Springtail - Knowledge

1486:) are given in a document written by Paul Henning Krogh. Care should be taken that different strains of the same species may be conducive to different results. Avoidance tests have been also performed. They have been standardized, too. Avoidance tests are complementary to toxicity tests, but they also offer several advantages: they are more rapid (thus cheaper), more sensitive and they are environmentally more reliable, because in the real world Collembola move actively far from pollution spots. It may be hypothesized that the soil could become locally depauperated in animals (and thus improper to normal use) while below thresholds of toxicity. Contrary to 508:(photoreceptors). Epedaphic species inhabit upper litter layers and fallen logs. They are slightly smaller and have less pronounced pigments, as well as less developed limbs and ocelli than the atmobiotic species. Hemiedaphic species inhabit the lower litter layers of decomposing organic material. They are 1-2 millimeters (about 1/16") in length, have dispersed pigmentation, shortened limbs, and a reduced number of ocelli. Euedaphic species inhabit upper mineral layers known as the humus horizon. They are smaller than hemiedaphic species; have soft, elongated bodies; lack pigmentation and ocelli; and have reduced or absent furca. 410: 678: 725: 651: 519:

contraction. Many species of syntrophic bacteria, archaea, and fungi are present in the lumen. These different digestive regions have varying pH to support specific enzymatic activities and microbial populations. The anterior portion of the midgut and hindgut is slightly acidic (with a pH of approximately 6.0) while the posterior midgut portion is slightly alkaline (with a pH of approximately 8.0). Between the midgut and hindgut is an alimentary canal called the pyloric region, which is a muscular sphincter.

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been reported in studies of non-polar regions. The importance of soil moisture has been demonstrated in experiments using infrared heating in an alpine meadow, which had a negative effect on mesofauna biomass and diversity in drier parts and a positive effect in moist sub-areas. Furthermore, a study with 20 years of experimental warming in three contrasting plant communities found that small scale heterogeneity may buffer springtails to potential climate warming.

1634: 1080: 113: 1154: 393: 1259: 919: 532: 1211:), spends its entire life at the surface of water, its wettable eggs dropping in water until the non-wettable first instar hatches then surfaces. A few genera are capable of being submerged, and after molting young springtails lose their water repellent properties and are able to survive submerged under water. 810:

characteristics: first, all but one of the fossils from the Cretaceous belong to extinct genera, whereas none of the specimens from the Eocene or the Miocene are of extinct genera; second, the species from Burma are more similar to the modern fauna of Canada than are the Canadian Cretaceous specimens.

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Carnivorous species maintain populations of small invertebrates such as nematodes, rotifers, and other collembolan species. Springtails commonly consume fungal hyphae and spores, but also have been found to consume plant material and pollen, animal remains, colloidal materials, minerals and bacteria.

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Fossil Collembola are rare. Instead, most are found in amber. Even these are rare and many amber deposits carry few or no collembola. The best deposits are from the early Eocene of Canada and Europe, Miocene of Central America, and the mid-Cretaceous of Burma and Canada. They display some unexplained

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In polar regions that are expected to experience among the most rapid impact from climate warming, springtails have shown contrasting responses to warming in experimental warming studies. There are negative, positive and neutral responses reported. Neutral responses to experimental warming have also

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denied all the allegations, and instead proposed that the United Nations send a formal inquiry committee to China and Korea, but China and Korea refused to cooperate. U.S. and Canadian entomologists further claimed that the accusations were ridiculous and argued that anomalous appearances of insects

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The digestive tract of collembolan species consists of three main components: the foregut, midgut, and hindgut. The midgut is surrounded by a network of muscles and lined with a monolayer of columnar or cuboidal cells. Its function is to mix and transport food from the lumen into the hindgut through

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humans, but this is entirely inconsistent with their biology, and no such phenomenon has ever been scientifically confirmed, though it has been documented that the scales or hairs from collembolans can cause irritation when rubbed onto the skin. They may sometimes be abundant indoors in damp places

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can be reconstructed experimentally. Altitudinal changes in species distribution can be at least partly explained by increased acidity at higher elevation. Moisture requirements, among other ecological and behavioural factors, explain why some species cannot live aboveground, or retreat in the soil

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and composition. Surface-dwellers are generally larger, have darker pigments, have longer antennae and functioning furcula. Sub-surface-dwellers are usually unpigmented, have elongated bodies, and reduced furcula. They can be categorized into four main forms according to soil composition and depth:

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The term "Neopleona" is essentially synonymous with Symphypleona + Neelipleona. The Neelipleona was originally seen as a particularly advanced lineage of Symphypleona, based on the shared global body shape, but the global body of the Neelipleona is realized in a completely different way than in

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Specific feeding strategies and mechanisms are employed to match specific niches. Herbivorous and detritivorous species fragment biological material present in soil and leaf litter, supporting decomposition and increasing the availability of nutrients for various species of microbes and fungi.

1333:; that is, no springtail specimens were actually recovered, but the researchers had digitally enhanced photos of sample debris to create images resembling small arthropod heads, which then were claimed to be springtail remnants. However, Steve Hopkin reports one instance of an entomologist 441:

or ventral tube) with reversible, sticky vesicles, projecting ventrally from the first abdominal segment. It is believed to be associated with fluid uptake and balance, excretion, and orientation of the organism itself. Most species have an abdominal, tail-like appendage known as a

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Jordana, Rafael; Baquero, Enrique; Ledesma, Enrique; Sendra, Alberto; Ortuño, Vicente M. (March 2020). "Poduromorpha (Collembola) from a sampling in the mesovoid shallow substratum of the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park (Madrid and Segovia, Spain): Taxonomy and Biogeography".

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Nota, Benjamin; Timmermans, Martijn J.T.N.; Franken, Oscar; Montagne-Wajer, Kora; Mariën, Janine; De Boer, Muriel E.; De Boer, Tjalf E.; Ylstra, Bauke; Van Straalen, Nico M. & Roelofs, Dick (2008). "Gene expression analysis of Collembola in cadmium containing soil".

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Coulson, Stephen James; Hodkinson, Ian D.; Woolley, Christopher; Webb, Nigel R.; Block, William; Worland, M. Rodger; Bale, Jeff S. & Strathdee, Andrew T. (1996). "Effects of experimental temperature elevation on high-arctic soil microarthropod populations".

307:, free-living organisms that prefer moist conditions. They do not directly engage in the decomposition of organic matter, but contribute to it indirectly through the fragmentation of organic matter and the control of soil microbial communities. The word 535: 1281:, the lucerne flea, has been shown to cause severe damage to agricultural crops, and is considered as a pest in Australia. Onychiuridae are also known to feed on tubers and to damage them to some extent. However, by their capacity to carry spores of 1329:, a psychological rather than entomological problem. Researchers themselves may be subject to psychological phenomena. For example, a publication in 2004 claiming that springtails had been found in skin samples was later determined to be a case of 2755:

Sechi, Valentina; D'Annibale, Alessandra; Ambus, Per; Sárossy, Zsuzsa; Krogh, Paul Henning; Eriksen, Jørgen; Holmstrup, Martin (July 2014). "Collembola feeding habits and niche specialization in agricultural grasslands of different composition".

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Potapov, Anton A.; Semenina, Eugenia E.; Korotkevich, Anastasiya Yu.; Kuznetsova, Natalia A.; Tiunov, Alexei V. (October 2016). "Connecting taxonomy and ecology: Trophic niches of collembolans as related to taxonomic identity and life forms".

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Collembola have been found to be useful as bio-indicators of soil quality. Laboratory studies have been conducted that validated that the jumping ability of springtails can be used to evaluate the soil quality of Cu- and Ni-polluted sites.

457:(moulting) if temperatures rise high enough. The shrinkage is genetically controlled. Since warmer conditions increase metabolic rates and energy requirements in organisms, the reduction in body size is advantageous to their survival. 993:

In addition, a few species routinely climb trees and form a dominant component of canopy fauna, where they may be collected by beating or insecticide fogging. These tend to be the larger (>2 mm) species, mainly in the genera

1100:, although some species with thin, permeable cuticles have been shown to resist severe drought by regulating the osmotic pressure of their body fluid. The gregarious behaviour of Collembola, mostly driven by the attractive power of 938:

In sheer numbers, they are reputed to be one of the most abundant of all macroscopic animals, with estimates of 100,000 individuals per square meter of ground, essentially everywhere on Earth where soil and related habitats

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Rodgers, Denis J. & Kitching, Rodger L. (1998). "Vertical stratification of rainforest collembolan (Collembola: Insecta) assemblages: description of ecological patterns and hypotheses concerning their generation".

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Dollery, Rebecca; Hodkinson, Ian D. & Jónsdóttir, Ingibjörg S. (2006). "Impact of warming and timing of snow melt on soil microarthropod assemblages associated with Dryas-dominated plant communities on Svalbard".

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Christiansen, Kenneth & Bernard, Ernest C. (2008). "Critique of the article "Collembola (Springtails) (Arthropoda: Hexapoda: Entognatha) found in scrapings from individuals diagnosed with delusory parasitosis"".

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dimension to this still poorly understood vertical segregation. Experiments with peat samples turned upside down showed two types of responses to disturbance of this vertical gradient, called "stayers" and "movers".

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are likely to have global populations of similar magnitude, and each of those groups except mites is more inclusive. Though taxonomic rank cannot be used for absolute comparisons, it is notable that nematodes are a

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atmobiotic, epedaphic, hemiedaphic, and euedaphic. Atmobiotic species inhabit macrophytes and litter surfaces. They are generally 8-10 millimeters (about ⅓") in length, pigmented, have long limbs, and a full set of

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Ponge, Jean-François; Gillet, Servane; Dubs, Florence; Fédoroff, Éric; Haese, Lucienne; Sousa, José Paulo & Lavelle, Patrick (2003). "Collembolan communities as bioindicators of land use intensification".

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Hassanin, Alexandre (January 2006). "Phylogeny of Arthropoda inferred from mitochondrial sequences: Strategies for limiting the misleading effects of multiple changes in pattern and rates of substitution".

1406:. China created an international scientific commission for investigating possible bacterial warfare, eventually ruling that the United States probably did engage in limited biological warfare in Korea. The 450:(or tenaculum). When released, it snaps against the substrate, flinging the springtail into the air and allowing for rapid evasion and travel. All of this takes place in as little as 18 milliseconds. 3502:

Benoit, Joshua B.; Elnitsky, Michael A.; Schulte, Glen G.; Lee, Richard E. Jr & Denlinger, David L. (2009). "Antarctic Collembolans use chemical signals to promote aggregation and egg laying".

