Cloisonné - Knowledge

1026: 973: 584: 1042: 38: 1011: 944: 907: 739: 607: 649: 829: 793: 999: 627: 809: 922: 773: 180: 560: 1381: 203: 1400: 479: 365: 1365: 1097: 755: 66: 1088:. Fabergé developed a style of raised and contoured metal shapes rising from the base plate, which were filled, though more thinly than in most cloisonné (effectively painted), leaving the metal edges clear. This is usually called cloisonné or "raised cloisonné", though the appropriateness of the term might be disputed, as in other types of cloisonné the surface is smooth, which is not the case with these. 1105: 273:, are frequently described as using "enamel", many scholars doubt the glass paste was sufficiently melted to be properly so described, and use terms such as "glass-paste". It seems possible that in Egyptian conditions the melting point of the glass and gold were too close to make enamel a viable technique. Nonetheless, there appear to be a few actual examples of enamel, perhaps from the 1163:

completely before firing, which is done by putting the article, with its enamel fillings, in a kiln. The enamel in the cloisons will sink down a lot after firing, due to melting and shrinkage of the granular nature of the glass powder, much as sugar melting in an oven. This process is repeated until all cloisons are filled to the top of the wire edge.

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to adhere the cloison wires has fallen out of favor due to its difficulty, with the exception of some "purist contemporary enamellists" who create fine watch faces and high quality very expensive jewelry. Instead of soldering the cloisons to the base metal, the base metal is fired with a thin layer of clear enamel. The

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wire pattern may consist of several intricately constructed wire patterns that fit together into a larger design. Solder can be used to join the wires, but this causes the enamel to discolour and form bubbles later on. Most existing Byzantine enamels have soldered cloisons, however the use of solder

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is a related enameling technique which uses clear enamels and no metal backplate, producing an object that has the appearance of a miniature stained glass object - in effect cloisonné with no backing. Plique-a'-jour is usually created on a base of mica or thin copper which is subsequently peeled off

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began again to use much thinner wire more freely to allow much more complex designs to be used, with larger and less geometric compartments, which was only possible using enamel. These were still on relatively small objects, although numbers of plaques could be set into larger objects, such as the

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pieces mostly use garnet cloisonné, but this is sometimes combined with enamel in the same piece. A problem that adds to the uncertainty over early enamel is artefacts (typically excavated) that appear to have been prepared for enamel, but have now lost whatever filled the cloisons. This occurs in

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In Byzantine pieces, and even more in Chinese work, the wire by no means always encloses a separate color of enamel. Sometime a wire is used just for decorative effect, stopping in the middle of a field of enamel, and sometimes the boundary between two enamel colors is not marked by a wire. In the

669:(1425–35), which however show a full use of Chinese styles suggesting considerable experience in the technique. It was initially regarded with suspicion by Chinese connoisseurs, firstly as being foreign, and secondly as appealing to feminine taste. However, by the beginning of the 18th century the 124:

or affixing silver or gold as wires or thin strips placed on their edges. These remain visible in the finished piece, separating the different compartments of the enamel or inlays, which are often of several colors. Cloisonné enamel objects are worked on with enamel powder made into a paste, which

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Vitreous enamels in the different colors are ground to fine powders in an agate or porcelain mortar and pestle, then washed to remove the impurities that would discolor the fired enamel. The enamel is made from silica, niter, and lead oxide to which metallic oxides are added for coloring. These

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brooch with glass-paste in the gallery. Thick ribbons of gold were soldered to the base of the sunken area to be decorated to make the compartments, before adding the stones or paste. In the Byzantine world the technique was developed into the thin-wire style suitable only for enamel described

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which is ground again before application. Each color of enamel is prepared this way before it is used and then mixed with a very dilute solution of gum tragacanth. Using fine spatulas, brushes or droppers, the enameler places the fine colored powder into each cloison. The piece is left to dry

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backgrounds, and the saint illustrated here. The wires and enamels are then added as before. The outline of the design will be apparent on the reverse of the base plate. The transition between the two techniques occurs around 900 in Byzantine enamel, and 1000 in the West, though with important

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models, and other applications, though in these the metal base is normally cast with the compartments in place, so the use of the term cloisonné, though common, is questionable. That technique is correctly referred to by goldsmiths, metalsmiths and enamellists as champlevé.

943: 116:, glass and other materials were also used during older periods; indeed cloisonné enamel very probably began as an easier imitation of cloisonné work using gems. The resulting objects can also be called cloisonné. The decoration is formed by first adding compartments ( 1136:

and is usually about .010 x .040 inches in cross section. It is bent into shapes that define the colored areas. The bends are all done at right angles, so that the wire does not curve up. This is done with small pliers, tweezers, and custom-made jigs. The

972: 583: 232:, and the earliest enamel all used the cloisonné technique, placing the enamel within small cells with gold walls. This had been used as a technique to hold pieces of stone and gems tightly in place since the 3rd millennium BC, for example in 2074: 333:, as well as glass and enamel, with small thick-walled cloisons. Red garnets and gold made an attractive contrast of colours, and for Christians the garnet was a symbol of Christ. This type is now thought to have originated in the 664:

in the 13–14th centuries; the first written reference is in a book of 1388, where it is called "Dashi ware". No Chinese pieces clearly from the 14th century are known, the earliest datable pieces being from the reign of the

437:("full" enamel, literally "full melt") technique where the whole of a gold base plate is to be covered in enamel. The edges of the plate are turned up to form a reservoir, and gold wires are soldered in place to form the 1178:

wire when the enamel is molten, producing a concave appearance. Convex cloissoné is produced by overfilling each cloison, at the last firing. This gives each color area the appearance of slightly rounded mounds. Flat

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Byzantine plaque at right the first feature may be seen in the top wire on the saint's black sleeve, and the second in the white of his eyes and collar. Both are also seen in the Chinese bowl illustrated at top right.

