567:
239:
848:
225:
20:
1676:
government-backed marching bands. Capoeira skills also served to protect members of black community "from random acts of violence or kidnapping". If a slave under the protection of a malta was sold away from the city, the maltas would come together to seek revenge. Also, if it was determined that a particular individual, whether enslaved
African, free person of color, or white, had violated their codes, the malta would then choose the avenger. Acts of vengeance were often executed during public festivities, including major Catholic processions or
502:
1515:
901:
1646:
724:
1066:
894:. Many workers wearing these colors were often targeted with violence. These parties had leaders, assistants, policemen and rank-and-file soldiers, which discovers military principles in gang culture. Moreover, many capoeiras served as policemen, National Guards or soldiers. Soares suggests that while the Guaiamus were mixed-race, the Nagoas were mostly blacks of African origin. Assunção finds this assumption problematic as Africans and Creoles were present in all the city parishes.
1314:
1165:
3652:
653:
259:
1363:, the playing of African drums in Rio de Janeiro was prohibited by law. Due to the drum's size, it couldn't be concealed, leading to clandestine drumming in remote locations at night. To evade arrest, slaves used makeshift percussion instruments like clay or metal pieces, shells, and stones. The drumming that accompanied capoeira in the city of Rio de Janeiro had disappeared by midcentury.
1571:, or any other weapon. In lieu of all these, they use only the head; and with it, they butt like bulls at the chest of their victim. I saw a field officer who had been murdered in this manner and thrown over the wall into his garden, where his family found him in the morning: the upper part of the body had been flattened as if the implement of death had been a
985:, Moraes Filho wrote that the capoeiras form up in groups of 20 to 100 in front of troops and carnival processions, "provoking disorder, running, wounding". On January 27, 1878, the police arrested a large gang of capoeiras "who were walking in front of the band of the 10th infantry battalion". The same night, one hundred capoeiras were arrested.
1695:, Manuel Pardo enter the police headquarters, verbally insulted and physically assaulted a police officer with a whip, a potent symbol of white authority over enslaved individuals. These actions were defiant gestures against white dominance in society. According to Desch-Obi, black capoeiras also expressed their pride by openly wielding
426:, Bernardo Mina was arrested, but his friend Estanislao tried to resist the arrest, calling on his capoeira comrades for help. They threw stones at the patrol and encircled it in an unsuccessful attempt to free the capoeiristas. On February 28, 1820, slaves Francisco Rebolo and José Ganguela were arrested "
824:
Capoeira battalions were made up of capoeiristas who were forced to join the army in the streets or in prisons. These battalions were specialized in invading and conquering enemy trenches and ships using mostly white weapons, such as bayonets, machetes, and swords. The capoeiristas were so fierce and
1239:
It's high time that we freed ourselves from foreign sports and paid attention to what is ours... Brazilian gymnastics are equal in value to all the others... better than boxing that only uses the arms; better than Greco-Roman wrestling based only on strength. It is superior to
Japanese close combat
1086:
The capoeiras went as far as pelting the republicans with stones in front of the
Brazilian Congress... The plan was to attack the republicans from the front and the rear simultaneously... Clubs were raised, razors swung, and stones flew in the air... Many were injured. Panic spread in the city. The
668:
I send your
Lordship the following men, and request that they be drafted for service in the navy: Feliciano Francisco, laborer; Inácio Viegas Tourinho, chicken peddler; Francisco Peçanha, chicken peddler; Emigídio Marcus, laborer; and Domingos Antônio Pereira, daily laborer—all black Minas—who live
525:
Many
Germans in São Cristovão managed to assemble in one location. Those who didn't were confronted by a group of black capoeiras and engaged in deadly combat. Even when stationed and armed with rifles, the rebels couldn't withstand the fists, stones, and sticks. They fell in the streets and public
1205:
This work was written by a high-ranking officer in the
Brazilian army, an expert in weaponry, a military instructor, and an authority on defensive gymnastics, the genuine art of capoeira. Our efforts are directed at elevating Brazilian gymnastics to a national level, like English football, French
1192:
In the early 1900s, capoeira started to gain recognition as a national martial art and sport among the elite. While capoeira was still officially outlawed, the first capoeira manuals were published in small, secluded military circles in Rio de
Janeiro. These manuals were intended for the exclusive
472:
