Carpi (people) - Knowledge

1873:

that are easily challenged today. First, there is the notion that archaeological 'cultures' can somehow represent real entities rather than simply the classificatory terms devised for the convenience of the scholar. Second, is the view that ethnic units or 'peoples' can be recognised from the archaeological record by equation with these notional cultures. It is in fact clear that ethnic groups do not always stand out clearly in archaeological remains. Third, it is assumed that when resemblances are noted between the cultural assemblages of one area or another, this can be most readily explained as the result of a migration of people. Of course, migrations did in fact occur, but they are not so easy to document archaeologically as has often been supposed". It is now recognised that the geographical boundaries of material 'cultures' (as discerned by archaeologists) often do not coincide with the territories of ethnic groups, as determined from other evidence. Likewise, it has been demonstrated that several ethnic groups may share a relatively homogeneous material culture while maintaining their distinct ethnic identity. Archaeologists today exercise much greater caution in ascribing ethnic significance to the features and artefacts of a material 'culture'. For example, examination of some early

738:("Carpo-Dacians"). The latter term has been taken by some scholars as 'proof' of the Carpi's Dacian ethnicity. But this is the only literary evidence linking the Carpi name to that of the Dacians, and Zosimus is regarded by numerous modern scholars as an unreliable chronicler. One historian accords Zosimus "an unsurpassable claim to be regarded as the worst of all the extant Greek historians of the Roman Empire it would be tedious to catalogue all the instances where this historian has falsely transcribed names, not to mention his confusion of events...". In any case, the term is ambiguous. It has also been interpreted as the "Carpi and the Dacians" or "the Carpi mixed with the Dacians". According to the eminent classical scholar Kahrstedt, the term does not refer to the Carpi at all but to Free Dacians, who occupied the territory of the Carpi, after the latter were deported by the Romans. He argues that, in ancient Greek, the first part of the term could only have a geographical meaning: i.e. 1381:(251 - c. 270). The effects of the Cyprianic pandemic are described by Zosimus as even worse than the earlier Antonine outbreak, which probably killed 15-30% of the empire's inhabitants. The Roman army would have suffered heavy casualties as a result of its close concentration of personnel and frequent movements between provinces, thus probably losing about a third of its strength. Taking advantage of Roman military disarray, the transdanubian barbarians launched repeated massive invasions of imperial territory. The exact number, dates and events of these invasions are uncertain due to the confused and fragmentary nature of the sources. It is possible that there were invasions every year and that parts of the Danubian provinces were occupied by marauding bands of barbarians year-round, during the period 251–270. From Zosimus, the following major events may be discerned: 300: 1898:) in the empire, granting them land in return for an obligation of military service much heavier than the usual conscription quota. But the Illyrian emperors pursued this policy on an unprecendented scale. The emperors' central concern were their own native Danubian provinces, which had been severely depopulated by the smallpox pandemic of 251-270 and by the barbarian incursions during that period. As a result vast tracts of arable land had fallen out of cultivation. This posed a serious threat to army recruitment and supply, since about half the army's strength was recruited, and based, in the Danubian provinces. 149: 598:. These are predominantly found on the plains, rarely on the Carpathian foothills (i.e. East of the Siret), either singly or in small groups of 2-13 graves, including men, women and children. The great majority of nomadic-culture graves are flat (non-tumular), in contrast to nomadic barrow-graves found from the Dniester region eastwards. However, some secondary barrow-burials (i.e. using pre-existing barrows) have been found, mostly dating from 200 onwards. The nomadic graves always contain grave-goods, often including weapons, and mirrors engraved with 1411:. At first, his men were fearful of engaging the barbarians, because of their aura of invincibility after Abrittus, but Aemilianus' leadership steadied them. At an unknown location near the Danube, the Romans launched a surprise attack and scored a complete victory. They chased the barbarians over the river and deep into their homelands, recovering vast quantities of plunder and liberating thousands of Roman civilians who had been abducted. Possibly among the latter was the C. Valerius Serapio (probably a Greek) who dedicated an undated altar found at 548: 1259: 1175: 1296:, as well as some renegade Roman army veterans. Given Zosimus' description of "Scythians", it almost certainly included Sarmatian elements such as the Roxolani. In addition, an apparently separate force of Goths and Bastarnae also entered Moesia Inferior, led by Kniva's two top lieutenants. Jordanes claims that the barbarians totaled 300,000 men, but Byzantine chroniclers often grossly inflate barbarian numbers, typically by a factor of ten (e.g. Zosimus' claim that 60,000 1450:(co-emperor). This father-and-son team presided over the most chaotic period of the empire's history before the 5th century. The empire suffered multiple and massive barbarian invasions on the Rhine, Danube and in the East; at least 11 generals launched military coups; the empire was split into three autonomous pieces; and Valerian himself was captured by the Persians and died after several years in their captivity, the first Roman emperor to suffer such a humiliation. 4988: 36: 256:) as part of the emperors' policy of repopulating the devastated Danubian provinces with surrendered barbarian tribes. Since the Carpi are no longer mentioned in known documents after 318, it is possible that the Carpi were largely removed from the Carpathian region by c. 318 or, if any remained, it is possible that they mingled with other peoples resident or immigrating into Moldavia, such as the Sarmatians or Goths. 514:. It is likely that, when Greco-Roman sources refer to conflicts with the Costoboci, Carpi or Goths, they are referring to coalitions of different groups under the currently hegemonic tribe. Given the Carpi's repeated raids South of the Danube and clashes with the Romans during the 3rd century, it is likely by ca. 230, the Carpi had extended their hegemony over eastern Wallachia, previously dominated by the Roxolani. 5008: 1223:, Tullius Menophilus, to grant the Carpi's demand for an annual subsidy to keep the peace, as was already paid to the Goths and other tribes on the lower Danube. This lends support to the possibility that, until this time, the Carpi had been long-term allies of the Romans and were aggrieved that they were in effect penalised for their loyalty. However, the governor succeeded in driving out the Carpi in 239. 4998: 3956: 1233:(244-249), the Carpi crossed the Danube and laid waste Moesia Inferior. After the theatre governors failed to repel the invasion, the emperor took personal command and launched a major counter-attack. After a prolonged struggle, the Carpi were driven back across the Danube. Pursued by the Romans into their homeland, the main body of Carpi took refuge in a major stronghold (presumably a 640:, the only valid (though not infallible) indicator of the linguistic affiliation of barbarian peoples are personal names, which can sometimes be ascribed to a linguistic group. However, not a single Carpi personal name is preserved in the surviving ancient sources, other than the name "Carpi" itself, which cannot be ascribed with confidence to any linguistic group. 1868:: "We find certain types of remains - pots, implements, ornaments, burial sites, house forms - constantly recurring together. Such a complex of regularly associated traits we shall term a 'cultural group' or just a 'culture'. We assume that such a complex is the material expression of what today would be called a 'people'." But the eminent modern archaeologist 1878:

grave-goods, undermining the entire edifice of Anglo-Saxon ethnic identification. It continues to be accepted that certain cultural customs and artefacts can have ethnic connotations in particular contexts, but pottery styles and decorations are today viewed as among the weakest indicators of ethnicity, because of their transferability between ethnic groups.

1590:", a tightly knit group of career soldiers with shared origins in the Danubian provinces and regiments. Their successors, often their descendants, dominated the empire for over a century (268-379). These not only broke the transdanubian tribes on the battlefield, but also pursued a policy of large-scale resettlement of defeated tribespeople in the 1492:"The Scythians, including every people of their country" (i.e. including the Carpi) launched a massive invasion over the Danube, taking advantage of the military and political chaos in the empire. It appears that the barbarians divided into two armies. One invaded Greece and, despite its new walls, succeeded in storming and sacking 1403:, but as this is inconsistent with the rest of the narrative, it may be a confusion with the invasion of 256). Roman forces on the lower Danube were unable to prevent them from marauding at will, probably due to their losses at Abrittus and the impact of the plague. Eventually, the barbarians were intercepted on their way home by 1237:), where they were surrounded and besieged by Philip's forces. The remaining Carpi forces, which had scattered, rallied and launched an attempt to relieve the siege. The besieged staged a mass sortie to distract the Romans' attention from the approach of the relief-force. But the latter were intercepted and routed by Philip's 1285:. Kniva's invasion had apparently been provoked by the termination of the Goths' annual Roman subsidy by the emperor Philip. Judging by their actions, the invaders' war aims were limited to pillage: the capture of as many slaves, horses, treasure and other goods as possible to take back to their homelands across the Danube. 715:) as well as in burial sites. In particular, Bichir points to a cup of unusual design and to the "corded" decoration of pots, as characteristically Dacian. However, determination of the Carpi's ethno-linguistic affiliation using the typology, or by the relative quantity, of finds has been questioned by Niculescu. 572:. The ashes from the cremation were, in the great majority of cases, buried inside urns. Some graves contained grave-goods, but no weapons other than a single dagger. Mundane goods include knives, keys, and belt-buckles; valuable goods include Sarmatian-style mirrors, silver ear-rings, gold pendants and beads. 1466:. Valerian and Gallienus were obliged to leave the Balkan theatre to subordinates with inadequate forces, as they were fully occupied, the former in the East fighting the Persians, the latter on the Rhine trying to stem a massive Germanic incursion. The whole of Greece was placed on invasion alert: the 540:. From this time, Bichir identifies two distinct cultures in Moldavia, existing side by side. One, a sedentary culture, labelled "Daco-Carpic" by Bichir, started around 106 and disappeared around 318; A smaller culture displayed characteristics usually associated with nomadic peoples from the Eurasian 1345:(Stara Zagora, Bulgaria), Kniva launched a surprise attack on the emperor's exhausted army, inflicting a major defeat. Decius was obliged to withdraw the remnants of his shattered force to Moesia Inferior and to leave Thracia to be pillaged at will by the barbarians. Kniva's horde stormed the city of 719:

concurs that the presence of "Dacian-style" artefacts attests to the material level of the indigenes, but does not prove their ethnicity. These objections reflect modern archaeological theory, which considers that material cultures are not a reliable guide to the ethnic identity, and even less to the

