842:'s studies of contempt, he suggests that contempt essentially requires apprehending the "bad qualities" of someone "as they really are" while simultaneously making a comparison between this person and ourselves. Because of this reflexive element, contempt also involves what we might term a "positive self-feeling" of the contemptuous. A characteristic of contempt is the psychological withdrawal or distance one typically feels regarding the object of one's contempt. This psychological distancing is an essential way of expressing one's nonidentification with the object of one's contempt and it precludes sympathetic identification with the object of contempt. (Hume, 2002, 251) Contempt for a person involves a way of negatively and comparatively regarding or attending to someone who has not fully lived up to an interpersonal standard that the person extending contempt thinks is important. This form of regard constitutes a psychological withdrawal from the object of contempt.
954:
theoretical and clinical interest to the authors, incorporated both adaptive and maladaptive communication behaviors, and included those aspects of couple communication considered by many to be most toxic, including withdrawal and contempt (Gottman 1999; Gottman et al. 1998; Johnson 2003). Finally, the Four
Horsemen create a cascading sequence of responses in which one partner expresses criticism and the other partner responds with defensiveness, causing the first partner to react to the defensiveness with contempt, sarcasm, and/or hostility with their partner, eventually withdrawing from, or stonewalling, the conversation. This cascading negative sequence which occurs as a repetitive, interlocking pattern is believed to signify a critical end-stage process of relationship dissolution, representing a final common causal pathway to relationship dissolution (see Gottman 1994).
893:, disliked, or punished (for reviews, see Brown and Gilligan, 1993; Underwood, 2003; Zahn-Waxler, 2000). Non-verbal forms of social exclusion may be a highly effective way to harm someone with relatively few social consequences; the hurtful act is fleeting, can often be executed behind the victim's back and outside of the watchful eyes of adults, and, even if caught, mean faces are typically not punished. Second, girls may hurt one another via non-verbal expressions of exclusion or disdain because girls and women may gaze at others more for reasons related to their lower social status, so as to learn as much as possible about others' needs and desires (see LaFrance, 2002, for a discussion of 'Smile boycotts and other body politics', p. 319).
41:
781:, Indonesia, viewed photos of American, Japanese, and Indonesian people. Their ability to classify some facial expressions as contempt versus the primary emotions of anger, disgust, happiness, sadness, fear, or surprise showed that across cultures, general contempt is universally understood (with level of agreement equating to 75%). "An expression in which the corner of the lip is tightened and raised slightly on one side of the face (or much more strongly on one side than the other) signaled contempt." This study showed that contempt, as well as the outward expression of contempt, can be pointed out across Western and Non-Western peoples when contrasted with other primary emotions.
759:
930:. These findings are important because maladaptive marital communication may be one mechanism by which traumatic childhood experiences translate into poor adult relationship quality. Forms of verbal aggression, such as contempt, belligerence, and defensiveness, are associated with destructive, hostile patterns of conflict resolution ( and ). Couples who use such communication styles are more likely to have higher levels of marital distress (Roberts, 2000), lower levels of marital satisfaction (Holman and Jarvis, 2003), and lower levels of marital stability (, and ).
860:
the object of contempt; rather, one who holds contempt would have the tendency to hold the view that others should remove the object of contempt, or hold the view that the object of contempt should remove itself. So while one would make their feelings known to others, the person with contempt would not necessarily want to directly deal with the situation at hand. One who is experiencing contempt would exhibit negative affective behaviors that may be labeled as "cold" – this simply meaning that one who is experiencing the emotion of contempt would tend to
622:
831:
882:(2004) in their laboratory observation studies where they watch girls and boys in an identical social context in which best friends respond to a provoking newcomer, gender differences emerge not for the verbal behaviours, but for the nonverbal expressions of disdain and contempt (which are so glaring that they were observed with high degrees of inter-coder reliability by both women and men, kappa's exceeding .8; Underwood et al., 2003).
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destructive of them all. For all other forms of aggression the Four
Horsemen emerged as significant predictors of classification, which is expected given that this construct includes very negative, contemptuous behaviors. This is consistent with marital research, which contends that these communication behaviors are highly toxic, and erode relationship satisfaction (Cornelius et al. 2007; Gottman 1999).
