166:
182:
158:
190:
1052:
guns, only the two pairs of pedestal-mounted guns at Fort
Andrews and Fort Standish were retained through the end of the war. The removal of most weapons and an Army-wide shift from a regimental to a battalion-based system meant organizational changes in the Boston area. On 23 February 1944 the 9th Coast Artillery was effectively disestablished, and on 7 October 1944 the 241st Coast Artillery was redesignated as the 187th and 241st Coast Artillery Battalions, which themselves were disestablished on 1 April 1945. Personnel from these units were absorbed by HD Boston.
1291:
61:
513:
505:
947:, with the guns protected by open-back shields. The guns for these batteries were mostly the 6-inch guns removed in World War I for field service and stored since that war; a new 6-inch gun M1 of similar characteristics was developed when this supply of guns began to run out. Four of these batteries were built in the Boston area, of which three were armed. These were Battery 206 at the East Point Military Reservation, Battery 207 at Fort Dawes (not armed), Battery Jewell (a.k.a. Battery 209) on
1305:
2860:
174:
780:
796:
37:
487:
fortifications was cut off in 1879 before much had been accomplished in the Boston area. The existing forts were at least partially rearmed with Rodman guns. The external batteries of Fort
Winthrop were rebuilt for Rodman guns, and the southeast bastion of Fort Warren was roofed over with massive brick arches. A plaque at the fort states that it was a prototype
440:. In 1833 work was to begin on a rebuilding and expansion of Fort Independence as a granite fort, but commencement was delayed until 1836 due to funding problems cause by an inflation spike. The rebuilt fort was substantially complete by 1848, although repairs and other work continued until 1861. Another large granite fort was begun in 1833 on
740:
It appears that four mortars from Fort Banks and six from Fort
Andrews were removed for potential service as railway artillery and not returned to the forts. All four of Fort Warren's 10-inch guns were removed for the same reason; these were replaced with different 10-inch guns in 1919. One of Fort
1051:
As new defenses were built, and with little threat to the east coast from enemy air or surface raiders, the heavy weapons at Boston's
Endicott-era forts were scrapped in 1942-43. Fort Warren's and Fort Heath's 12-inch guns were the last heavy Endicott weapons to be scrapped, in 1945. Of the 6-inch
888:
486:
near
Savannah, Georgia in 1862. Also, Parrott rifles had shown an alarming tendency to burst when fired. In the 1870s a major rebuilding of coast defenses was projected. These were centered on earth-protected batteries of Rodman guns along with some Parrott rifles. However, all funding for new
895:
Early in World War II numerous temporary buildings were again constructed to accommodate the rapid mobilization of men and equipment. The 241st Coast
Artillery was activated on 16 September 1940, while three battalions of the 9th Coast Artillery were activated in February and June 1941. The
399:
and was designed by French-born engineer officer Jean Foncin. It had 42 guns in the fort, with two outer batteries for six guns each, and could house two companies of about 100 men each, with an external wooden barracks for six additional companies. In 1808-1812 Fort Warren (renamed
1117:
Following the war, it was soon determined that gun defenses were obsolete, and they were scrapped by the end of 1948, with remaining harbor defense functions turned over to the Navy. In 1950 the Coast
Artillery Corps and all Army harbor defense commands were dissolved. Today the
700:
In 1911-12 eight of Fort Banks' sixteen M1886 12-inch (305 mm) mortars were replaced with M1890 mortars; the remainder were replaced in 1915. Also, in 1912-13 the fort's structure was largely replaced due to inferior concrete, and the magazines were expanded.
810:, were declared obsolete and removed from the forts. These included all Army 5-inch guns, the 4.72-inch Armstrong guns, the pair of 4-inch guns at Fort Warren, and many of the 3-inch guns throughout CD Boston, leading to some redeployments of 3-inch weapons.
737:. The remounted 5-inch and 6-inch guns were sent to France, but their units did not complete training in time to see action. The 5-inch guns were removed from service in 1920, but the 6-inch guns were stored and many returned to service in World War II.
850:
with better guns and armor. Although the end of World War I meant a general drawdown in US coast defenses, the Boston area was also chosen for one of the first 16-inch (406 mm) gun batteries built by the United States. This was
728:. Some weapons were removed from forts with the intent of getting US-made artillery into the fight. 8-inch, 10-inch, and 12-inch guns and 12-inch mortars were converted to railway artillery, while 5-inch and 6-inch guns became
813:
On 1 July 1924 the harbor defense garrisons completed the transition from a company-based organization to a regimental one, and on 9 June 1925 the commands were renamed from "Coast
Defenses..." to "Harbor Defenses...". The
495:
and was not further used as a fort, although it was re-occupied as a torpedo and mine depot in the
Spanish–American War. Fort Winthrop also went into caretaker status about the same time, also with some re-use in that war.
732:
on wheeled carriages. 12-inch mortars were also removed to improve reload times by reducing the number of mortars in a pit from four to two. Few railway artillery pieces were mounted and few or none saw action before the
845:
on M1917 long-range barbette carriages that increased the guns' range from 18,400 yards (16,800 m) to 29,300 yards (26,800 m). This type of weapon was developed in response to the progressive improvement of
608:
while Fort
Andrews had sixteen 12-inch mortars with the pits in an open-back line to improve reloading. Fort Warren was rebuilt with two 12-inch and five 10-inch disappearing guns, Fort Revere had two 12-inch guns on
741:
Strong's 10-inch guns was removed and not replaced. Three of Fort Revere's 6-inch guns and all four of Fort Revere's and Fort Andrews' 5-inch guns were removed and not replaced (Fort Andrews' 5-inch guns went to
536:; most of the forts were completed by the end of 1904, and the last was completed in 1907. The complex geography of the harbor area required seven forts to defend it, including the rebuilding of parts of
745:, Virginia). Two of Fort Standish's 6-inch guns were removed, but were remounted in 1919. Other weapons were earmarked for transfer, and some of these were dismounted, but were remounted after the war.