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during ecdysis, an advantage reinforced by synchronized moulting. The high humidity environment of many caves also favours springtails and there are numerous cave adapted species, including one,

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Nickerl, Julia; Helbig, Ralf; Schulz, Hans-Jürgen; Werner, Carsten; Neinhuis, Christoph (June 2013). "Diversity and potential correlations to the function of Collembola cuticle structures".

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such as bathrooms and basements, and incidentally found on one's person. More often, claims of persistent human skin infection by springtails may indicate a neurological problem, such as

534: 2302:"Water and ion transport across the eversible vesicles in the collophore of the springtail Orchesella cincta | Journal of Experimental Biology | The Company of Biologists" 1006:, though the densities on a per square meter basis are typically 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than soil populations of the same species. In temperate regions, a few species (e.g. 907:. In a mature deciduous woodland in temperate climate, leaf litter and vegetation typically support 30 to 40 species of springtails, and in the tropics the number may be over 100. 5263:

Sjursen, Heidi; Michelsen, Anders & Jonasson, Sven (2005). "Effects of long-term soil warming and fertilisation on microarthropod abundances in three sub-arctic ecosystems".

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Sun, Xin; Ding, Yinhuan; Orr, Michael C.; Zhang, Feng (May 2020). "Streamlining universal single-copy orthologue and ultraconserved element design: A case study in Collembola".

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Nardi, Francesco; Spinsanti, Giacomo; Boore, Jeffrey L.; Carapelli, Antonio; Dallai, Romano; Frati, Francesco (21 March 2003). "Hexapod Origins: Monophyletic or Paraphyletic?".

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Nielsen, Uffe N. & Wall, Diana H. (2013). "The future of soil invertebrate communities in polar regions: different climate change responses in the Arctic and Antarctic?".

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Verhoef, Herman A. (1981). "Water balance in Collembola and its relation to habitat selection: water content, haemolymph osmotic pressure and transpiration during an instar".

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Kardol, Paul; Reynolds, W. Nicholas; Norby, Richard J.; Classen, Aimée T. (January 2011). "Climate change effects on soil microarthropod abundance and community structure".

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Laboulbène, 1865 species group without eyes, with the description of four new species of cave springtails (Collembola) from Krubera-Voronya cave, Arabika Massif, Abkhazia".

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or more. Additional research concerning the coprolites (fossilized feces) of ancient collembolans allowed researchers to track their lineages back some 412 million years.

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Gao, Yan; Bu, Yun; Luan, Yun-Xia (25 November 2008). "Phylogenetic Relationships of Basal Hexapods Reconstructed from Nearly Complete 18S and 28S rRNA Gene Sequences".

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Poduromorphs are characterized by their elongated bodies and conspicuous segmentation – three thoracic segments, six abdominal segments, including a well-developed

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excreted by adults, gives more chance to every juvenile or adult individual to find suitable, better protected places, where desiccation could be avoided and

446:(or furca). It is located on the fourth abdominal segment of collembolans and is folded beneath the body, held under tension by a small structure called the 414: 1343:

species and in the process accidentally inhaling some of their eggs, which hatched in his nasal cavity and made him quite ill until they were flushed out.

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Sánchez-García, Alba; Engel, Michael S. (3 July 2017). "Long-term stasis in a diverse fauna of Early Cretaceous springtails (Collembola: Symphypleona)".

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exposed to environmental toxicants allow fast and sensitive detection of pollution, and additionally clarifies molecular mechanisms causing toxicology.

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Sabatini, Maria Agnese & Innocenti, Gloria (2001). "Effects of Collembola on plant-pathogenic fungus interactions in simple experimental systems".

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features, such as the presence of a fan-like wettable mucro, allow some species to move at the surface of water in freshwater and marine environments.

499:, leading to a rudimentary, although fully functional, tracheal system. The anatomical variance present between different species partially depends on 4314:

Klironomos, John N. & Moutoglis, Peter (1999). "Colonization of nonmycorrhizal plants by mycorrhizal neighbours as influenced by the collembolan,

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Heiniger, Charlène; Barot, Sébastien; Ponge, Jean-François; Salmon, Sandrine; Botton-Divet, Léo; Carmignac, David & Dubs, Florence (2014).

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Shaw, Peter; Ozanne, Claire; Speight, Martin; Palmer, Imogen (October 2007). "Edge effects and arboreal Collembola in coniferous plantations".

1366:. In all, the U.S. was accused of dropping ants, beetles, crickets, fleas, flies, grasshoppers, lice, springtails, and stoneflies as part of a 923: 1494:

and thus are threatened in no-tillage agriculture, which makes a more intense use of herbicides than conventional agriculture. The springtail

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Penney, David; McNeil, Andrew; Green, David I.; Bradley, Robert S.; Jepson, James E.; Withers, Philip J. & Preziosi, Richard F. (2012).

584:. Thus, the Arthropleona are abolished in modern classifications, and their superfamilies are raised in rank accordingly, being now orders 5486:

Harte, John; Rawa, Agnieszka & Price, Vanessa (1996). "Effects of manipulated soil microclimate on mesofaunal biomass and diversity".

4916:"Soil quality. Avoidance test for determining the quality of soils and effects of chemicals on behaviour. Part 2: Test with collembolans ( 4259: 4285:

Baker, A. N. & Dunning, Andrew R. (1975). "Association of populations of onychiurid Collembola with damage to sugar-beet seedlings".

3683:"A review of world Troglopedetini (Insecta, Collembola, Paronellidae), including an identification table and descriptions of new species" 3360:"Turning northern peatlands upside down: disentangling microclimate and substrate quality effects on vertical distribution of Collembola" 5781: 2172: 4018: 1028:) are almost exclusively arboreal. In tropical regions a single square meter of canopy habitat can support many species of Collembola. 1166:

The horizontal distribution of springtail species is affected by environmental factors which act at the landscape scale, such as soil

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Christiansen, Kenneth; Nascimbene, Paul (June 2006). "Collembola (Arthropoda, Hexapoda) from the mid Cretaceous of Myanmar (Burma)".

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Davies, W. Maldwyn (1 May 1927). "On the Tracheal System of Collembola, with special reference to that of Sminthurus viridis, Lubb".

4092:"Decreased biodiversity in soil springtail communities: the importance of dispersal and landuse history in heterogeneous landscapes" 6299: 1924:

Nardi, Francesco; Spinsanti, Giacomo; Boore, Jeffrey L.; Carapelli, Antonio; Dallai, Romano; Frati, Francesco (12 September 2003).

3968: 3546: 2922: 6338: 300:, they do not appear to be any more closely related to one another than they are to all insects, which have external mouthparts. 5797: 4462:

Lartey, Robert T.; Curl, Elroy A.; Peterson, Curt M. & Harper, James D. (1989). "Mycophagous grazing and food preference of

5585:"Phylogenetic relationships between parthenogens and their sexual relatives: the possible routes to parthenogenesis in animals" 1750: 4729: 4028: 3978: 3946: 3037: 2932: 2883: 2521: 2218: 2182: 1716: 1687: 990:), is readily observed on warm winter days when it is active and its dark color contrasts sharply with a background of snow. 6343: 3547:"Species living in harsh environments have low clade rank and are localized on former Laurasian continents: a case study of 5853: 5038: 4811: 3697: 2315:

Xiong, Y; Gao, Y; Yin, W; Luan, Y (December 2008). "Molecular phylogeny of Collembola inferred from ribosomal RNA genes".

3727: 4915: 5671: 2120: 5816: 5336:

Hågvar, Sigmund & Klanderud, Kari (2009). "Effect of simulated environmental change on alpine soil arthropods".

3188:"Jumping technique and climbing behaviour of the collembolan Ceratophysella sigillata (Collembola: Hypogastruridae)" 2952: 600:

Symphypleona. Subsequently, the Neelipleona were considered as being derived from the Entomobryomorpha. Analysis of

6413: 6291: 4232: 3440:, a euedaphic and highly permeable springtail that can sustain activity by osmoregulation during extreme drought". 1671: 614:

data, though, suggests that they form the most ancient lineage of springtails, which would explain their peculiar

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with tergal chaetae, while the first thoracic segment in Entomobryomorpha is clearly reduced and bears no chaetae.

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Cristofoli, Sara & Mahy, Grégory (2010). "Colonisation credit in recent wet heathland butterfly communities".

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Kozlowski, Marek Wojciech & Aoxiang, Shi (2006). "Ritual behaviors associated with spermatophore transfer in

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Bishop, Alan L.; Harris, Anne M. & McKenzie, Harry J. (2001). "Distribution and ecology of the lucerne flea,

2603:"The French ambers: a general conspectus and the Lowermost Eocene amber deposit of Le Quesnoy in the Paris Basin" 1875: 1803: 204: 2353:

Leo, Chiara; Carapelli, Antonio; Cicconardi, Francesco; Frati, Francesco; Nardi, Francesco (17 September 2019).

4441:"Étude des relations microflore-microfaune: expériences sur Pseudosinella alba (Packard), Collembole mycophage" 4160: 2959: 2980:

Ponge, Jean-François (1991). "Food resources and diets of soil animals in a small area of Scots pine litter".

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Leinaas, Hans Petter (1983). "Synchronized moulting controlled by communication in group-living Collembola".

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technology the expression of thousands of genes can be measured in parallel. The gene expression profiles of

5811: 4745: 2635:"Ancient Ephemeroptera-Collembola symbiosis fossilized in amber predicts contemporary phoretic associations" 3364: 1570:. Many collembolan species, mostly those living in deeper soil horizons, are parthenogenetic, which favors 980:. Most springtails are small and difficult to see by casual observation, but one springtail, the so-called 4953:"Colonization of heavy metal-polluted soils by collembola: preliminary experiments in compartmented boxes" 3808: 1116:) could be kept at an optimum. Sensitivity to drought varies from species to species and increases during 6221: 6198: 4230:(L.) (Collembola: Sminthuridae), in irrigated lucerne in the Hunter dairying region of New South Wales". 3754:

Jordana, Rafael; Baquero, Enrique; Reboleira, Sofía & Sendra, Alberto (2012). "Reviews of the genera

1604:, which live, reproduce and are carried in female reproductive organs and eggs of Collembola. Feminizing 1238:-dwelling species are attracted to a particular environment, either forested or not. As a consequence of 1142: 5795:

Summary information about the distribution and ecology of Collembola (springtails) in the UK and Ireland

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Ponge, Jean-François; Dubs, Florence; Gillet, Servane; Sousa, José Paulo & Lavelle, Patrick (2006).