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notes that "since the 1960s, it has been recognised that to equate such notional 'cultures' with peoples is extremely hazardous The notion that such features as pottery decoration are automatically a sign of ethnic affiliation has been challenged". "The traditional explanations rest on assumptions

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Although the Carpi are recorded as resident in the Dacian region from at least the 140's onwards, they are not mentioned in Roman accounts of several campaigns in the Dacian region in the second century. For example, in Rome's vast and protracted conflict with the trans-danubian tribes, known as the

616:

From the ratio of sedentary to nomadic graves, Bichir concludes that the sedentary folk constituted the majority of the population of Moldavia. In the mixed cemeteries documented by Bichir, nomadic graves constitute about 28% of the total. However, in Moldavia as a whole, nomadic graves represent no

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in Moesia Inferior. In a hard-fought battle, Kniva's main force was routed. The emperor then led his men across a bog in order to engage Kniva's reserve force, which guarded the barbarians' booty. But the emperor had underestimated the difficulty of the terrain: the Romans became immobilised in the

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and beaten-earth, usually of rectangular or square form, varying from 9 sq m to 30 sq m in size. Each contained a clay hearth placed at the centre of the dwelling. The more numerous sunken-earth huts are usually of oval or round shape. The sedentary people generally cremated their dead, both adults

1368:

When news of this disaster reached the remaining legions on the Danube, they proclaimed their commander Gallus emperor. The latter concluded a peace with the Goths, which permitted them to return home with their booty intact and guaranteed resumed subsidies. Although Zosimus denounces the terms as

586:

The sedentary culture did not issue its own coinage. However, Roman coinage circulated "intensely" in the Carpi's territory, according to Bichir. This is based on the large number of coin-hoards found in Moldavia (90), and about 100 isolated coins. However, the circulation of Roman coins seems to

501:

However, it is not possible to reliably define the territories of these groups due to the imprecision of the ancient geographical sources. Also, it is likely that in many areas, ethnic groups overlapped and the ethnic map was a patchwork of dispersed sub-groups. The Sarmatians and Bastarnae are

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In the period 270–318, the Roman "military emperors" acted to remove the Carpi threat to the empire's borders. Multiple crushing defeats were inflicted on the Carpi in 273, 297, 298-308 and in 317. After each, massive numbers of Carpi were forcibly transferred by the Roman military to the Roman

1877:

cemeteries in southeastern England suggest that individuals, buried with typical Anglo-Saxon-era assemblages of grave-goods, were indigenes and not immigrants from the other side of the North Sea. The latter, identified by stable isotope ratios, were found buried in the same cemeteries without

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light cavalry from N. Africa). The breakout itself was contained, forcing the Carpi to sue for peace. This was granted to them on apparently lenient terms by Philip, who was eager to conclude the campaign in time for the forthcoming celebrations of the 1,000th anniversary of the City of Rome's

228:, during which time their relations with Rome appear to have been peaceful, the Carpi emerged in c. 238 as among Rome's most persistent enemies. In the period AD 250–270, the Carpi were an important component of a loose coalition of transdanubian barbarian tribes that also included 558:

By 1976, 117 sedentary settlements had been identified, the great majority (89) located West of the Siret (thus inside Dacia's borders as defined by Ptolemy). The inhabitants lived in both surface-dwellings and sunken-floor huts. The single-roomed surface-dwellings were made of

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Aemilianus was hailed as emperor by his victorious troops and marched on Rome, where Gallus' forces killed their leader rather than fight against the Danubian army. However, only three months later, Aemilianus was in turn assassinated by the same troops, who defected to

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The assumption that notional material "cultures", as defined by archaeologists, represent distinct ethnic groups is no longer considered valid in archaeological theory. The traditional approach to archaeological interpretation was defined in the 1920s by

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acclamation. But all incursions in which the Carpi are specifically reported by ancient sources were into Moesia Inferior, not Dacia. The following is a list of recorded incursions in which Carpi participation is specifically attested to by the sources:

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pandemic, which may have killed 15-30% of the Roman empire's inhabitants. The impact on the barbarian regions would have resulted in many weakened tribes and empty regions that may have induced the stronger tribes to expand. A well-known example is the

750:

region"). It is possible that the entire Carpi people were transferred to the Roman empire by 318, which is supported by literary and archaeological evidence: Bichir notes that the culture which he calls "Daco-Carpic" ended in about 318. If so, then

775:(literally: "fort of the Carpi") is the stronghold of the Carpi, mentioned by Zosimus, where the final battle of the campaign took place. By implication, he argues, this supports the view that the Carpi were Dacians. But other scholars identify the 1575:

305–11), nemesis of the Carpi. Galerius scored 4 major victories over the Carpi in 298-305 and a further victory before 311. Legend: MAXIMIANUS NOBIL C ("The most noble Caesar, Maximianus": Maximianus was one of Galerius' adopted surnames). Bronze

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as "a race of men very eager to make war, and often hostile to the Romans". A series of major Carpi incursions into the empire are recorded, either alone or in alliance with their neighbouring Sarmatian or Germanic tribes (including

613:. This custom, achieved by tightly binding an infant's skull during its early growth phase, is associated with steppe nomads. Bichir identifies the adults as nomads and the children as the progeny of mixed nomad-sedentary marriages. 823:

titles. The existence of a separate victory-title for the Carpi may imply that the Romans did not consider the Carpi to be ethnic-Dacians. The same argument may also apply against a Sarmatian or Germanic identity for the Carpi, as

1770:

Even if some Carpi did remain north of the Danube, it is clear that they lost their political independence, according to Heather. After the death of Constantine, the Wallachian plain and Moldavia fell under the domination of the

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Minns. Ellis Hovell (2011) "Scythians and Greeks: A Survey of Ancient History and Archaeology on the North Coast of the Euxine from the Danube to the Caucasus" published by Cambridge Library Collection Archaeology (1st ed 1913)

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in the previous year by Decius. It appears that, for the purpose of dealing with the threat, Gallus was given command of forces in the frontier forts along the Danube, while the emperor commanded a mobile force of crack units.

381:). Scholars who support this derivation are divided between those who believe the Carpi gave their name to the mountain range (i.e. the name means "mountains of the Carpi") and those who claim the reverse. In the latter case, 1544: 706:

Archaeology: Pottery and other artifacts, identified as "Dacian-style" by archaeologists such as Bichir, were discovered at sites in the region of Moldavia presumed inhabited by the Carpi in the period AD 100-300 (e.g. at

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appears frequently in Dacian and Thracian placenames and personal names. But there is no consensus that these groups are in fact Carpi. Bichir suggests that they were Thraco-Dacian tribes distantly related to the Carpi.

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could mean simply "people of the Carpathians". But the similarity between the two names may be coincidence, and they may derive from different roots. For example, it has been suggested that the name may derive from the

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in Rome). For the Carpi, these defeats were accompanied by mass deportations and resettlement inside the empire. According to Ammianus, Diocletian's regime continued to settle Carpi in Pannonia, and, apparently, in

192:

The ethnic affiliation of the Carpi remains disputed, as there is no direct evidence in the surviving ancient literary sources. A strong body of modern scholarly opinion considers that the Carpi were a tribe of the

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and culture Heather, who supports this view, suggests that the Carpi name was adopted as the collective name of the Free Dacian tribes when they achieved a degree of political unification in the early 3rd century.

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But Gallus' resumption of subsidies did not have the desired effect of sustaining peace on the Danube. Hard on the heels of military catastrophe, the Roman army was crippled by the outbreak of a devastating

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title in an inscription of that year. This most likely represents a victory over the Carpi in 316–317, when Constantine is documented as resident in the Balkans for the first time since his appointment as

1779:

nation, as evidenced by the existence of a substantial Gothic kingdom in the mid fourth century. Transylvania appears to have been dominated in the fourth century by another, probably Germanic group, the

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were also established titles in Philip's time. However, the victory-title argument is not conclusive, as 3rd-century emperors used three titles simultaneously to indicate victories against the Iranians,

762:

Inscription AE (1965) 223 is engraved on the tombstone of Publius Aelius Proculinus, a centurion of the Cohors VII Praetoria (Philippiana) "missed (i.e. killed) in the Dacian War at Castellum Carporum"

1630:(reigned 284–305) went to war against the Carpi, the Romans' first major conflict with this people since its defeat by Aurelian 23 years earlier. The war ended in 297 with a crushing Roman victory. A 1711:(i.e. the coastal region of modern Romania). Eutropius reports that "enormous numbers" were transferred. Heather interprets these reports as implying hundreds of thousands of deportees. According to 579:

pottery, and points to the presence of the so-called "Dacian cup", a cup of distinctive design, as evidence of a Dacian base to this culture. However, he admits that the pottery also shows Roman and

1508:). Recognising that there was no possibility of taking the city and sacking it, the Gothic-led host proceeded to ravage the whole of Italy. They were finally driven out by Gallienus' lieutenant 2883: 2844: 2766: 2727: 2688: 2649: 2610: 3228: 2973: 2963: 2922: 2805: 1795:

in 378. The Carpi are nowhere mentioned in Ammianus' detailed account of these epic events, suggesting that any who remained north of the Danube had probably lost their distinct identity.

575:

Pottery found in sedentary sites includes the hand-made "porous" type, grey wheel-made ware, red-fired pottery and imported Roman ware. Bichir describes the first two as continuing Dacian

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influence. The sedentary folk appear to have been generally illiterate, as no "Daco-Carpic" inscription was ever found during the very intensive excavations carried out in the region.