528:
to develop recommendations for a full replacement of existing coast defenses. Most of its recommendations were adopted, and construction began in 1892 on new forts to defend the Boston area. Two
908:
in 1940 the Army decided to replace all existing heavy coast defense guns with 16-inch guns, but retained long-range 12-inch batteries including Fort Ruckman. Fort Ruckman and Fort Duvall were
1154:
is the most accessible and among the best-preserved, and is a public park with guided tours in the summer. It's one of the few well-preserved forts in the area with road access. The former
596:" configuration (four pits in a square with four mortars per pit) to concentrate their fire; it was the first mortar battery of the Endicott program completed. Nearby Fort Heath had three
651:
at Fort Strong was among many hastily added following the outbreak of the Spanish–American War in 1898. Most of the Endicott batteries were years from completion, and it was feared the
1162:
and is publicly accessible by road. The 16-inch battery in particular can be seen easily, thanks to a berm in front of it that was part of the later Nike missile site. Also in Nahant,
344:
on 5 March, allowing the Continental Army to bombard the British fleet in the harbor. The British evacuated Boston on 17 March under a truce, taking the ships carrying their army to
391:
and a complete rebuilding was projected. The fort in Hull lost the name and was called either the Allerton Battery or "the French fort" afterwards. The name "Fort Adams" went to a
716:
brought many changes to the Coast Artillery and the Coast Defenses of Boston (CD Boston). Numerous temporary buildings were constructed at the forts to accommodate the wartime
625:
at Fort Andrews, six 6-inch guns and two 5-inch guns at Fort Revere, and five 6-inch guns at Fort Standish. Smaller weapons were also provided to defend the minefields against
2262:
756:
on fixed mounts were built at some forts. Some of these weapons remained in service through early World War II, others were replaced by towed 3-inch guns in the 1930s.
720:. As the only component of the Army with heavy artillery experience and significant manpower, the Coast Artillery was chosen to operate almost all US-manned heavy and
704:
In 1914 a one-gun 10-inch (254 mm) battery at Fort Warren was disarmed and abandoned due to inferior concrete; this was Battery Jack Adams inside the stone fort.
340:
with more and larger cannon than they previously had. In the first week of March these weapons were used to engage the enemy. The turning point was the capture and
833:
A major change in Boston Harbor between the wars required a new fort: the opening of a new ship channel in the northern part of the harbor. To cover this approach
3142:
920:; this battery entered service in June 1944, extending Fort Ruckman's coverage of the northern approaches to the harbor. Another 16-inch battery, Battery 105 at
1218:; the 6-inch batteries are well-preserved but only traces remain of the Revolutionary War fort and the other Endicott Batteries were buried in the 1970s.
1186:
is very well-preserved with guided tours that allow access to most of the fort. It's a rare example of an older fort with Endicott batteries added to it.
1328:
1263:
Crest: On a wreath Argent and Gules, a dexter arm embowed habited gray with white ruff grasping a staff with the flag of Bunker Hill attached all Proper.
3152:
2909:
1271:
Symbolism: The shield is red for the Artillery. The Mayflower, the crest and the motto all tell of the historic background of the Boston district.
767:. Eight of these companies (four Massachusetts National Guard, one Rhode Island National Guard, and the rest regular army) were transferred to the
1333:
529:
228:
2273:
871:
against the decks of enemy warships as they approached. An alternate proposal in 1920 was to build a naval-type turret with two 16-inch guns on
268:, the King of England at the time. It is one of the oldest continuously fortified sites in the northeastern United States; however, the site of
1175:
161:
Map of the Boston Harbor islands. Not shown to the north is the Nahant peninsula, site of Fort Ruckman and the East Point Military Reservation.
2142:
1780:
1119:
1122:
carries the lineage of some Coast Artillery units. In the late 1940s antiaircraft gun sites were established in the US, first with
202:
76:
17:
2606:
456:
and its water batteries were rebuilt for seven guns each. The supervising builder of Forts Independence, Warren, and Winthrop was
2914:
2828:
1231:
1226:
has been partly built on as part of a gated community, probably with no public access; one 16-inch emplacement is still visible.
867:
carriage that allowed an elevation of 65 degrees and a range of 49,100 yards (44,900 m). This increased the opportunity for
656:
2899:
2874:
1857:
1764:
1679:
3076:
2879:
2823:
2556:
2528:
2509:
2490:
2471:
2445:
2426:
2226:
2207:
1318:
1187:
1045:
1033:
952:
872:
823:
659:
in Middletown, Rhode Island and removed from service in 1919, shortly after the war ended. One is preserved as a memorial in
581:
437:
409:
396:
355:(also called Fort Adams) and the forts on Governor's and Noddle's Islands. A new fort was built in 1776 on Telegraph Hill in
257:
1274:
Background: The coat of arms was initially approved in 1919 for the Coast Defenses of Boston. It was later approved for the
1020:
Anti-Motor Torpedo Boat (AMTB) batteries were built in the Boston area. These had 90 mm dual-purpose (anti-surface and
928:
in the middle of the harbor, was also built but not armed. An additional 16-inch battery, Battery 106, was proposed for the
912:
during World War II for protection against air attack, as were the new 16-inch batteries. In 1942 construction began on the
2929:
2657:
1877:
979:
694:
348:. However, they damaged and destroyed Castle William and its ordnance as best they could, to deny its use to the Patriots.
2255:
1275:
815:
634:
467:
Boston Harbor was not attacked in the Civil War; however, the forts served as mobilization centers and Fort Warren was a
341:
966:", circular concrete platforms to support the guns. These were at the East Point Military Reservation in Nahant and the
2924:
2919:
967:
475:, primarily 15-inch and 10-inch caliber, began during the war, most likely along with some 100-, 200-, and 300-pounder
452:. The new Fort Warren, designed for 300 guns, was completed in 1861. A large central citadel with 16 guns was added to
368:
2278:, United States Army in World War II, Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, United States Army, archived from
2904:
2884:
2741:
2383:
2364:
2341:
2322:
1235:
1151:
929:
827:
760:
388:
281:
209:
1955:
193:
Bicentennial memorial to the first Fort Independence, 6-inch disappearing emplacements at Fort Revere in background.