844:, Japanese cloisonné enamel reached a technical peak, producing items more advanced than any that had existed before. The period from 1890 to 1910 was known as the "Golden age" of Japanese enamels. An early centre of 447:("sunk" enamel, literally "sunk melt") technique the parts of the base plate to hold the design are hammered down, leaving a surrounding gold background, as also seen in contemporary Byzantine icons and mosaics with 137:

techniques using thinner wires were developed to allow more pictorial images to be produced, mostly used for religious images and jewellery, and by then always using enamel. This was used in Europe, especially in

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In antiquity, the cloisonné technique was mostly used for jewellery and small fittings for clothes, weapons or similar small objects decorated with geometric or schematic designs, with thick cloison walls. In the

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is the most common. After all the cloisons are filled the enamel is ground down to a smooth surface with lapidary equipment, using the same techniques as are used for polishing cabochon stones. The top of the

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surrounding bare metal. In turn champlevé was replaced by the 14th or 15th century by painted enamels, once techniques were evolved that allowed the enamel to be painted onto a flat background without running.

1592:. There are disputes as to whether, or when, such materials were fired with the object, or fired separately first and then cut into pieces to be inlaid like gems. It seems both methods may have been used. See 309:

several different regions, from ancient Egypt to Anglo-Saxon England. Once enamel becomes more common, as in medieval Europe after about 1000, the assumption that enamel was originally used becomes safer.

262:, thicker strips form the cloisons, which remain small. In Egypt gemstones and enamel-like materials sometimes called "glass-paste" were both used. Although Egyptian pieces, including jewellery from the 606: 1465:

In French "cloison" is a general word for "compartment" or "partition" or "cell", in English the word is normally only used in the specialized context of cloisonné work, and apparently dentistry (

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We doubt if any form of the enameller's art can equal the work executed in Japan, which is distinguished by great freedom of design, and the most exquisite gradations of color.

1010: 685:(1450–57), although 19th century or modern pieces are far more common. The Chinese industry seems to have benefited from a number of skilled Byzantine refugees fleeing the 292:

to the ancient Celts, but they essentially used the champlevé technique. Subsequently, enamel was just one of the fillings used for the small, thick-walled cloisons of the

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Two different techniques in Byzantine and European cloisonné enamel are distinguished, for which the German names are still typically used in English. The earliest is the

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cut to fit like the gems. Sometimes compartments filled with the different materials of cut stones or glass and enamel are mixed to ornament the same object, as in the

150:, but had then spread to China, where it was soon used for much larger vessels such as bowls and vases; the technique remains common in China to the present day, and 626: 2603: 1970: 885: 772: 1853:

This was improved further in the second of the 17th Century when copper--a more pliable metal--replaced bronze as the metal for both bases and cloisons.

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by the end of the 14th century, now using champlevé. Cloisonné barely returned until the 19th century, when it was used in revivalist styles by the

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with dropper after sintering cloisons. Upon completion the piece will be fired, then ground (repeating as necessary) then polished and electroplated

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fillings for the cloisons. A version of cloisonné technique is often used for lapel badges, logo badges for many objects such as cars, including

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The date of the change is uncertain, partly because Early Byzantine enamels were much forged in 19th century Russia, rather confusing historians.

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in 1453, although based on the name alone, it is far more likely China obtained knowledge of the technique from the middle east. In much Chinese

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include much garnet cloisonné, some using remarkably thin slices, enabling the patterned gold beneath to be seen. There is also imported

1684: 509:. Champlevé allowed increased expressiveness, especially in human figures, and was also cheaper, as the metal base was usually just 2315: 2232: 1380: 475:

effect by using two plates superimposed on each other, the upper one with the design outline cut out and the lower one left plain.

428:. The area to be enamelled was stamped to create the main depression, pricked to help the enamel adhere, and the cloisons added. 1753: 2471: 2439: 697:("Jingtai blue ware"), refers to this, and the Jingtai Emperor. Quality began to decline in the 19th century. Initially heavy 1577: 2578: 2467: 2435: 2370: 2337: 2216: 2189: 2162: 2133: 2097: 1909: 1546: 2556: 2925: 536:

Other ways of using the technique have been developed, but are of minor importance. In 19th century Japan it was used on

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and Byzantine plaques, dating from the 8th to 12th centuries, said to be the largest enamelled work of art in the world.

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work, but the enamel covers the whole plaque except for thick outlines around the figures and inscriptions, as in the

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are most often seen: concave, convex, and flat. The finishing method determines this final appearance. With concave

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vessels were used, and the wire glued on before firing. The enamels compositions and the pigments change with time.

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workshop among the many Imperial factories. The most elaborate and highly valued Chinese pieces are from the early

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Japonisme and the rise of the modern art movement : the arts of the Meiji period : the Khalili collection

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The Japanese also produced large quantities from the mid-19th century, of very high technical quality. During the

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Bàràny-Oberschall, Magda de, "Localization of the Enamels of the Upper Hemisphere of the Holy Crown of Hungary",

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First the object to be decorated is made or obtained; this will normally be made by different craftspeople. The

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enamel and gilt bronze; the design was loosely based on Zhou Dynasty inlaid bronzes of the 5th–4th centuries BC

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spread to surrounding cultures and a particular type, often known as "garnet cloisonné" is widely found in the

129:. If gemstones or colored glass are used, the pieces need to be cut or ground into the shape of each cloison. 2415: 1330: 900:(七宝焼). Japanese enamels were regarded as unequalled thanks to the new achievements in design and colouring. 716:

is sometimes confused with Canton enamel, a type of painted enamel on copper that is more closely related to

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Catalogue of the Byzantine and Early Medieval Antiquities: Jewelry, Enamels, and art of the Migration Period

1353:. Researchers have used the collection to establish a chronology of the development of Japanese enamelling. 1120:

usually used for making the body is copper, since it is cheap, light and easily hammered and stretched, but

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the cloisons are not completely filled. Capillary action causes the enamel surface to curve up against the

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Namikawa Yasuyuki and Japanese Cloisonné The Allure of Meiji Cloisonné: The Aesthetic of Translucent Black

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Splendors of Meiji : treasures of imperial Japan : masterpieces from the Khalili Collection

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show a unique transitional phase, where the base plaque has hammered recesses for the design, as in

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and to have initially reached the Migration peoples as diplomatic gifts of objects probably made in

3690: 3680: 2972: 2794: 255: 1900:- Japanese spirit, Western techniques: Meiji period arts for the West". In Irvine, Gregory (ed.). 3603: 2696: 2672: 1241: 45:, from his daughter's grave, using shaped stones rather than enamel. Cloisonné inlays on gold of 2977: 2644:

An Interview with Contemporary Enamel Artist Laura Zell Demonstrating Basic Cloisonné Techniques

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in Kyoto is dedicated to the technique. A collection of 150 Chinese cloisonné pieces is at the

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of around 1156, contains both types, but the inner cloisonné sections were probably gifts from

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In medieval Western Europe cloisonné enamel technique was gradually overtaken by the rise of

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enamel objects using Chinese-derived styles were produced in the West from the 18th century.