823:. This lack of status may cause the contemptuous to classify the object of contempt as utterly worthless, or as not fully meeting a particular interpersonal standard. Therefore, contempt is a response to a perceived failure to meet an interpersonal standard. Contempt is also a particular way of regarding or attending to the object of contempt, and this form of regard has an unpleasant
859:
The main response of contempt lies within "publicized expression of low regard for the objects held in contempt" (Miller, C.H., 2005). By this reasoning, a person holding contempt would not have the urge to openly confront the person with whom they are at odds, nor would they themselves try to remove
950:
emotion, negative emotion, anger, joy, contempt, whining, and sadness." This supports the stereotype that women express more emotion than men both in general and in relationships. It also supports the idea that men are less expressive than women and tend to be more defensive minded in conversations.
949:
behavior, such as expressed anger, sadness, contempt, and other negative emotions, appears to be the best discriminator between satisfied and dissatisfied marriages". Carstensen, Gottman, and
Levenson (1995) also discovered that "In terms of speaker behaviors, wives were coded as showing more total
965:
discusses John
Gottman's theories of how to predict which couples will stay married. Gottman's theory states that there are four major emotional reactions that are destructive to a marriage: defensiveness, stonewalling, criticism, and contempt. Among these four, Gottman considers contempt the most
896:
Because girls and women gaze at others often, perhaps mean glares are more effective as a means of wielding power. Third, non-verbal forms of social exclusion may be powerful for girls because their relationships involve high levels of intimacy and self-disclosure (see
Buhrmester and Prager, 1995,
953:
Six short self-report measures were used to assess several component communication skills (Gottman 1999). Specifically, the questionnaires assessed Repair
Attempts, Accepting Influence, Harsh Start-Up, Flooding, Gridlock, and the Four Horsemen. These six measures were chosen because they were of
850:
Contempt can serve a useful purpose in a moral community. An ethics of contempt provides a much larger breadth of answers than other competing systems of ethics, whether they be based on ethics of actions (judging actions by their rightness or wrongness) or ethics of feelings (e.g., ethics of
803:, a widely recognized psychologist, found six emotions that were universally recognized: anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, and surprise. Findings on contempt are less clear, though there is at least some preliminary evidence that this emotion and its expression are universally recognized.
814:
Contempt has five features. Contempt requires a judgment concerning the appearance or standing of the object of contempt. In particular, contempt involves the judgment that, because of some moral or personal failing or defect, the contemned person has compromised his or her standing
909:
City
Council defeated a resolution that would have discouraged elected officials from facial expressions conveying contempt at public meetings; this was proposed because council members were so weary of colleagues intimidating one another by these subtle but rude facial expressions.
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for a review), thus even subtle indicators of exclusion are threatening. Fourth, non-verbal forms of social exclusion may be powerful for girls because although they fiercely desire and defend popularity with other girls, they dread being labelled as 'stuck up' (Merten, 1997).
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Men and women act differently when displaying contempt in same-sex relationships. Not only do girls engage in more non-verbal forms of social aggression than boys do, girls dissembled more than boys do, speaking nicely but making mean faces. In the research provided by
933:
Gottman (1999) identified several behaviors that are particularly indicative of distress in relationships. One series of behaviors, which he termed the "four horsemen", includes a cascading of responses such as expressing criticism, defensiveness, contempt,
1358:
Krivickas, K. M.; Sanchez, L. A.; Kenney, C. T.; Wright, J. D. (2010). "Fiery wives and icy husbands: Pre-marital counseling and covenant marriage as buffers against effects of childhood abuse on gendered marital communication?".
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resentment). By feeling contempt for those things which are found to be unethical, immoral, or morally unsavory, one can both show that they are bad and remove them from the moral community.
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People are likely to feel contempt towards a person perceived as low-status who is at a distant proximity, with other emotions resulting from different combinations of power and distance.
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1393:
Cornelius, T. L.; Shorey, R. C.; Beebe, S. M. (2010). "Self-Reported
Communication Variables and Dating Violence: Using Gottman's Marital Communication Conceptualization".
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889:. One reason may be that girls are socialized from infancy onward to be overtly nice and conciliatory and do so to avoid conflict whenever possible, for fear of being
1196:
1185:
Ekman, P. & Friesen, W. V (1969). The repertoire of nonverbal behavior: Categories, origins, usage, and encoding. Semiotica, 1, 49–98.
1310:(2004). "III. Glares of Contempt, Eye Rolls of Disgust and Turning Away to Exclude: Non-Verbal Forms of Social Aggression among Girls".