2889:
1223:
1134:
systems deployed in the 1950s and early 1960s used some former coastal forts as launch or radar sites, notably the
876:
856:
764:
491:
battery for 15-inch Rodmans, certainly rare in the US and possibly unique. In 1879 Fort Independence was placed in
405:
317:
2635:
1238:
in Scituate is now an Air Force recreation area with some public access; the World War II 6-inch battery and some
276:
was fortified at least two years previously. The fort was rebuilt and expanded many times (six times prior to the
3147:
2894:
2844:
2751:
1278:
Regiment on 6 May 1924. It was redesignated for the 9th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion on 6 December 1950.
1155:
1135:
1102:
1025:
913:
713:
2582:
759:
References indicate the authorized strength of CD Boston in World War I was 32 companies, including 12 from the
2772:
1242:
remain. There are numerous other fire control towers in the Boston area, mostly privately owned, with a few at
1183:
541:
525:
441:
2114:
2716:
2303:
1636:
1024:) guns. Each battery was authorized two 90 mm guns on fixed mounts, two on towed mounts, and two single
987:
971:
859:), south of the Hull peninsula and thus not visible from the ship channel, built 1919-1927. The fort had two
768:
734:
337:
285:
1210:
was demolished in 2014 due to safety concerns, and as of 2016 there are no public activities on the island.
1174:
in Winthrop is totally demolished and buried. Almost all of the forts on the harbor islands are part of the
917:
351:
Patriot forces occupied and rebuilt the British forts in the area to the best of their abilities, including
3046:
2766:
819:
589:
383:
In 1794 Castle William/Fort Adams was repaired to some extent. In 1797 or 1799 (references vary) President
3157:
2839:
2761:
2577:
1207:
1179:
1087:
1010:
925:
725:
648:
614:
561:
537:
508:
12-inch gun M1895 on disappearing carriage M1896, similar to installations at Fort Warren and Fort Heath.
445:
325:
1422:
962:
batteries were emplaced in 1942 to quickly provide some defense at key points. These had towed guns on "
666:
In 1909 a vast landward defense system was proposed for the Boston area, 70 miles long with its ends at
3162:
3086:
2975:
2696:
1167:
1094:
545:
375:, a French military engineer officer assisting the Continental Army at General Washington's direction.
301:
277:
127:
1130:. In the Boston area some of these sites were at or near former Coast Artillery forts. Similarly, the
482:
The Civil War showed that masonry forts were vulnerable to rifled cannon; the classic example was the
372:
3011:
2292:
2279:
1695:
1296:
1079:
998:
994:
273:
264:, whose site was first fortified in 1634 and called "the Castle" until 1692, when it was renamed for
371:
fleet greatly expanded the fort (probably assisted by Patriot forces), supervised by Chief Engineer
165:
2650:
1684:, Vol. II, August 1895, pp. 491-501, access date 24 March 2016 (web page title "National Magazine")
983:
329:
108:
2438:
A Legacy in Brick and Stone: American Coastal Defense Forts of the Third System, 1816-1867, 2nd Ed
181:
2808:
2594:
American Forts Network, lists forts in the US, former US territories, Canada, and Central America
1170:
in Winthrop is partly buried, but is sometimes open for events such as a Halloween haunted fort.
1159:
1098:
1083:
1006:
933:
553:
521:
217:
157:
114:
677:
In 1910 four M1890 12-inch (305 mm) mortars were removed from Fort Andrews and sent to the
3167:
2393:
2155:
2026:
1531:
1323:
847:
671:
265:
205:
96:
2248:
1028:
guns, although the weapons on hand may have varied. These batteries were completed in 1943 at
2334:
Encyclopedia of Historic Forts: The Military, Pioneer, and Trading Posts of the United States
2015:
1499:
1041:
948:
838:
822:
component of HD Boston from 1 July 1924 through 23 February 1944, when it was disbanded. The
655:
would bombard the US east coast. In 1917, during World War I, these guns were transferred to
601:
483:
316:
besieged British forces in the city. The British built several forts as a result, notably on
269:
213:
2572:
2004:
1744:
1611:
1479:
1150:
As of 2016, the Boston-area forts run the gamut from good preservation to total demolition.
2037:
1310:
660:
641:
492:
345:
2136:
1982:
879:
was also considered, but the battery was finally built (without a turret) as Fort Duvall.
395:
completed in 1799. The newly christened Fort Independence was rebuilt 1801-1803 under the
8:
3061:
2643:
2418:
Artillerists and Engineers: The Beginnings of American Seacoast Fortifications, 1794–1815
1002:
944:
724:
in that war. Stateside garrisons were drawn down to provide experienced gun crews on the
667:
613:
carriages, and Fort Standish had four 10-inch guns. Medium-caliber weapons included two
577:
412:, with 12 guns in the fort and 20 guns in two water batteries. After the outbreak of the
356:
189:
3091:
3081:
2756:
2726:
2353:
2236:
1239:
1123:
1017:
799:
640:
As the new forts entered service, by 1908 Forts Independence and Winthrop (which had a
593:
417:
321:
2552:
2524:
2505:
2486:
2467:
2441:
2422:
2403:
2379:
2360:
2337:
2318:
2222:
2203:
1784:
1178:, with a ferry system that provides access to most of the islands, except in winter.
860:
842:
721:
605:
597:
364:
313:
221:
86:
2665:
1215:
959:
940:
807:
753:
630:
622:
618:
504:
309:
2397:
830:
component of HD Boston from 30 April 1924 through inactivation on 7 October 1944.
231:. The command originated circa 1895 as the Boston Artillery District, was renamed
3026:
3006:
2995:
2416:
2266:
2166:
1199:
569:
533:
457:
305:
1556:
3111:
3051:
2990:
2787:
1705:
1191:
1075:
975:
905:
585:
512:
352:
261:
3136:
3116:
3106:
3071:
2849:
2681:
2667:
2621:
2608:
2103:
1127:
1021:
901:
897:
868:
788:
682:
476:
453:
449:
401:
253:
66:
1899:
516:
12-inch mortar pit, similar to installations at Fort Banks and Fort Andrews.
3096:
3066:
3036:
3031:
3016:
2985:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2803:
2782:
2746:
2701:
2691:
2407:
2049:
Scarpulla, Norm (Winter 2020). "Salisbury Beach Fire Control and Battery".