Two contestants face each other, each trying to butt his adversary in the chest with his head and knock the opponent down. They turn cartwheels and pause as they launch into an attack. Sometimes they stand like he-goats, butting at each other. The game often turns into a wild brawl when knives are
913:
The most famous capoeiras served as instructors for the newcomers. At first, the blows were rehearsed, making use of the clean hand; when the disciple took advantage of the lessons, they began to be rehearsed with wooden weapons and finally they made use of their very blades, and the place of the
593:
the patrol leader. Afterwards, they split into the distinct factions and dispersed in opposite directions. The reason of attack is unknown, but they were likely seeking revenge for some perceived injustice. This incident implies high level of organization within the capoeira groups. The following
561:
especially those prohibiting slave gatherings or participation in funerals with superstitious rites that involve crowding, depraved actions, and lewd verbal expressions. These orders also cover prohibitions against crowding and games in taverns, streets, and public squares, as well as regulations
1248:
published a book stressing the importance of teaching capoeira, considering it superior to other martial arts. He advocated that "capoeira should be taught in all schools and in all army and navy bases", emphasizing the need of removing it from the streets to educational system. In the 1920s and
1123:
To engage in exercises of agility and physical dexterity known as capoeiragem in public streets and squares; to engage in running with weapons or instruments capable of causing bodily harm, inciting riots or disorders, threatening specific or unspecified individuals, or instilling fear of harm:
751:
Sometimes, interrupting the course of a procession, or the pace of a parade, one could hear, jointly with screams of the ladies fleeing in terror, of negras carrying the young master in their arms, of fathers seeking refuge for their wife and children, the horrendous ‘Shut down! Shut down’. The
201:
A fight had occurred between capoeiras, and one of them had been murdered. According to the law of the kingdom, the gravest of crimes was the practice of capoeiragem Adão was innocent regarding the murder charge, but his status as a capoeira was confirmed. As punishment he was to receive five
1675:
Unlike many authors who see capoeira in 19th century Rio as a mere criminal activity, Desch-Obi believes it was a matter of honor for
African slaves and their descendants. For example, the capoeira became potent political message when performed in the front of Catholic processions or
1666:
To confront it, capoeiras employed two tactics. When unarmed, capoeiras relied on their defensive agility to wear down the staff-wielder, enticing them to make a mistake and create an opening to exploit. Capoeiras also started sharpen their short sticks, to counter the threat.
1702:
Desch-Obi concludes that capoeira societies in Rio stood as enduring symbols of slave empowerment. Unlike most slaves in the
Americas who lived in constant fear of violence, capoeiras instilled fear in white society, including the police, due to their potential for violence.
1406:, the ribbon fluttering in the wind was a media between the two worlds — the physical and the spiritual. It was also used in social events and funerals, and on altars. In Congo, Africans used to place white ribbons on altars in order to communicate with supernatural powers.
530:
A German observer asserted that slaves gained five decades' worth of confidence in just three days, sensing their newfound power. After the mutiny was suppressed, Police
Commissioner issued an edict prohibiting all blacks, especially slaves, from using any kind of weapon.
520:
broke out. They advanced toward King's palace, sparking citywide riots by June 10. While the tradition suggests that major Vidigal called upon the capoeiras, they might just took the chance to fight the foreign whites during the chaos. One of the eyewitnesses wrote:
445:", the Military committee demanded publicly and firmly punishing of arrested black capoeiras, caught by the military school, and opposed their release, pressured by slave owners. Between 1810 and 1821, out of 4,853 arrests, 438 were capoeira-related. On February 6,
384:
The same penalty will apply to all those who roam around the city, whistling and with sticks, committing disorder most of the times with no aim, and which are well known by the name of capoeiras, even if they do not provoke any injuries or death or any other crime
922:, the police commissioner clarified the growing capoeira problem: it isn't unlawful; only physical injury, assault, or murder by capoeiras are crimes. This complicates legal action, as they are national Guard members, not drifters, and also army and navy veterans.
641:
Around the 1840s, authorities noticed changes within the capoeira community, leading to new terminology. The terms "capoeira slaves" and "black capoeiras" were replaced with "capoeiras" and "capoeira groups." These groups were well and hierarchically organized.