808: 3675: 3340: 2997: 2643: 728:. This is painted on freehand and so does not use partitions to hold the colours separate. 393: 337: 322: 251: 169: 8: 3335: 1302: 263: 195: 1081: 1053: 494: 28: 2744: 2724: 2665: 2275: 2012: 202: 93: 1346: 989: 877: 3191: 2774: 2592: 2574: 2566: 2548: 2519: 2501: 2463: 2455: 2431: 2423: 2395: 2385: 2366: 2358: 2333: 2325: 2297: 2212: 2185: 2158: 2151: 2129: 2093: 2004: 1937: 1915: 1905: 1865: 1723:

Bàràny-Oberschall, 122–123; Lasko, 8—he prefers ""full" enamel" and ""sunk" enamel";

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Matching Pair of Cloisonné Vases, c. 1800–1894, from the Oxford College Archives of

3101: 2930: 2884: 2804: 2270: 1957: 1589: 1574: 1426:, where the glass is melted onto the object, is also done without separating wires. 913: 892:. The Namikawa Yasuyuki Cloisonné Museum is specifically dedicated to it. In Japan 717: 389: 318: 297: 134: 1313:

Collections of Japanese cloisonné enamels are held at major museums including the

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Ross, 99, describing what appear to be trainee pieces in bronze, never completed.

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Chinese enameled and gilt candlestick from the 18th or 19th century, Qing dynasty

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Adding cloisons according to the pattern previously transferred to the workpiece

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blue is usually the predominant colour, and the Chinese name for the technique,

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Further information on the artist and inventor of Contemporary Cloisonné:

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wire is polished so it is flush with the enamel and has a bright lustre. Some

3664: 3624: 3554: 3513: 3181: 2935: 2920: 2869: 2293: 2008: 1919: 545: 405: 400: 281: 2589:"The Work of Angels", Masterpieces of Celtic Metalwork, 6th-9th centuries AD 2399: 1801: 1598:

Enamelling: A Comparative Account of the Development and Practice of the Art

146:. By the 14th century this enamel technique had been replaced in Europe by 100:

objects with colored material held in place or separated by metal strips or

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with garnets, amethysts, and colored glass, and some cloisons now empty.

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On-site Analysis of Chinese Cloisonné Enamels from 15th to 19th century

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Eckens, Marie (September 1982). "The True Art of Cloisonne". Antiques.

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Toyoro Hida, Gregory Irvine, Kana Ooki, Tomoko Hana and Yukari Muro.

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British Museum Google Arts & Culture app. Retrieved 2 April 2019.

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was made in the same periods with similar results – compare the gold

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technique (see the gallery below for examples of this technique and

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The earliest undisputed objects known to use enamel are a group of

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Symbols of Excellence: Precious Materials as Expressions of Status

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includes 107 cloisonné enamel art works, including many works by

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with a thin film of gold, which will not tarnish as silver does.

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wire to the clear enamel. The gum burns off, leaving no residue.

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bodies were used, and the wires soldered, but later much lighter

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Earlier Western examples are few but include the cover of the

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http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jrs.2516/abstract

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English Medieval Industries: Craftsmen, Techniques, Products

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was perhaps the only centre. The industry stopped with the

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slaying the dragon, 12th century cloisonné enamel on gold,

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The plaques with apostles of around the latter date on the

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The Byzantines perfected a unique form of cloisonné icons.

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From Byzantium or the Islamic world the technique reached

247:, dated to the 12th century BC, and using very thin wire. 228:

Cloisonné first developed in the jewellery of the ancient

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Cloisonné Articles and Tutorials at The Ganoksin Project

2493:, Penguin History of Art (now Yale), 1972 (nb, 1st edn.) 329:" peoples of Europe, who used gemstones, especially red 2348:

The enamels of China and Japan, champlevé and cloisonné

2233:"Meiji No Takara – Treasures of Imperial Japan: Enamel" 2148: 1405:

Detail showing pattern and partially completed cloisons

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enamel in history at the time and was exhibited at the

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vessels with ceramic glazes, and it has been used with

2085: 1429: 992:(c. 1900), translucent plique-a-jour enamel on silver. 164:

refers to walls built with a regular mix of stone and

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developed from Byzantine models during the period of

2480:, Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 41 (2010) 780–790. 2476:Kırmızı Burcu, Colomban Philippe, Béatrice Quette, 2384:. St. Petersburg, FL: Broughton International Inc. 357:below, which was imitated in Europe from about the 344:, then copied by their own goldsmiths. Glass-paste 214:

or "sunk" technique and the new thin-wire technique

2452:Late antiquity: a guide to the postclassical world 2150: 1652:Dark-age Britain: Studies Presented to E. T. Leeds 1158:ingredients are melted together, forming a glassy 681:, especially the reigns of the Xuande Emperor and 2565:, 4th edn, University of California Press, 1999, 2420:Sutton Hoo: the excavation of a royal ship-burial 2274:, Vol. 31, No. 2 (Jun., 1949), pp. 121–126, 2115: 1419:, enamelling into hollows made in a metal surface 1031:Owari Cloisonne Enamel Octagon by Takemasa Tamura 1004:Pair of Two-fold Screens 1900–1905, Nagoya, Japan 616:showing the unique transitional technique of the 3662: 888:became one of the leading companies of Japanese 482:French 16th-century mirror-back, with cloisonné/ 2204: 2177: 2079: 1068:, and has mainly survived in religious pieces. 2208:Jewelrymaking Through History: An Encyclopedia 2122:Felicia Liban; Louise Mitchell (6 July 2012). 1904:. New York: Thames & Hudson. p. 177. 1636:Late Antiquity, 464. See here for scientific 2673: 1146:wire is glued to the enamel surface with gum 2211:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 88–. 2142: 1973:. Victoria and Albert Museum. Archived from 1685:Purse lid from the ship-burial at Sutton Hoo 1289:, last pagan king of the Franks, died c. 481 2516:The Oxford Companion to the Decorative Arts 2355:China: a historical and cultural dictionary 1748:, the foot-reliquary of St Andrew made for 471:work). Some 10th-century pieces achieve a 2680: 2666: 1514:The Earliest Cloisonne Enamels from Cyprus 533:was developed, but was never very common. 513:and if gold was used, it was generally to 2604:"Japanese Cloisonné: the Seven Treasures" 2498:Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology 2312:Glass on Metal, the Enamellist's Magazine 2198: 2181:An Opening: Twelve Love Stories about Art 2171: 1518:Glass on Metal, the Enamellist's Magazine 860:the leading producer. Later centres were 76:enamel bowl, using nine colours of enamel 1725:British Museum on using the German names 1339:Khalili Collection of Japanese Meiji Art 1233:, a large gold altarpiece with over 100 1103: 1095: 1040: 832:Production process of an enamel vase by 827: 807: 647: 477: 363: 201: 178: 64: 36: 1754:Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire 1563:Pectoral and Necklace of Sithathoryunet 312: 27:For the They Might Be Giants song, see 14: 3663: 2591:, 1989, British Museum Press, London, 2125:Cloisonné Enameling and Jewelry Making 2075:Example in the Cleveland Museum of Art 1895: 1840: 1648: 1532: 652:An 18th-century Chinese wine pot with 2661: 2422:, 2nd Edition, Seafarer Books, 1988, 2379: 2324:, Cambridge University Press, 1986, 2128:. Courier Corporation. pp. 92–. 1864:Osborne, 201–202; Nillson, Jan-Brik, 352:fitting with garnets (right) and the 206:Byzantine cloisonné enamel plaque of 87: 2649:About TAMURA SHIPPO Cloisonne Enamel 1512:Osborne, 331; Michaelides, Panicos, 1482:, p. xliii, 2004, Greenwood Press, 1226:, a 9th-century Anglo-Saxon ornament 2286:An Introduction to Medieval Enamels 1655:. Methuen – via Google Books. 522:was a great centre for both types. 24: 2184:. Wakefield Press. pp. 104–. 1889: 1327:Namikawa Yasuyuki Cloisonné Museum 1052:, opaque raised cloisonné enamel, 275:Third Intermediate Period of Egypt 120:in French) to the metal object by 34:Enamelling technique used on metal 25: 3702: 2626: 2086:John Blair; Nigel Ramsay (1991). 1561:Clark, 67-68. For an example see 1541:. Psychology Press. p. 259. 1268: 1132:wire is made from fine silver or 1091: 288:, and was perhaps carried by the 112:has been used, but inlays of cut 2149:Glenice Lesley Matthews (1984). 2092:. A&C Black. pp. 127–. 1971:"Japanese Cloisonné Manufacture" 1649:Harden, Donald Benjamin (1956). 1398: 1379: 1363: 1323:Los Angeles County Museum of Art 1024: 1009: 997: 971: 942: 920: 905: 791: 771: 753: 737: 625: 605: 582: 558: 223: 190:(knife) hilt fitting, gold with 2250: 2225: 2106: 2068: 2059: 2050: 2026: 1988: 1963: 1958:The Mainichi Newspapers Co, Ltd 1946: 1926: 1880: 1871: 1858: 1834: 1825: 1816: 1807: 1795: 1786: 1777: 1768: 1759: 1738: 1729: 1717: 1708: 1699: 1690: 1677: 1668: 1659: 1642: 1630: 1621: 1285:The 5th century grave goods of 573:. Gold, pearls, with cloisonné 2407:Gardner's Art Through the Ages 2153:Enamels, Enameling, Enamelists 1936:p.122, p.132. Heibonsha, 2014 1612: 1603: 1568: 1555: 1539:Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece 1506: 1497: 1472: 1459: 1450: 1308: 884:and won many awards. In Kyoto 380:The dazzling technique of the 13: 1: 2687: 2262: 1822:Sullivan, 239; Dillon, 58-59. 1331:G.W. Vincent Smith Art Museum 1240:the eyes of the 10th century 1128:or other metals may be used. 569:Brooch, c. 800, found in the 368:Plaque from the 10th-century 280:The technique appears in the 267: 2448:, Taylor & Francis, 1956 1264:from late 19th century Japan 964:World's Columbian Exposition 876:(renamed from Edo) resident 399:From about the 8th century, 284:of the northern and central 125:then needs to be fired in a 7: 1997:The Decorator and Furnisher 1533:Wilson, Nigel, ed. (2006). 