1700:
1195:
1163:
1131:
1106:
1060:
963:
834:
749:
717:
652:
565:
425:
2092:
1846:
1650:
3101:
3041:
3021:
2980:
2950:
2833:
2813:
2792:
2777:
2731:
2721:
2706:
2686:
2587:
1835:
1219:
1211:
1203:
1139:
1071:
1037:
943:. These included heavy earth-covered concrete bunkers for ammunition and
852:
784:
678:
626:
573:
557:
421:
413:
360:
173:
2859:
1588:
3056:
3001:
2955:
2945:
2818:
2797:
2736:
2711:
2293:
Gaines, William C., Coast Artillery Organizational History, 1917-1950,
1919:
1821:
1266:
Motto: PRIMA LIBERTATIS ACIE (In the First Line of Battle for Liberty).
1227:
1171:
1029:
921:
916:
in Nahant, including Battery Murphy (also called Battery 104) with two
742:
690:
686:
549:
472:
461:
392:
384:
333:
146:
2578:
Insignia of the Coast Artillery Corps at the Coast Defense Study Group
2188:
2081:
1942:
1888:
532:
also guarded the harbor. Construction continued during the command of
3121:
2593:
2177:
1993:
1097:. On 24 December 1941 the Eastern Theater of Operations (renamed the
806:
In 1920 a number of weapons deployed in limited quantities, plus the
729:
2598:
887:
779:
1250:
1243:
1056:
909:
864:
610:
488:
468:
289:
2219:
The Guns of Boston Harbor: From the Bay Colony through the Present
1680:
Commins, Mabel P., "Fort Winthrop: Its Past and Present History",
990:
with the addition of a fire control structure for those defenses.
795:
448:; the previous fort of that name on Governor's Island was renamed
1067:
138:"Prima Libertatis Acie" (In the First Line of Battle for Liberty)
36:
2308:. Waltham, MA: US Army Corps of Engineers, New England Division.
771:(Coast Artillery Corps), which served in France in World War I.
580:(on the site of the Revolutionary War's Fort Independence), and
464:
although he spent most of his career building the Boston forts.
1769:, Vol. 7, pp. 3778–3780, Washington: Government Printing Office
1070:
also participated in defending the Massachusetts Bay area with
697:. At Fort Andrews they were replaced by M1908 mortars in 1913.
2167:
Northeastern University Marine Science Center official website
280:, once during it, and twice afterward), and in 1797 was named
235:
in 1913, and again renamed Harbor Defenses of Boston in 1925.
1767:
Report of the Commission on the Conduct of the War with Spain
1109:
and fighter assets. This command was disestablished in 1946.
2272:
Conn, Stetson; Engelman, Rose C.; Fairchild, Byron (2000) ,
1093:
Following mobilization in 1940 HD Boston was subordinate to
993:
Additional 155 mm batteries in field positions were at
955:, and Battery 208 at the Fourth Cliff Military Reservation.
588:. The heavy weapons were as follows: Fort Banks had sixteen
300:
The major event in the Boston area in the first year of the
1960:. Washington: Government Printing Office. pp. 147–149.
224:
1704:. Sioux Falls, SD. August 20, 1903. p. 4 – via
2537:
1480:
Boston-area Revolutionary forts at American Forts Network
1260:
Shield: Gules, the ship Mayflower under full sail Proper.
2256:
Coats of Arms and Badges of the Coast Artillery Corps,
1005:, Fort Heath, Fort Dawes, Fort Andrews, Rocky Point in
1105:
harbor defense commands subordinate to it, along with
2271:
177:
Fort Independence as rebuilt in the mid-19th century.
2399:
A Topographical and Historical Description of Boston
2138:
Army Lineage Series: Air Defense Artillery, CMH 60-5
1532:
Fort Independence (Boston) at American Forts Network
1286:
2156:
Harbor Defenses of Boston at American Forts Netowrk
2115:
HD Boston, WWII underwater defenses at FortWiki.com
1329:
List of coastal fortifications of the United States
436:Major new defenses for Boston were built under the
2666:Former military forts, reservations, and camps in
2352:
1527:
1525:
1500:Fort Independence (Hull) at American Forts Network
978:. Another four-gun 155 mm battery was at the
900:was demolished in mid-1941 due to an expansion of
2355:Gaining Ground: A History of Landmaking in Boston
2005:Fourth Cliff Military Reservation at FortWiki.com
3134:
2573:Map of Harbor Defenses of Boston at FortWiki.com
2464:Fort Ruckman Through Time (America Through Time)
2202:(Third ed.). McLean, Virginia: CDSG Press.
1745:Map of Harbor Defenses of Boston at FortWiki.com
1493:
748:During and after World War I two- and three-gun
2502:The Military History of Boston's Harbor Islands
2315:The U. S. Army in World War I: Orders of Battle
1983:East Point Military Reservation at FortWiki.com
1522:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1334:List of military installations in Massachusetts
1230:was completely demolished to make room for the
939:The 16-inch batteries were supplemented by new
3143:Military units and formations in Massachusetts
2590:at the Coast Defense Study Group, Inc. website
2217:Butler, Gerald W.; Shaner, Mary (ed.) (2001).
2189:Boston Harbor Islands site with ferry schedule
1953:
1646:
1644:
1424:Coast Artillery Organization: A Brief Overview
1176:Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area
1158:in Nahant is now the Marine Science Center of
1101:three months later) was established, with all
387:visited the fort. At that time it was renamed
2651:
2599:FortWiki, lists most CONUS and Canadian forts
2200:American Seacoast Defenses, A Reference Guide
2143:United States Army Center of Military History
1831:
1829:
1584:
1582:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1078:, including stations in Nahant (Station 1D),
2549:Seacoast Fortifications of the United States
2216:
1978:
1976:
1878:Coast Artillery Corps Units in France in WWI
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1781:National Archives and Records Administration
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1598:
1596:
1468:
1435:
1433:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
524:was convened in 1885 under Secretary of War
2583:Unofficial organization chart for HD Boston
2275:Guarding the United States and its Outposts
2178:Boston Harbor Islands National Park website
1929:
1927:
1641:
1447:
1445:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
288:, which was connected to the mainland by a
2658:
2644:
2588:List of all US coastal forts and batteries
2521:The Military History of the Cape Cod Canal
2149:
1987:
1840:
1826:
1579:
1557:Fort Independence (Boston) at FortWiki.com
1545:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1214:in Hull (on the mainland) is preserved as
644:explosion in 1902) were removed from use.