1201:(Guide to capoeira or Brazilian Gymnastics), published in Rio de Janeiro. The handbook featured chapters with comprehensive explanations covering proper stances, fundamental postures, and strategies for both defense and attack. The introduction states:
677:, the commander of the Campo de Santana quarter, saw four capoeiras came running, waving knives and chasing a black man who was fleeing and "whistling with all his might". After they reached the border of the neighborhood, the chase stopped. In June,
1469:
He runs, retreats, advances, turns around—fast, wary, and decisive. He is fast, volatile like liquid, and as elusive as a thought, as lightning. He advances and retreats, reappears and disappears in a split second. All his power lies in his amazing
1393:
In the early nineteenth century, African slaves had limited clothing options, which denoted their social status, and they were prohibited from wearing shoes. In the first two decades of the 19th century, capoeiras mainly used yellow and red
620:, Rio de Janeiro's Police Chief expressed concern about capoeiras' audacity, leading to stone-throwing incidents in Campo de Santana. On November 18, 1833, two black men were stabbed to death, and two wounded reported assaults by capoeiras.
1294:
During the 1930s, capoeira practitioners could be arrested for displaying physical skills. However, the number of arrests, and especially of convictions, were diminishing gradually. Of all accused of capoeira, 76% were freed after trial.
415:, the slave Alexander Mozambique was jailed for practicing capoeira and given a three-month sentence with 300 lashes. On November 25, 1819, the slave José Angola was arrested for playing capoeira and was recognized as a capoeira leader.
155:. Urban slaves lived without direct supervision, and their main duty was to bring money to their master. Africans were very present in public, with frequent dances, festivals and processions. Many of their activities, such as capoeira,
776:
The man is very dangerous and is known as the head of the capoeiras who meet in the Santa Rita neighborhood. It was he who threw a stone and wounded policeman Lúcio Feliciano da Costa in the head in the course of pursuing a capoeira
1691:, black capoeiras challenged white supremacy, strutting through the streets with confidence. Joaquim Benguela even dared to enter the police headquarters wearing his capoeira hat, showing his disdain for the authorities. On July 4,
1045:
organization composed of freed African slaves and capueristas. Its members swore an oath of allegiance to Princess Isabel. The purpose was to ensure Isabel's accession to the throne, in opposition to the rising Republican movement.
1053:
capoeiristas did horrible crimes, violently disrupting both private and public gatherings of republicans. The greatest assault occurred on December 30, 1888, during the republicans’ gathering at the French Gymnastic Society. When
706:
As per Filho, leadership status was attained only by those "whose bravery could not be overcome". Reverend James Fletcher, who visited Rio during the 1850s, characterized capoeira leaders as those with the most people killed. In
1456:
A capoeirista performing in front of his rival leaps, vaults, attacks, evades, hops, feints. He uses his legs, head, hands, knife, and razor almost simultaneously. It is quite usual for one of them to defeat ten or twenty
669:
in a densely populated area. This may have triggered a sudden very large gathering of capoeiras, which necessitated police intervention. I believe it would be best to separate these men and offer them a different future.
493:, ordered arrested black capoeiras to work on the dam instead of being flogged. By December 1824, police reported large disruptions by black capoeiras on Sundays and holidays, leading to stabbings, injuries, and thefts.
1298:
During the 1930s and 1940s, capoeira underwent a transformative phase in its history, as authorities and intellectuals worked to portray it as a product of Brazil's unique conditions, shaping it into a national sport.
980:
time, capoeira fighters would lead the bands through the streets of that city. The infamous capoeiras were typically only seen during military parades, where they position themselves at the forefront of the troops. In
594:
day, the Police Inspector General recommended training and authorizing loyal citizens to use firearms in assisting the police in apprehending capoeiras and other criminals. Soon after, the National Guard was founded.
1151:
This policy undoubtedly succeeded, and the powerful capoeira gangs were dismantled. But the phenomenon did not vanish altogether. During the persecution of the capueristas in Rio de Janeiro, many of them fled to
392:
was the way capoeiristas signaled each other. In 1817 one officer required the arrest of "all the negros and mulattos" that "entertain themselves in capoeiragem games" in seven different locations in the city.
933:, the police commissioner revealed that capoeira groups, organized by neighborhoods with specific leaders, not only compete for control among themselves but also "kill and maim other innocent citizens".
1449:
719:
makes them commit these acts of violence. They are commonly known as capoeiras. In the course of one afternoon in February, these scoundrels murdered seven people in the Santa Ana district.