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It was in this context of upheaval that, in the middle of the third century, the Carpi emerged as a major barbarian threat to Rome's lower Danubian provinces. They were described by

1556: 1308:). Thus 30,000 is a more plausible, but still formidable, estimate for Kniva's invasion, divided into two divisions. The Carpi contingent numbered 3,000 men, according to Jordanes. 636:

There is no direct evidence in surviving Roman imperial era sources, literary or epigraphic, regarding the language of the Carpi. In the near-total absence of inscriptions in the

463:

If so, their locations could imply that the Carpi had very gradually migrated westwards in the period 400 BC - AD 140, a view championed by Kahrstedt. These names' common element

1650:. In an intensive series of campaigns, Galerius inflicted four more defeats on the Carpi in just two years (302-303 inclusive). These victories are attested by the 4 additional 1134:, Bastarnae, Goths). However, the role of the Carpi in the coalition's incursions is not always clear, as the most comprehensive account, that of the 6th-century chronicler 1594:

of the empire. This was motivated by the need to re-populate the Danubian provinces, which had been ravaged by plague and barbarian invasions during the period 250–270.

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site (the only one fully investigated by 1976), 6 adults and 17 children were buried (compared with 62 cremated). Of these, 2 adults and 7 children were found to have

4631: 1196:: Figure of winged goddess Victory bearing palm and laurel wreath, with legend: VICTORIA CARPICA. Mint: Rome. Date: undated, but must have been issued in period 247-9 1157:

is also uncertain. Supporters of a Dacian ethnicity for the Carpi have tended to assume that they participated in campaigns where Roman emperors claimed the title

3586:, Second Series, Vol. 7. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Online at 1315:, an experienced general and Philip's commander on the Danube front, who had succeeded his patron after the latter was murdered by mutinous troops in 249, and 1122:

in central Poland in AD 100. By 250, the Goths had moved South into western Ukraine and were frequently raiding the empire in conjunction with local tribes.

625: 1748:, whose surviving books provide a detailed account of the period 353–378. (Ammianus does mention the Carpi twice, but only those settled inside the empire). 2887: 2848: 2770: 2731: 2692: 2653: 2614: 2316:

Heather (2006) 85; Millar (1981) 279; Maenchen-Helfen (1973) 452; Goffart (2006) 205; Minns (ed. 2011) 124. For Romanian scholars see Bichir (1976) 146.

3232: 2971: 2960: 2926: 2809: 57: 50: 1339:, which was largely undefended. The emperor, who was left several days' march behind, was obliged to rush his army into Thracia by forced marches. At 4409: 4015: 1392: 3628: 1535:(268). Unlike previous invasions, the Carpi are not mentioned specifically by Zosimus and the other chroniclers and their role is thus uncertain. 4606: 1763:

and argue that many Carpi remained, e.g. Millar and Batty. Beyond 318, specific evidence of Carpi continuity is limited to Zosimus' reference to

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in "Revue des questions scientifiques, Volumes 17-18, 1930" by "Société scientifique de Bruxelles, Union catholique des scientifiques français,

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The Carpi launched their first recorded major incursion into Roman territory south of the Danube, during the brief joint rule of the adolescent

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The world of the Huns : studies in their history and culture edited by Max Knight, published by Berkeley, University of California Press,

1358:. In 251, as the barbarian army headed home towards the Danube, laden with a vast quantity of plunder, they were intercepted by the emperor at 4636: 4845: 742:

means "the Dacians from the land of the Carpi". In the same vein, it has also been interpreted as "the Dacians of the Carpathians". (Compare

478: 4557: 3253: 2947: 2908: 2869: 2830: 2791: 2752: 2713: 2674: 2635: 1388: 1365:

mire and reportedly every one of them perished, including the emperor himself, massacred at long range by Kniva's archers or drowned.

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are mentioned specifically. Silence on the role of the Carpi in these conflicts may imply that they were Roman allies in this period.

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The sheer scale of losses in repeated wars against the Romans (5 wars in a 21-year period 296–317) and subsequent mass deportations.

1097:(the region outside the borders of the empire). The cause of this dislocation is unknown, but an important factor may have been the 726:, a Byzantine chronicler writing around AD 500, records an invasion of Rome's Danubian provinces in 381 by a barbarian coalition of 659:. This is because the region between the rivers Siret and Dniester was of great ethnic diversity during the Roman imperial era, the 5045: 4950: 787:, Rom.), mentioned by Ammianus Marcellinus. Cuff argues that Proculinus was actually in command of this fort when he was killed. 3994: 1791:, resulting in the great Gothic-led migration of Transdanubians across the Danube that culminated in the Roman disaster at the 1702:

Each of these acclamations probably implied the slaying of at least 5,000 Carpi (as traditionally required for the grant of a

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According to traditional Romanian historiography, as well as to several non-Romanian scholars, the Carpi were a people of the

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in 247, the first Roman emperor to defeat the Carpi in person. Such titles were usually ethnographic, not geographical (i.e.

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After 318, according to Bichir, the "Daco-Carpic" culture was in Moldavia replaced by the Sîntana-de-Mureş "variant" of the

299: 100: 1819: 4562: 1327:

After losing two encounters with the Romans in Moesia Inferior, Kniva surprised the emperor by unobservedly crossing the

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meant "victorious over the Dacians", not "victorious in Dacia") The emperors Aurelian and Constantine I claimed both the

72: 1281:

The Carpi participated in a massive transdanubian invasion of Moesia and Thrace under the leadership of the Gothic king

1274:(251). The reconstruction is only tentative, however, as the ancient chroniclers' accounts are fragmentary and confused 5001: 3930:

Tomaschek Gratz University (1883): Les restes de la langue dace in "Le Muséon Revue Internationale Volume 2, Louvain"

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http://oracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de:8888/epigr/epieinzel_en?p_belegstelle=CIL+06%2C+40776&r_sortierung=Belegstelle

79: 1918: 1932: 1086:(166-80), during which Dacia province suffered at least two major invasions (167, 170), only their neighbours the 792: 3739: 1708: 1262:

Map showing the possible role played by the Carpi in the barbarian invasion of 250-251 under the Gothic leader

610: 86: 3960: 1456:

The Carpi, with the same allies as in 253, burst into Moesia, ravaged Thrace and lay siege unsuccessfully to

1216: 1142:" (meaning inhabitants of the geographical region called Scythia (i.e. roughly modern Ukraine), not ethnic 334: 17: 1846:

A critique of archaeological interpretation in Romania is contained in an online paper by A-G. Niculescu:

1723:

There are several indications that the Carpi may have been largely eliminated north of the Danube by 318:

5011: 4944: 241: 68: 2355:

Halsall, Guy (2007), Barbarian migrations and the Roman West, 376-568, Cambridge University Press, p.132

1527:, landed in Macedonia and proceeded to ravage Thrace. However, it was eventually stopped by the emperor 803:(literally: "the greatest Dacian") for victories over the Carpi, but instead adopted the separate title 587:

have virtually ceased after 218, as no coin-hoards and only 7 isolated coins have been found from after

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Matthews, John; Heather, Peter (1991), The Goths in the fourth century, Liverpool University Press p.90

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The late third century saw the military recovery of the empire under the iron rule of the so-called "

791:

A possible argument against Dacian ethnicity is that Roman emperors did not use the long-established

4711: 4703: 4494: 1496:. The other group crossed Illyricum into Italy, and appeared before the walls of Rome, forcing the 1336: 4850: 4799: 4756: 4721: 1687: 1470:

rebuilt their city walls for the first time since they were demolished by the republican general

767:). According to Bichir and others, this refers to the war against the Carpi conducted by emperor 594:

Nomadic-culture graves are predominantly of the inhumation type, found, by 1976, in 38 places in

526:

Dacian settlements in Moldavia (mostly west of the Siret, with a few on the east bank (including

46: 3942: 1662:. (It was apparently their practice to claim victory-titles collectively, thus all four claimed 1551:(ruled 270–5), who began the policy of transferring large numbers of Carpi into the Roman empire 265: 5035: 4735: 4646: 4454: 3603: 3967: 1946: 1847: 5040: 4011: 3980: 3538: 1604:(reigned 270–275) scored a major victory over the Carpi, for which he was granted the title 4860: 4419: 4178: 3527: 3518: 1792: 1528: 1500:

to arm the civilian population to man the ramparts, as Gallienus was fully occupied on the

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considered that the following peoples recorded in ancient sources correspond to Ptolemy's

93: 8: 4888: 4878: 4742: 4571: 4265: 3665: 3653: 3641: 3624: 1369:

shameful, it was probably the only realistic option open to Gallus in the circumstances.

1135: 752: 723: 342: 148: 236:

elements. These were responsible for a series of large and devastating invasions of the

4837: 4830: 4814: 4429: 1591: 1479: 1432: 1360: 1316: 1271: 1138:, is chronologically confused and often denotes the participants under the vague term " 1715:, writing in 361, the entire remaining Carpi people were transferred into the empire. 1174: 576: 197:

nation. Other scholars have linked the Carpi to a variety of ethnic groups, including

4750: 4514: 4439: 4386: 3938: 3884: 3876: 3848: 3818: 3805: 3247: 2941: 2902: 2863: 2824: 2785: 2746: 2707: 2668: 2629: 1760: 1744:

The absence of any mention of the transdanubian Carpi in the contemporary history of

1620:. This appears to have inaugurated the policy of resettling the Carpi in the empire. 1587: 1532: 1378: 720:

language, of the people in question (which may, in any case, have changed over time).

605:

Six cemeteries in Bichir's list contain both cremation and inhumation graves. At the

356: 349: 533: 4898: 4893: 4883: 4809: 4729: 4676: 4641: 4378: 4168: 3549: 1332: 1212: 1083: 655:, and have identified them variously as Sarmatians, Daco-Thracians, Celts, or even 387: 229: 210: 398: 329:

mountain range that they occupied, also first mentioned by Ptolemy under the name

4804: 4444: 4396: 3748:

The Auxilia in Roman Britain and the Two Germanies between Augustus and Caracalla

3616: 2977: 2967: 1824: 1728: 1712: 1509: 1355: 1320: 1230: 1220: 1185: 1098: 957: 942: 838: 808: 768: 695:

from mixed origins (but mostly with an indigenous Dacian/Sarmatian base e.g. the

644: 560: 551: 1192:: Head of Philip wearing diadem, with legend: IMP(erator) PHILIPPVS AVG(ustus); 547: 4991: 4868: 4819: 4657: 4138: 927: 536:), were abandoned by 106, most likely, according to Bichir, as a result of the 445: 1642:

for the first time. In 298, Diocletian handed the lower Danube command to his

5029: 4873: 4789: 4611: 4601: 4434: 4424: 3708:

The History and Archaeology of the Carpi from the 2nd to the 4th centuries AD

1869: 1865: 1703: 1119: 1056: 972: 651:

However, a significant number of scholars dispute that the Carpi were ethnic

3587: 1258: 1093:

Around AD 200 a phase of major population movements started in the European

537: 5016:

Dacian kingdoms succeeding Burebista's state and preceding Decebalus' state

4919: 4777: 4693: 4591: 4537: 4367: 4225: 4200: 4113: 4063: 4058: 1814: 1497: 1458: 1341: 1180: 1150: 784: 528: 456: 1608:

by the Senate. He then resettled a large number of Carpi prisoners around

1073:

Note: *Some of the titles above are attested to in multiple inscriptions.