169:Castle William in 1773, by William Pierie.
2435:
2392:
2350:
2260:, August 1923, vol. 59 no. 2, pp. 123-142
2048:
2038:Salisbury Beach at American Forts Network
1973:
1871:
1808:
1712:
1655:
1612:Noddle's Island at American Forts Network
1593:
1430:
1418:
1416:
1397:
1352:
1350:
1348:
629:; these were primarily several models of
308:from 19 April 1775 to 17 March 1776. The
3153:United States Army Coast Artillery Corps
2540:Military Annals of Nahant, Massachusetts
2134:
1924:
1442:
1426:at the Coast Defense Study Group website
1359:
1055:Some of the Boston-area forts served as
886:
794:
778:
511:
503:
203:United States Army Coast Artillery Corps
188:
180:
172:
164:
156:
77:United States Army Coast Artillery Corps
2373:
2359:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
2331:
2312:
2305:Army Engineers in New England 1775-1975
2301:
1738:
1688:
1673:
1664:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1454:
1377:
1232:Deer Island Waste Water Treatment Plant
471:. Rearmament of the forts with the new
14:
3135:
2518:
2499:
2480:
2461:
2197:
2042:
1862:
1413:
1345:
216:from 1895 to 1950, beginning with the
2639:
2546:
2483:Fort Warren: The Key to Boston Harbor
1319:Seacoast defense in the United States
1046:Brewster Islands Military Reservation
953:Brewster Islands Military Reservation
243:
2414:
2051:Coast Defense Study Group Newsletter
1625:
1166:is partly buried but still visible.
1112:
980:Salisbury Beach Military Reservation
420:was rebuilt with state resources as
295:
2551:. Annapolis: Leeward Publications.
1858:US Army Railway Guns in World War I
1783:, Record Group 156, Records of the
378:
342:fortification of Dorchester Heights
24:
2538:Nahant Historical Society (1996).
2455:
986:. The site was transferred to the
968:Sagamore Hill Military Reservation
693:. These weapons saw action in the
606:10-inch (254 mm) disappearing guns
499:
460:, best known as Superintendent of
410:second system of US fortifications
248:
25:
3179:
2566:
1957:American Coast Artillery Materiel
1236:Fourth Cliff Military Reservation
1206:is not accessible; the bridge to
930:Fourth Cliff Military Reservation
649:4.72-inch (120 mm) Armstrong guns
615:4.72-inch (120 mm) Armstrong guns
438:third system of US fortifications
397:first system of US fortifications
256:'s principal coastal fort of the
2858:
1954:Ordnance Corps, US Army (1922).
1765:Congressional serial set, 1900,
1303:
1289:
974:at the northern entrance of the
877:Calf Island Military Reservation
875:, but this was not implemented.
59:
35:
2836:(East Boston & Long Island)
2547:Lewis, Emanuel Raymond (1979).
2402:. Boston: Boston City Council.
2394:Shurtleff, Nathaniel Bradstreet
2182:
2171:
2160:
2128:
2119:
2108:
2097:
2086:
2075:
2066:
2057:
2053:. Mclean, Virginia: CDSG Press.
2031:
2027:Salisbury Beach at FortWiki.com
2020:
2009:
1998:
1964:
1947:
1936:
1913:
1904:
1893:
1882:
1851:
1847:Fort Warren (2) at FortWiki.com
1799:
1790:
1773:
1758:
1749:
1616:
1605:
1570:
1561:
1536:
1513:
1504:
1484:
1249:
1156:East Point Military Reservation
1136:East Point Military Reservation
914:East Point Military Reservation
882:
714:American entry into World War I
1202:are also accessible by ferry.
707:
526:William Crowninshield Endicott
13:
1:
2998:(Bartlett, McGuinness, Dewey)
2440:. McLean, VA: Redoubt Press.
2198:Berhow, Mark A., ed. (2015).
2016:Sagamore Hill at FortWiki.com
1900:Fort Standish at FortWiki.com
1589:Fort Winthrop at FortWiki.com
1339:
1059:during World War II, notably
988:Harbor Defenses of Portsmouth
972:Sagamore Beach, Massachusetts
393:fort in Newport, Rhode Island
2542:. Nahant Historical Society.
2376:World War II Order of Battle
2351:Seasholes, Nancy S. (2003).
2313:Rinaldi, Richard A. (2004).
2135:McKenney, Janice E. (1985).
2104:Scituate, MA indicator loops
1920:Fort Ruckman at FortWiki.com
1822:Fort Andrews at FortWiki.com
841:from 1918 to 1924, with two
828:Massachusetts National Guard
761:Massachusetts National Guard
695:Japanese invasion in 1941-42
674:, but none of it was built.
431:
326:captured at Fort Ticonderoga
324:. In January 1776 artillery
7:
2436:Weaver II, John R. (2018).
2374:Stanton, Shelby L. (1991).
2332:Roberts, Robert B. (1988).
2297:, vol. 23, issue 2, pp. 8-9
1943:Fort Duvall at FortWiki.com
1889:Fort Revere at FortWiki.com
1696:"J. L. Tiernon Has Retired"
1651:Fort Warren at FortWiki.com
1282:
861:M1919 16-inch (406 mm) guns
774:
765:Rhode Island National Guard
185:Aerial view of Fort Warren.
10:
3184:
2519:Butler, Gerald W. (2002).
2500:Butler, Gerald W. (2000).
2481:Butler, Gerald W. (2004).
2093:East Point indicator loops
1994:Fort Dawes at FortWiki.com
1836:Fort Banks at FortWiki.com
1394:Coats of Arms, pp. 123-126
1145:
681:; two of these survive at
363:. In 1778-1780 a force of
330:brought to the Boston area
238:
2938:
2867:
2856:
2674:
1297:American Civil War portal
941:6-inch (152 mm) batteries
754:M1917 3-inch (76 mm) guns
544:. The six new forts were
274:Portsmouth, New Hampshire
199:Harbor Defenses of Boston
142:
134:
123:
102:
92:
82:
72:
54:
46:
34:
30:Harbor Defenses of Boston
29:
2466:. America Through Time.