380:, the police declared strict penalties for possession of knives, and the same for those "whistling and with sticks", including 300 lashes (for slaves only) and three months of forced labor:
1611:
Capoeiristas employed Angolan-style agility to defend against bladed weapons, allowing unarmed masters to face armed opponents confidently. The Rio's capoeira antiblade techniques included
562:
regarding slave nudity or littering in the squares and streets. Additionally, they address matters related to capoeiras and the searching of slaves to prevent the use of weapons and sticks.
1112:
334:. On December 13, 1814, two African slaves were arrested for playing capoeira and wearing colored ribbons. The African slave Bernardo Moçambique was arrested on March 14, 1815, for "
3557:
972:
This is a reign of terror: we are under the thumb of gangsters. The fears we expressed when we saw the voters caving in to these abusive attacks have been fully and sadly confirmed.
1003:, whites represented at least 22% of the arrested, increasing to 33% in 1890, blacks counted for 36% and 30% respectively, while others not being qualified in terms of colour.
699:, born in Brazil to African slave parents and native Portuguese speakers, began to emerge. Free Creoles and whites eventually became the capoeira gang leaders. By mid-century
660:
84:(1865-1870), the capoeiras became involved in politics. By the late 19th century, capoeirista demographics in Rio had changed significantly, with the majority being free
3269:
1240:
that combines all these arts because it includes the intelligence and vitality characteristic of our hot blood by combining the exercise of arms, legs, head, and body!
3397:
128:
town. Roughly two-thirds of Rio's population had African ancestry, as nearly 80 percent of them originated from Angola. The enslaved population, initially 12,000 in
743:, Minister of Justice stated that the capoeiras use the festival days for their "runs," commit crimes, and intentionally frighten peaceful citizens. The folklorist
739:, Kidder and Fletcher described capoeiras as "members of some sort of secret society, where all the glory goes to whoever destroys the most lives". On January 19,
2836:
338:." Three days later, the enslaved African João Congo, was arrested for playing capoeira and for possessing a cane, a knife, and ribbons. They also commonly wear
1752:
1329:
were a prominent musical instrument in capoeira. In the early to mid-nineteenth century Rio, capoeira was initially described by travelers as a war dance with
164:
1371:
353:, police reported that black capoeiras, especially in Direita Street, causing disturbances and engaging in stone-throwing during their games in the city.
3567:
1115:
prepared a list of prominent capoeiras and began mass arrests. In merely a week, from December 12 to December 18, 1889, 111 capoeiras were arrested. In
1181:
1074:
929:
were exceptionally brutal, marked by the use of all available weapons like clubs and knives, frequently resulting in a high number of casualties. In
1462:
1344:, João Angola was arrested for possessing a small drum at a capoeira gathering. Playing a drum could lead to severe punishment, like on December 5,
3359:
756:
flew at the front, capoeiragem exploded without restraints, and the mayhem resulted in broken heads, shattered light posts, stabbings and deaths.
65:
Rio de Janeiro was the epicentre of capoeira in the 19th century. In the early 19th century, it transmitted primarily among black slaves born in
1848:
863:
for the Conservative Party. By resorting to violence against the opposition voters, these gangs secured impunity in their territorial domains.
744:
681:, a police patrol had trouble to arrest two capoeiras who resisted arrest with blows. After arresting them, the patrol was surrounded by their
517:
288:
Between 1812 and 1814, Rio's capoeira saw a dramatic rise in razor use, from under five cases in 1812 to about forty in 1814. On September 30,
715:
It is interesting that the reason for these crimes is not revenge or robbery but the pleasure of seeing blood flow. The perpetrators say that
80:
As of the mid-19th century, capoeira was increasingly detached from its music and dancing and was essentially a criminal activity. After the
437:, the slave Ignácio Mossange played capoeira with a razor and was sentenced to 300 lashes and three months in the penitentiary. In December
1268:-like rules for capoeira competition. The manual aimed to transform capoeira from a stigmatized street practice into a legitimate sport.
2588:
1283:, established his capoeira academies in Rio. The first was in the bustling city center, and the second was established in the affluent
851:
A caricature ridiculing the recruitment of capoeiras into the police promoted by the Conservative Party (1885). Note the use of sticks.
148:
3194:
1981:
1808; Como uma rainha louca, um príncipe medroso e uma corte corrupta enganaram Napoleão e mudaram a História de Portugal e do Brasil
292:, the slave Pedro Benguela, was arrested for playing capoeira with a razor in Carioca square and sentenced to 100 lashes. In January
3552:
2520:
1699:. They defied the law that restricted knife possession to white Brazilians, using blades as a symbol of resistance and equality.