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an interpersonal standard that the contemptor treats as important. This may have not been done deliberately but by a lack of
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that observers in ten different cultures, both
Western and non-Western, agreed signaled contempt. In this study, residents of
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There are several reasons why girls can be especially prone to conveying anger and contempt by nonverbal forms of
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is directed towards an equal-status individual; and contempt is anger directed towards a lower-status individual.
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for something. This set of emotions generally produces maladaptive behaviour. Other authors define contempt as a
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Miller, C. H. (2035). How dare you! A measure of indignation. Manuscript in preparation, University of
Oklahoma.
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the use of the word "contempt" has declined since the early 19th century, while in the 21st century the word "
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element. Contempt may be experienced as a highly visceral emotion similar to disgust, or as cool disregard.
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Carstensen, L. L.; Gottman, J. M.; Levenson, R. W. (1995). "Emotional behavior in long-term marriage".
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Bell, M. (2005). "A Woman's Scorn: Toward a Feminist Defense of Contempt as a Moral Emotion".
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This picture of Thomas Ward, arrested for stealing a £1 coin, can be seen as showing contempt.
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the inadequate coin proffered by the fashionable gentleman getting his shoes shined at left).
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Ekman, P; Heider, K.G. (1988). "The Universality of Contempt Expression: A Replication".
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In the 1990s, Ekman proposed an expanded list of emotions, this time including contempt.
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usually refers to either the act of despising, or having a general lack of
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and anger, and he argues that the differences between the three are that
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rather than the constellation of mentality and feelings that produce an
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1472:. Back Bay Books imprint (Little, Brown and Company). pp. 32–33.
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Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems
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1197:"The Universality of a Contempt Expression: A Replication"
33:"Disrespect" redirects here. For the Twitch streamer, see
1980:
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26:"Disdain" redirects here. For the EP by Alien Huang, see
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is anger directed towards a higher-status individual;
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Carstensen, Gottman, and Levenson (1995) found that "
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The term originated in 1393 in Old French from the
926:dynamics consisting of contempt-laden conflict and
695:places contempt on the same emotional continuum as
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1276:Hard Feelings: The Moral Psychology of Contempt.
838:Contempt has a certain comparative element. In
2017:
1105:The Passions: Emotions and the Meaning of Life
16:Disgust and anger towards something or someone
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959:Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking
602:
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1067:A General Theory of Emotions and Social Life
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2820:indicate emotion names in foreign languages
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834:Facial expression showing subtle contempt
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792:" has become relatively more common.
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663:categorises contempt as the seventh
631:The woman has been interpreted as a
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1254:10.1111/j.1527-2001.2005.tb00537.x
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1344:"City Council Allows Frowning",
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1:
1120:. Online Etymology Dictionary
1052:
773:(1986) identified a specific
762:Facial expression of contempt
2772:Social emotional development
710:
7:
2018:
1510:www.emotionalcompetency.com
1025:
913:
891:excluded from relationships
854:
723:meaning "scorn". It is the
10:
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1466:Gladwell, Malcolm (2005).
1442:10.1037/0882-7974.10.1.140
1395:Journal of Family Violence
918:Research demonstrates how
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1407:10.1007/s10896-010-9305-9
1312:Feminism & Psychology
1278:Oxford University Press.
1174:Google Books Ngram Viewer
868:Contempt in relationships
21:Contempt (disambiguation)
2705:in virtual communication
1324:10.1177/0959353504044637
1080:"Definition of CONTEMPT"
1065:TenHouten, W.D. (2007),
1008:Subject is perceived as
990:Subject is perceived as
48:Not to be confused with
2838:14th-century neologisms
1361:Social Science Research
1084:www.merriam-webster.com
2322:
2161:
2152:
2143:
1919:
1885:
1506:"Emotional Competency"
1204:Motivation and Emotion
1195:Ekman; Heider (1988).
1141:Motivation and Emotion
922:ties into maladaptive
835:
763:
640:
107:Emotional intelligence
45:
1107:. Hackett Publishing.
1103:Solomon R.C. (1993).
833:
761:
643:In colloquial usage,
624:
43:
2742:Group affective tone
1504:Beaumont, Leland R.
1430:Psychology and Aging
928:emotional withdrawal
746:"to slight, scorn";
627:Louis-Léopold Boilly
310:Emotional Detachment
19:For other uses, see
2795:constructed emotion
2465:functional accounts
982:Subject is Distant
864:those responsible.