2415:Wade, Arthur P. (2011).
2302:Parkman, Aubrey (1978).
2063:Butler 2001, pp. 352-354
1779:Gun and Carriage cards,
1074:and submarine-detecting
984:Salisbury, Massachusetts
891:A casemated 16-inch gun.
590:12-inch (305 mm) mortars
328:in upstate New York was
233:Coast Defenses of Boston
18:Coast Defenses of Boston
2336:. New York: Macmillan.
2258:Coast Artillery Journal
1160:Northeastern University
1099:Eastern Defense Command
848:dreadnought battleships
604:. Fort Strong had five
522:Board of Fortifications
115:Eastern Defense Command
3148:Forts in Massachusetts
2462:Butler, Jerry (2015).
2082:Indicator loop website
1576:Wade, pp. 139-141, 242
1490:Shurtleff, pp. 495-496
1324:Harbor Defense Command
892:
803:
792:
602:disappearing carriages
517:
509:
404:in 1834) was built on
220:. These included both
206:harbor defense command
194:
186:
178:
170:
162:
97:Harbor Defense Command
2622:42.38417°N 70.98028°W
2295:Coast Defense Journal
2072:Stanton, pp. 489, 492
1120:Air Defense Artillery
1042:Great Brewster Island
949:Outer Brewster Island
918:16-inch (406 mm) guns
890:
873:Great Brewster Island
843:12-inch (305 mm) guns
824:241st Coast Artillery
798:
782:
752:batteries armed with
576:on Point Allerton in
530:underwater minefields
515:
507:
484:siege of Fort Pulaski
424:, named for Governor
270:Fort William and Mary
229:underwater minefields
214:Boston, Massachusetts
208:. It coordinated the
192:
184:
176:
168:
160:
2317:. General Data LLC.
2221:. 1st Book Library.
1970:Parkman, pp. 123-125
1868:Williford, pp. 92-99
1661:Roberts, pp. 411-412
1519:Roberts, pp. 408-409
1465:Roberts, pp. 402-404
1439:Rinaldi, pp. 165-166
1410:Stanton, pp. 455-481
1311:United States portal
1009:, and Race Point in
863:on a new high-angle
661:Ansonia, Connecticut
635:4-inch (102 mm) guns
633:with an odd pair of
623:5-inch (127 mm) guns
619:6-inch (152 mm) guns
617:at Fort Strong, two
346:Halifax, Nova Scotia
2829:Standish (Plymouth)
2627:42.38417; -70.98028
2618: /
1735:Berhow, pp. 205-206
1670:Weaver, pp. 104–114
1276:9th Coast Artillery
1240:fire control towers
936:but was not built.
855:on Hog Island (now
816:9th Coast Artillery
647:The battery of two
631:3-inch (76 mm) guns
302:American Revolution
278:American Revolution
3158:Military in Boston
2757:Long Point Battery
2265:2019-05-15 at the
2247:has generic name (
1637:Parkman, pp. 19-20
1451:Berhow, p. 430-434
1086:(Station 1C), and
893:
804:
800:Fire control tower
793:
763:and five from the
518:
510:
244:Early Boston forts
195:
187:
179:
171:
163:
3163:History of Boston
3130:
3129:
2900:Elizabeth Islands
2875:Barneys Joy Point
2824:Standish (Boston)
2558:978-0-929521-11-4
2530:978-0-738510-09-5
2511:978-1-531602-87-1
2492:978-1-414001-48-7
2473:978-1-625450-18-0
2447:978-1-7323916-1-1
2428:978-0-9748167-2-2
2378:. Galahad Books.
2228:978-0-759647-30-5
2209:978-0-9748167-3-9
1785:Chief of Ordnance
1755:Seasholes, p. 326
1152:Fort Independence
1113:Post World War II
960:155 mm (6.1 inch)
802:near Fort Duvall.
722:railway artillery
406:Governor's Island
389:Fort Independence
361:Fort Independence
318:Governor's Island
314:George Washington
296:Revolutionary War
284:. The fort is on
282:Fort Independence
152:
151:
16:(Redirected from
3175:
2880:Brewster Islands
2862:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2562:
2543:
2534:
2515:
2496:
2477:
2451:
2432:
2411:
2389:
2370:
2358:
2347:
2328:
2309:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2252:
2246:
2242:
2240:
2232:
2213:
2191:
2186:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2090:
2084:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2046:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1991:
1985:
1980:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1951:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1922:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1844:
1838:
1833:
1824:
1819:
1806:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1777:
1771:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1747:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1710:
1709:
1692:
1686:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1653:
1648:
1639:
1634:
1623:
1620:
1614:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1591:
1586:
1577:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1559:
1554:
1543:
1540:
1534:
1529:
1520:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1502:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1482:
1477:
1466:
1463:
1452:
1449:
1440:
1437:
1428:
1420:
1411:
1408:
1395:
1392:
1375:
1372:
1357:
1354:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1224:Spinnaker Island
1216:Fort Revere Park
857:Spinnaker Island
808:3-inch gun M1898
637:at Fort Warren.
493:caretaker status
379:1783-War of 1812
336:, providing the
310:Continental Army
218:Endicott program
65:
63:
62:
39:
27:
26:
21:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3126:
2996:Camp Framingham
2934:
2930:Salisbury Beach
2915:Lovell's Island
2863:
2854:
2809:Salisbury Point
2670:
2664:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2569:
2559:
2531:
2512:
2493:
2485:. Authorhouse.
2474:
2458:
2456:Further reading
2448:
2429:
2386:
2367:
2344:
2325:
2285:
2283:
2267:Wayback Machine
2244:
2243:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2210:
2194:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2150:
2145:. pp. 5–7.