1430: 1410: 1205: 786:burner, 17th-18th centuries 10: 3707: 2608:Victoria and Albert Museum 1765:Bàràny-Oberschall, 122-123 1389:artwork of Korea (namjung 1356: 1335:Springfield, Massachusetts 1319:Metropolitan Museum of Art 1315:Victoria and Albert Museum 1262:Khalili Imperial Garniture 1198: 951:Khalili Imperial Garniture 370:Cross of Otto and Mathilde 218: 26: 3617: 3579: 3522: 3444: 3215: 3152: 3091: 3053: 3046: 3006: 2908: 2862: 2855: 2695: 2496:Ogden, Jack, "Metal", in 2346:Cosgrove, Maynard Giles, 1896:Irvine, Gregory (2013). " 1292:The 5th-century Germanic 1210: 1074:Mongol invasion of Russia 1036: 880:exhibited their works at 2205:Rayner W. Hesse (2007). 2178:Stephanie Radok (2012). 2157:. Chilton Book Company. 1995:"Japanese Art Enamels". 1444: 803: 643: 422:background of plain gold 376:cloisonné enamel on gold 3182:Nickel silver (alpacca) 1242:Golden Madonna of Essen 108:. In recent centuries, 2514:Osborne, Harold (ed), 1600:, 7-10, 1907, Batsford 1480:Architecture of Greece 1282:), and several others. 1216:The 8th-century Irish 1113: 1101: 1057: 1017:Ando Cloisonné Company 858:Ando Cloisonné Company 837: 834:Ando Cloisonné Company 825: 687:Fall of Constantinople 657: 490: 414:Saint Mark's Cathedral 377: 215: 199: 159:Byzantine architecture 77: 62: 3523:Other natural objects 2534:Oxford History of Art 2350:, London, Hale, 1974. 1844:Orange Coast Magazine 1802:Cleveland mirror-back 1774:Campbell, 13 figure 7 1321:in New York, and the 1107: 1099: 1056:, Russia, before 1896 1044: 896:enamels are known as 868:, and Kyoto resident 831: 811: 744:Chinese shrine for a 651: 618:Holy Crown of Hungary 486:backed onto glass or 481: 457:Holy Crown of Hungary 424:, as in contemporary 367: 243:rings from Graves in 210:, c. 1100, using the 205: 182: 68: 40: 2998:Wire wrapped jewelry 2978:Repoussé and chasing 2306:Carpenter, Woodrow, 1478:Darling, Janina K., 577:, enamel, and glass. 394:Sutton Hoo purse-lid 384:dress fittings from 338:Eastern Roman Empire 323:Migration Period art 313:Byzantium and Europe 250:In the jewellery of 198:, partially cleaned. 170:Pammakaristos Church 3671:Artistic techniques 3540:Ebonite (vulcanite) 2587:Susan Youngs (ed), 2561:Sullivan, Michael, 2491:Ars Sacra, 800–1200 2444:Harden, Donald B., 2380:Earle, Joe (1999). 2357:, Routledge, 1998, 2237:Khalili Collections 1565:Metropolitan Museum 1303:Treasure of Gourdon 1257:and champlevé work. 264:Tomb of Tutankhamun 196:Staffordshire Hoard 2885:Jewellery designer 2530:Early Medieval Art 2284:Campbell, Marian. 1638:materials analysis 1594:Day, Lewis Foreman 1580:2018-01-15 at the 1527:2009-04-12 at the 1114: 1102: 1060:The first Russian 1058: 838: 826: 658: 592:6th-century eagle- 491: 452:earlier examples. 378: 359:Carolingian period 216: 200: 183:Early 7th century 89:[klwazɔne] 78: 63: 3658: 3657: 3575: 3574: 3445:Organic gemstones 3042: 3041: 2638:Chinese Cloisonné 2579:978-0-520-21877-2 2563:The arts of China 2555:, 9780884023012, 2539:Ross, Marvin C., 2536:, 2002, Oxford UP 2508:, 9780521452571, 2468:978-0-674-51173-6 2436:978-0-85036-241-1 2418:, Barbara Green, 2371:978-0-7007-0439-2 2353:Dillon, Michael, 2338:978-0-521-30264-7 2218:978-0-313-33507-5 2191:978-1-74305-043-9 2164:978-0-8019-7285-0 2135:978-0-486-13600-4 2112:Matthews, 146-147 2099:978-1-85285-326-6 1911:978-0-500-23913-1 1548:978-0-415-97334-2 1343:Namikawa Yasuyuki 1294:Treasure of Pouan 1251:Stavelot Triptych 1246:The 12th century 1231:Khakhuli triptych 935:Namikawa Yasuyuki 870:Namikawa Yasuyuki 822:Namikawa Yasuyuki 722:Chinese porcelain 718:overglaze enamels 499:Stavelot Triptych 426:Byzantine mosaics 194:cloisonné inlay. 162:cloisonné masonry 94:ancient technique 16:(Redirected from 3698: 3686:Jewellery making 3102:Britannia silver 3051: 3050: 2860: 2859: 2682: 2675: 2668: 2659: 2658: 2622: 2620: 2619: 2610:. Archived from 2528:Nees, Lawrence, 2446:Dark-age Britain 2403: 2320:Clark, Grahame, 2308:Cloisonné Primer 2271:The Art Bulletin 2257: 2254: 2248: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2229: 2223: 2222: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2156: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2119: 2113: 2110: 2104: 2103: 2083: 2077: 2072: 2066: 2063: 2057: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2045: 2044: 2030: 2024: 2023: 2003:(5): 170. 1893. 1992: 1986: 1985: 1983: 1982: 1967: 1961: 1950: 1944: 1932:Yūji Yamashita. 1930: 1924: 1923: 1893: 1887: 1884: 1878: 1875: 1869: 1862: 1856: 1855: 1838: 1832: 1829: 1823: 1820: 1814: 1811: 1805: 1799: 1793: 1790: 1784: 1783:Osborne, 332-334 1781: 1775: 1772: 1766: 1763: 1757: 1742: 1736: 1733: 1727: 1721: 1715: 1712: 1706: 1703: 1697: 1694: 1688: 1681: 1675: 1672: 1666: 1663: 1657: 1656: 1646: 1640: 1634: 1628: 1625: 1619: 1616: 1610: 1607: 1601: 1590:Egyptian faience 1572: 1566: 1559: 1553: 1552: 1510: 1504: 1501: 1495: 1476: 1470: 1463: 1457: 1454: 1435: 1402: 1383: 1367: 1298:The 6th-century 1274:The Pectoral of 1166:Three styles of 1082:House of Fabergé 1054:House of Fabergé 1028: 1013: 1001: 975: 946: 924: 914:Emory University 909: 795: 775: 757: 741: 629: 609: 586: 562: 495:champlevé enamel 390:millefiori glass 319:Byzantine enamel 298:Migration Period 272: 269: 254:, including the 135:Byzantine Empire 91: 86: 29:Cloisonné (song) 21: 18:Cloisonné enamel 3706: 3705: 