 4948: 4945: 4940: 4937: 4932: 4928: 4927: 4921: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4870: 4869: 4858: 4857:Chisholm 1911 4853: 4846: 4841: 4835: 4834: 4830:Alison Weir: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4806: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4775: 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2175: 2171: 2166: 2164: 2163: 2158: 2157:Hovmästarinna 2154: 2153: 2148: 2147: 2142: 2141: 2140:Hovmästarinna 2136: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2112:Hovmästarinna 2109: 2108:Kammarjungfru 2105: 2101: 2098:, until 1719 2097: 2093: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2053:(chaperones). 2052: 2048: 2044: 2041: 2037: 2036: 2031: 2030: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1961: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1932:Camareira-mór 1928: 1920: 1917: 1913: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1896:Daire Kalfasi 1893: 1889: 1888:Daire Kalfasi 1885: 1884:Daire Kalfasi 1881: 1877: 1873: 1872: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1815: 1813: 1812: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1785: 1782: 1778: 1777:ritually male 1774: 1770: 1769:queen mothers 1766: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1751: 1750:Lobedu people 1741: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1728: 1722: 1717: 1711: 1708: 1702: 1696: 1690: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1668: 1667: 1660: 1654: 1648: 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During the 1036: 1030: 1025: 1016: 1010: 1004: 998: 997: 991: 987: 981: 975: 969: 963: 957: 951: 945: 940: 936: 935: 928: 922: 917: 913: 912: 906: 901: 900:Surintendante 895: 894: 888: 885: 881: 877: 876: 870: 869:Surintendante 864: 863: 857: 856: 855: 853: 849: 844: 839: 836: 830: 824: 818: 813: 806: 802: 798: 789: 786: 781: 776: 774: 769: 763: 757: 756: 749: 748: 741: 740: 739:Hofmesterinde 727: 724: 720: 710: 706: 703: 699: 695: 689: 685: 682: 677: 675: 665: 662: 658: 656: 646: 644: 639: 637: 633: 629: 628:palace ladies 625: 612: 611: 605: 596: 594: 590: 586: 582: 572: 570: 566: 561: 555: 550: 545: 541: 537: 533: 523: 520: 515: 511: 506: 503: 497: 496: 489: 488: 481: 480: 474: 464: 461: 460: 453: 448: 443: 437: 431: 426: 422: 417: 416: 408: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 384: 378: 372: 366: 360: 354: 348: 342: 336: 331: 327: 322: 308: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 280: 276: 274: 270: 265: 262: 258: 254: 250: 245: 241: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 209: 207: 202: 198: 194: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 167: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 113: 109: 99: 96: 88: 76: 75: 69: 64: 55: 54: 51: 47: 43: 41: 36: 34: 19: 5160:. 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Retrieved 3477: 3273:Raziye Hatun 3252:Gülfem Hatun 3208:Qing dynasty 3125: 3099:Ise no Taifu 3092: 3082:Sei Shōnagon 3056:Akazome Emon 2781:Nahed Rashad 2723:Mary Fleming 2685:Jane Seymour 2603: 2602: 2589: 2582: 2572: 2568:Jane Seymour 2556:Margaret Lee 2552: 2544: 2537: 2532: 2531:created the 2521: 2512: 2506: 2461: 2453: 2429: 2401: 2400: 2364: 2363: 2345: 2344: 2339:Elizabeth II 2328: 2327: 2324: 2318: 2316: 2311:Lady Farnham 2283: 2277: 2241: 2234: 2230:royal family 2223: 2205: 2201: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2167: 2162:Kammarfröken 2160: 2156: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2127: 2119: 2111: 2107: 2104:Kammarfröken 2103: 2099: 2091: 2088: 2077: 2076:(maids) and 2073: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2050: 2046: 2033: 2016: 2014: 1998: 1993: 1990:svetlichnaya 1989: 1985: 1973: 1963: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1911: 1909: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1869: 1865: 1859: 1851: 1827: 1821: 1809: 1805: 1802:Kammarfröken 1801: 1797: 1791: 1754: 1747: 1712: 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film) 3403:(1920–1977) 3390:(1766–1823) 3384:(1754–1846) 3378:(1724–1780) 3372:(1622–1682) 3351:(1884–1964) 3345:(1825–1895) 3319:(1669–1729) 3313:(1631–1685) 3267:Hubbi Hatun 3217:Wei Tuan'er 3191:Lu Lingxuan 3180:(1882–1929) 3174:(1753–1786) 3168:(1696–1764) 3162:(1670–1718) 3156:(1659–1701) 3093:Pillow Book 3076: 1016 3013:Emperor Uda 2931:Saxe-Weimar 2852:(1749–1832) 2846:(1749–1793) 2840:(1749–1792) 2795:Queen Nazli 2764:(1821–1890) 2752:(1908–1993) 2740:(1660–1744) 2734:(1543–1634) 2717:Jane