2133:
2129:
2125:Conn, pp. 33-35
2124:
2120:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2010:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1914:
1910:Rinaldi, p. 162
1909:
1905:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:Parkman, p. 122
1795:
1791:
1778:
1774:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1713:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1606:
1602:Roberts, p. 413
1601:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1469:
1464:
1455:
1450:
1443:
1438:
1431:
1421:
1414:
1409:
1398:
1393:
1378:
1373:
1360:
1356:Gaines, pp. 8-9
1355:
1346:
1342:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1254:
1200:Peddocks Island
1184:George's Island
1148:
1126:and later with
1115:
1076:indicator loops
999:Marblehead Neck
896:long-abandoned
885:
777:
710:
570:Peddocks Island
542:George's Island
534:John L. Tiernon
502:
500:Endicott period
458:Sylvanus Thayer
442:George's Island
434:
418:Noddle's Island
381:
322:Noddle's Island
306:Siege of Boston
298:
251:
249:Colonial period
246:
241:
222:coast artillery
155:
87:Coast artillery
60:
58:
42:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3181:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3062:Myles Standish
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2663:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2640:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2568:
2567:External links
2565:
2564:
2563:
2557:
2544:
2535:
2529:
2516:
2510:
2497:
2491:
2478:
2472:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2446:
2433:
2427:
2421:. CDSG Press.
2412:
2390:
2384:
2371:
2365:
2348:
2342:
2329:
2323:
2310:
2299:
2290:
2269:
2253:
2227:
2214:
2208:
2193:
2192:
2181:
2170:
2159:
2148:
2127:
2118:
2107:
2096:
2085:
2074:
2065:
2056:
2041:
2030:
2019:
2008:
1997:
1986:
1972:
1963:
1946:
1935:
1923:
1912:
1903:
1892:
1881:
1870:
1861:
1850:
1839:
1825:
1807:
1805:Berhow, p. 233
1798:
1789:
1772:
1757:
1748:
1737:
1711:
1706:Newspapers.com
1687:
1672:
1663:
1654:
1640:
1624:
1615:
1604:
1592:
1578:
1569:
1560:
1544:
1542:Parkman, p. 10
1535:
1521:
1512:
1503:
1492:
1483:
1467:
1453:
1441:
1429:
1412:
1396:
1376:
1374:Berhow, p. 572
1358:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1300:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1253:
1248:
1192:Lovells Island
1147:
1144:
1114:
1111:
1082:(Station 1E),
1001:, Red Rock in
976:Cape Cod Canal
906:Fall of France
884:
881:
776:
773:
769:55th Artillery
709:
706:
657:Sachuest Point
586:Lovells Island
501:
498:
477:Parrott rifles
433:
430:
380:
377:
365:French Marines
353:Castle William
338:Patriot forces
297:
294:
262:Castle William
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
210:coast defenses
153:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
136:
132:
131:
130:, Winthrop, MA
125:
121:
120:
119:
118:
112:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
56:
52:
51:
48:
44:
43:
40:
32:
31:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3180:
3169:
3168:Boston Harbor
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3092:South Hingham
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3082:Prospect Hill
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2925:Sagamore Hill
2923:
2921:
2920:Mishaum Point
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2727:Eastern Point
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2668:Massachusetts
2661:
2656:
2654:
2649:
2647:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2560:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2459:
2449:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2385:0-88365-775-9
2381:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2366:0-262-19494-5
2362:
2357:
2356:
2349:
2345:
2343:0-02-926880-X
2339:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2324:0-9720296-4-8
2320:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2291:
2282:on 2007-12-25
2281:
2277:
2276:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2245:|first2=
2238:
2230:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2179:
2174:
2168:
2163:
2157:
2152:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2131:
2122:
2116:
2111:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2078:
2069:
2060:
2052:
2045:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1990:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1967:
1959:
1958:
1950:
1944:
1939:
1933:Berhow, p. 61
1930:
1928:
1921:
1916:
1907:
1901:
1896:
1890:
1885:
1879:
1874:
1865:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1843:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1823:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1802:
1793:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1761:
1752:
1746:
1741:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1683:
1682:The Bostonian
1676:
1667:
1658:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1619:
1613:
1608:
1599:
1597:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1573:
1564:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1539:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1516:
1507:
1501:
1496:
1487:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1448:
1446:
1436:
1434:
1427:
1425:
1419:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1344:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1301:
1298:
1287:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1234:. The former
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1188:Fort Standish
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1034:Fort Standish
1031:
1027:
1023:
1022:anti-aircraft
1019:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
964:Panama mounts
961:
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
902:Logan Airport
899:
898:Fort Winthrop
889:
880:
878:
874:
870:
869:plunging fire
866:
862:
858:
854:
849:
844:
840:
837:was built in
836:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
811:
809:
801:
797:
790:
789:16-inch M1919
786:
781:
772:
770:
766:
762:
757:
755:
751:
746:
744:
738:
736:
731:
727:
726:Western Front
723:
719:
715:
705:
702:
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
683:Battery Geary
680:
675:
673:
669:
664:
662:
658:
654:
653:Spanish fleet
650:
645:
643:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
582:Fort Standish
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
514:
506:
497:
494:
490:
485:
480:
478:
474:
470:
465:
463:
459:
455:
454:Fort Winthrop
451:
450:Fort Winthrop
447:
443:
439:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
402:Fort Winthrop
398:
394:
390:
386:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
293:
291:
287:
286:Castle Island
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
254:Boston Harbor
236:
234:
230:
226:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
204:
200:
191:
183:
175:
167:
159:
154:Military unit
148:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
126:
122:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
105:
101:
98:
95:
91:
88:
85:
81:
78:
75:
71:
68:
67:United States
57:
53:
49:
45:
38:
33:
28:
19:
2905:Fourth Cliff
2885:Butler Point
2868:Reservations
2742:Independence
2603:
2548:
2539:
2520:
2501:
2482:
2463:
2437:
2417:
2398:
2375:
2354:
2333:
2314:
2304:
2294:
2284:, retrieved
2280:the original
2274:
2257:
2218:
2199:
2184:
2173:
2162:
2151:
2137:
2130:
2121:
2110:
2099:
2088:
2077:
2068:
2059:
2050:
2044:
2033:
2022:
2011:
2000:
1989:
1966:
1956:
1949:
1938:
1915:
1906:
1895:
1884:
1873:
1864:
1853:
1842:
1801:
1792:
1775:
1766:
1760:
1751:
1740:
1701:Argus Leader
1699:
1690:
1681:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1622:Wade, p. 177
1618:
1607:
1572:
1567:Wade, p. 242
1563:
1538:
1515:
1506:
1495:
1486:
1423:
1251:Coat of arms
1196:Fort Andrews
1164:Fort Ruckman
1149:
1132:Nike missile
1116:
1107:antiaircraft
1092:
1088:Provincetown
1072:net defenses
1065:
1061:Fort Andrews
1054:
1050:
1026:40 mm Bofors
1015:
1011:Provincetown
992:
958:Two two-gun
957:
945:fire control
938:
904:. After the
894:
883:World War II
835:Fort Ruckman
832:
820:Regular Army
812:
805:
758:
750:antiaircraft
747:
739:
718:mobilization
711:
703:
699:
676:
665:
646:
639:
627:minesweepers
598:12-inch guns
566:Fort Andrews
519:
481:
466:
435:
426:Caleb Strong
416:the fort on
382:
350:
299:
258:colonial era
252:
232:
198:
196:
103:Part of
41:Coat of arms
2910:Long Island
2890:Calf Island
2625: /
2523:. Arcadia.