3701: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3696: 3695: 3691:Vitreous enamel 3681:Decorative arts 3661: 3660: 3659: 3654: 3613: 3571: 3560:Spondylus shell 3518: 3440: 3211: 3197:Stainless steel 3148: 3132:Sterling silver 3092:Precious metal 3087: 3055:Precious metals 3038: 3002: 2904: 2851: 2691: 2686: 2629: 2617: 2615: 2602: 2392: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2251: 2241: 2239: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2219: 2203: 2199: 2192: 2176: 2172: 2165: 2147: 2143: 2136: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2107: 2100: 2084: 2080: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2042: 2040: 2034:"TAMURA SHIPPO" 2032: 2031: 2027: 1994: 1993: 1989: 1980: 1978: 1969: 1968: 1964: 1951: 1947: 1931: 1927: 1912: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1881: 1876: 1872: 1868:, Gotheburg.com 1866:"Canton enamel" 1863: 1859: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1800: 1796: 1792:Campbell, 38-40 1791: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1760: 1750:Egbert of Trier 1743: 1739: 1734: 1730: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1691: 1683:Ness, 110–114; 1682: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1660: 1647: 1643: 1635: 1631: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1608: 1604: 1582:Wayback Machine 1573: 1569: 1560: 1556: 1549: 1529:Wayback Machine 1516:, article from 1511: 1507: 1502: 1498: 1477: 1473: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1424:vitreous enamel 1413: 1406: 1403: 1394: 1384: 1375: 1368: 1359: 1347:Namikawa Sosuke 1317:in London, the 1311: 1271: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1094: 1076:but revived in 1039: 1032: 1029: 1020: 1014: 1005: 1002: 993: 990:Namikawa Sōsuke 976: 967: 947: 938: 925: 916: 910: 878:Namikawa Sōsuke 806: 799: 796: 787: 776: 767: 758: 749: 742: 726:enamelled glass 683:Jingtai Emperor 646: 639: 630: 621: 610: 601: 587: 578: 563: 315: 270: 256:pectoral jewels 226: 221: 176:is an example. 110:vitreous enamel 96:for decorating 84: 35: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3704: 3694: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3621:Related topics 3618: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3581: 3577: 3576: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3569: 3564: 3563: 3562: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3526: 3524: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3485: 3484: 3479: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3448: 3446: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3222: 3220: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3158: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3146: 3141: 3140: 3139: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3098: 3096: 3089: 3088: 3086: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3059: 3057: 3048: 3044: 3043: 3040: 3039: 3037: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3010: 3008: 3004: 3003: 3001: 3000: 2995: 2993:Wire sculpture 2990: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2939: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2918: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2905: 2903: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2866: 2864: 2857: 2853: 2852: 2850: 2849: 2848: 2847: 2842: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2701: 2699: 2693: 2692: 2685: 2684: 2677: 2670: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2646: 2641: 2635: 2628: 2627:External links 2625: 2624: 2623: 2599: 2585: 2559: 2545:Dumbarton Oaks 2537: 2526: 2512: 2494: 2484: 2474: 2449: 2442: 2412: 2404: 2390: 2377: 2351: 2344: 2318: 2304: 2294:V&A Museum 2282: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2258: 2249: 2224: 2217: 2197: 2190: 2170: 2163: 2141: 2134: 2114: 2105: 2098: 2078: 2067: 2058: 2049: 2025: 1987: 1962: 1956:, pp.182-188, 1945: 1942:978-4582922172 1925: 1910: 1888: 1879: 1870: 1857: 1833: 1824: 1815: 1806: 1794: 1785: 1776: 1767: 1758: 1756:; Lasko, 84-85 1746:Lindau Gospels 1737: 1728: 1716: 1707: 1698: 1689: 1676: 1667: 1658: 1641: 1629: 1620: 1611: 1602: 1586:Ceramics Today 1575:Egyptian Paste 1567: 1554: 1547: 1520:, April 1989, 1505: 1496: 1471: 1458: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1441: 1427: 1420: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1397: 1395: 1385: 1378: 1376: 1369: 1362: 1358: 1355: 1310: 1307: 1306: 1305: 1296: 1290: 1283: 1270: 1269:Gems and glass 1267: 1266: 1265: 1258: 1244: 1238: 1227: 1220: 1218:Ardagh Chalice 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1093: 1092:Modern process 1090: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1023: 1021: 1015: 1008: 1006: 1003: 996: 994: 977: 970: 968: 958:, the largest 948: 941: 939: 926: 919: 917: 911: 904: 805: 802: 801: 800: 797: 790: 788: 777: 770: 768: 759: 752: 750: 743: 736: 671:Kangxi Emperor 667:Xuande Emperor 645: 642: 641: 640: 631: 624: 622: 611: 604: 602: 588: 581: 579: 564: 557: 520:Limoges enamel 507:Constantinople 342:Constantinople 314: 311: 271: 1325 BC 225: 222: 220: 217: 104:, normally of 33: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3703: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3625:Body