708: 691:. Also, some modern authors surmise the existence of ethnic groups formed 606: 4773: 4123: 4118: 3690: 1890:

It was a long-established Roman imperial policy, dating from the time of

1874: 1784:. However, the Taifali appear also to have been under Gothic suzerainty. 1420: 1304:

in 357, against the 6,000 recorded by the contemporary and more reliable

1253: 1204: 1154: 716: 656: 621: 487: 159:

Disputed (Dacian, Sarmatian, Thracian, Slavic, Germanic, Baltic, Celtic)

4973: 4914: 4499: 4489: 4220: 4029: 3596: 1655: 1627: 1524: 1416: 1404: 1400: 1018: 511: 326: 311: 288: 198: 3773:

Empires and Barbarians: Migration, Development and the Birth of Europe

3767:

The fall of the Roman Empire: a new history of Rome and the Barbarians

4963: 4542: 4404: 4271: 4253: 4241: 4163: 4128: 4078: 3872: 3862:

Nationalism and the Representation of Society in Romanian Archaeology

1849:

Nationalism and the Representation of Society in Romanian Archaeology

1804: 1772: 1659: 1631: 1467: 1443: 1351:(Plovdiv, Bulgaria) and spent the winter of 250/251 in the province. 1143: 1087: 1026: 987: 743: 688: 676: 668: 664: 588: 580: 569: 523: 503: 418: 240:

regions of the empire which nearly caused its disintegration in the "

233: 202: 133: 1894:(ruled 30BC - AD 14), to settle surrendering barbarian communities ( 602:(ritual or tribal symbols associated with nomadic steppe cultures). 35: 4968: 4596: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4524: 4504: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4247: 4215: 4195: 4153: 4133: 4108: 4083: 4068: 3556: 1891: 1745: 1738: 1647: 1617: 1601: 1564: 1548: 1505: 1483: 1408: 1374: 1297: 1234: 1208: 1169: 1131: 1126: 1102: 1041: 1022: 1002: 680: 595: 568:: all the 43 purely "Daco-Carpic" (sedentary) cemeteries used only 507: 441: 363: 249: 186: 3919:

Famine and Pestilence in the late Roman and early Byzantine Empire

3427: 3425: 1555: 1538: 4519: 4349: 4334: 4316: 4259: 4103: 4088: 4073: 4034: 3612: 3592: 1809: 1781: 1482:. The barbarians were eventually routed by Gallienus' lieutenant 1347: 1293: 1289: 1242: 1111: 912: 652: 426: 307: 293: 253: 225: 194: 182: 1759:

Many historians dispute that the Carpi were eliminated from the

1613: 779:

as a Roman auxiliary fort on the lower Danube, evidenced by the

421:(composed around 430 BC) as residing in the region of the river 4824: 4794: 4509: 4469: 4311: 4288: 4210: 4205: 4158: 4148: 4053: 4044: 3955: 3560: 3422: 1578: 1493: 1396: 1312: 1267: 897: 854: 712: 565: 541: 237: 3732:

L'Empire Romain en mutation- des Sévères à Constantin, 192–337

1442:

Valerian was proclaimed emperor and promptly elevated his son

4305: 4190: 4098: 4093: 4049: 4039: 4003: 3761:

Barbarian tides: the migration age and the later Roman Empire

3100: 3098: 3083: 1776: 1501: 1471: 1436: 1282: 1263: 1107: 846: 747: 731: 696: 599: 218: 214: 206: 3695:

Rome and the Nomads: the Pontic-Danubian region in Antiquity

2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 1676:(full emperor) in 305, Galerius is recorded as claiming the 4671: 4666: 4143: 4024: 3190: 3188: 1788: 1767:

joining in a barbarian invasion of the empire in the 380s.

1737:

The disappearance, c. 318, of the "Daco-Carpic" culture in

727: 495: 3095: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2138: 2136: 1787:

These Germanic kingdoms were after 350 overwhelmed by the

3164: 2298: 2154: 2121: 1395:) in an invasion of Roman territory, ravaging Moesia and 181:

were a tribe that resided in the eastern parts of modern

3972: 3935:

Populations Danubiennes, Études D'ethnographie compareee

3299: 3265: 3263: 3200: 3185: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2102: 2100: 2029: 278:. Probably the earliest mention of them, under the name 189:

from no later than c. AD 140 and until at least AD 318.

3755:

The history of the decline and fall of the Roman empire

3710:. Vol. BAR series 16(i) (English trans. ed.). 2367: 2262: 2133: 1995: 1993: 1680:

title for a sixth time, at some time during his reign.

502:

attested, in both literature and archaeology, all over

3383: 3018: 3016: 2487: 2397: 2216: 2214: 2022: 2020: 1266:, which culminated in the defeat and death of emperor 1254:

Sarmato-Gothic invasions of the Roman empire (250-270)

1110:. These were probably recorded by the Roman historian 3487: 3485: 3287: 3275: 3260: 3046: 2531: 2328: 2274: 2226: 2194: 2182: 2097: 1523:, which was a seaborne invasion which penetrated the 1387:

The Carpi joined Goths and two Sarmatian tribes (the

1215:. This was apparently provoked by the refusal of the 1188:

to commemorate his victory over the Carpi in AD 247.

3448: 3446: 3143: 2250: 2072: 2070: 2068: 1990: 3968:

Niculescu: Archaeological interpretation in Romania

3804:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine, 3717:Cambridge Ancient History 1st Ed. Vol. XII (1939): 3013: 2211: 2017: 1958: 1956: 3482: 3127: 3125: 3123: 1486:, who brought large numbers of prisoners to Rome. 1435:(reigned 253–260), the commander of forces on the 1354:In the meantime, Decius rebuilt his field army in 3443: 2065: 1515:Further major "Scythian" invasions took place in 1423:, as thanksgiving for his rescue from the Carpi ( 325:may derive from the same root as the name of the 5027: 3725:Theodosius the Great and the Regency of Stilicho 3434: 1953: 1820:Origin of the Albanians#Thracian or Daco-Moesian 1666:titles for the victories achieved by Galerius). 1658:and his three imperial colleagues (known as the 1634:of 297 hails "the recent disasters the Carpi" ( 1170:Carpi attacks on the Danubian frontier (238–250) 224:About a century after their earliest mention by 3727:in Harvard Studies in Classical Phililogy n. 73 3120: 3028: 2524: 2522: 2520: 1731:that all the Carpi were deported to the empire. 1539:Defeat and resettlement in the Empire (271-318) 1504:fighting a coup d'état by one of his generals ( 1439:, who had marched into Italy to rescue Gallus. 1149:The involvement of the Carpi in attacks by the 631: 628:of south eastern Europe in the period 200–400. 3857:Müller (1883): Edition of Ptolemy's Geographia 3320: 1399:. (Zosimus states that they then crossed into 3988: 3063: 3061: 1690:(reigned 312–337) is recorded as holding the 1246:foundation (April 248). Philip was acclaimed 783:, a fort-satellite village opposite Carsium ( 765:bello Dacico desiderato ad castellum Carporum 522:There is no dispute among scholars that some 479:Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World 3785:Auxiliary Deployment in the Reign of Hadrian 3730:Carrié, Jean-Michel & Rousselle, Aline. 2566: 2564: 2562: 2517: 2044:Martini, Peter I., Chesworth Ward (2010) 255 3580:Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died 1311:Facing the invasion were the Roman emperor 702:The evidence to support a Dacian identity: 4607:Dacian Fortresses of the Orăștie Mountains 3995: 3981: 3925:Zosimus 6.10.2 and the Letters of Honorius 3828:Martini, Peter I., Chesworth Ward (2010): 3058: 1934:The Cambridge Medieval History volumes 1-5 147: 2559: 1512:, who brought the Rhine army into Italy. 1288:Kniva's horde apparently included Goths, 746:, supposedly meaning "the Getae from the 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 3830:Landscapes and Societies: Selected Cases 1554: 1542: 1257: 1173: 546: 298: 270:The Greco-Romans called this people the 3912:Dictionary of Greek and Roman geography 3905:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography 3664: 3652: 3640: 3623: 3305: 3293: 3281: 3269: 3206: 3194: 3170: 3149: 3089: 3052: 3022: 2544: 2493: 1881: 1844:Romanian archaeological interpretation: 14: 5028: 4462: 3914:, Volume 1 edited by Sir William Smith 3705: 3389: 3252:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2946:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2907:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2868:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2829:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2790:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2751:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2712:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2673:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2634:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2588: 2382: 2334: 2304: 2292: 2280: 2268: 2256: 2244: 2232: 2220: 2205: 2188: 2167: 2127: 2106: 1999: 1854: 1837: 1531:, who destroyed the barbarian host at 1161:, in addition to those resulting in a 56:Please improve this article by adding 3976: 1319:, who had been appointed governor of 1118:, as inhabiting the area East of the 1076: 348:"mountain peaks looking like a saw", 4997: 3869:Constantine and the Christian Empire 3701:Atlas of the Greek & Roman World 2591:, pp. 172–173, Tables 10 and 11 1616:, Hungary) in the Roman province of 759:could not be referring to the Carpi. 292:of the 2nd-century Greek geographer 29: 5007: 4282:Dacian kingdom of Banat and Oltenia 3842:The Roman Empire and its neighbours 3836:The Roman Empire and its Neighbours 517: 482:places the Carpi between the river 24: 4328:southern Moldavia and Transylvania 1718: 544:, labelled "Sarmatian" by Bichir. 27:European tribe (2nd-4th centuries) 25: 5057: 3949: 1519:and possibly the largest of all, 1184:coin issued by the Roman emperor 341:, meaning "peak" or "cliff" (cf. 259: 5006: 4996: 4987: 4986: 4373:Art, jewellery, treasures, tools 3954: 3743:("Corpus of Latin Inscriptions") 3719:The Imperial Crisis and Recovery 3687:("Epigraphic Year" - periodical) 3573:On the Deaths of the Persecutors 3494: 3473: 3464: 3455: 3413: 3404: 3395: 3374: 3365: 3356: 3347: 3338: 3329: 3311: 1755:title was not claimed after 318. 1638:). Diocletian claimed the title 266:Carpathian Mountains § Name 34: 5046:Wars involving the Roman Empire 4410:Words of possible Dacian origin 4326:Dacian kingdom of Wallachia and 3917:Stathakopoulos, D. Ch. (2007): 3815:Maenchen-Helfen Otto J. (1973) 3506: 3461:Loeb edition of Ammianus, Index 3221: 3212: 3176: 3155: 3134: 3111: 3074: 3037: 3004: 2995: 2982: 2954: 2915: 2876: 2837: 2798: 2759: 2720: 2681: 2642: 2603: 2594: 2582: 2573: 2550: 2508: 2499: 2478: 2469: 2460: 2451: 2442: 2433: 2424: 2415: 2406: 2388: 2358: 2349: 2340: 2319: 2310: 2286: 2238: 2173: 2145: 2118:Van Den Gheyn, S. J. (1930) 385 2112: 2088: 2079: 2056: 2047: 2038: 1861:Material culture and ethnicity: 459:, mentioned by Ptolemy himself. 333:. The root may be the putative 4235:Dacian nucleus in Transylvania 3927:in Classical Quarterly 33 (ii) 3740:Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum 3584:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers 3431:Ammianus XXVIII.1.5; XXVII.5.5 2346:Barrington Atlas Map 22 and 23 2005: 1978: 1969: 1939: 1925: 1920:An Outline of Romanian History 1911: 624:culture common to much of the 436:around the mouth of the river 13: 1: 3933:Van Den Gheyn, S. J. (1930): 3802:Lenski Noel Emmanuel (2006): 1905: 611:artificially elongated crania 394:meaning "strong" or "brave". 58:secondary or tertiary sources 3893:Parvan Vasile (1926) : 3797:Indo-germanisches Wörterbuch 3542:Historiae Romanae Breviarium 632:Ethno-linguistic affiliation 617:more than 1% of all graves. 471: 444:) recorded in a fragment of 185:in the historical region of 167:Unknown (no direct evidence) 7: 3779:Archaeological Theory today 3759:Goffart, Walter A. (2006): 2579:CAH (1939) XII 140 (note 1) 2412:Renfrew (1987) 180-1, 443-5 2035:" Parvan Vasile (1926) 153" 1798: 1636:proxima illa ruina Carporum 1559:Coin-portrait of the Roman 1407:, commander of the army of 1229:During the rule of emperor 564:and children, according to 242:Crisis of the Third Century 10: 5062: 4925:Eastern Romance substratum 3771:Heather Peter, J. (2009): 3765:Heather Peter, J. (2007): 3578:Fletcher, William, trans. 3511: 2053:Müller (1883) 430 (note 5) 1948:Our Forefathers, Volumul 1 1888:Roman resettlement policy: 263: 131: 4982: 4937: 4907: 4884:Sarmatiae (Devil's Dykes) 4859: 4785: 4772: 4720: 4702: 4689: 4655: 4620: 4555: 4533: 4453: 4395: 4360: 4347: 4325: 4299:Dacian kingdom of Dobruja 4298: 4281: 4234: 4186: 4177: 4010: 4002: 3677: 2421:Renfrew (1987) 169-1; 445 1101:(165-180), a devastating 861:IMPERIAL VICTORY TITLES: 807:. This was introduced by 163: 155: 146: 141: 3840:Millar, Fergus, (1981): 3795:Köbler, Gerhard (2000): 3569:De Mortibus Persecutorum 3182:Stathokopoulos (2007) 95 3001:Stathakopoulos (2007) 95 1830: 1377:pandemic, the so-called 1317:Caius Trebonianus Gallus 591:, who ruled AD 211–218. 132:Not to be confused with 4757:Battle of Sarmizegetusa 3923:Thompson, E.A. (1982): 3910:Philip Smith (1854) in 3867:Odahl, Charles Matson. 3860:Niculescu, G-A. : 3834:Millar, Fergus (1970): 3753:Gibbon, Edward (1792): 3380:AE 1959 29; CIL III.578 2179:Barrington Atlas Map 23 2142:Barrington Atlas Map 22 1688:Constantine I the Great 538:Roman conquest of Dacia 306:on a 1467 map based on 4736:Second Battle of Tapae 3789:Jones, A.H.M. (1964): 3723:Cameron, Alan (1969): 3604:Sextus Aurelius Victor 3092:, pp. 27, 29, 38. 3069:Maximus & Balbinus 2430:cf. Renfrew (1987) 163 2403:Niculescu Online Paper 2026:"Tomaschek (1883) 403" 1741:, according to Bichir. 1583: 1552: 1547:Bust of Roman emperor 1275: 1197: 837:("Victorious over the 793:imperial victory-title 555: 314: 296:, composed c. AD 140. 45:relies excessively on 4712:First Battle of Tapae 3963:at Wikimedia Commons 3783:Holder, Paul (2003): 3371:Leadbetter (2009) 101 2151:Batty (2008) 250, 378 1558: 1546: 1446:(reigned 253–268) as 1261: 1177: 550: 302: 264:Further information: 3903:Sir William Smith's 3706:Bichir, Gh. (1976). 3528:Eusebius of Caesarea 3519:Ammianus Marcellinus 3353:Leadbetter (2009) 99 2439:Renfrew (1987) 160-1 2247:, p. 32 Table 1 2076:" Parvan (1926) 153" 1793:Battle of Adrianople 1626:In 296, the emperor 1529:Claudius II Gothicus 1306:Ammianus Marcellinus 1302:Battle of Strasbourg 286:in Latin) is in the 4743:Battle of Adamclisi 3777:Hodder, I. (1994): 3746:Cuff, D.B. (2010): 3699:Barrington (2000): 2505:Thompson (1982) 446 2307:, pp. 162–163. 2170:, pp. 162–164. 2130:, pp. 148–150. 1975:Ptolemy III.5.1, 10 1582:, issued before 305 1270:(r. 249–51) at the 869: 797:cognomen ex virtute 626:North-Pontic region 455:, located near the 448:(composed c. 90 BC) 335:Proto-Indo-European 331:Καρπάτης - Karpátēs 69:"Carpi" people 4815:Dacia Mediterranea 4430:Sinaia lead plates 4415:Dacian plant names 3875:, 2004. Hardcover 3791:Later Roman Empire 3685:Année Epigraphique 3532:Historia Ecclesiae 3479:Batty (2008) 377-8 3452:Heather (2009) 128 3173:, pp. 28, 38. 