2504:. Arcadia.
1787:, Entry 712
1510:Wade, p. 11
1220:Fort Duvall
1212:Fort Revere
1208:Long Island
1204:Fort Strong
1180:Fort Warren
1140:Fort Strong
1128:120 mm guns
1038:Fort Revere
926:Deer Island
853:Fort Duvall
785:Fort Duvall
708:World War I
679:Philippines
574:Fort Revere
562:Long Island
558:Fort Strong
538:Fort Warren
473:Rodman guns
446:Fort Warren
422:Fort Strong
414:War of 1812
369:D'Estaing's
266:William III
124:Garrison/HQ
3137:Categories
3007:Havedoneit
2895:East Point
2845:Washington
2769:(Merrimac)
2613:70°58′49″W
2610:42°23′03″N
2286:2017-03-03
1340:References
1228:Fort Dawes
1172:Fort Heath
1168:Fort Banks
1124:90 mm guns
1103:east coast
1095:First Army
1080:Gloucester
1030:Fort Heath
995:Gloucester
922:Fort Dawes
743:Fort Story
730:field guns
691:Corregidor
687:Fort Mills
594:Abbot Quad
550:Fort Heath
546:Fort Banks
462:West Point
444:and named
408:under the
385:John Adams
373:du Portail
359:and named
334:Henry Knox
147:Oozlefinch
128:Fort Banks
109:First Army
3112:Wellfleet
3052:Massasoit
2991:Ellsworth
2788:Pickering
2773:Old Stone
2237:cite book
1246:as well.
1057:POW camps
1018:90 mm gun
910:casemated
735:Armistice
489:casemated
432:1816-1890
292:in 1928.
143:Mascot(s)
117:1941–1945
111:1933–1941
50:1895-1950
3117:Wightman
3107:Washburn
3077:Prescott
3072:Plymouth
2850:Winthrop
2800:(Rodman)
2717:Defiance
2682:Acushnet
2396:(1871).
2263:Archived
1283:See also
1244:Cape Ann
1084:Scituate
1007:Plymouth
934:Scituate
865:barbette
826:was the
818:was the
775:Interwar
642:magazine
621:and two
611:barbette
592:in the "
554:Winthrop
469:POW camp
304:was the
290:causeway
135:Motto(s)
3097:Stanton
3067:Perkins
3047:Lincoln
3037:Ipswich
3032:Houston
3017:Hingham
2986:Edmunds
2971:Candoit
2966:Cameron
2961:Brigham
2804:Ruckman
2783:Phoenix
2767:Nichols
2747:Juniper
2702:Beverly
2692:Andrews
2408:4422090
1257:Blazon
1146:Present
1068:US Navy
1044:in the
951:in the
783:One of
672:Hingham
239:History
55:Country
3102:Sutton
3042:Lander
3027:Hooker
3022:Hobson
2981:Dalton
2951:Andrew
2840:Warren
2834:Strong
2814:Sewall
2793:Revere
2778:Philip
2762:Miller
2732:Glover
2722:Duvall
2707:Dalton
2687:Andrew
2555:
2527:
2508:
2489:
2470:
2444:
2425:
2406:
2382:
2363:
2340:
2321:
2225:
2206:
1040:, and
839:Nahant
332:under
312:under
201:was a
73:Branch
64:
47:Active
3087:Scott
3057:Meigs
3002:Guild
2976:Chase
2956:Banks
2946:Adams
2939:Camps
2819:Stage
2798:Taber
2737:Heath
2712:Dawes
2697:Banks
2675:Forts
1016:Four
982:, in
970:, in
791:guns.
367:from
272:near
225:forts
3122:Wool
3012:Hill
2553:ISBN
2525:ISBN
2506:ISBN
2487:ISBN
2468:ISBN
2442:ISBN
2423:ISBN
2404:OCLC
2380:ISBN
2361:ISBN
2338:ISBN
2319:ISBN
2249:help
2223:ISBN
2204:ISBN
1194:and
1138:and
1066:The
1003:Lynn
712:The
670:and
668:Lynn
578:Hull
548:and
520:The
357:Hull
320:and
260:was
227:and
197:The
93:Role
83:Type
2752:Lee
1222:on
1198:on
1190:on
1182:on
932:in
924:on
787:'s
600:on
584:on
568:on
560:on
552:in
540:on
212:of
3139::
2241::
2239:}}
2235:{{
2141:.
1975:^
1926:^
1828:^
1810:^
1714:^
1698:.
1643:^
1627:^
1595:^
1581:^
1547:^
1524:^
1470:^
1456:^
1444:^
1432:^
1415:^
1399:^
1379:^
1361:^
1347:^
1142:.
1090:.
1063:.
1048:.
1036:,
1032:,
1013:.
997:,
689:,
685:,
663:.
572:,
564:,
556:,
479:.
428:.
2659:e
2652:t
2645:v
2561:.
2533:.
2514:.
2495:.
2476:.
2450:.
2431:.
2410:.
2388:.
2369:.
2346:.
2327:.
2251:)
2231:.
2212:.
1708:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