1214:, there was a famous official match when a capoeirista named Francisco da Silva Ciríaco, known as "Macaco," defeated a Japanese
1140:
seemingly vanished, although remnants might have endured in certain shantytowns or working-class neighborhoods. On January 10,
828:
The war elevated marginalized individuals to heroes, and gang leaders became associated with powerful individuals. In December
2681:
1988:
1823:
1804:
1762:
1741:
1104:
1100:
181:
Capoeira was practiced in closed societies of enslaved Africans, although colonial authorities punished it harshly. The term
886:. Guaiamú has parties such as Saint Francis, Saint Rita, Ouro Preto, Marinha, and Saint Domingos de Gusmão. Their color was
1348:, when Mathias Benguela, a slave, received 200 lashes for it. Despite punishment, drumming continued. An illustration from
772:, the police commissioner requested the dismissal of the violent caporeista Felisberto do Amaral from the National Guard:
649:, the police commissioner wrote to the admiral that the sending of five capueristas to the navy may cause a great revolt:
585:", attacked the municipal guard patrol, composed of men of status, targeting their chief. They engaged in a battle in the
69:. Africans were massively present in the Rio, performing their games, celebrations, festivals. They formed their capoeira
1026:
839:
After the war, in Rio alone 2900 slaves were freed because of their participation in the war, among them many capoeiras.
793:, 80 (31%) were arrested for capoeira, and only 28 (10.7%) for running away. Out of 4,303 arrests in Rio police jail in
42:
during the 19th century. In capoeira carioca, all available means were used, including various types of weapons, such as
760:
Some capoeiras were employed in public agencies such as the police, the fire brigade, the National Guard. On January 19
285:). These capoeiras, armed with knives, intended to forcefully take from the jail guards one of their arrested comrades.
3224:
489:, martial arts were used to rescue captured quilombo members on the outskirts of Rio City. Resolution from August 30,
1781:
1722:
3422:
1623:
This blow is unique and terrible because if the enemy is armed with a punhal or knife, he unfailingly kills himself.
1579:
The significance of the head butt becomes evident in the different names for different headbutts. For instance, the
2779:
2757:
1663:
to Brazil. It involved using a long staff, gripping the narrow end for striking, which could deliver deadly blows.
836:
caught a group of capoeiras near the king’s palace. An inquiry revealed that four of them were military policemen.
821:) and were promised freedom and privileges in return. The police used recruitment to clean the city of capoeiras.
711:, the police commissioner wrote to the minister of justice about the recent mass murder in the Santa Anna parish:
303:
the police chef saw violent capoeiras in the street, in the time where the prince João was passing by. They were "
296:, three more capoeira players were charged: one received 200 lashes, another 50 lashes, and the third 200 lashes.
801:
Standard punishment for imprisoned capoeiras were whipping (for slaves only) and forced labour in the dockyards.
189:, as "the gravest of crimes", in a judicial record reporting how a young man Adão was severely punished with 500
1385:
In the mid-1860s, Marcílio Dias was arrested in Rio because he played capoeira in front of a band of musicians.
3417:
1224:
kick. He was carried out of the stadium on the shoulders after the match and hailed as a national hero in Rio.
1435:
gained popularity. The hat remained an important clothing item, signifying status, according to Mary Karasch.
1058:
began his speech, the room became a battleground, with many dead and wounded. On July 15, 1889, the newspaper
346:. These items may have signified their ethnic identity, but it's unclear if they indicated gang affiliation.
305:
with knives and sticks and with the ribbons they sometimes use to come out, causing great mayhem and shouting
999:, the majority of the arrested capoeiras (60%) were free citizens (usually workers), against 40% slaves. In
566:
3681:
949:
3593:
3442:
1444:
945:
360:, two capoeiristas, José Benguela and Joaquim Augusto, were arrested, with one in possession of a sharp
557:
to regulate undesirable African activities, including gatherings, games, rituals, nudity and capoeira:
3374:
1055:
99:
The widespread violent capoeira practice in Rio led to a nationwide ban on capoeira. After the ban in
3676:
3329:
956:, capoeiras were involved in the August elections. The major political incident occurred in February
3629:
3492:
1096:
422:, the slave Joaquim Angola was arrested for possessing a razor and a "capoeira club". On March 20,
1657:
New combat realities emerged when the Portuguese, particularly sailors, brought martial tradition
3349:
1583:, meaning "skull in a mirror," referred to a standing head strike aimed at the face, whereas the
1555:
were the capoeiras' primary technique, as per police records. An English visitor to Rio wrote in
1124:
Penalty - imprisonment for two to six months. For leaders or heads, the penalty shall be doubled.