2695:in decision-making
1936:(sense of purpose)
1216:10.1007/bf00993116
1153:10.1007/bf00993116
1118:"Contempt. (n.d.)"
970:Power and distance
947:Negative emotional
873:Gender differences
836:
764:
750:appeared in 1529.
641:
46:
2825:
2824:
2412:Appeal to emotion
2190:Social connection
1479:978-0-316-01066-5
1274:Bell, M. (2013).
1032:Contempt of court
1023:
1022:
985:Subject is Close
810:Defining features
775:facial expression
693:Robert C. Solomon
619:
618:
545:Social connection
50:Contempt of court
2860:
2853:Moral psychology
2800:discrete emotion
2700:in the workplace
2596:Empathy quotient
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1482:. Archived from
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1308:Underwood, M. K.
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887:social exclusion
786:American English
754:Cultural context
653:negative emotion
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83:
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2811:
2752:Jealousy in art
2495:in conversation
2417:Amygdala hijack
2330:
2268:
2262:
2253:
2242:sense of wonder
1570:
1560:
1530:
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920:childhood abuse
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901:Legal responses
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796:Characteristics
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725:past participle
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118:Self-regulation
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24:
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12:
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5:
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2805:somatic marker
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2777:Stoic passions
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2559:dysregulation
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2154:Schadenfreude
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2020:Mono no aware
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1841:Gratification
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1769:Embarrassment
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1674:Belongingness
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1486:on 2008-04-14
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905:In 2003, the
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666:
665:basic emotion
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520:Schadenfreude
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350:Gratification
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321:
318:
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305:Embarrassment
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278:
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270:Determination
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220:Belongingness
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136:
133:
129:
128:Dysregulation
126:
124:
123:Interpersonal
121:
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110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
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93:
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72:
69:
66:
65:
61:
57:
56:
51:
42:
36:
35:Dr Disrespect
29:
22:
2817:
2757:Meta-emotion
2670:Emotionality
2643:responsivity
2591:and bullying
2586:intelligence
2396:Affectivity
2380:neuroscience
2350:in education
1933:
1894:Homesickness
1870:
1796:Enthrallment
1781:Emotion work
1703:
1644:Anticipation
1513:. Retrieved
1509:
1499:
1488:. Retrieved
1484:the original
1468:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1398:
1394:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1345:
1340:
1315:
1311:
1290:
1275:
1270:
1248:(4): 80–93.
1245:
1241:
1207:
1203:
1190:
1181:
1169:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1122:. Retrieved
1112:
1104:
1099:
1088:. Retrieved
1086:. 2024-01-20
1083:
1074:
1069:. Routledge.
1066:
1061:
1009:
991:
973:
958:
957:In the book
956:
952:
944:
932:
917:
904:
895:
884:
876:
858:
849:
837:
816:
813:
805:
799:
789:
783:
779:West Sumatra
765:
748:contemptuous
747:
743:
732:
728:
720:
714:
656:
644:
642:
636:
239:
195:Anticipation
28:Disdain (EP)
2685:and culture
2490:recognition
2475:homeostatic
2375:forecasting
2324:Weltschmerz
2297:Misanthropy
2074:grandiosity
1956:Inspiration
1946:Infatuation
1914:Humiliation
1836:Frustration
1709:Contentment
629:(ca. 1797).
400:Humiliation
345:Frustration
245:Contentment
2832:Categories
2762:Pathognomy
2663:well-being
2579:and gender
2574:expression
2569:exhaustion
2554:detachment
2539:competence
2520:Emotional
2502:regulation
2485:perception
2480:in animals
2430:and memory
2366:Affective
2274:Worldviews
2136:melancholy
2121:Resentment
1991:Loneliness
1966:Irritation
1951:Insecurity
1941:Indulgence
1816:Excitement
1801:Enthusiasm
1734:Depression
1694:Confidence
1689:Compassion
1664:Attraction
1589:Admiration
1584:Acceptance
1490:2011-01-13
1401:(4): 439.
1367:(5): 700.
