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for retirement. Family travel costs were at their expense, so not everyone took their due of foreign leave of two years on half pay after the first seven years, and subsequently every ten years. They were subject to all the usual hazards of life in China from illness and civil disruption to difficulties in providing for the education of their children, which often involved family separation, although to some extent this was compensated by the strong esprit de corps. A network of friends was sustained across changes of post by letter-writing, quite frequently by the duty of their wives.
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under his supervision, which also allowed him to evaluate other characteristics that would enable them to act sensibly and rapidly in crisis situations demanding immediate response without referral back to him. The compensations included a short working day, which meant the later afternoon could be spent exercising and socializing, going to the races, playing tennis, taking part in amateur dramatics or musical performances, and later enjoy dinner parties, which might include 'absurd games', or a musical interlude.
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Russia was eager to extend its influence in
Manchuria... However, these ambitions were complicated, and occasionally thwarted, by Great Game rivalries between Britain and Russia in Asia. Thus, when in 1880 the Russian minister in China began to press Customs I.G. Robert Hart to employ more Russians,
793:
Even higher level 'indoor staff' sometimes had difficulties in the nineteenth century, as the value of their salaries varied with the price of silver, and the extra year's pay every seven years which Hart had negotiated for them in place of a pension did not always allow for having an adequate saving
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Sir Robert Hart was sometimes a sympathetic boss, but he insisted on high standards of efficiency and honesty, and, for those aspiring to the highest rank of
Commissioner, a thorough knowledge of written and spoken Chinese. His most likely young men spent a year or more in Beijing learning Chinese
446:
After two decades of operation, the system collected about one third of the revenue available to the government in
Beijing. In addition, foreign trade expanded rapidly because international trade was regulated and predictable. Foreign governments benefitted because there was a mechanism to collect
442:
reform, and financial and economic management. The
Service published monthly Returns of Trade, a regular series of Aids to Navigation and reports on weather and medical matters. It also represented China at over twenty world fairs and exhibition, ran some educational establishments, and conducted
429:
While controlled by the
Chinese central government, the Service was largely staffed at senior levels by foreigners throughout its history. It was effectively established by foreign consuls in Shanghai in 1854 to collect maritime trade taxes that were going unpaid due to the inability of Chinese
488:
or School of
Combined Learning, which produced numerous translations of works on international law, science, world history, and current events; the postal service; and the Northern Navy. Hart established China's central statistical office in the Maritime Service in Shanghai and the Statistical
385:, led to the foreign powers having conflicts over nationalities' representation in the Customs Service. Britain and Russia had disputes over the number of British or Russian employees hired into the Imperial Maritime Customs Service, which historian Matzuzato connects to the
443:
some diplomatic activities. Britons dominated the foreign staff of the
Customs, but there were large numbers of German, U.S., French, and later Japanese staff amongst others. Promotion of Chinese nationals into senior positions started in 1929.
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434:. Its responsibilities soon grew to include domestic customs administration, postal administration, harbour and waterway management, weather reporting, and anti-smuggling operations. It mapped, lit, and policed the China coast and the
869:
482:), by far the most well known IG, who served until his death in 1911. Hart oversaw the development of the Service and its activities to its fullest form. Among his many contributions were the establishment of the
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revenues to repay the loans that they had imposed on or granted to China. By 1900, there were 20,000 people working in forty main
Customs Houses across China and many more subsidiary stations.
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710:
189:
517:), resigned and the responsibilities of the Service were divided between what eventually became the Customs General Administration of the People's Republic of China, and the
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Directorate
General of Customs on Taiwan. It was the only bureaucratic agency of the Chinese government to operate continuously as an integrated entity from 1854 to 1950.
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in
December 1941. As a consequence, until his release in 1943, Maze's functions were split between operations within areas controlled by the Chinese government (
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was a Chinese governmental tax collection agency and information service from its founding in 1854 until it split in 1949 into services operating in the
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Vynckier, Henk, and Chihyun Chang, "'Imperium In Imperio': Robert Hart, the Chinese Maritime Customs Service, and its (Self-)Representations,"
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Henk Vynckier and Chihyun Chang, "'Imperium In Imperio': Robert Hart, the Chinese Maritime Customs Service, and its (Self-) Representations,"
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Inspector-General from September 1907 until his resignation in 1910. Aglen then acted until being appointed official IG in October 1911.
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548:(1890–1969), River Inspector from 1914 to 1948, and author of seven published books on the Yangzi River; novelist and journalists
219:
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Horowitz, Richard S. "Politics, power and the Chinese maritime customs: The Qing restoration and the ascent of Robert Hart."