3161:Ammianus XVI.12.63 2976:2012-04-29 at the 2966:2012-04-22 at the 2514:Cameron (1969) 247 2448:Renfrew (1987) 445 2325:Heather (2009) 114 2085:Pseudo-Scymnus 842 1751:The fact that the 1672:After acceding as 1654:titles claimed by 1646:(deputy emperor), 1592:Danubian provinces 1584: 1553: 1480:Isthmus of Corinth 1425:liberatus a Carpis 1276: 1272:Battle of Abrittus 1198: 1077:Conflict with Rome 1033:296-305 (5 times) 884:Carpicus (Maximus) 860: 777:castellum Carporum 773:castellum Carporum 771:in 246/7, and the 556: 532:, identified with 369:"cut", and Latin 315: 5023: 5022: 4933: 4932: 4768: 4767: 4685: 4684: 4551: 4550: 4440:Thracian language 4343: 4342: 3959:Media related to 3899:Cultura Nationala 3853:978-1-108-02487-7 3810:978-0-521-81838-4 3500:Ammianus XXXI.9.3 3491:Ammianus XXXI.3.7 3308:, pp. 22–23. 3209:, pp. 27–28. 3197:, pp. 17–22. 3140:Jordanes XVI (89) 3131:Jordanes XVI (91) 3034:Millar (1970) 279 2988:Historia Augusta 2484:Hodder (2001) 198 2385:, pp. 51–78. 2271:, pp. 51–52. 1945:Gudmund Schutte. 1761:Carpathian region 1588:Illyrian emperors 1563:(deputy emperor) 1478:re-fortified the 1474:in 87 BC and the 1379:Plague of Cyprian 1335:) mountains into 1207:and the senators 1114:, under the name 1071: 1070: 1048:305-11 (6 times) 877:Dacicus (Maximus) 413:mentioned in the 397:Romanian scholar 171: 170: 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 5053: 5010: 5009: 5000: 4999: 4990: 4989: 4953: 4951:sites in Romania 4899:Brazda lui Novac 4846:Towns and cities 4840: 4833: 4810:Diocese of Dacia 4783: 4782: 4759: 4745: 4738: 4700: 4699: 4677:Thracian warfare 4460: 4459: 4381: 4358: 4357: 4308:(1st-century BC) 4256:(9 BC(?)–30s AD) 4184: 4183: 3997: 3990: 3983: 3974: 3973: 3958: 3711: 3673: 3661: 3649: 3637: 3635: 3550:Historia Augusta 3501: 3498: 3492: 3489: 3480: 3477: 3471: 3468: 3462: 3459: 3453: 3450: 3441: 3438: 3432: 3429: 3420: 3417: 3411: 3408: 3402: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3378: 3372: 3369: 3363: 3362:AE (1973) 526(a) 3360: 3354: 3351: 3345: 3342: 3336: 3333: 3327: 3324: 3318: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3258: 3257: 3251: 3243: 3241: 3240: 3231:. Archived from 3225: 3219: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3183: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3138: 3132: 3129: 3118: 3115: 3109: 3102: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3078: 3072: 3065: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3041: 3035: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3011: 3008: 3002: 2999: 2993: 2986: 2980: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2945: 2937: 2935: 2934: 2925:. Archived from 2919: 2913: 2912: 2906: 2898: 2896: 2895: 2886:. Archived from 2880: 2874: 2873: 2867: 2859: 2857: 2856: 2847:. Archived from 2841: 2835: 2834: 2828: 2820: 2818: 2817: 2808:. Archived from 2802: 2796: 2795: 2789: 2781: 2779: 2778: 2769:. Archived from 2763: 2757: 2756: 2750: 2742: 2740: 2739: 2730:. Archived from 2724: 2718: 2717: 2711: 2703: 2701: 2700: 2691:. Archived from 2685: 2679: 2678: 2672: 2664: 2662: 2661: 2652:. Archived from 2646: 2640: 2639: 2633: 2625: 2623: 2622: 2613:. Archived from 2607: 2601: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2577: 2571: 2568: 2557: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2529: 2526: 2515: 2512: 2506: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2482: 2476: 2473: 2467: 2464: 2458: 2455: 2449: 2446: 2440: 2437: 2431: 2428: 2422: 2419: 2413: 2410: 2404: 2401: 2395: 2394:Batty (2008) 378 2392: 2386: 2380: 2365: 2362: 2356: 2353: 2347: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2323: 2317: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2295:Tables 11 and 12 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2218: 2209: 2203: 2192: 2186: 2180: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2152: 2149: 2143: 2140: 2131: 2125: 2119: 2116: 2110: 2104: 2095: 2092: 2086: 2083: 2077: 2074: 2063: 2060: 2054: 2051: 2045: 2042: 2036: 2033: 2027: 2024: 2015: 2009: 2003: 1997: 1988: 1982: 1976: 1973: 1967: 1960: 1951: 1943: 1937: 1929: 1923: 1915: 1899: 1885: 1879: 1858: 1852: 1841: 1727:The evidence of 1692:Carpicus Maximus 1640:Carpicus Maximus 1606:Carpicus Maximus 1248:Carpicus Maximus 1239:equites Maurorum 1213:Pupienus Maximus 1163:Carpicus Maximus 1084:Marcomannic Wars 870: 859: 805:Carpicus Maximus 661:Barrington Atlas 518:Material culture 490:) and the river 252:(modern western 211:Germanic peoples 151: 139: 138: 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 21: 5061: 5060: 5056: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5051: 5050: 5026: 5025: 5024: 5019: 4978: 4949: 4929: 4903: 4855: 4836: 4829: 4805:Dacia Aureliana 4764: 4755: 4741: 4734: 4716: 4696: 4692: 4681: 4660: 4651: 4642:Germanic tribes 4625: 4623: 4616: 4565: 4561: 4547: 4529: 4449: 4445:Thraco-Illyrian 4391: 4377: 4354: 4351: 4339: 4327: 4321: 4294: 4291:(c. 40–c. 9 BC) 4277: 4230: 4173: 4006: 4001: 3952: 3947: 3680: 3633: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3483: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3456: 3451: 3444: 3440:Eutropius IX.25 3439: 3435: 3430: 3423: 3418: 3414: 3409: 3405: 3400: 3396: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3366: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3344:Odahl (2004) 59 3343: 3339: 3335:Victor XXXIX.43 3334: 3330: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3292: 3288: 3280: 3276: 3268: 3261: 3245: 3244: 3238: 3236: 3229:"Archived copy" 3227: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3213: 3205: 3201: 3193: 3186: 3181: 3177: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3121: 3117:Patricius fr. 8 3116: 3112: 3103: 3096: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3066: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3021: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2987: 2983: 2978:Wayback Machine 2968:Wayback Machine 2959: 2955: 2939: 2938: 2932: 2930: 2923:"Archived copy" 2921: 2920: 2916: 2900: 2899: 2893: 2891: 2884:"Archived copy" 2882: 2881: 2877: 2861: 2860: 2854: 2852: 2845:"Archived copy" 2843: 2842: 2838: 2822: 2821: 2815: 2813: 2806:"Archived copy" 2804: 2803: 2799: 2783: 2782: 2776: 2774: 2767:"Archived copy" 2765: 2764: 2760: 2744: 2743: 2737: 2735: 2728:"Archived copy" 2726: 2725: 2721: 2705: 2704: 2698: 2696: 2689:"Archived copy" 2687: 2686: 2682: 2666: 2665: 2659: 2657: 2650:"Archived copy" 2648: 2647: 2643: 2627: 2626: 2620: 2618: 2611:"Archived copy" 2609: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2587: 2583: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2543: 2532: 2527: 2518: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2479: 2475:Lucy (2005) 106 2474: 2470: 2465: 2461: 2457:Lucy (2005) 103 2456: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2389: 2381: 2368: 2363: 2359: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2333: 2329: 2324: 2320: 2315: 2311: 2303: 2299: 2291: 2287: 2279: 2275: 2267: 2263: 2255: 2251: 2243: 2239: 2235:, pp. 7–9. 2231: 2227: 2219: 2212: 2204: 2195: 2187: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2166: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2134: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2105: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2066: 2062:Herodotus IV.17 2061: 2057: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2018: 2010: 2006: 1998: 1991: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1961: 1954: 1944: 1940: 1930: 1926: 1917:Virgil Cândea. 1916: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1902: 1886: 1882: 1859: 1855: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1825:Late Roman army 1801: 1729:Aurelius Victor 1721: 1719:Carpi after 318 1541: 1356:Moesia Inferior 1321:Moesia Superior 1313:"Trajan" Decius 1256: 1231:Philip the Arab 1221:Moesia Inferior 1186:Philip the Arab 1172: 1159:Dacicus Maximus 1099:Antonine Plague 1079: 958:Philip the Arab 943:Maximinus Thrax 937:CIL VIII.20424 891: 886: 879: 809:Philip the Arab 801:Dacicus Maximus 769:Philip the Arab 634: 552:Wattle and daub 520: 474: 373:, cfr. Italian 268: 262: 137: 126: 115: 109: 106: 63: 61: 55: 51:primary sources 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5059: 5049: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5017: 5014: 5004: 4994: 4983: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4955: 4954: 4941: 4939: 4935: 4934: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4911: 4909: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4865: 4863: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4842: 4841: 4834: 4822: 4820:Dacia Ripensis 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4770: 4769: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4762: 4761: 4760: 4748: 4747: 4746: 4739: 4726: 4724: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4714: 4708: 4706: 4697: 4690: 4687: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4663: 4661: 4656: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4628: 4626: 4621: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4568: 4566: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4549: 4548: 4546: 4545: 4540: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4466: 4464: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4401: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4389: 4384: 4383: 4382: 4370: 4364: 4362: 4355: 4348: 4345: 4344: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4337: 4331: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4292: 4285: 4283: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4262:(c. 30s–70 AD) 4257: 4251: 4245: 4238: 4236: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4187: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4172: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4021: 4019: 4008: 4007: 4000: 3999: 3992: 3985: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3951: 3950:External links 3948: 3946: 3945: 3931: 3928: 3921: 3915: 3908: 3901: 3891: 3865: 3864:(online paper) 3858: 3855: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3813: 3800: 3793: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3751: 3750:(online paper) 3744: 3735: 3728: 3721: 3712: 3703: 3697: 3688: 3679: 3676: 3675: 3674: 3672:. Vol. 4. 