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of the city and, as a group, are responsible for taxation, appropriations, ordinances, and other general functions. Individual commissioners are also assigned executive responsibility for a specific aspect of municipal affairs, such as
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was a major advocate of the commission plan of government, believing that every city in the United States would eventually adopt it. Zueblin also predicted that the system would eventually replace the
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However, the council-manager form, which developed at least in part as a response to some perceived limitations of the commission form, became the preferred alternative for progressive reform. After
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is the only city with a commission government. A 2022 ballot measure to replace it with a council-manager form passed with 57% of the vote and is set to go into effect after the
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As a form, commission government once was common, but has largely been supplanted as many cities that once used it have since switched to the
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council-manager form of government. The commission form is now found in less that one percent of
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317:United States Senate
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