1284:0199794146
1090:2024-01-26
1053:References
1042:Pejorative
1018:Compassion
840:David Hume
801:Paul Ekman
790:disrespect
729:contemnere
721:contemptus
701:resentment
697:resentment
661:Paul Ekman
637:disdaining
633:prostitute
505:Resentment
430:Loneliness
320:Enthusiasm
260:Depression
230:Confidence
160:Admiration
155:Acceptance
102:In animals
2790:appraisal
2730:sociology
2681:Emotions
2653:symbiosis
2638:reasoning
2608:isolation
2549:contagion
2534:blackmail
2460:expressed
2455:evolution
2445:and sleep
2435:and music
2370:computing
2317:Reclusion
2312:Pessimism
2287:Defeatism
2217:Suffering
2163:Sehnsucht
2106:Rejection
2057:self-pity
2032:Nostalgia
2001:limerence
1971:Isolation
1909:Hostility
1866:Happiness
1846:Gratitude
1791:Emptiness
1774:vicarious
1724:Curiosity
1699:Confusion
1639:Annoyance
1619:Amusement
1609:Agitation
1604:Affection
1599:Aesthetic
1594:Adoration
1332:143410476
1262:143305885
1224:143817186
1161:143817186
1124:April 20,
1010:Powerless
961:, author
940:hostility
907:Palo Alto
880:Underwood
825:affective
817:vis-à-vis
737:intensive
731:and from
711:Etymology
681:happiness
565:Suspicion
555:Suffering
525:Self-pity
490:Rejection
445:Nostalgia
425:Limerence
395:Hostility
375:Happiness
355:Gratitude
300:Elevation
255:Curiosity
235:Confusion
190:Annoyance
170:Amusement
165:Affection
2848:Morality
2843:Emotions
2648:security
2628:literacy
2613:lability
2603:intimacy
2544:conflict
2524:aperture
2421:Emotion
2405:negative
2400:positive
2390:spectrum
2355:measures
2307:Optimism
2302:Nihilism
2292:Fatalism
2282:Cynicism
2227:Sympathy
2222:Surprise
2064:Pleasure
1986:Kindness
1976:Jealousy
1961:Interest
1928:Hysteria
1811:Euphoria
1754:Distrust
1704:Contempt
1684:Calmness
1576:Emotions
1563:Emotions
1415:45452691
1026:See also
1014:Contempt
992:Powerful
914:Marriage
862:alienate
855:Response
689:surprise
657:attitude
645:contempt
635:(who is
560:Surprise
470:Pleasure
420:Kindness
410:Jealousy
405:Interest
330:Euphoria
285:Distrust
240:Contempt
147:Emotions
68:Emotions
60:a series
58:Part of
2818:Italics
2781:Theory
2737:Feeling
2690:history
2675:bounded
2633:prosody
2440:and sex
2425:and art
2385:science
2341:Affect
2335:Related
2210:chronic
2185:Shyness
2145:Saudade
2131:Sadness
2126:Revenge
2116:Remorse
2047:Passion
2037:Outrage
2027:Neglect
1887:Hiraeth
1786:Empathy
1764:Ecstasy
1749:Disgust
1719:Cruelty
1714:Courage
1679:Boredom
1659:Arousal
1649:Anxiety
1634:Anguish
1450:7779311
1242:Hypatia
936:sarcasm
846:Virtues
771:Friesen
744:temnere
685:sadness
673:disgust
649:respect
540:Shyness
515:Saudade
510:Sadness
500:Remorse
460:Passion
450:Outrage
315:Empathy
295:Ecstasy
280:Disgust
250:Courage
225:Boredom
210:Arousal
200:Anxiety
185:Anguish
135:Valence
2785:affect
2767:Pathos
2720:social
2564:eating
2237:Wonder
2205:Stress
2195:Sorrow
2111:Relief
2101:Regret
2089:vanity
2084:insult
2079:hubris
1934:Ikigai
1904:Horror
1880:Hatred
1739:Desire
1729:Defeat
1654:Apathy
1515:7 June
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1348:, 2003
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1047:Hatred
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2069:Pride
2042:Panic
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1861:Guilt
1856:Grief
1851:Greed
1821:Faith
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1629:Angst
1624:Anger
1614:Agony
1469:Blink
1411:S2CID
1328:S2CID
1258:S2CID
1220:S2CID
1200:(PDF)
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1996:Love
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1517:2017
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1446:PMID
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1126:2008
1002:Envy
997:Fear
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677:fear
480:Rage
465:Pity
440:Lust
435:Love
385:Hope
340:Fear
325:Envy
112:Mood
1981:Joy
1669:Awe
1438:doi
1403:doi
1369:doi
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727:of
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