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Flag of the Inspector-General, 1929–1950 and is later used by the ROC Minister of Finance (Minister responsible for customs)
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1139:, Friends of Sir Robert Hart: Three Generations of Carrall Women in China, Tiffania Books, 2012 www.tiffaniabooks.com
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374:) to international trade, creating the need for a mechanism to collect customs duties in these additional ports.
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project page Center for Geographic Information Science, Research Center for Humanities and Social Science,
1198:"James Watson, MD, LRCSE – an Edinburgh trained physician and surgeon in northeastern China 1865–1884"
651:
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533:
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509:, 1871–1959), who served from 1929 to 1943. In January 1950 the last foreign Inspector-General, American
906:
493:, set up Customs College to provide educated Chinese staff for the Service. Hart was succeeded by Sir
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1304:
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Government, Imperialism and Nationalism in China: The Maritime Customs Service and Its Chinese Staff
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Hart retired in September 1907 but retained his title as Inspector-General until his death in 1911.
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Records of individual senior and junior staff in the Chinese Maritime Customs are preserved in the
965:, OIG 1941–1943) and, until 1945, areas controlled by the Japanese and their puppet government of
1268:
Breaking with the Past: The Maritime Customs Service and the Global Origins of Modernity in China
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by the Chinese and British governments in 1842, all foreign trade in China operated through the
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Britain's Imperial Cornerstone in China: The Chinese Maritime Customs Service, 1854–1949
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Ensign of Chinese Customs (Nanking Government), 1931–1950 (In use by vessels until 1976)
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Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast: The Opening of the Treaty Ports, 1842–1854
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Bickers, Robert. "Revisiting the Chinese maritime customs service, 1854–1950."
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Amongst the many well-known figures who worked for the Customs in China were
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Russia and Its Northeast Asian Neighbors: China, Japan, and Korea, 1858–1945
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1103:,” Stina Björkell, quoting Prof Han Van der Ven, University of Cambridge,
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1176:. New York: Routledge, Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia.
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1305:"Records of the Maritime Customs Service of China, 1854–1949" from GALE
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Friends of Sir Robert Hart: Three Generations of Carrall Women in China
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Handlist of L.K. Little papers at Houghton Library, Harvard University
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who was the First Senior River Inspector from 1915 and for whom the
405:. Built in 1914, it was the oldest surviving customs house in China
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Drew, Edward B. "Sir Robert Hart and His Life Work in China."
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358:). The treaty abolished the monopoly and opened the ports of
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Maria Bugrova Bumali Project about Chinese Maritime Customs
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1292:. Belfast: William Mullen and Son for Queen's University.
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Ensign of Chinese Customs (Nanking Government), 1929–1931
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Ensign of Chinese Customs (Beiyang Government), 1911–1928
584:. The Hong Kong Chinese businessman and political leader
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Ensign of the Chinese Maritime Customs Service, 1931–1950
1074:“Modern China’s Customs Services: A Brief Introduction,”
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Maze was interned when the Japanese took control of the
330:. From its foundation in 1854 until the collapse of the
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Searchable database including all CMCS staff, 1854–1949
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Chinese Maritime Customs Project, University of Bristol
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The Chinese Maritime Customs Service: Forgotten History
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Chinese Maritime Customs Project, University of Bristol
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Category:Ships of the Chinese Maritime Customs Service
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served as a Customs clerk for two years (1878–1880).
296:
1221:. "Robert Hart and China's statistical revolution."
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State and naval ensign of the Qing Empire, 1867–1911
560:. Medical Officers attached to the Customs included
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Bristol University Chinese Maritime Customs Project
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1331:Modern China and the Imperial Maritime Customs
1203:. J. Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh.
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595:emerged from the Service, including linguist
501:, 1869–1932) and then by his own nephew, Sir
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1155:Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
1048:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 36–38.
1014:Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
827:Customs ensign of the Qing Empire, 1867–1911
270:Great Qing Imperial Customs Taxation Service
466:The agency's first Inspector-General (IG),
1315:Bristol University China Families platform
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1241:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
489:Secretariat (1873–1950) and following the
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611:Inspectors-General, full and officiating
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381:(1894–1895) and the increase of foreign
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451:Inspectors-General and notable officers
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887:School of Oriental and African Studies
917:History of foreign relations of China
430:officials to collect them during the
334:in 1911, the agency was known as the
298:Dà Qīng huángjiā hǎiguān zǒngshuìwùsī
208:, Inspector-General (1943–1950)
202:, Inspector-General (1929–1943)
186:, Inspector-General (1911–1927)
180:, Inspector-General (1863–1911)
174:, Inspector-General (1854–1863)
1372:Government of the Republic of China
16:Former governmental agency of China
13:
1042:Matsuzato, Kimitaka (2016-12-07).