piercing 3623: 3620: 3619: 3616: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3578: 3568: 3565: 3561: 3558: 3557: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3527: 3525: 3521: 3515: 3514:Tortoiseshell 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3474: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3443: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 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2878: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2870:Bench jeweler 2868: 2867: 2865: 2861: 2858: 2854: 2846: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2837: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2683: 2678: 2676: 2671: 2669: 2664: 2663: 2660: 2654: 2653:TAMURA SHIPPO 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2630: 2614:on 2009-02-23 2613: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2598: 2597:0-7141-0554-6 2594: 2590: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2571:0-520-21877-9 2568: 2564: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2553:0-88402-301-X 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2525: 2521: 2518:, 1975, OUP, 2517: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2492: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2460:0-674-51173-5 2457: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2428:0-85036-241-5 2425: 2421: 2417: 2416:Charles Green 2413: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2363:0-7007-0439-6 2360: 2356: 2352: 2349: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2330:0-521-30264-1 2327: 2323: 2319: 2317: 2314:, June 1995, 2313: 2309: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2272: 2267: 2266: 2253: 2238: 2234: 2228: 2220: 2214: 2210: 2209: 2201: 2193: 2187: 2183: 2182: 2174: 2166: 2160: 2155: 2154: 2145: 2137: 2131: 2127: 2126: 2118: 2109: 2101: 2095: 2091: 2090: 2082: 2076: 2071: 2062: 2053: 2039: 2038:TAMURA SHIPPO 2035: 2029: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1991: 1977:on 2015-10-03 1976: 1972: 1966: 1959: 1955: 1949: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1929: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1892: 1883: 1874: 1867: 1861: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1845: 1837: 1831:Dillon, 58-59 1828: 1819: 1810: 1804:(illustrated) 1803: 1798: 1789: 1780: 1771: 1762: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1741: 1732: 1726: 1720: 1711: 1702: 1693: 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Retrieved 2612:the original 2588: 2583:Google books 2562: 2557:Google books 2540: 2529: 2515: 2510:google books 2497: 2490: 2487:Lasko, Peter 2477: 2472:Google books 2451: 2445: 2440:Google books 2419: 2381: 2375:Google books 2354: 2347: 2342:Google Books 2321: 2311: 2307: 2285: 2269: 2252: 2240:. Retrieved 2236: 2227: 2207: 2200: 2180: 2173: 2152: 2144: 2124: 2117: 2108: 2088: 2081: 2070: 2065:Osborne, 680 2061: 2056:Osborne, 677 2052: 2041:. Retrieved 2037: 2028: 2020: 2000: 1996: 1990: 1979:. Retrieved 1975:the original 1965: 1953: 1948: 1933: 1928: 1901: 1897: 1891: 1882: 1873: 1860: 1852: 1842: 1836: 1827: 1818: 1809: 1797: 1788: 1779: 1770: 1761: 1740: 1735:Campbell, 11 1731: 1719: 1710: 1701: 1692: 1679: 1674:Green, 87-88 1670: 1661: 1651: 1644: 1632: 1627:Osborne, 331 1623: 1618:Osborne, 331 1614: 1605: 1597: 1585: 1570: 1557: 1538: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1503:Osborne, 331 1499: 1492:google books 1479: 1474: 1469:, "Cloison") 1461: 1456:Osborne, 331 1452: 1390: 1386: 1374:enamel beads 1371: 1312: 1254: 1253:, combining 1224:Alfred Jewel 1201:Tom Ebersold 1189: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1165: 1156: 1151: 1143: 1138: 1129: 1115: 1061: 1059: 985: 981: 959: 956:Meiji period 949: 930: 897: 893: 889: 882:World's fair 854:Owari Domain 845: 839: 813: 779: 763: 761:Qing dynasty 730: 713: 711: 694: 690: 679:Ming Dynasty 674: 659: 653: 612:Plaque with 535: 531:rock crystal 524: 492: 488:rock crystal 472: 468: 464: 460: 454: 443: 442: 438: 433: 432: 430: 398: 379: 373: 345: 335:Late Antique 316: 294:Late Antique 279: 249: 238: 227: 211: 208:St Demetrios 161: 156: 151: 144:Ottonian art 131: 117: 80: 79: 73: 71:Ming Dynasty 59:lapis lazuli 41:Pectoral of 3676:Chinese art 3587:Art jewelry 3411:Tiger's eye 3316:Labradorite 3266:Chrysocolla 3261:Chrysoberyl 3177:Mokume-gane 3154:Base metals 2926:centrifugal 2895:Silversmith 2770:Ferronnière 2720:Belt buckle 2715:Belly chain 2601:"V&A": 1898:Wakon Yosai 1665:Youngs, 173 1588:. See also 1531:. See also 1422:Polychrome 1309:Collections 1300:Merovingian 1287:Childeric I 1276:Tutankhamun 1050:silver gilt 1019:, (c. 1910) 937:(1845–1927) 933:Enamel, by 898:shippō-yaki 856:, with the 852:during the 824:(1845–1927) 746:Bodhisattva 614:Saint Peter 571:Netherlands 544:and modern 473:senkschmelz 469:vollschmelz 465:vollschmelz 461:senkschmelz 444:Senkschmelz 434:Vollschmelz 382:Anglo-Saxon 374:Vollschmelz 350:Anglo-Saxon 306:Anglo-Saxon 234:Mesopotamia 212:senkschmelz 185:Anglo-Saxon 140:Carolingian 43:Senusret II 3665:Categories 3421:Tourmaline 3366:Prasiolite 3241:Aventurine 3112:Crown gold 3014:Draw plate 2963:Metal clay 2900:Watchmaker 2890:Lapidarist 2875:Clockmaker 2750:Collar