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Rusek, Josef (September 1998). "Biodiversity of Collembola and their functional role in the ecosystem".

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Thimm, Torsten; Hoffmann, Andrea; Borkott, Heinz; Munch, Jean Charles & Tebbe, Christoph C. (1998).

1286: 496: 134: 17: 6405: 6226: 6418: 6366: 4287: 4199: 3124:

Lyford, Walter H. (1975). "Overland Migration of Collembola (Hypogastrura nivicola Fitch) Colonies".

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Springtails also possess the ability to reduce their body size by as much as 30% through subsequent

5846: 4994: 3922: 2832: 2607: 2550: 1097: 520: 409: 3918:"Vertical distribution of Collembola in deciduous forests under Mediterranean climatic conditions" 2602: 2601:

Nel, André; De Ploëg, Gaėl; Milliet, Jacqueline; Menier, Jean-Jacques & Waller, Alain (2004).

903:, and one of the main biological agents responsible for the control and the dissemination of soil 426:

Members of the Collembola are normally less than 6 mm (0.24 in) long, have six or fewer

5083:"Transcriptomics reveals extensive inducible biotransformation in the soil-dwelling invertebrate 4952: 4721: 4649: 3842: 3558: 2513: 6392: 4692: 1035:

driving the local distribution of species is the vertical stratification of the environment: in

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Czarnetzki, Alice B. & Tebbe, Christoph C. (2004). "Detection and phylogenetic analysis of

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Nota, Benjamin; Bosse, Mirte; Ylstra, Bauke; Van Straalen, Nico M. & Roelofs, Dick (2009).

3287: 2997: 1326: 1064: 677: 5394:"Collembola in three alpine subarctic sites resistant to twenty years of experimental warming" 1746:(Collembola) is a frequently changeable but selective habitat and a vector for microorganisms" 1289:

on their tegument, soil springtails play a positive role in the establishment of plant-fungal

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Lors, Christine; Martínez Aldaya, Maite; Salmon, Sandrine & Ponge, Jean-François (2006).

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Prinzing, Andreas; D'Haese, Cyrille A.; Pavoine, Sandrine & Ponge, Jean-François (2014).

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Krab, Eveline J.; Oorsprong, Hilde; Berg, Matty P. & Cornelissen, Johannes H. C. (2010).

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for springtails reflect the occasional incompatibility of traditional groupings with modern

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Loranger, Gladys; Bandyopadhyaya, Ipsa; Razaka, Barbara & Ponge, Jean-François (2001).

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Ponge, Jean-François; Arpin, Pierre; Sondag, Francis; Delecour, Ferdinand (December 1997).

2989: 2900: 2792: 2703: 2648: 2474: 1832: 1759: 1339: 1239: 1189: 779: 477: 443: 397: 297: 5775: 4848: 4693:"Insects as Biological Weapons - Insects, Disease, and History | Montana State University" 3725:, a new genus and species of cave collembolan from Madagascar with notes on its ecology". 1187:

springtails are always found in the vicinity of ponds and lakes, such as the hygrophilous

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requirements, together with behavioural trends, dispersal limitation and probable species

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Lim, Christopher Seng-Hong; Lim, Scott L.; Chew, Fook Tim & Deharveng, Louis (2009).

2901:"Support for Maintaining Endangered Status For the Bone Cave Harvestman (Texella reyesi)" 1619: 1533: 353: 345: 5684: 5635: 5464: 5411: 5349: 5314: 5276: 5230: 5184: 5051: 5013: 4971: 4374: 4331: 3643: 3571: 3515: 3377: 3283: 2993: 2796: 2707: 2652: 2478: 1836: 1763: 5712: 5696: 5565: 5428: 5398: 5393: 5371: 5242: 5115: 5082: 4674: 4621: 4594: 4575: 4558: 4386: 4343: 4300: 4212: 4141: 4072: 3865: 3663: 3583: 3527: 3418: 3340: 3305: 3301: 3249: 3141: 2875: 2808: 2671: 2634: 2490: 2426: 2283: 2210: 2105: 1993: 1947: 1906: 1856: 1367: 1277: 1247: 1132:) they spend much time in concealed micro-sites where they can find protection against 249: 129: 5583:

Simon, Jean-Christophe; Delmote, François; Rispe, Claude & Crease, Teresa (2003).

5021: 4979: 4058: 3901: 3884: 3861: 3827: 3336: 3244: 3223: 3110: 2851: 1780: 1741: 6374: 6247: 5794: 5753: 5704: 5647: 5643: 5603: 5584: 5499: 5433: 5367: 5322: 5196: 5120: 5063: 4931: 4827: 4792: 4725: 4666: 4626: 4263: 4245: 4137: 4024: 3974: 3917: 3655: 3630: 3614: 3488: 3457: 3386: 3359: 3344: 3253: 3033: 3011: 2953:"The biology of the Collembola (springtails): the most abundant insects in the world" 2928: 2879: 2827: 2676: 2527: 2517: 2430: 2418: 2332: 2287: 2214: 2178: 2126: 2116: 2029: 1985: 1898: 1848: 1785: 1722: 1712: 1683: 1639: 1575: 1567: 1555: 1550: 1313:

fungi. It has been suggested that they could be reared to be used for the control of

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General information on Collembola, with many macrophotographs from Dutch springtails

5569: 5375: 5246: 4579: 4347: 4145: 4076: 3869: 3667: 3587: 3422: 3309: 2812: 2574: 2494: 1997: 1951: 1910: 1860: 1771: 791:. Given its morphology resembles extant species quite closely, the radiation of the 6190: 5821: 5745: 5716: 5688: 5665:

Werren, John H.; Zhang, Wan & Guo, Li Rong (1995). "Evolution and phylogeny of

5639: 5598: 5557: 5526: 5495: 5468: 5423: 5415: 5363: 5318: 5280: 5234: 5188: 5151: 5110: 5100: 5055: 5017: 4975: 4896: 4784: 4678: 4658: 4616: 4608: 4567: 4537: 4479: 4421: 4390: 4378: 4335: 4296: 4241: 4208: 4175: 4133: 4106: 4062: 4054: 3896: 3857: 3823: 3787: 3779: 3736: 3647: 3610: 3575: 3519: 3484: 3453: 3449: 3410: 3381: 3332: 3297: 3239: 3199: 3168: 3133: 3106: 3066: 3007: 2871: 2846: 2800: 2765: 2730: 2711: 2666: 2656: 2482: 2410: 2376: 2366: 2324: 2275: 2244: 2206: 2157: 2153: 2055: 2021: 1977: 1937: 1890: 1840: 1775: 1767: 1675: 1496: 1453: 1421: 1391: 1314: 1158: 1040: 720: 585: 465: 402: 222: 6203: 5155: 4900: 4110: 3531: 2769: 2715: 2486: 2248: 1293:

and thus are beneficial to agriculture. They also contribute to controlling plant

5806: 5801: 5472: 5284: 5171: 4179: 3651: 3172: 2661: 2112: 1587: 1457: 1294: 1272: 1199: 724: 554: 500: 381: 373: 369: 213: 6252: 4995:"Interaction between humus form and herbicide toxicity to Collembola (Hexapoda)" 4571: 4501: 2355:"Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in Collembola: Phylogeny, Dating and Gene Order" 2328: 2025: 6286: 5749: 5138:

Kim, Shin Woong & An, Youn-Joo (2014). "Jumping behavior of the springtail

4771:

Fountain, Michelle T. & Hopkin, Steve P. (2001). "Continuous monitoring of

2614: 1703:

Brady, Nyle C. & Weil, Ray R. (2009). "Organisms and ecology of the soil".

1449: 1445: 872: 767: 650: 618:. This phylogenetic relationship was also confirmed using a phylogeny based on 593: 573: 361: 352:, but others disagree; this seems to be caused by widely divergent patterns of 337:, which was previously thought to stick to surfaces to stabilize the creature. 5561: 4882:"Use of an avoidance test for the assessment of microbial degradation of PAHs" 3970:

Identification and Ecology of Freshwater Arthropods in the Mediterranean Basin

3523: 3414: 2804: 2279: 1444:

Springtails are currently used in laboratory tests for the early detection of

292:). Although the three orders are sometimes grouped together in a class called 6435: 6161: 6060: 6055: 6025: 5932: 5217: 5105: 3843:"Does soil acidity explain altitudinal sequences in collembolan communities?" 3783: 3740: 3323:

Bowden, John; Haines, Ian H. & Mercer, D. (1976). "Climbing Collembola".

2531: 2130: 2059: 1726: 1708: 1541: 1471: 1433: 1407: 1351: 1208: 1109: 1060: 904: 623: 70: 4993:

Ponge, Jean-François; Bandyopadhyaya, Ipsa & Marchetti, Valérie (2002).

4647:(2013). "Evidence of photo manipulation in a delusional parasitosis paper". 4425: 4408:(Collembola) prevents damping-off disease in cabbage and Chinese cabbage by 2414: 1942: 1925: 1894: 1844: 1679: 1230:-dwelling species are not specialized and can be found everywhere, but most 6065: 6040: 6030: 6001: 5757: 5692: 5651: 5437: 5200: 5124: 5091: 5067: 4796: 4788: 4670: 4630: 3659: 3475:

Verhoef, Herman A. (1984). "Releaser and primer pheromones in Collembola".

3461: 2680: 2422: 2336: 2033: 1989: 1902: 1852: 1571: 1563: 1559: 1395: 1147: 1105: 1068: 1052: 1048: 931: 927: 896: 852: 836: 784: 700: 673: 611: 589: 561: 557: 546: 488: 469: 461: 419: 341: 232: 227: 179: 5708: 4483: 4382: 4339: 4193:

Shaw, Michael W. & Haughs, G. M. (1983). "Damage to potato foliage by

3204: 3187: 3095:"Biocenoses of Collembola in atlantic temperate grass-woodland ecosystems" 2729:

Koehler, Philip G.; Aparicio, M. L. & Pfiester, Margaret (July 2011).