547:
542:
for a slave to fifty per day. However, exceptions were made for two major threats to the system:
238:
103:
and the subsequent mass arrests of capoeira maltas, this style of capoeira is generally extinct.
890:. Nagoa has parties like Saint Lucia, Saint Joseph, Lapa, Saint Anne, and Moura. They color was
847:
3339:
3217:
1272:
961:
952:. Newly founded Republican party was among the rare political entities opposing the maltas. In
781:
Police data from the mid-19th century shows that capoeira was the main reason for the arrests:
586:
478:
465:
251:
232:
1835:
Memórias e Histórias da Guarda Negra: verso e reverso de uma combativa organização de libertos
1526:
The capoeira carioca's kicking repertoire was primarily linked to inverted kicks, such as the
3577:
3407:
2582:
2403:
1619:, which aims to kick an opponent’s legs out, causing him to kill himself with his own blade:
3547:
1134:
During the prohibition, any individual caught practicing capoeira would be arrested. Street
3634:
3487:
2837:
The Diaspora of Rio de Janeiro’s capoeiras during the First Republic: the case of São Paulo
1540:
was executed by flipping the body and pivoting one leg to strike the opponent, whereas the
1034:
1012:
224:
3364:
1544:
consisted of flipping the body and using both feet to push against the adversary's chest.
8:
3241:
1862:
992:, two women, Isabel and Ana, were arrested for "showing their expertise in capoeiragem".
747:
describes how capoeiras violently interrupted public events in the mid-19th century Rio:
176:
144:
3334:
3499:
3379:
1842:
1816:
Fighting for Honor: The History of African Martial Art Traditions in the Atlantic World
1681:
1479:
1148:, general secretary to Rio de Janeiro’s governor, was arrested on charges of capoeira.
860:
501:
3656:
3504:
3387:
3344:
3264:
3210:
2677:
1984:
1819:
1800:
1795:
The Hidden History of Capoeira: A Collision of Cultures in the Brazilian Battle Dance
1777:
1758:
1737:
1718:
1688:
1628:
1409:
1257:
825:
effective in battle that they earned the reputation of being the Brazilian Warriors.
601:, the police inspector reported that black capoeiras and similar individuals conceal
450:
66:
19:
3562:
1280:
1144:, when the suppression of capoeira was at its height, Pedro Murat Pilar, brother of
3619:
3599:
3450:
1867:
1514:
1452:
was amazed with capoeira skills, attributing to them almost superhuman abilities:
1353:
1136:
1030:
728:
160:
1793:
900:
3477:
3369:
3305:
3254:
2592:
1475:
1378:
in Rio de Janeiro province, "accompanied by the powerful, militant rhythm of the
1108:
833:
404:. In the same year, another African slave was arrested for playing capoeira and "
108:
31:
3427:
3606:
3572:
3482:
3465:
3354:
3321:
3311:
3279:
1600:
1528:
1499:
1495:
1403:
1308:
1235:, Mário Santos, in the introduction to his booklet, made the following appeal:
1220:
810:
696:
401:
331:
267:
124:
In the early 19th century, newcomers to Rio de Janeiro might mistake it for an
85:
81:
47:
39:
3472:
3392:
1645:
428:
for being in a gathering of capoeiras and wearing red hats — a capoeira symbol
3670:
3542:
1413:
1065:
152:
51:
1145:
406:
wearing a white straw hat with a big yellow and red ribbon tied to its crown
167:, notorious persecutor of capoeristas, was an excellent capoerista himself.
163:, were suppressed and persecuted. The head of new Royal Police Guard, major
3412:
3402:
1042:
855:
After the war, many capoeristas became associated with ruling politicians,
645:
From the 1840s, most capoeira offenders were sent to the navy. On March 3,
539:
243:
190:
93:
1164:
1153:
1129:
Penal Code of the United States of Brazil (1890), On Vagrants and Capoeira
723:
156:
1659:
1491:
1245:
1119:, new Republic decreed the prohibition of capoeira in the whole country.