438:. It conducted loan negotiations,
413:The historic customs house on the
196:Inspector-General (1927–1929)
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346:From 1757 to the signing of the
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1209:The Journal of Race Development
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1281:37#1 (2014), pp. 69–92.
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190:Arthur Henry Francis Edwardes
1357:British expatriates in China
1290:Hart and the Chinese Customs
1270:. Columbia University Press.
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605:Charles Henry Brewitt-Taylor
552:(known as Putnam Weale) and
534:Johan Wilhelm Normann Munthe
7:
1196:Crawford, David S. (2006).
1061:Hart was obviously alarmed.
907:Chinese postal romanization
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789:Life in the customs service
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544:was raised in his honour;
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1219:Eberhard-Bréard, Andrea
1161:Brunero, Donna (2006).
1029:37#1 (2014), pp. 69–92
912:Anglo-Chinese relations
460:Customs House, Shanghai
379:First Sino-Japanese War
254:Simplified Chinese
72:in Mainland China (PRC)
1225:40.3 (2006): 605–629.
1172:Chihyun Chang. (2013)
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1257:Tiffen, Mary (2012).
1249:40.3 (2006): 549–581
1157:36.2 (2008): 221–226.
1016:36.2 (2008): 221–226.
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1247:Modern Asian Studies
1223:Modern Asian Studies
601:Edward Charles Bowra
538:Samuel Cornell Plant
383:concessions in China
148:Minister responsible
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1072:Dr. Chihyun Chang,
971:Kishimoto Hirokichi
759:Kishimoto Hirokichi
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220:Ministry of Finance
21:
1336:2013-08-03 at the
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1079:2013-05-09 at the
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591:A number of early
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468:Horatio Nelson Lay
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200:Sir Frederick Maze
172:Horatio Nelson Lay
58:Superseding agency
19:
1261:. Tiffania Books.
1107:January 25, 2008.
1083:(Academic Sinica)
1055:978-1-4985-3705-6
973:, OIG 1941–1945).
942:Sir Robert Bredon
889:, London (SOAS).
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116:
103:
92:
88:
85:
82:
78:
71:
66:
63:
62:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
35:
28:
23:
1289:
1278:
1267:
1258:
1246:
1237:
1222:
1208:
1173:
1165:. Routledge.
1162:
1154:
1132:
1121:
1112:
1104:
1088:
1068:
1059:
1044:
1037:
1026:
1021:
1013:
1005:
994:
967:Wang Jingwei
953:
945:
936:
884:
796:
792:
734:31 May 1943
688:17 June 1910
640:12 July 1854
627:End of Term
590:
566:James Watson
562:John Dudgeon
554:J.O.P. Bland
523:
485:Tongwen Guan
483:
465:
445:
428:
393:Organization
376:
345:
335:
332:Qing dynasty
315:
313:
292:Hanyu Pinyin
193:
122:Headquarters
102:Qing dynasty
90:Jurisdiction
1137:Mary Tiffen
963:C.H.B. Joly
946:Officiating
779:1 June 1943
593:Sinologists
528:, botanist
366:), Ningpo (
194:Officiating
157:(1933–1944)
143:(1949–1950)
138:(1941–1949)
133:(1929–1941)
128:(1854–1929)
1351:Categories
981:References
558:H.B. Morse
387:Great Game
260:大清皇家海关总税务司
246:大清皇家海關總稅務司
155:H. H. Kung
1279:Biography
1027:Biography
986:Citations
621:Incumbent
570:Newchwang
356:Guangzhou
136:Chongqing
50:Dissolved
1334:Archived
1235:(1953).
1192:(ebook).
1097:Archived
1077:Archived
896:See also
881:Archives
440:currency
362:, Amoy (
360:Shanghai
131:Shanghai
84:National
1184:(hbk.)
1147:Sources
1105:GBtimes
436:Yangtze
415:Yangtze
342:History
1283:online
1251:online
1227:online
1213:online
1188:
1180:
1052:
1031:online
603:, and
462:(1927)
419:Hankou
403:Canton
372:Fuzhou
368:Ningbo
364:Xiamen
324:Taiwan
141:Taipei
112:
99:
42:Formed
1201:(PDF)
928:Notes
578:Takow
423:Wuhan
115:China
1186:ISBN
1178:ISBN
1050:ISBN
944:was
582:Amoy
580:and
572:and
377:The
314:The
80:Type
53:1991
45:1854
599:,
576:at
568:at
507:梅乐和
499:安格联
472:李泰國
322:on
1353::
1058:.
607:.
532:;
515:李度
480:赫德
389:.
338:.
192:,
1253:.
1215:.
1092:“
969:(
771:5
755:–
739:–
723:4
707:–
696:3
680:–
664:–
648:2
632:1
618:#
513:(
505:(
497:(
478:(
470:(
425:)
421:(
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