3662: 3660:. Vol. 3. 3650: 3648:. Vol. 2. 3638: 3636:. Vol. 1. 3621: 3610: 3601: 3590: 3576: 3565: 3554: 3545: 3536: 3525: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3502: 3493: 3481: 3472: 3463: 3454: 3442: 3433: 3421: 3412: 3403: 3394: 3392:, p. 172. 3382: 3373: 3364: 3355: 3346: 3337: 3328: 3319: 3310: 3298: 3286: 3284:, pp. 17. 3274: 3259: 3220: 3211: 3199: 3184: 3175: 3163: 3154: 3142: 3133: 3119: 3110: 3094: 3082: 3073: 3057: 3045: 3036: 3027: 3012: 3003: 2994: 2981: 2970:CIL VIII.8412 2953: 2914: 2875: 2836: 2797: 2758: 2719: 2680: 2641: 2602: 2593: 2581: 2572: 2558: 2556:Cuff (2010) 16 2549: 2530: 2516: 2507: 2498: 2496:, p. 114. 2486: 2477: 2468: 2466:Lucy (2005) 92 2459: 2450: 2441: 2432: 2423: 2414: 2405: 2396: 2387: 2366: 2357: 2348: 2339: 2337:, p. 146. 2327: 2318: 2309: 2297: 2285: 2283:, p. 123. 2273: 2261: 2249: 2237: 2225: 2210: 2208:, p. 144. 2193: 2191:, p. 141. 2181: 2172: 2153: 2144: 2132: 2120: 2111: 2109:, p. 149. 2096: 2094:Ptolemy III.10 2087: 2078: 2064: 2055: 2046: 2037: 2028: 2016: 2004: 2002:, p. 145. 1989: 1977: 1968: 1952: 1938: 1924: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1900: 1880: 1853: 1835: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1828: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1800: 1797: 1775:branch of the 1757: 1756: 1749: 1742: 1735: 1732: 1720: 1717: 1540: 1537: 1476:Peloponnesians 1255: 1252: 1171: 1168: 1078: 1075: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1053: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1038: 1037: 1036:AE (1959) 290 1034: 1031: 1029: 1015: 1014: 1013:CIL XIII.8973 1011: 1008: 1005: 999: 998: 995: 993: 990: 984: 983: 980: 978: 975: 969: 968: 965: 962: 960: 954: 953: 952:AE (1905) 179 950: 948: 945: 939: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928:Antoninus Pius 924: 923: 920: 918: 915: 909: 908: 907:AE (1927) 151 905: 903: 900: 894: 893: 888: 881: 874: 789: 788: 781:vicus Carporum 760: 721: 633: 630: 519: 516: 473: 470: 461: 460: 449: 446:Pseudo-Scymnus 430: 261: 260:Name etymology 258: 169: 168: 165: 161: 160: 157: 153: 152: 144: 143: 128: 127: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5058: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5036:Dacian tribes 5034: 5033: 5031: 5015: 5013: 5005: 5003: 4995: 4993: 4985: 4984: 4981: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4952: 4948: 4947: 4946: 4943: 4942: 4940: 4936: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4906: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4894:Trajan's Wall 4892: 4890: 4889:Transalutanus 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4879:Porolissensis 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4858: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4839: 4835: 4832: 4828: 4827: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4800:Scythia Minor 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4790:Dacia Traiana 4788: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4758: 4754: 4753: 4752: 4749: 4744: 4740: 4737: 4733: 4732: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4719: 4713: 4710: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4691:Wars with the 4688: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4654: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4619: 4613: 4612:Murus Dacicus 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4572:Sarmizegetusa 4570: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4535: 4532: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4452: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4435:Daco-Thracian 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4425:Dacian script 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4394: 4388: 4385: 4380: 4376: 4375: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4346: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4324: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4297: 4290: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4280: 4273: 4270: 4268:(c. 69–87 AD) 4267: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4246: 4244:(82/61–44 BC) 4243: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4233: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4176: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 3998: 3993: 3991: 3986: 3984: 3979: 3978: 3975: 3969: 3966: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3957: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3922: 3920: 3916: 3913: 3909: 3906: 3902: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3890: 3889:0-415-38655-1 3886: 3882: 3881:0-415-17485-6 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3863: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3850: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3837: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3825: 3824: 3823:0-520-01596-7 3820: 3814: 3812: 3811: 3807: 3801: 3798: 3794: 3792: 3788: 3786: 3782: 3780: 3776: 3774: 3770: 3768: 3764: 3762: 3758: 3756: 3752: 3749: 3745: 3742: 3741: 3736: 3733: 3729: 3726: 3722: 3720: 3716: 3713: 3709: 3704: 3702: 3698: 3696: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3682: 3681: 3671: 3670:Historia Nova 3667: 3663: 3659: 3658:Historia Nova 3655: 3651: 3647: 3646:Historia Nova 3643: 3639: 3632: 3631: 3630:Historia Nova 3626: 3622: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3607:De Caesaribus 3605: 3602: 3599: 3598: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3551: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3516: 3497: 3488: 3486: 3476: 3470:Millar (1970) 3467: 3458: 3449: 3447: 3437: 3428: 3426: 3416: 3410:CIL VIII.8412 3407: 3398: 3391: 3386: 3377: 3368: 3359: 3350: 3341: 3332: 3326:CIL XIII.8973 3323: 3314: 3307: 3302: 3296:, p. 22. 3295: 3290: 3283: 3278: 3272:, p. 29. 3271: 3266: 3264: 3255: 3249: 3235:on 2012-04-29 3234: 3230: 3224: 3215: 3208: 3203: 3196: 3191: 3189: 3179: 3172: 3167: 3158: 3151: 3146: 3137: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3114: 3107: 3101: 3099: 3091: 3086: 3077: 3070: 3064: 3062: 3055:, p. 20. 3054: 3049: 3040: 3031: 3024: 3019: 3017: 3007: 2998: 2991: 2985: 2979: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2965: 2962: 2957: 2949: 2943: 2929:on 2012-04-29 2928: 2924: 2918: 2910: 2904: 2890:on 2011-08-23 2889: 2885: 2879: 2871: 2865: 2851:on 2012-04-22 2850: 2846: 2840: 2832: 2826: 2812:on 2011-08-23 2811: 2807: 2801: 2793: 2787: 2773:on 2012-04-29 2772: 2768: 2762: 2754: 2748: 2734:on 2011-08-23 2733: 2729: 2723: 2715: 2709: 2695:on 2012-04-22 2694: 2690: 2684: 2676: 2670: 2656:on 2011-08-23 2655: 2651: 2645: 2637: 2631: 2617:on 2011-08-23 2616: 2612: 2606: 2600:CAH (2000) XI 2597: 2590: 2589:Bichir (1976) 2585: 2576: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2553: 2547:, p. 15. 2546: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2511: 2502: 2495: 2490: 2481: 2472: 2463: 2454: 2445: 2436: 2427: 2418: 2409: 2400: 2391: 2384: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2361: 2352: 2343: 2336: 2331: 2322: 2313: 2306: 2301: 2294: 2293:Bichir (1976) 2289: 2282: 2277: 2270: 2265: 2259:, p. 24. 2258: 2253: 2246: 2245:Bichir (1976) 2241: 2234: 2229: 2222: 2217: 2215: 2207: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2190: 2185: 2176: 2169: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2148: 2139: 2137: 2129: 2124: 2115: 2108: 2103: 2101: 2091: 2082: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2059: 2050: 2041: 2032: 2023: 2021: 2014: 2008: 2001: 1996: 1994: 1987: 1981: 1972: 1965: 1964:Gordiani Tres 1959: 1957: 1950: 1949: 1942: 1936: 1935: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1914: 1910: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1876: 1871: 1870:Colin Renfrew 1867: 1866:Gordon Childe 1862: 1857: 1851: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1836: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1783: 1778: 1774: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1754: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1709:Scythia Minor 1705: 1700: 1698: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1581: 1580: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1550: 1545: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1460: 1455: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1370: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1350: 1349: 1348:Philippopolis 1344: 1343: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1251: 1249: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1182: 1176: 1167: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1120:Vistula river 1117: 1113: 1109: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1074: 1067:CIL VI.40776 1066: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1057:Constantine I 1055: 1054: 1051:CIL III.6979 1050: 1047: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 1000: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 985: 981: 979: 976: 974: 973:Trajan Decius 971: 970: 966: 963: 961: 959: 956: 955: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 940: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 925: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 910: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 895: 892:inscription* 889: 885: 882: 878: 875: 872: 871: 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Retrieved 2615:the original 2605: 2596: 2584: 2575: 2552: 2545:Zosimus 500a 2528:Victor 39.43 2510: 2501: 2494:Zosimus 500d 2489: 2480: 2471: 2462: 2453: 2444: 2435: 2426: 2417: 2408: 2399: 2390: 2360: 2351: 2342: 2330: 2321: 2312: 2300: 2288: 2276: 2264: 2252: 2240: 2228: 2223:, p. 4. 