856:
3524:
1313:
132:(about 20% of the urban population), rapidly expanded to over 36,000 by
3432:
1318:
652:
1228:
960:, when capoeira gangs violently broke republican meeting, inspired by
897:
Both gangs held regular Sunday exercises, with knife and razor blows:
581:, multiple capoeira groups, organized into the unit of more than 200 "
336:
playing capoeira, possessing a razor, and tying a red ribbon to a pole
2780:"Código penal brasileiro – proibição da capoeira – 1890 – Wikisource"
2758:"Código penal brasileiro – proibição da capoeira – 1890 – Wikisource"
1503:
610:
389:
3639:
1715:
Secrets, Gossip, and Gods: The Transformation of Brazilian Candomblé
3613:
3519:
3509:
3455:
3299:
3294:
3233:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
1564:
1552:
1483:
1334:
1173:
977:
543:
151:
to Rio de Janeiro. Due to city growth, more slaves were brought to
35:
785:"From 288 slaves that entered the Calabouço jail during the years
310:
It seems that typical capoeira garments of that period included a
3514:
3288:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2876:
2874:
2846:
2844:
1375:
1284:
1215:
765:
685:
682:
606:
590:
453:
pledged four days leave to any soldier who caught a capoeirista.
89:
55:
3014:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2920:
2918:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2614:
2612:
2440:
2438:
2413:
2411:
2378:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2301:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2134:
2115:
258:
3249:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
1897:
1895:
1696:
1572:
1428:
1395:
1275:, a military officer and the fighting instructor of the feared
1265:
883:
700:
323:
319:
315:
216:, the knowledge of the capoeira was preserved and transmitted.
125:
2886:
2871:
2841:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
1938:
1936:
1934:
3624:
3026:
3002:
2985:
2973:
2961:
2949:
2930:
2915:
2903:
2818:
2806:
2738:
2702:
2636:
2609:
2597:
2564:
2552:
2465:
2435:
2423:
2408:
2366:
2349:
2337:
2277:
2265:
2212:
2157:
1615:, a circular kick to disarm an opponent holding a knife, and
1424:
1420:
1379:
1326:
1249:
1930s, official capoeira schools and institutes were opened.
891:
867:
703:
and injuries became more prevalent in the war for territory.
602:
369:
361:
113:
43:
3460:
2542:
2540:
2313:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2077:
1919:
1907:
1892:
1880:
1337:. Later, the music and the musical instruments disappeared.
3202:
3157:
3155:
3142:
3140:
3115:
3113:
3100:
3098:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3053:
2521:
Classic sources of capoeira history: Plácido de Abreu, 1886
2488:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2055:
2053:
2040:
2038:
2036:
1931:
1692:
1556:
1487:
1432:
1367:
1360:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1330:
1288:
1253:
1232:
1211:
1194:
1185:
1177:
1141:
1116:
1092:
1078:
1018:
1000:
996:
989:
982:
957:
953:
930:
919:
905:
829:
818:
814:
797:, 404 detainees—nearly 10%—had been arrested for capoeira."
794:
790:
786:
769:
761:
740:
736:
708:
692:
678:
674:
646:
617:
598:
578:
554:
535:
509:
490:
486:
461:
457:
446:
438:
434:
423:
419:
412:
397:
377:
357:
350:
300:
293:
289:
278:
271:
186:
140:
133:
129:
100:
3189:
2861:
2859:
1107:, the Republicans implemented strict measures against the
1073:, a straight razor attack to the victim's neck artery, by
2794:
2653:
2537:
2455:
2453:
2195:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2105:
2103:
1399:
1231:
as early as the 1910s, though they did not last long. In
887:
343:
339:
327:
311:
3197:
Gymnástica nacional (capoeiragem), methodisada e regrada
3167:
3152:
3137:
3125:
3110:
3095:
3083:
3071:
3050:
3038:
2289:
2253:
2236:
2065:
2050:
2033:
2021:
1419:
Early nineteenth-century capoeiras typically wore tight
1262:
Gymnástica Nacional (capoeiragem), methodisada e regrada
764:, the minister complained that in their spare time many
2856:
2726:
2690:
2325:
2224:
2009:
1997:
1960:
1948:
1465:
also described the capoeirista’s astonishing agility:
546:
and capoeiras, who were publicly whipped at pillars in
2624:
2525:
2450:
2404:
Capoeira and Politics, by Carlos Eugênio Líbano Soares
2178:
2100:
1754:
Capoeira: The History of an Afro-Brazilian Martial Art
731:
in the midst of a street battle of capueristas in Rio.