pin 2745:Chatelaine 2618:2009-08-30 2524:0198661134 2506:0521452570 2391:1874780137 2302:0112903851 2263:References 2256:Earle, 254 2043:2022-03-16 1981:2015-10-29 1886:Earle, 252 1847:. p. 1752:, and the 1609:Ogden, 166 1351:Ando Jubei 1148:tragacanth 1086:Khlebnikov 1066:Kievan Rus 695:jingtailan 620:(see text) 590:Visigothic 449:gold glass 410:altarpiece 406:Pala d'Oro 386:Sutton Hoo 354:Visigothic 302:Sutton Hoo 300:style. At 290:Sarmatians 157:In Middle 61:, 1880s BC 53:, garnet, 3567:Toadstone 3504:Operculum 3431:Variscite 3426:Turquoise 3406:Tanzanite 3341:Moonstone 3336:Marcasite 3331:Malachite 3256:Carnelian 3231:Amazonite 3218:gemstones 3192:Pinchbeck 3137:Argentium 3127:Shibuichi 3068:Palladium 3047:Materials 2983:Soldering 2973:Polishing 2948:Engraving 2943:Enameling 2909:Processes 2880:Goldsmith 2815:Tie chain 2790:Neck ring 2780:Lapel pin 2689:Jewellery 2009:2150-6256 1920:853452453 1813:Carpenter 1705:Ross, 217 1417:Champlevé 1391:cloisonné 1387:Cloisonné 1372:cloisonné 1255:cloisonné 1190:cloisonné 1186:cloisonné 1181:cloisonné 1176:cloisonné 1172:cloisonné 1168:cloisonné 1152:cloisonné 1144:cloisonné 1139:cloisonné 1134:fine gold 1130:Cloisonné 1062:cloisonné 1046:Tea caddy 982:Cloisonne 960:cloisonné 931:Cloisonne 894:cloisonné 890:cloisonné 846:cloisonné 842:Meiji era 836:in Nagoya 814:cloisonné 780:cloisonné 764:cloisonné 714:cloisonné 691:cloisonné 675:cloisonné 654:cloisonné 633:St George 575:almandine 503:Mosan art 361:onwards. 346:cloisonné 327:barbarian 241:Mycenaean 230:Near East 152:cloisonné 148:champlevé 122:soldering 114:gemstones 98:metalwork 81:Cloisonné 74:cloisonné 55:turquoise 47:carnelian 3635:Gemology 3609:Fineness 3600:(purity) 3535:Bog-wood 3482:Precious 3462:Ammolite 3401:Sunstone 3391:Sodalite 3386:Sapphire 3346:Obsidian 3286:Fluorite 3276:Diopside 3236:Amethyst 3216:Mineral 3207:Tungsten 3202:Titanium 3117:Electrum 3073:Platinum 2958:Kazaziye 2953:Filigree 2931:lost-wax 2830:Toe ring 2820:Tie clip 2795:Pectoral 2785:Necklace 2760:Cufflink 2735:Bracelet 2730:Bolo tie 2710:Barrette 2547:, 2006, 2400:42476594 2288:, 1983, 2242:27 March 2017:25582341 1578:Archived 1535:"Enamel" 1525:Archived 1411:See also 1235:Georgian 1206:Examples 1192:wire is 1078:Novgorod 984:Enamel, 966:in 1893. 886:Namikawa 778:Chinese 712:Chinese 567:Dorestad 439:cloisons 325:of the " 286:Caucasus 260:pharaohs 174:Istanbul 118:cloisons 92:) is an 69:Chinese 51:feldspar 3630:Fashion 3604:Finding 3452:Abalone 3361:Peridot 3326:Larimar 3311:Kyanite 3296:Howlite 3281:Emerald 3271:Diamond 3144:Tumbaga 3122:Shakudō 3078:Rhodium 3029:Mandrel 2968:Plating 2921:Casting 2916:Carving 2825:Tie pin 2800:Pendant 2775:Genital 2765:Earring 2414:Green: 2310:, from 2280:3047226 1934:明治の細密工芸 1877:V&A 1370:Modern 1357:Gallery 1108:Adding 816:enamel 784:incense 782:enamel 637:Georgia 596:, from 546:acrylic 542:lacquer 538:pottery 331:garnets 258:of the 219:History 85:French: 3594:(mass) 3530:Bezoar 3436:Zircon 3396:Spinel 3371:Quartz 3306:Jasper 3291:Garnet 3187:Pewter 3172:Copper 3167:Bronze 3094:alloys 3083:Silver 3034:Pliers 3024:Hammer 2936:vacuum 2863:People 2856:Making 2840:pocket 2740:Brooch 2705:Anklet 2595: 2577: 2569: 2551: 2522: 2504: 2466: 2458: 2434: 2426: 2398: 2388: 2369: 2361: 2336: 2328: 2316:online 2300: 2278: 2215: 2188: 2161: 2132: 2096: 2015: 2007: 1960:, 2017 1940: 1918: 1908: 1545: 1522:online 1486: 1438:resist 1349:, and 1337:. The 1325:. The 1211:Enamel 1126:silver 1037:Russia 850:Nagoya 818:censer 812:Kyoto 707:copper 699:bronze 673:had a 594:fibula 511:copper 418:Venice 408:, the 304:, the 245:Cyprus 192:garnet 3598:Carat 3592:Carat 3580:Terms 3555:Shell 3509:Pearl 3499:Nacre 3489:Ivory 3477:Black 3472:Coral 3467:Copal 3457:Amber 3416:Topaz 3375:smoky 3246:Beryl 3226:Agate 3162:Brass 3007:Tools 2845:strap 2835:Watch 2810:Tiara 2755:Crown 2725:Bindi 2697:Forms 2276:JSTOR 2013:JSTOR 1445:Notes 1440:paste 1432:Yūzen 1280:image 1248:Mosan 1118:metal 979:Tokyo 928:Kyoto 874:Tokyo 862:Kyoto 804:Japan 724:, or 703:brass 662:China 644:China 598:Spain 166:brick 3550:Hair 3381:Ruby 3356:Opal 3351:Onyx 3301:Jade 3063:Gold 3019:File 2805:Ring 2593:ISBN 2575:ISBN 2567:ISBN 2549:ISBN 2520:ISBN 2502:ISBN 2464:ISBN 2456:ISBN 2432:ISBN 2424:ISBN 2396:OCLC 2386:ISBN 2367:ISBN 2359:ISBN 2334:ISBN 2326:ISBN 2298:ISBN 2292:for 2290:HMSO 2244:2020 2213:ISBN 2186:ISBN 2159:ISBN 2130:ISBN 2094:ISBN 2005:ISSN 1938:ISBN 1916:OCLC 1906:ISBN 1543:ISBN 1484:ISBN 1260:The 1229:The 1222:The 1160:frit 1122:gold 1110:frit 1084:and 1070:Kiev 872:and 864:and 848:was 766:dish 565:The 515:gild 296:and 188:seax 142:and 127:kiln 106:gold 102:wire 3494:Jet 3250:red 1467:OED 1333:in 1278:, ( 988:by 866:Edo 820:by 720:on 701:or 550:BMW 412:in 372:in 266:of 172:in 3667:: 2651:- 2606:. 2581:, 2573:, 2543:, 2532:, 2489:, 2462:, 2438:, 2430:, 2409:, 2394:. 2373:, 2365:, 2340:, 2332:, 2296:, 2235:. 2036:. 2019:. 2011:. 2001:21 1999:. 1914:. 1851:. 1849:96 1596:, 1537:. 1490:, 1345:, 1124:, 1048:, 954:. 501:, 416:, 396:. 268:c. 57:, 49:, 3377:) 3373:( 3252:) 3248:( 2681:e 2674:t 2667:v 2621:. 2470:, 2402:. 2246:. 2221:. 2194:. 2167:. 2138:. 2102:. 2046:. 1984:. 1922:. 1551:. 1393:) 83:( 31:. 20:)

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