2184: 2175: 2147: 2123: 2114: 2090: 2081: 2058: 2049: 2040: 2031: 2012: 2007: 1985: 1980: 1971: 1963: 1947: 1941: 1933: 1927: 1919: 1913: 1895: 1887: 1883: 1860: 1856: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1815:Free Dacians 1786: 1769: 1764: 1758: 1752: 1722: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686:The emperor 1683: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1668: 1663: 1651: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1623: 1622: 1609: 1605: 1600:The emperor 1597: 1596: 1585: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1560: 1520: 1516: 1514: 1498:Roman Senate 1489: 1488: 1459:Thessalonica 1457: 1453: 1452: 1447: 1441: 1429: 1424: 1412: 1384: 1383: 1371: 1367: 1359: 1353: 1346: 1340: 1328: 1326: 1310: 1300:fell at the 1287: 1278: 1277: 1247: 1238: 1226: 1225: 1200: 1199: 1193: 1189: 1181:Antoninianus 1179: 1162: 1158: 1151:Free Dacians 1148: 1139: 1124: 1115: 1094: 1092: 1080: 1072: 997:CIL II.2200 982:CIL II.6345 883: 876: 866: 862: 850: 842: 834: 829: 825: 820: 816: 812: 804: 800: 796: 790: 780: 776: 772: 764: 756: 739: 735: 701: 692: 684: 672: 660: 650: 642: 637: 635: 619: 615: 604: 593: 585: 574: 557: 529:Piroboridava 527: 521: 500: 491: 483: 477: 475: 464: 462: 457:Danube Delta 452: 437: 433: 422: 414: 410: 402: 396: 391: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 359: 352: 345: 338: 330: 322: 318: 316: 303: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 269: 248:province of 246: 223: 191: 178: 174: 172: 116: 110:January 2021 107: 97: 90: 83: 76: 64: 44: 18:Carpi people 5012:WikiProject 4945:Archaeology 4774:Roman Dacia 4558:Settlements 4350:Culture and 4274:(87–106 AD) 4250:(44 BC–???) 4169:Troglodytae 4124:Rhadacenses 4119:Predasenses 3419:Odahl, 2004 3390:Bichir 1976 3104:Hist. Aug. 3067:Hist. Aug. 3043:Jordanes 16 2990:M. Aurelius 2383:Bichir 1976 2335:Bichir 1976 2305:Bichir 1976 2281:Bichir 1976 2269:Bichir 1976 2257:Bichir 1976 2233:Bichir 1976 2221:Bichir 1976 2206:Bichir 1976 2189:Bichir 1976 2168:Bichir 1976 2128:Bichir 1976 2107:Bichir 1976 2000:Bichir 1976 1962:Hist. Aug. 1931:J.B. Bury. 1875:Anglo-Saxon 1421:Roman Dacia 1205:Gordian III 1155:Roman Dacia 922:CIL II.464 717:Roger Batty 657:proto-Slavs 622:Chernyakhov 423:Borysthenes 5030:Categories 4974:Thracology 4915:Daco-Roman 4751:Second War 4563:Fortresses 4500:Pleistoros 4490:Gebeleizis 4221:Rubobostes 4030:Albocenses 3883:Paperback 3597:Geographia 3588:New Advent 3547:Anonymous 3522:Res Gestae 3239:2011-09-26 3106:Aurelianus 2933:2011-04-30 2894:2011-04-28 2855:2011-04-27 2816:2011-04-27 2777:2011-04-27 2738:2011-04-30 2699:2011-04-27 2660:2011-04-27 2621:2011-04-28 1906:References 1765:Karpodakai 1656:Diocletian 1628:Diocletian 1525:Aegean Sea 1417:Alba Iulia 1405:Aemilianus 1401:Asia Minor 1095:barbaricum 1027:colleagues 1019:Diocletian 967:Sear 2581 830:Germanicus 826:Sarmaticus 757:Karpodakai 740:Karpodakai 736:Karpodakai 673:Britolagai 638:barbaricum 512:Bessarabia 411:Kallipidai 390:root-word 379:escarpment 377:, English 343:Lithuanian 327:Carpathian 312:Geographia 289:Geographia 199:Sarmatians 80:newspapers 47:references 4964:Dacianism 4730:First War 4624:relations 4543:Kogaionon 4405:Belagines 4379:bracelets 4361:Artifacts 4272:Decebalus 4254:Comosicus 4242:Burebista 4164:Tyragetae 4129:Saldenses 4079:Costoboci 3943:0035-2160 3873:Routledge 3539:Eutropius 2570:Sear 2581 1896:dediticii 1805:Costoboci 1773:Thervingi 1660:Tetrarchs 1632:panegyric 1571:293–305, 1510:Macrianus 1468:Athenians 1464:Macedonia 1444:Gallienus 1144:Scythians 1140:Scythians 1088:Costoboci 988:Gallienus 839:Parthians 835:Parthicus 744:Tyragetae 709:Poieneşti 689:Tyragetae 677:Costoboci 669:Bastarnae 665:Agathyrsi 607:Poieneşti 589:Caracalla 581:Sarmatian 570:cremation 504:Wallachia 472:Territory 419:Herodotus 415:Histories 317:The name 280:Καρπιανοί 234:Sarmatian 203:Thracians 156:Ethnicity 134:Carpetani 4992:Category 4969:Dacology 4938:Research 4869:Alutanus 4704:Domitian 4597:Sucidava 4587:Cumidava 4582:Buridava 4577:Argidava 4525:Zalmoxis 4515:Seirenes 4505:Sabazios 4485:Dionysus 4480:Derzelas 4475:Deceneus 4455:Religion 4397:Language 4387:Clothing 4248:Deceneus 4216:Rhemaxos 4196:Cothelas 4154:Teurisci 4134:Scaugdae 4109:Piephigi 4084:Crobidae 4069:Ciaginsi 3799:(online) 3693:(2008): 3668:(500d). 3656:(500c). 3644:(500b). 3627:(500a). 3620:(c. 100) 3617:Germania 3600:(c. 140) 3564:(c. 550) 3557:Jordanes 3553:(c. 400) 3544:(c. 360) 3535:(c. 320) 3524:(c. 395) 3248:cite web 2974:Archived 2964:Archived 2942:cite web 2903:cite web 2864:cite web 2825:cite web 2786:cite web 2747:cite web 2708:cite web 2669:cite web 2630:cite web 2013:*Ker (1) 1984:Smith's 1892:Augustus 1799:See also 1753:Carpicus 1746:Ammianus 1739:Moldavia 1699:in 306. 1678:Carpicus 1674:Augustus 1670:305-311: 1664:Carpicus 1652:Carpicus 1648:Galerius 1624:296-305: 1618:Pannonia 1602:Aurelian 1573:Augustus 1565:Galerius 1549:Aurelian 1506:Postumus 1490:259-260: 1484:Aureolus 1454:256-257: 1448:Augustus 1433:Valerian 1409:Pannonia 1391:and the 1389:Urugundi 1385:252-253: 1375:smallpox 1361:Abrittus 1298:Alamanni 1279:250-251: 1235:hillfort 1227:245–247: 1217:governor 1209:Balbinus 1132:Roxolani 1127:Jordanes 1103:smallpox 1042:Galerius 1023:Galerius 1003:Aurelian 890:Specimen 867:CARPICUS 855:Persians 851:Persicus 821:Carpicus 681:Roxolani 663:listing 596:Moldavia 508:Moldavia 484:Hierasus 442:Dniester 434:Karpídai 403:Karpiani 383:Carpiani 375:scarpata 364:Sanskrit 360:(ş)carpă 357:Romanian 355:"rock", 350:Albanian 339:ker/sker 323:Carpiani 304:Carpiani 284:Carpiani 276:Carpiani 250:Pannonia 230:Germanic 187:Moldavia 179:Carpiani 164:Language 5002:Commons 4908:Culture 4874:Moesiae 4658:Warfare 4622:Foreign 4520:Silenus 4463:Deities 4368:Coinage 4335:Dicomes 4317:Zyraxes 4260:Scorilo 4104:Peukini 4074:Clariae 4035:Anartes 3907:(1878) 3666:Zosimus 3654:Zosimus 3642:Zosimus 3625:Zosimus 3613:Tacitus 3593:Ptolemy 3582:. From 3512:Ancient 2011:Köbler 1810:Dacians 1782:Taifals 1704:Triumph 1610:Sopiana 1533:Naissus 1521:267-268 1517:265-266 1337:Thracia 1294:Vandals 1290:Taifali 1194:Reverse 1190:Obverse 1178:Silver 1136:Zosimus 1116:Gotones 1112:Tacitus 977:249-51 913:Hadrian 873:Emperor 863:DACICUS 849:") and 843:Medicus 817:Dacicus 813:Dacicus 785:Hârșova 753:Zosimus 724:Zosimus 711:, near 693:in loco 685:Thrakes 653:Dacians 577:La Tène 542:steppes 427:Dnieper 346:karpyti 308:Ptolemy 294:Ptolemy 254:Hungary 226:Ptolemy 183:Romania 94:scholar 4851:Castra 4838:Column 4831:Bridge 4825:Trajan 4795:Moesia 4722:Trajan 4647:Romans 4632:Greeks 4510:Semele 4470:Bendis 4312:Rholes 4289:Cotiso 4211:Oroles 4206:Moskon 4159:Trixae 4149:Terizi 4139:Senses 4054:Bessoi 4045:Biephi 4012:Tribes 3941: 3895:Getica 3887: 3879: 3851: 3821: 3808: 3678:Modern 3561:Getica 1966:XXVI.3 1777:Gothic 1713:Victor 1697:Caesar 1644:Caesar 1579:follis 1569:Caesar 1561:Caesar 1494:Athens 1413:Apulum 1397:Thrace 1393:Borani 1333:Balkan 1329:Haemus 1268:Decius 1243:Berber 1025:& 992:256/7 898:Trajan 887:(date) 880:(date) 713:Vaslui 687:, and 600:tamgas 566:Bichir 561:wattle 492:Porata 453:Harpii 388:Slavic 371:scarpa 337:word * 238:Balkan 195:Dacian 96: 89: 82: 75: 67: 4959:Books 4861:Limes 4637:Celts 4602:Davae 4495:Kotys 4306:Dapyx 4266:Duras 4191:Coson 4179:Kings 4099:Moesi 4094:Getae 4064:Carpi 4050:Bessi 4040:Apuli 4004:Dacia 3737:CIL: 3634:(PDF) 3609:(361) 1986:Carpi 1831:Notes 1502:Rhine 1472:Sulla 1437:Rhine 1419:) in 1342:Beroe 1283:Kniva 1264:Kniva 1153:into 1108:Goths 847:Medes 748:Tyras 732:Sciri 697:Goths 554:house 488:Siret 465:carp- 438:Tyras 392:krepu 353:karpë 319:Carpi 272:Carpi 219:Celts 215:Balts 207:Slavs 175:Carpi 142:Carpi 101:JSTOR 87:books 4672:Sica 4667:Falx 4144:Suci 4089:Daci 4025:Aedi 4016:List 3939:ISSN 3885:ISBN 3877:ISBN 3849:ISBN 3819:ISBN 3806:ISBN 3715:CAH: 3683:AE: 3254:link 3108:30.4 2948:link 2909:link 2870:link 2831:link 2792:link 2753:link 2714:link 2675:link 2636:link 1789:Huns 1684:318: 1614:Pécs 1598:272: 1292:and 1211:and 1201:238: 1064:317 1061:336 1010:272 1007:275 964:247 947:236 932:157 917:118 902:106 865:and 857:"). 841:"), 828:and 819:and 734:and 728:Huns 510:and 496:Prut 476:The 451:the 432:the 409:the 232:and 217:and 173:The 73:news 4560:and 1462:in 1219:of 1146:). 699:). 417:of 367:kar 321:or 310:'s 274:or 244:". 177:or 49:to 5032:: 4776:/ 3575:). 3484:^ 3445:^ 3424:^ 3262:^ 3250:}} 3246:{{ 3187:^ 3122:^ 3097:^ 3071:16 3060:^ 3015:^ 2992:22 2944:}} 2940:{{ 2905:}} 2901:{{ 2866:}} 2862:{{ 2827:}} 2823:{{ 2788:}} 2784:{{ 2749:}} 2745:{{ 2710:}} 2706:{{ 2671:}} 2667:{{ 2632:}} 2628:{{ 2561:^ 2533:^ 2519:^ 2369:^ 2213:^ 2196:^ 2156:^ 2135:^ 2099:^ 2067:^ 2019:^ 1992:^ 1955:^ 1427:) 1250:. 1021:, 853:(" 845:(" 799:) 755:' 730:, 683:, 679:, 675:, 671:, 667:, 506:, 498:) 405:: 221:. 213:, 209:, 205:, 201:, 60:. 4052:/ 4018:) 4014:( 3996:e 3989:t 3982:v 3734:. 3571:( 3256:) 3242:. 3025:. 2950:) 2936:. 2911:) 2897:. 2872:) 2858:. 2833:) 2819:. 2794:) 2780:. 2755:) 2741:. 2716:) 2702:. 2677:) 2663:. 2638:) 2624:. 1612:( 1567:( 1415:( 1331:( 1241:( 795:( 763:( 494:( 486:( 440:( 429:) 425:( 282:( 136:. 123:) 117:( 112:) 108:( 98:· 91:· 84:· 77:· 54:. 20:)

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