1874:

Delsuc, Frédéric; Phillips, Matthew J.; Penny, David (12 September 2003).

1789: 1536:

occurs through the clustered or scattered deposition of spermatophores by

1411:

could be explained through natural phenomena. Springtail species cited in

1354:

military of spreading bacteria-laden insects and other objects during the

1320:

Various sources and publications have suggested that some springtails may

1246:

change, when too rapid, may cause the local disappearance of slow-moving,

910: 704: 6312: 6213: 6170: 6045: 5959: 5910: 5530: 4612: 4541: 2381: 1926:"Response to Comment on 'Hexapod Origins: Monophyletic or Paraphyletic?'" 1387: 1363: 1306: 1250:, a phenomenon the measure of which has been called colonisation credit. 1223: 1133: 1093: 1084: 1072: 1056: 1008: 900: 892: 848: 646: 565: 473: 447: 237: 45: 6239: 3807:

Salmon, Sandrine; Ponge, Jean-François & Van Straalen, Nico (2002).

3055:"Soil fauna and site assessment in beech stands of the Belgian Ardennes" 2828:"Food consumption by Collembola from northern Michigan deciduous forest" 2174:

Multicellular Animals: Volume II: The Phylogenetic System of the Metazoa

1981: 629:

The latest whole-genome phylogeny supporting four orders of Collembola:

6035: 6011: 5922: 5894: 5238: 3792: 3145: 2100: 1579: 1545: 1505: 1490:, and like many insects and molluscs, Collembola are very sensitive to 1355: 1330: 1310: 1194: 1101: 1044: 1002: 996: 964: 856: 844: 577: 438: 365: 334: 304: 293: 90: 55: 5419: 5192: 5059: 4067: 3579: 2371: 2354: 1633: 6317: 6273: 6070: 5991: 5986: 5976: 5968: 5940: 5900: 5888: 5882: 5863: 5700: 5301: 4161:"Effect of habitat spatiotemporal structure on collembolan diversity" 3809:"Ionic identity of pore water influences pH preference in Collembola" 3270: 2107:

Extraordinary animals: an encyclopedia of curious and unusual animals

1611: 1606: 1600: 1591: 1491: 1487: 1429: 1399: 1379: 1290: 1263: 1204: 1137: 1125: 1079: 1039:

a continuous change in species assemblages can be observed from tree

981: 977: 888: 867: 801: 772: 615: 581: 512: 434: 427: 357: 328: 317: 166: 146: 95: 6132: 5392:

Alatalo, Juha M.; Jägerbrand, Annika K. & Čuchta, Peter (2015).

4662: 4500:

Janssens, Frans & Christiansen, Kenneth A. (November 22, 2007).

4440: 3137: 3094: 3070: 3054: 2868:

Invertebrate Biodiversity as Bioindicators of Sustainable Landscapes

2508:

Daly, Howell V.; Doyen, John T. & Purcell, Alexander H. (1998).

2233: 879:

To protect themselves, some species have evolved chemical defenses.

112: 6304: 6278: 6234: 6155: 6080: 6020: 5981: 5945: 5034: 4404:

Shiraishi, Hiroyoshi; Enami, Yoshinari & Okano, Seigo (2003). "

3994:

Pichard, Sylvain (1973). "Contribution à l'étude de la biologie de

3885:"Vertical distribution of Collembola in a Pinus nigra organic soil" 3690:

Cave Science: Transactions of the British Cave Research Association

2639: 1647: 1615: 1595: 1467: 1460: 1321: 1215: 1171: 1153: 1129: 1121: 1036: 960: 796: 792: 788: 783:, is the oldest terrestrial arthropod, and was found in the famous 605: 601: 368:: when they were included with the insects, they were ranked as an 349: 277: 189: 85: 80: 65: 60: 50: 3228:(Collembola) to loose and compact soil: methods and first results" 2866:

Koehler, H.H. (1999). "Predatory mites (Gamasina, Mesostigmata)".

2826:

Chen, Benrong; Snider, Richard J. & Snider, Renate M. (1996).

2545: 392: 6098: 6088: 6050: 5774: 5730:

Fenn, Katelyn & Blaxter, Mark (2004). "Are filarial nematode

3840: 1501: 1403: 1375: 1371: 1298: 1258: 1243: 1231: 1184: 1167: 1117: 956: 918: 840: 484: 454: 289: 285: 100: 75: 5142:

as a novel soil quality indicator in metal-contaminated soils".

3186:

Zettel, Joerg; Zettel, Ursula; Egger, Beatrice (15 April 2000).

2898: 6103: 5876: 5513:

Waldorf, Elizabeth S. (1974). "Sex pheromone in the springtail

3544: 2754: 1334: 1302: 1235: 1219: 1067:. Some species have been shown to exhibit negative or positive 973: 863: 505: 481: 281: 156: 4879: 4502:"Synanthropic Collembola, springtails in association with Man" 6400: 5789: 3753: 2444: 1876:"Comment on 'Hexapod Origins: Monophyletic or Paraphyletic?'" 1347: 1175: 948: 619: 323: 312: 6265: 4992: 3357: 2736:. Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida IFAS Extension 1923: 1822: 1207:(and one of the first springtails to have been described by 580:. However, recent phylogenetic studies show Arthropleona is 6041:

Malacostraca (woodlice, shrimps, crayfish, lobsters, crabs)

5826: 5213: 5080: 2352: 2264: 1537: 1456:

tests have been performed by researchers, mostly using the

1359: 1227: 968: 944: 940: 870:

in the same environment, such as the endangered harvestman

608: 480:

respiration system, which forces them to respire through a

5861: 5450: 5297: 2546:"Hexapoda. Insects, springtails, diplurans, and proturans" 1214:

In a variegated landscape, made of a patchwork of closed (

4812:"Soil quality. Inhibition of reproduction of Collembola ( 3400: 1739: 952: 6066:

Branchiopoda (fairy, tadpole, clam shrimps, water fleas)

5262: 4461: 4158: 3501: 3052: 2632: 2600: 2201:

Coleman, David C.; Wall, Diana H. (2015). "Soil Fauna".

5827:

Collembola species currently recorded from South Africa

5582: 5391: 4043: 4017:

Del-Claro, Kleber; Guillermo, Rhainer (June 10, 2019).

3806: 3158: 2728: 1179: 344:

studies suggested that Collembola represent a separate

333:"peg"; this name was given due to the existence of the 2899:

City of Austin and Travis County (September 3, 2020).

2693: 2583:

Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington

895:

and other decaying material, where they are primarily

4951:

Chauvat, Matthieu & Ponge, Jean-François (2002).

4439:

Ponge, Jean-François; Charpentié, Marie-José (1981).

3721:

Palacios-Vargas, José G. & Wilson, Jane (1990). "

3720: 553:

Traditionally, the springtails were divided into the

5387: 5385: 5258: 5256: 4718:

Six-legged soldiers: using insects as weapons of war

4499: 4225: 4089: 1629: 4595:"Collembola are unlikely to cause human dermatitis" 4592: 4554: 4403: 4313: 3967:Maasri, Alain; Thorp, James H. (October 31, 2023). 2464: 2348: 2346: 1873: 1466:. These tests have been standardized. Details on a 1439: 1413:

allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War

592:. Technically, the Arthropleona are thus a partial 276:) form the largest of the three lineages of modern 4016: 4000:Bulletin Biologique de la France et de la Belgique 3322: 3027: 2104: 372:; as part of the Entognatha, they are ranked as a 5382: 5253: 4775:(Insecta: Collembola) in a metal exposure test". 4360: 3185: 3030:Biology of the Springtails: (Insecta: Collembola) 2575:"Collembola in amber from the Dominican Republic" 1419:(a local species) and the "white rat springtail" 1370:effort. The alleged associated diseases included 6433: 5543: 2825: 2507: 2343: 2084:Biology of the springtails (Insecta: Collembola) 1092:As a group, springtails are highly sensitive to 862:Cave-dwelling springtails are a food source for 491:and Actaletidae, which exhibit a single pair of 5617: 5335: 4438: 3435: 3266: 2400: 2314: 1666:Gillott, Cedric (2005). "Apterygote hexapods". 380:lineage of Hexapoda, they are elevated to full 5664: 5485: 4924:International Organization for Standardization 4820:International Organization for Standardization 4770: 4495: 4493: 4123: 3883:Faber, Jack H. & Joosse, Els N.G. (1993). 3436:Holmstrup, Martin & Bayley, Mark (2013). " 3217: 3215: 2396: 2394: 2392: 1705:Elements of the nature and properties of soils 1478:and comparison with the sexual nearby species 6452:Taxa named by John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury 5847: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3023: 3021: 1146:living 1,980 metres (6,500 ft) down the 5946:Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites) 4950: 4284: 2510:Introduction to insect biology and diversity 2308: 526: 5729: 5168: 4936:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4913: 4832:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4490: 3966: 3882: 3212: 2389: 2203:Soil Microbiology, Ecology and Biochemistry 2200: 1618:, where they co-evolved with most of their 1253: 5854: 5840: 4192: 3077: 3018: 1317:in greenhouses and other indoor cultures. 1055:. This is a complex factor embracing both 111: 5669:: reproductive parasites of arthropods". 5602: 5590:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 5427: 5357: 5114: 5104: 4809: 4620: 4525: 4066: 3900: 3791: 3385: 3291: 3243: 3203: 3001: 2946: 2944: 2850: 2670: 2660: 2572: 2380: 2370: 2177:. Springer Science & Business Media. 1967: 1941: 1809:Monograph of the Collembola and Thysanura 1779: 1702: 1519: 1504:model organism for soil toxicology. With 813:There are about 3,600 different species. 568:. The Arthropleona were divided into two 5790:Checklist of the Collembola of the World 4849:"Toxicity testing with the collembolans 4715: 2921:Hoffmann, Klaus H. (December 19, 2014). 2920: 2095: 2093: 2010: 1428:Captive springtails are often kept in a 1257: 1203:, a unique representative of the family 1152: 1124:repeatedly during their entire life (an 1078: 917: 909: 530: 476:have a globular body. Collembola lack a 408: 391: 6447:Extant Early Devonian first appearances 5512: 4643: 3993: 3627: 3600: 3474: 2865: 1802: 1665: 14: 6434: 5548:(Collembola : Bourletiellidae)". 4847:Krogh, Paul Henning (August 1, 2008). 4777:Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 4445:Revue d'Écologie et de Biologie du Sol 3915: 3680: 3221: 3123: 2950: 2941: 2081: 2049: 1796: 1751:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1566:use a clasping organ located on their 1183:during dry seasons, but also why some 766:Springtails are attested to since the 6137: 6136: 6046:Thecostraca (barnacles and relatives) 5835: 5785:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). 1911. 5137: 4846: 4020:Aquatic Insects: Behavior and Ecology 3947:"Isotomurus palustris (Muller, 1776)" 3092: 2979: 2782: 2317:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2260: 2258: 2196: 2194: 2099: 2090: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2045: 2043: 2014:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 1963: 1961: 839:mites in various families, including 6406:3ED85DF8-A30F-37E4-5237-50426383C4A8 6367:9f667394-500c-43ad-8100-fb137020c1ae 5039:Environmental Science and Technology 4526:Berenbaum, May (2005). "Face time". 2924:Insect Molecular Biology and Ecology 1742:"The gut of the soil microarthropod 1707:(3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River: 1696: 1594:) is under the control of symbiotic 1562:. Among Symphypleona, males of some 1297:through their active consumption of 4746:"The Top 5 Bioactive Clean Up Crew" 3728:International Journal of Speleology 3059:Canadian Journal of Forest Research 2467:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 1362:fighters above rebel villages over 24: 6099:Diplura (two-pronged bristletails) 5672:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 4301:10.1111/j.1365-3059.1975.tb01882.x 4213:10.1111/j.1365-3059.1983.tb02864.x 3302:10.1111/j.1600-0587.1998.tb00404.x 2876:10.1016/b978-0-444-50019-9.50022-4 2255: 2211:10.1016/B978-0-12-415955-6.00005-0 2191: 2170: 2086:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2066: 2040: 1958: 1812:. London: Ray Society. p. 36. 821: 468:have an elongated body, while the 25: 6463: 6061:Cephalocarida (horseshoe shrimps) 5817:A small lecture from Steve Hopkin 5812:General information on Collembola 5807:General information on Collembola 5767: 4126:Insect Conservation and Diversity 360:. The adjustments of traditional 5734:obligate mutualist symbionts?". 5723: 5658: 5644:10.1046/j.1462-2920.2003.00537.x 5611: 5604:10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00175.x 5576: 5537: 5506: 5479: 5444: 5368:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01926.x 5329: 5323:10.1111/j.2006.0906-7590.04366.x 5291: 4246:10.1046/j.1440-6055.2001.00202.x 4233:Australian Journal of Entomology 4138:10.1111/j.1752-4598.2009.00075.x 3387:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01754.x 1632: 1440:Ecotoxicology laboratory animals 723: 703: 676: 649: 133: 43: 5737:Trends in Ecology and Evolution 5207: 5162: 5131: 5074: 5028: 4986: 4944: 4907: 4873: 4840: 4803: 4764: 4738: 4709: 4685: 4637: 4586: 4548: 4519: 4455: 4432: 4397: 4354: 4307: 4278: 4252: 4219: 4186: 4152: 4117: 4083: 4037: 4010: 3987: 3960: 3939: 3909: 3876: 3834: 3800: 3747: 3714: 3674: 3621: 3594: 3538: 3495: 3468: 3429: 3394: 3351: 3316: 3260: 3179: 3152: 3126:The American Midland Naturalist 3117: 3046: 2973: 2914: 2892: 2859: 2819: 2776: 2748: 2722: 2687: 2626: 2594: 2566: 2538: 2501: 2458: 2437: 2294: 2227: 2164: 2137: 1772:10.1128/AEM.64.7.2660-2669.1998 1528: 1096:, because of their tegumentary 882: 4857:and the results of a ringtest" 4363:Biology and Fertility of Soils 4320:Biology and Fertility of Soils 3454:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2013.08.015 3192:European Journal of Entomology 2158:10.1126/science.341.6149.945-a 2004: 1917: 1867: 1816: 1733: 1659: 1271:Springtails are well known as 487:, except for the two families 280:that are no longer considered 13: 1: 5488:Soil Biology and Biochemistry 5156:10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.10.033 5022:10.1016/S0929-1393(02)00026-4 4980:10.1016/S0929-1393(02)00087-2 4901:10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.01.026 4889:Soil Biology and Biochemistry 4716:Lockwood, Jeffrey A. (2009). 4470:(Collembola: Onychiuridae)". 4466:(Collembola: Isotomidae) and 4111:10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.09.004 4099:Soil Biology and Biochemistry 4059:10.1016/S0038-0717(03)00108-1 4047:Soil Biology and Biochemistry 3902:10.1016/S0031-4056(24)00108-2 3862:10.1016/S0038-0717(00)00153-X 3850:Soil Biology and Biochemistry 3828:10.1016/S0038-0717(02)00150-5 3816:Soil Biology and Biochemistry 3772:Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews 3337:10.1016/S0031-4056(23)02178-9 3245:10.1016/S0031-4056(23)00360-8 3111:10.1016/S0031-4056(24)00100-8 3093:Ponge, Jean-François (1993). 2852:10.1016/S0031-4056(24)00348-2 2785:Biodiversity and Conservation 2770:10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.02.019 2758:Soil Biology and Biochemistry 2716:10.1016/j.cretres.2005.07.003 2487:10.1080/14772019.2016.1194575 2445:"Checklist of the Collembola" 2249:10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.07.002 2237:Soil Biology and Biochemistry 2152:(6149): 945. 30 August 2013. 2111:. Santa Barbara, California: 1653: 387: 5500:10.1016/0038-0717(95)00139-5 5473:10.1016/j.apsoil.2010.11.001 5285:10.1016/j.apsoil.2005.02.013 4720:(1st ed.). Oxford, UK: 4180:10.1016/j.pedobi.2014.01.006 3696:(3): 210–226. Archived from 3652:10.1126/science.219.4581.193 3615:10.1016/0022-1910(81)90065-2 3603:Journal of Insect Physiology 3489:10.1016/0022-1910(84)90052-0 3477:Journal of Insect Physiology 3442:Journal of Insect Physiology 3173:10.1016/j.pedobi.2007.04.010 3012:10.1016/0016-7061(91)90090-G 2662:10.1371/journal.pone.0047651 1275:of some agricultural crops. 835:Springtails are consumed by 830: 329: 318: 7: 6031:Pentastomida (tongue worms) 5941:Xiphosura (horseshoe crabs) 5546:Deuterosminthurus bicinctus 4572:10.3157/0013-872x-119.5.537 4506:Checklist of the Collembola 3032:. OUP Oxford. p. 127. 3028:Hopkin, Stephen P. (1997). 2951:Hopkin, Stephen P. (1997). 2573:Mari Mutt, José A. (1983). 2403:Molecular Ecology Resources 2329:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.09.007 2171:Ax, Peter (March 9, 2013). 2082:Hopkin, Stephen P. (1997). 2026:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.09.012 1625: 1417:Isotoma (Desoria) negishina 1143:Plutomurus ortobalaganensis 376:. If they are considered a 296:because they have internal 10: 6468: 5750:10.1016/j.tree.2004.01.002 5624:Environmental Microbiology 4750:Northampton Reptile Centre 3929:Belgian Journal of Zoology 3504:Journal of Insect Behavior 3222:Didden, Wim A. M. (1987). 2512:(2nd ed.). New York: 1610:species are widespread in 1287:mycorrhiza helper bacteria 816: 324: 313: 311:is from the ancient Greek 6145: 6120: 6079: 6009: 6000: 5967: 5958: 5931: 5923:Pycnogonida (sea spiders) 5918: 5909: 5871: 5562:10.1007/s10164-005-0162-6 4600:Journal of Insect Science 4033:– via Google Books. 3983:– via Google Books. 3916:Detsis, Vassilis (2000). 3524:10.1007/s10905-008-9159-7 3415:10.1007/s00435-012-0181-0 2937:– via Google Books. 2280:10.1016/j.jcz.2020.02.001 2187:– via Google Books. 1548:has been demonstrated in 1120:. Given that springtails 718: 698: 691: 671: 664: 644: 637: 527:Systematics and evolution 495:between the head and the 255: 248: 219: 212: 130:Scientific classification 128: 119: 110: 34: 6094:Collembola (springtails) 6021:Ostracoda (seed shrimps) 5519:Environmental Entomology 5106:10.1186/1471-2164-10-236 5087:exposed to phenanthrene" 4472:Environmental Entomology 3784:10.1163/187498312X622430 3741:10.5038/1827-806x.19.1.6 3681:Wilson, Jane M. (1982). 