Dormer 2699:(1512–1548) 2643:(1725–1799) 2593:coronations 2560:Anne Boleyn 2124:Lady's Maid 1994:postelnitsy 1900:Saray Ustas 1892:Büyük Kalfa 1826:, the word 1792:During the 1604:Junckfrauen 1342:naishi-suke 1330:naishi-kami 1298:During the 1291:During the 1216:Cavalerizzo 1133:During the 1122:Palastdamen 1085:Hoffräulein 1022:During the 1009:Lavandières 962:Gouvernante 843:Renaissance 823:Damoiselles 672:During the 643:Han dynasty 452:Hoffräulein 442:Hoffräulein 400:Kamenisters 383:Junckfrauen 297:secretarial 249:Renaissance 234:Merovingian 5175:Categories 4866:References 4455:25 January 4252:Hamer 2011 4079:Nagel 2008 3447:Manservant 3432:Handmaiden 3408:In fiction 3368:daughter, 3366:morganatic 3343:Battenberg 3142:Kim Gae-si 3089: 966 3074: – c. 3072: 978 2871:Heidelberg 2727:Four Marys 2673:Henry VIII 2656:(fl. 1497) 2587:for life. 2562:, just as 2409:Bowes-Lyon 2128:Kammarpiga 2100:Hovjungfru 2078:Lavanderas 2005:westernize 1938:, and the 1673:Jonkvrouwe 1666:Jonkvrouwe 1475:courtesans 1104:Staatsdame 886:, in 1775. 681:wet nurses 542:, or even 540:concubines 201:court lady 140:noblewoman 128:court lady 3529:Kolk 2009 3452:Odalisque 3221:Wu Zetian 3195:wet nurse 3150:(d. 1652) 3144:(d. 1623) 2832:creditors 2770:(b. 1955) 2758:(b. 1929) 2630:(b. 1931) 2529:Edward IV 2313:, right). 2120:Kammarfru 2092:Hovfröken 1982:treasurer 1974:boyarinas 1912:fraucimer 1871:Hazinedar 1798:Hovfröken 1207:), three 768:Hoffrøken 549:Srey Snom 305:purchases 289:etiquette 191:concubine 187:courtesan 156:companion 148:secretary 5162:18 April 4789:Archived 4785:BBC News 4749:Archived 4719:Archived 4686:Archived 4660:Archived 4634:Archived 4603:Archived 4562:BBC News 4541:Archived 4408:19 March 4399:Archived 4376:19 March 4367:Archived 4293:Archived 4177:Lillehoj 4134:Archived 4024:Walthall 3991:Hinsch. 3757:22026040 3570:Kerkhoff 3421:See also 3395:Thailand 3204:Sumalagu 3051:Shōnagon 3009:Lady Ise 2671:Four of 2503:Historic 2237:monogram 2206:Statsfru 2202:Hovdamer 2190:Statsfru 2186:Statsfru 2172:and the 2170:Statsfru 2159:and the 2152:Statsfru 2017:Camarera 1923:Portugal 1846:and the 1806:Statsfru 1727:Jonkheer 1701:Hofdames 1689:Hofdames 1683:Hofdames 1659:Hofdames 1647:Hofdames 1635:Hofdames 1586:Eredames 1510:sanggung 1498:cheonmin 1493:gungnyeo 1444:sanggung 1423:sanggung 1410:Gungnyeo 1397:Gungnyeo 965:and the 872:and the 613:painting 558:ស្រីស្នំ 526:Cambodia 499:and the 365:Eredames 311:By court 293:wardrobe 257:Burgundy 238:nobility 175:polygamy 160:mistress 152:courtier 144:retainer 85:May 2023 4568:29 June 3913:Hsieh. 3818:Hsieh. 3803:Hsieh. 3785:Hsieh. 3556:Duindam 3483:25 June 3246:Ottoman 2961:Hungary 2906:Bavaria 2893:Prussia 2884:Dresden 2857:Germany 2635:Denmark 2609:Austria 2566:was to 2224:In the 2066:Meninas 2051:Guardas 1970:tsarina 1822:In the 1759:of the 1744:Nigeria 1653:Hofdame 1568:Hofdame 1522:sug-won 1470:sadaebu 1467:of the 1460:sangmin 1432:gaksimi 1316:eunuchs 1072:Germany 904:office. 785:Hofdame 762:Hofdame 730:Denmark 694:eunuchs 467:Belgium 347:Hofdame 316:Austria 228:in the 222:Hincmar 212:History 183:consort 164:servant 162:than a 158:to her 68:sources 42:(novel) 35:(album) 5126: 5066: 5048: 4884:, 1859 4755:26 May 4725:26 May 4692:7 June 4666:7 June 4640:7 June 4609:7 June 4316: 4197:Rowley 4067:Mansel 4010:: 125. 3932:: 127. 3868:Cass. 3855:602374 3853: 3755: 3687: 3356:Sweden 3324:Russia 3299:Poland 3045:) and 2910:Munich 2897:Berlin 2812:Regent 2802:France 2622:Canada 2513:Domina 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The 1129:Greece 1012:. The 974:Filles 971:. The 792:France 575:Canada 569:Apsara 392:French 301:budget 283:Duties 273:Filles 269:Femmes 4402:(PDF) 4395:(PDF) 4370:(PDF) 4363:(PDF) 4211:Lebra 3961:Lee. 3902:: 46. 3887:: 45. 3851:JSTOR 3723:Chung 3707:Ebrey 3458:Notes 3185:China 3136:Korea 3003:Japan 2816:Sedan 2775:Egypt 2579:style 2547:Tudor 2301:on a 2262:or a 2074:Mozas 2062:Damas 2011:Spain 1986:mamok 1862:kalfa 1418:ranks 1391:Korea 1384:nyoju 1366:myobu 1360:shoji 1348:tenji 1336:shoji 1284:Japan 1182:Italy 956:dames 921:dames 817:Dames 599:China 554:Khmer 544:queen 536:maids 388:Dutch 253:Italy 189:, or 154:, or 136:court 134:at a 126:) or 5164:2017 5124:ISBN 5064:ISBN 5046:ISBN 4810:1844 4797:2022 4757:2022 4727:2022 4694:2022 4668:2022 4642:2022 4611:2022 4586:2016 4570:2024 4457:2024 4410:2023 4378:2023 4314:ISBN 4239:2016 4118:1859 3753:PMID 3685:ISBN 3485:2024 2317:The 2047:Ayas 1868:. 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