2551:Tree of Life Web Project 2060:10.1242/jcs.s2-71.281.15 1670:(3rd ed.). Berlin: 1482:(sometimes preferred to 1254:Relationship with humans 564:, and occasionally also 433:, and possess a tubular 41:Early Devonian – present 6125:are paraphyletic groups 5782:Encyclopædia Britannica 4816:) by soil contaminants" 4722:Oxford University Press 4650:Journal of Parasitology 4426:10.1078/0031-4056-00167 3559:Journal of Biogeography 3438:Protaphorura tricampata 2805:10.1023/a:1008887817883 2514:Oxford University Press 2415:10.1111/1755-0998.13146 2052:Journal of Cell Science 1943:10.1126/science.1087632 1895:10.1126/science.1086558 1845:10.1126/science.1078607 1680:10.1007/1-4020-3183-1_5 1540:adults. Stimulation of 804: million years ago 795:can be situated in the 775: million years ago 284:(the other two are the 6036:Branchiura (fish lice) 5992:Diplopoda (millipedes) 5977:Chilopoda (centipedes) 5693:10.1098/rspb.1995.0117 4789:10.1006/eesa.2000.2007 3935:(Supplement 1): 57–61. 3723:Troglobius coprophagus 2960:Natural History Museum 2054:. S2-71 (281): 15–30. 1520:Climate warming impact 1358:by dropping them from 1327:delusional parasitosis 1268: 1163: 1089: 935: 915: 550: 423: 406: 405:) with visible furcula 27:Subclass of arthropods 6388:Paleobiology Database 5338:Global Change Biology 5144:Ecological Indicators 4529:American Entomologist 4468:Onychiurus encarpatus 4383:10.1007/s003740000290 4340:10.1007/s003740050553 3998:(Linné) Collembole". 3205:10.14411/eje.2000.010 2268:Zoologischer Anzeiger 1584:environmental hazards 1544:deposition by female 1470:, on the biology and 1261: 1226:) environments, most 1156: 1082: 1014:Entomobrya albocincta 987:Hypogastrura nivicola 921: 913: 541: 412: 395: 5866:classes by subphylum 5453:Applied Soil Ecology 5265:Applied Soil Ecology 5002:Applied Soil Ecology 4960:Applied Soil Ecology 4914:ISO 17512-2 (2011). 4613:10.1673/031.009.0301 3766:Yosii, 1956 and the 2870:. pp. 395–410. 2205:. pp. 111–149. 1674:. pp. 113–125. 1574:to the detriment of 1190:Isotomurus palustris 1025:Hypogastrura arborea 891:frequently found in 780:Rhyniella praecursor 6089:Protura (coneheads) 5685:1995RSPSB.261...55W 5636:2004EnvMi...6...35C 5550:Journal of Ethology 5465:2011AppSE..47...37K 5412:2015NatSR...518161A 5350:2009GCBio..15.2972H 5315:2006Ecogr..29..111D 5277:2005AppSE..30..148S 5231:1996PoBio..16..147C 5185:2013EcolL..16..409N 5052:2008EnST...42.8152N 5014:2002AppSE..20..239P 4972:2002AppSE..21...91C 4484:10.1093/ee/18.2.334 4375:2001BioFS..33...62S 4332:1999BioFS..29..277K 3644:1983Sci...219..193P 3572:2014JBiog..41..353P 3516:2009JIBeh..22..121B 3378:2010FuEco..24.1362K 3284:1998Ecogr..21..392R 2994:1991Geode..49...33P 2797:1998BiCon...7.1207R 2708:2006CrRes..27..318C 2696:Cretaceous Research 2653:2012PLoSO...747651P 2479:2017JSPal..15..513S 1982:10.2108/zsj.25.1139 1837:2003Sci...299.1887N 1831:(5614): 1887–1889. 1764:1998ApEnM..64.2660T 1558:can be observed in 1534:Sexual reproduction 1500:is also becoming a 1178:. Requirements for 959:nests) occur. Only 596:of the Collembola. 415:Deutonura monticola 354:molecular evolution 5800:2019-04-22 at the 5776:"Springtail" 5531:10.1093/ee/3.6.916 5399:Scientific Reports 5239:10.1007/BF02390435 4851:Folsomia fimetaria 4810:ISO 11267 (2014). 4752:. 16 December 2015 4559:Entomological News 4542:10.1093/ae/51.2.68 4410:Rhizoctonia solani 4228:Sminthurus viridis 4195:Sminthurus viridis 3365:Functional Ecology 3226:Onychiurus fimatus 1970:Zoological Science 1480:Folsomia fimetaria 1368:biological warfare 1278:Sminthurus viridis 1269: 1248:specialist species 1164: 1090: 976:and crustaceans a 936: 916: 770:. The fossil from 551: 521:Malpighian tubules 424: 407: 6429: 6428: 6375:Open Tree of Life 6139:Taxon identifiers 6130: 6129: 6116: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6104:Insecta (insects) 5954: 5953: 5515:Sinella curviseta 5420:10.1038/srep18161 5344:(12): 2972–2980. 5193:10.1111/ele.12058 5060:10.1021/es801472r 5046:(21): 8152–8157. 4731:978-0-19-533305-3 4464:Proisotoma minuta 4406:Folsomia hidakana 4264:State of Victoria 4030:978-3-030-16327-3 3980:978-0-12-821856-3 3822:(11): 1663–1667. 3638:(4581): 193–195. 3580:10.1111/jbi.12188 3448:(11): 1104–1110. 3065:(12): 2053–2064. 3039:978-0-19-158925-6 2934:978-1-4822-3189-2 2885:978-0-444-50019-9 2554:. January 1, 2002 2523:978-0-19-510033-4 2372:10.3390/d11090169 2220:978-0-12-415955-6 2184:978-3-662-10396-8 2144:"Random Sample". 1976:(11): 1139–1145. 1718:978-0-13-501433-2 1689:978-0-306-44967-3 1640:Arthropods portal 1576:genetic diversity 1551:Sinella curviseta 1283:mycorrhizal fungi 1033:ecological factor 943:cushions, fallen 763: 762: 754: 753: 745: 744: 736: 735: 624:whole-genome data 549:) on rotting wood 539: 398:Isotoma anglicana 346:evolutionary line 303:Collembolans are 267: 266: 242: 208: 122:Orchesella cincta 16:(Redirected from 6459: 6422: 6421: 6409: 6408: 6396: 6395: 6383: 6382: 6370: 6369: 6360: 6359: 6347: 6346: 6334: 6333: 6321: 6320: 6308: 6307: 6295: 6294: 6282: 6281: 6269: 6268: 6256: 6255: 6243: 6242: 6230: 6229: 6217: 6216: 6207: 6206: 6194: 6193: 6181: 6180: 6179: 6166: 6165: 6164: 6134: 6133: 6007: 6006: 5965: 5964: 5916: 5915: 5856: 5849: 5842: 5833: 5832: 5786: 5778: 5762: 5761: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5662: 5656: 5655: 5622:in Collembola". 5615: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5541: 5535: 5534: 5510: 5504: 5503: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5431: 5406:(18161): 18161. 5389: 5380: 5379: 5361: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5260: 5251: 5250: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5140:Folsomia candida 5135: 5129: 5128: 5118: 5108: 5085:Folsomia candida 5078: 5072: 5071: 5032: 5026: 5025: 4999: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4957: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4935: 4927: 4918:Folsomia candida 4911: 4905: 4904: 4895:(8): 2199–2204. 4886: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4861: 4855:Folsomia candida 4844: 4838: 4837: 4831: 4823: 4814:Folsomia candida 4807: 4801: 4800: 4773:Folsomia candida 4768: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4742: 4736: 4735: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4703: 4689: 4683: 4682: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4624: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4523: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4497: 4488: 4487: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4316:Folsomia candida 4311: 4305: 4304: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4165: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4105:(5): 1158–1161. 4096: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4070: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4014: 4008: 4007: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3926: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3847: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3813: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3708: 3702: 3687: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3555: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3372:(6): 1362–1369. 3355: 3349: 3348: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3295: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3247: 3219: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3090: 3075: 3074: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3025: 3016: 3015: 3005: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2957: 2948: 2939: 2938: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2854: 2836: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2791:(9): 1207–1219. 2780: 2774: 2773: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2735: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2674: 2664: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2611: 2598: 2592: 2591: 2579: 2570: 2564: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2441: 2435: 2434: 2398: 2387: 2386: 2384: 2374: 2350: 2341: 2340: 2312: 2306: 2305: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2262: 2253: 2252: 2231: 2225: 2224: 2198: 2189: 2188: 2168: 2162: 2161: 2141: 2135: 2134: 2110: 2097: 2088: 2087: 2079: 2064: 2063: 2047: 2038: 2037: 2008: 2002: 2001: 1965: 1956: 1955: 1945: 1921: 1915: 1914: 1880: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1820: 1814: 1813: 1800: 1794: 1793: 1783: 1758:(7): 2660–2669. 1744:Folsomia candida 1737: 1731: 1730: 1700: 1694: 1693: 1663: 1642: 1637: 1636: 1510:Folsomia candida 1497:Folsomia candida 1484:Folsomia candida 1476:Folsomia candida 1464:Folsomia candida 1454:chronic toxicity 1422:Folsomia candida 1315:pathogenic fungi 1267:sp. from Germany 1159:Anurida maritima 887:Springtails are 805: 776: 727: 721:Entomobryomorpha 707: 694: 693: 680: 667: 666: 653: 640: 639: 633: 632: 586:Entomobryomorpha 540: 466:Entomobryomorpha 403:Entomobryomorpha 332: 327: 326: 321: 316: 315: 240: 223:Entomobryomorpha 203: 138: 137: 115: 105: 42: 38:Temporal range: 32: 31: 21: 6467: 6466: 6462: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6457: 6456: 6432: 6431: 6430: 6425: 6417: 6412: 6404: 6399: 6391: 6386: 6378: 6373: 6365: 6363: 6355: 6350: 6342: 6337: 6329: 6324: 6316: 6311: 6303: 6298: 6290: 6285: 6277: 6272: 6264: 6259: 6251: 6246: 6238: 6233: 6225: 6220: 6212: 6210: 6202: 6197: 6189: 6184: 6175: 6174: 6169: 6160: 6159: 6154: 6141: 6131: 6126: 6108: 6075: 5996: 5950: 5927: 5905: 5867: 5860: 5802:Wayback Machine 5773: 5770: 5765: 5728: 5724: 5679:(1360): 55–63. 5663: 5659: 5616: 5612: 5581: 5577: 5542: 5538: 5511: 5507: 5484: 5480: 5449: 5445: 5390: 5383: 5359:10.1.1.658.1606 5334: 5330: 5296: 5292: 5261: 5254: 5212: 5208: 5172:Ecology Letters 5167: 5163: 5136: 5132: 5079: 5075: 5033: 5029: 4997: 4991: 4987: 4955: 4949: 4945: 4929: 4928: 4912: 4908: 4884: 4878: 4874: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4845: 4841: 4825: 4824: 4808: 4804: 4769: 4765: 4755: 4753: 4744: 4743: 4739: 4732: 4714: 4710: 4701: 4699: 4697:www.montana.edu 4691: 4690: 4686: 4663:10.1645/12-12.1 4642: 4638: 4591: 4587: 4553: 4549: 4524: 4520: 4510: 4508: 4498: 4491: 4460: 4456: 4437: 4433: 4402: 4398: 4359: 4355: 4312: 4308: 4288:Plant Pathology 4283: 4279: 4269: 4267: 4258: 4257: 4253: 4224: 4220: 4200:Plant Pathology 4191: 4187: 4163: 4157: 4153: 4122: 4118: 4094: 4088: 4084: 4042: 4038: 4031: 4015: 4011: 3996:Podura aquatica 3992: 3988: 3981: 3965: 3961: 3951: 3949: 3945: 3944: 3940: 3920: 3914: 3910: 3881: 3877: 3845: 3839: 3835: 3811: 3805: 3801: 3762:Absolon, 1901, 3758:Absolon, 1900, 3752: 3748: 3719: 3715: 3706: 3704: 3700: 3685: 3679: 3675: 3626: 3622: 3609:(11): 755–760. 3599: 3595: 3553: 3543: 3539: 3500: 3496: 3473: 3469: 3434: 3430: 3399: 3395: 3356: 3352: 3321: 3317: 3293:10.1.1.476.6663 3265: 3261: 3220: 3213: 3184: 3180: 3157: 3153: 3138:10.2307/2424550 3122: 3118: 3091: 3078: 3071:10.1139/x97-169 3051: 3047: 3040: 3026: 3019: 3003:10.1.1.635.8529 2978: 2974: 2964: 2962: 2955: 2949: 2942: 2935: 2919: 2915: 2905: 2903: 2897: 2893: 2886: 2864: 2860: 2830: 2824: 2820: 2781: 2777: 2753: 2749: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2727: 2723: 2692: 2688: 2631: 2627: 2605: 2599: 2595: 2577: 2571: 2567: 2557: 2555: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2524: 2506: 2502: 2463: 2459: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2442: 2438: 2399: 2390: 2351: 2344: 2313: 2309: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2263: 2256: 2232: 2228: 2221: 2199: 2192: 2185: 2169: 2165: 2143: 2142: 2138: 2123: 2113:Greenwood Press 2098: 2091: 2080: 2067: 2048: 2041: 2009: 2005: 1966: 1959: 1922: 1918: 1878: 1872: 1868: 1821: 1817: 1801: 1797: 1738: 1734: 1719: 1701: 1697: 1690: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1638: 1631: 1628: 1588:Parthenogenesis 1578:and thereby to 1556:Mating behavior 1531: 1522: 1458:parthenogenetic 1442: 1384:fowl septicemia 1295:fungal diseases 1256: 1200:Podura aquatica 1112:rates (thereby 1071:, which adds a 1051:down to deeper 1019:Xenylla xavieri 885: 833: 824: 822:Eating behavior 819: 800: 771: 764: 755: 746: 737: 531: 529: 501:soil morphology 390: 348:from the other 202: 132: 106: 104: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 48: 40: 39: 36: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6465: 6455: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6423: 6410: 6397: 6384: 6371: 6361: 6348: 6335: 6322: 6309: 6296: 6287:Fauna Europaea 6283: 6270: 6257: 6244: 6231: 6218: 6208: 6195: 6182: 6167: 6151: 6149: 6143: 6142: 6128: 6127: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6114: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6085: 6083: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6017: 6015: 6004: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5973: 5971: 5962: 5956: 5955: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5948: 5943: 5937: 5935: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5925: 5919: 5913: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5903: 5897: 5891: 5885: 5879: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5859: 5858: 5851: 5844: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5792: 5787: 5769: 5768:External links 5766: 5764: 5763: 5744:(4): 163–166. 5722: 5657: 5610: 5597:(1): 151–153. 5575: 5556:(2): 103–110. 5536: 5525:(6): 916–918. 5505: 5494:(3): 313–322. 5478: 5443: 5381: 5328: 5309:(1): 111–119. 5290: 5271:(3): 148–161. 5252: 5225:(2): 147–153. 5206: 5179:(3): 409–419. 5161: 5130: 5073: 5027: 5008:(3): 239–253. 4985: 4943: 4906: 4872: 4839: 4802: 4783:(3): 275–286. 4763: 4737: 4730: 4708: 4684: 4657:(3): 583–585. 4645:Shelomi, Matan 4636: 4585: 4566:(5): 537–540. 4547: 4518: 4489: 4478:(2): 334–337. 4454: 4431: 4396: 4353: 4326:(3): 277–281. 4306: 4295:(3): 150–154. 4277: 4260:"Lucerne Flea" 4251: 4218: 4207:(4): 465–466. 4185: 4174:(2): 103–117. 4151: 4116: 4082: 4053:(6): 813–826. 4036: 4029: 4009: 3986: 3979: 3959: 3938: 3908: 3895:(6): 336–350. 3875: 3856:(3): 381–393. 3833: 3799: 3760:Deuteraphorura 3746: 3735:(1–4): 67–73. 3713: 3673: 3620: 3593: 3566:(2): 353–365. 3537: 3510:(2): 121–133. 3494: 3483:(8): 665–670. 3467: 3428: 3409:(2): 183–195. 3393: 3350: 3331:(4): 298–312. 3315: 3278:(4): 392–400. 3259: 3224:"Reactions of 3211: 3178: 3167:(4): 287–293. 3151: 3132:(1): 205–209. 3116: 3105:(4): 223–244. 3076: 3045: 3038: 3017: 2988:(1–2): 33–62. 2972: 2940: 2933: 2913: 2891: 2884: 2858: 2845:(2): 149–161. 2818: 2775: 2747: 2721: 2702:(3): 318–363. 2686: 2647:(10): e47651. 2625: 2615:Geologica Acta 2593: 2565: 2537: 2522: 2500: 2473:(7): 513–537. 2457: 2436: 2409:(3): 706–717. 2388: 2342: 2323:(3): 728–735. 2307: 2293: 2254: 2226: 2219: 2190: 2183: 2163: 2136: 2121: 2089: 2065: 2039: 2020:(1): 100–116. 2003: 1957: 1936:(5639): 1482. 1916: 1889:(5639): 1482. 1866: 1815: 1795: 1732: 1717: 1695: 1688: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1651: 1650: 1644: 1643: 1627: 1624: 1530: 1527: 1521: 1518: 1446:soil pollution 1441: 1438: 1255: 1252: 905:microorganisms 884: 881: 873:Texella reyesi 832: 829: 823: 820: 818: 815: 768:Early Devonian 761: 760: 757: 756: 752: 751: 748: 747: 743: 742: 739: 738: 734: 733: 730: 729: 717: 714: 713: 710: 709: 697: 692: 690: 687: 686: 683: 682: 670: 665: 663: 660: 659: 656: 655: 643: 638: 636: 631: 594:junior synonym 574:Entomobryoidea 528: 525: 389: 386: 362:taxonomic rank 265: 264: 263: 262: 259: 253: 252: 246: 245: 244: 243: 235: 230: 225: 217: 216: 210: 209: 197: 193: 192: 187: 183: 182: 177: 170: 169: 164: 160: 159: 154: 150: 149: 144: 140: 139: 126: 125: 117: 116: 108: 107: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 49: 44: 37: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6464: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6420: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6362: 6358: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6209: 6205: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6187: 6183: 6178: 6172: 6168: 6163: 6157: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6135: 6124: 6119: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6082: 6078: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6056:Tantulocarida 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6026:Mystacocarida 6024: 6022: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6014: 6013: 6008: 6005: 6003: 5999: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5957: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5933:Euchelicerata 5930: 5924: 5921: 5920: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5908: 5902: 5898: 5896: 5892: 5890: 5886: 5884: 5880: 5878: 5874: 5873: 5870: 5865: 5857: 5852: 5850: 5845: 5843: 5838: 5837: 5834: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5799: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5784: 5783: 5777: 5772: 5771: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5738: 5733: 5726: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5673: 5668: 5661: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5614: 5605: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5591: 5586: 5579: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5540: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5509: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5482: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5447: 5439: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5400: 5395: 5388: 5386: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5332: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5303: 5294: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5259: 5257: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5219: 5218:Polar Biology 5210: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5173: 5165: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5134: 5126: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5093: 5088: 5086: 5077: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5040: 5031: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4996: 4989: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4966:(2): 91–106. 4965: 4961: 4954: 4947: 4939: 4933: 4925: 4921: 4919: 4910: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4883: 4876: 4858: 4856: 4852: 4843: 4835: 4829: 4821: 4817: 4815: 4806: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4767: 4751: 4747: 4741: 4733: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4712: 4698: 4694: 4688: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4651: 4646: 4640: 4632: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4601: 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3761: 3757: 3750: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3729: 3724: 3717: 3703:on 2016-08-04 3699: 3695: 3691: 3684: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3632: 3624: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3597: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3560: 3552: 3551:(Collembola)" 3550: 3541: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3498: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3471: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3432: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3403:Zoomorphology 3397: 3388: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3366: 3361: 3354: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3319: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3272: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3238:(2): 93–100. 3237: 3233: 3229: 3227: 3218: 3216: 3206: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3155: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3120: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3049: 3041: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3022: 3013: 3009: 3004: 2999: 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CRC Press. 2926: 2925: 2917: 2902: 2895: 2887: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2862: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2834: 2829: 2822: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2751: 2732: 2731:"Springtails" 2725: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2690: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2641: 2636: 2629: 2621: 2617: 2616: 2609: 2604: 2597: 2590:(3): 575–587. 2589: 2585: 2584: 2576: 2569: 2553: 2552: 2547: 2541: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2504: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2461: 2446: 2440: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2383: 2382:11365/1079696 2378: 2373: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2349: 2347: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2311: 2303: 2297: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2261: 2259: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2230: 2222: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2197: 2195: 2186: 2180: 2176: 2175: 2167: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2140: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2122:9780313339226 2118: 2114: 2109: 2108: 2102: 2096: 2094: 2085: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2046: 2044: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2007: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1964: 1962: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1920: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1877: 1870: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1819: 1811: 1810: 1805: 1804:Lubbock, John 1799: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1752: 1747: 1745: 1736: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1714: 1710: 1709:Prentice Hall 1706: 1699: 1691: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1662: 1658: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1641: 1635: 1630: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1608: 1603: 1602: 1598:of the genus 1597: 1593: 1590:(also called 1589: 1585: 1582:tolerance of 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1552: 1547: 1543: 1542:spermatophore 1539: 1535: 1526: 1517: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1498: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1472:ecotoxicology 1469: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1437: 1435: 1434:clean-up crew 1432:as part of a 1431: 1426: 1424: 1423: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1408:US government 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1352:United States 1349: 1344: 1342: 1341: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1279: 1274: 1266: 1265: 1260: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1210: 1209:Carl Linnaeus 1206: 1202: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1161: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1144: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1128:character in 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1087: 1086: 1081: 1077: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1061:physiological 1058: 1054: 1053:soil horizons 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1027: 1026: 1021: 1020: 1015: 1011: 1010: 1005: 1004: 999: 998: 991: 989: 988: 983: 979: 975: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 933: 929: 925: 922:A species of 920: 912: 908: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 880: 877: 875: 874: 869: 865: 860: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 837:mesostigmatan 828: 814: 811: 807: 803: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 781: 774: 769: 759: 758: 750: 749: 741: 740: 732: 731: 728: 726: 722: 716: 715: 712: 711: 708: 706: 702: 696: 695: 689: 688: 685: 684: 681: 679: 675: 669: 668: 662: 661: 658: 657: 654: 652: 648: 642: 641: 635: 634: 630: 627: 625: 621: 617: 613: 610: 607: 603: 597: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 570:superfamilies 567: 563: 559: 556: 548: 544: 543:Allacma fusca 524: 522: 516: 514: 509: 507: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 458: 456: 451: 449: 445: 440: 436: 432: 429: 421: 417: 416: 411: 404: 400: 399: 394: 385: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 338: 336: 331: 320: 310: 306: 301: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 260: 257: 256: 254: 251: 247: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 220: 218: 215: 211: 206: 201: 198: 195: 194: 191: 188: 185: 184: 181: 178: 175: 172: 171: 168: 165: 162: 161: 158: 155: 152: 151: 148: 145: 142: 141: 136: 131: 127: 124: 123: 118: 114: 109: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 52: 47: 33: 30: 19: 6146: 6122: 6093: 6010: 6002:Pancrustacea 5899:Superphylum 5780: 5741: 5735: 5731: 5725: 5676: 5670: 5666: 5660: 5630:(1): 35–44. 5627: 5623: 5619: 5613: 5594: 5588: 5578: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5539: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5508: 5491: 5487: 5481: 5459:(1): 37–44. 5456: 5452: 5446: 5403: 5397: 5341: 5337: 5331: 5306: 5300: 5293: 5268: 5264: 5222: 5216: 5209: 5176: 5170: 5164: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5133: 5096: 5092:BMC Genomics 5090: 5084: 5076: 5043: 5037: 5030: 5005: 5001: 4988: 4963: 4959: 4946: 4917: 4909: 4892: 4888: 4875: 4863:. Retrieved 4854: 4850: 4842: 4813: 4805: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4766: 4754:. Retrieved 4749: 4740: 4717: 4711: 4700:. Retrieved 4696: 4687: 4654: 4648: 4639: 4604: 4598: 4588: 4563: 4557: 4550: 4536:(2): 68–69. 4533: 4527: 4521: 4509:. Retrieved 4505: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4457: 4448: 4444: 4434: 4420:(1): 33–38. 4417: 4414:Pedobiologia 4413: 4409: 4405: 4399: 4369:(1): 62–66. 4366: 4362: 4356: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4309: 4292: 4286: 4280: 4268:. Retrieved 4254: 4240:(1): 49–55. 4237: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4204: 4198: 4194: 4188: 4171: 4168:Pedobiologia 4167: 4154: 4132:(2): 83–91. 4129: 4125: 4119: 4102: 4098: 4085: 4050: 4046: 4039: 4023:. Springer. 4019: 4012: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3989: 3973:. Elsevier. 3969: 3962: 3950:. Retrieved 3941: 3932: 3928: 3911: 3892: 3889:Pedobiologia 3888: 3878: 3853: 3849: 3836: 3819: 3815: 3802: 3778:(1): 35–85. 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3749: 3732: 3726: 3722: 3716: 3705:. 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Retrieved 2439: 2406: 2402: 2362: 2358: 2320: 2316: 2310: 2296: 2271: 2267: 2240: 2236: 2229: 2202: 2173: 2166: 2149: 2145: 2139: 2106: 2083: 2051: 2017: 2013: 2006: 1973: 1969: 1933: 1929: 1919: 1886: 1882: 1869: 1828: 1824: 1818: 1808: 1798: 1755: 1749: 1743: 1735: 1704: 1698: 1667: 1661: 1605: 1599: 1572:reproduction 1564:Sminthuridae 1560:Symphypleona 1549: 1532: 1529:Reproduction 1523: 1514: 1509: 1495: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1463: 1443: 1427: 1420: 1416: 1396:scrub typhus 1350:accused the 1345: 1338: 1319: 1276: 1270: 1262: 1242:limitation, 1224:cereal crops 1218:) and open ( 1213: 1198: 1188: 1165: 1157: 1148:Krubera Cave 1141: 1106:reproduction 1091: 1083: 1069:gravitropism 1065:interactions 1049:plant litter 1030: 1023: 1017: 1013: 1007: 1001: 995: 992: 985: 937: 932:Sminthuridae 928:Symphypleona 924:Sminthurinae 901:microbivores 897:detritivores 886: 883:Distribution 878: 871: 861: 853:Rhodacaridae 834: 825: 812: 808: 785:Rhynie chert 778: 765: 719: 701:Symphypleona 699: 674:Poduromorpha 672: 645: 628: 598: 590:Poduromorpha 582:paraphyletic 562:Symphypleona 558:Arthropleona 552: 547:Symphypleona 542: 523:are absent. 517: 510: 489:Sminthuridae 470:Symphypleona 462:Poduromorpha 459: 452: 425: 420:Poduromorpha 413: 396: 342:DNA sequence 339: 308: 302: 273: 269: 268: 233:Symphypleona 228:Poduromorpha 199: 180:Pancrustacea 173: 120: 29: 6313:iNaturalist 6171:Wikispecies 5960:Mandibulata 5911:Chelicerata 5895:Protostomia 5893:(unranked) 5887:(unranked) 5881:Subkingdom 3793:10171/27607 3756:Schaefferia 2101:Piper, Ross 1388:paratyphoid 1364:North Korea 1307:damping-off 1134:desiccation 1098:respiration 1094:desiccation 1088:sp. on leaf 1085:Dicyrtomina 1073:behavioural 1057:nutritional 1009:Anurophorus 965:crustaceans 914:"Snow flea" 893:leaf litter 849:Parasitidae 647:Neelipleona 616:apomorphies 566:Neelipleona 474:Neelipleona 448:retinaculum 322:"glue" and 270:Springtails 261:Oligoentoma 238:Neelipleona 186:Subphylum: 35:Springtails 6442:Collembola 6436:Categories 6204:Collembola 6191:Collembola 6177:Collembola 6147:Collembola 5864:Arthropoda 4922:. Geneva: 4818:. Geneva: 4702:2022-10-06 4607:(3): 1–5. 4068:10316/3875 3764:Plutomurus 3707:2016-01-03 2965:January 2, 2906:October 6, 2450:January 2, 2365:(9): 169. 1668:Entomology 1654:References 1612:arthropods 1580:population 1546:pheromones 1506:microarray 1492:herbicides 1488:earthworms 1356:Korean War 1335:aspirating 1331:pareidolia 1322:parasitize 1311:pathogenic 1102:pheromones 1045:vegetation 1043:to ground 1003:Orchesella 997:Entomobrya 868:harvestmen 857:Veigaiidae 845:Laelapidae 578:Poduroidea 439:collophore 388:Morphology 366:cladistics 358:arthropods 356:among the 335:collophore 309:Collembola 305:omnivorous 298:mouthparts 294:Entognatha 274:Collembola 258:Oligentoma 241:(disputed) 200:Collembola 196:Subclass: 167:Arthropoda 18:Collembola 6071:Remipedia 6012:Crustacea 5987:Pauropoda 5969:Myriapoda 5901:Ecdysozoa 5889:Bilateria 5883:Eumetazoa 5732:Wolbachia 5667:Wolbachia 5620:Wolbachia 5354:CiteSeerX 5302:Ecography 5150:: 67–71. 4865:April 17, 3345:258572651 3288:CiteSeerX 3271:Ecography 3254:258140448 2998:CiteSeerX 2764:: 31–38. 2740:March 26, 2622:(1): 3–8. 2558:March 26, 2532:925231875 2431:211133755 2359:Diversity 2288:214349457 2274:: 81–96. 2243:: 20–31. 2131:124074839 1727:276340542 1616:nematodes 1607:Wolbachia 1601:Wolbachia 1592:thelytoky 1430:terrarium 1400:small pox 1380:dysentery 1346:In 1952, 1291:symbioses 1264:Tomocerus 1240:dispersal 1205:Poduridae 1138:predation 1126:ancestral 1031:The main 982:snow flea 978:subphylum 961:nematodes 889:cryptozoa 831:Predators 513:prothorax 493:spiracles 435:appendage 428:abdominal 153:Kingdom: 147:Eukaryota 6235:BugGuide 6211:BioLib: 6156:Wikidata 6081:Hexapoda 6051:Copepoda 5982:Symphyla 5877:Animalia 5875:Kingdom 5798:Archived 5758:16701248 5652:14686939 5570:12056710 5438:26670681 5376:36287733 5247:13826340 5201:23278945 5125:19457238 5068:19031917 4932:cite web 4828:cite web 4797:11222037 4671:23198757 4631:19611235 4580:83870937 4511:April 9, 4348:11014525 4146:86558143 4077:86289373 3952:April 2, 3870:84523833 3668:41604935 3660:17841689 3588:86619537 3549:Willemia 3462:24035747 3423:14442664 3310:85133291 2982:Geoderma 2813:22883809 2681:23082186 2640:PLOS ONE 2495:88641582 2423:32065730 2337:18835455 2103:(2007). 2034:16290034 1998:10783597 1990:19267625 1952:82407120 1911:43942720 1903:12970547 1861:38792657 1853:12649480 1806:(1873). 1672:Springer 1648:Hexapoda 1626:See also 1620:lineages 1596:bacteria 1468:ringtest 1461:isotomid 1216:woodland 1195:Adaptive 1172:moisture 1162:on water 1130:Hexapoda 1110:survival 1047:then to 1041:canopies 1037:woodland 797:Silurian 793:Hexapoda 789:Scotland 612:sequence 588:and the 576:and the 478:tracheal 431:segments 384:status. 374:subclass 350:Hexapoda 278:hexapods 250:Synonyms 190:Hexapoda 163:Phylum: 157:Animalia 143:Domain: 6162:Q190701 5862:Extant 5717:8585323 5709:7644549 5681:Bibcode 5632:Bibcode 5461:Bibcode 5429:4680968 5408:Bibcode 5346:Bibcode 5311:Bibcode 5273:Bibcode 5227:Bibcode 5181:Bibcode 5116:2688526 5099:: 236. 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