496:
1595:
Primary among the capoeira blade techniques were the
270:, depicting an illegal capoeira in Rio de Janeiro c.
2714:
1206:
savate, German wrestling, and other national sports.
400:, five slaves playing capoeira were captured with a
136:, constituting roughly 45% of the city's residents.
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
1006:
613:pieces, and small black whip handles made locally.
1792:
1587:denoted an upward strike directed under the chin.
1244:In the same year, Brazilian writer and politician
842:
2676:(in Portuguese). Editora Civilização Brasileira.
768:took off their uniforms and trained capoeira. In
106:Contemporary capoeira comes from the traditional
3668:
2507:
1717:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
623:
571:A Funeral Procession for the Son of a Black King
3032:
3020:
3008:
2996:
2979:
2967:
2955:
2943:
2924:
2909:
2897:
2880:
2850:
2824:
2812:
2744:
2708:
2647:
2618:
2603:
2570:
2558:
2471:
2444:
2429:
2417:
2384:
2372:
2360:
2343:
2307:
2283:
2271:
2218:
2172:
2151:
2128:
2094:
1942:
1925:
1913:
1901:
1886:
1790:
1227:First capoeira schools were founded in Rio and
250:in Santa Ana Square, between 1822 and 1824, by
1291:, "for good young men who aspire to courage".
1260:published the first official capoeira manual,
944:were used, respectively, as a hitforce by the
3218:
2674:Capitalismo e Escravidão no Brasil Meridional
1416:, "they wore very small yellow and red caps.
804:
202:hundred lashes and two years in public works.
58:. Capoeira from this period is also known as
231:, Rio de Janeiro, between 1822 and 1824, by
1482:, combining five main fighting techniques:
3225:
3211:
1847:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3173:
3161:
3146:
3131:
3119:
3104:
3089:
3077:
3065:
3044:
2865:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2319:
2295:
2259:
2247:
2071:
2059:
2044:
2027:
1966:
1954:
1813:
281:, a capoeira group assaulted the police (
2800:
2732:
2696:
2659:
2630:
2546:
2531:
2501:
2483:
2459:
2331:
2230:
2206:
2189:
2109:
2015:
1771:
1750:
1731:
1644:
1606:
1513:
1312:
1199:Guia do capoeira ou Ginástica Brasileira
1163:
1064:
899:
846:
722:
651:
565:
500:
257:
237:
223:
18:
2720:
2671:
2665:
2003:
1832:
1734:Capoeira: Roots of the Dance-Fight-Game
1712:
318:. Many arrested capoeiras wore colored
219:
3669:
2390:
1833:Miranda, Clícea Maria Augusto (2011).
1818:. University of South Carolina Press.
1649:Caricature of capoeira carioca, using
1518:Caricature of capoeira carioca, using
1218:instructor named Sado Miyako with the
962:the declaration of a republic in Spain
809:Many capoeiras had been sent into the
637:(Capoeira song from XIX century Rio)
518:revolt of German and Irish mercenaries
3206:
1978:
1168:Caricature of capoeira carioca using
1972:
1603:attack to the victim’s neck artery.
657:Capoeira negroes going to be whipped
75:fraternal paramilitary organizations
2672:Cardoso, Fernando Henrique (1962).
1640:
1590:
1352:by Rugendas shows a participant in
1021:, slavery ended in Brazil with the
870:the capoeira gangs formed two main
497:Suppression of the mercenary revolt
77:" that defended the neighborhoods.
16:Street fighting version of capoeira
13:
2782:(in Portuguese). Pt.wikisource.org
2760:(in Portuguese). Pt.wikisource.org
1983:(in Portuguese). Editora Planeta.
1751:Assunção, Matthias Röhrig (2002).
1713:Johnson, Paul Christopher (2002).
1670:
1412:reported that at the court of the
1325:Until the mid-nineteenth century,
1193:use of the "brothers-in-arms". In
23:Fight between two capoeiras (1925)
14:
3693:
3183:
1633:Gymnastica nacional (capoeiragem)
1317:Playing capoeira to the sound of
1159:
1062:described one of these assaults:
3651:
3650:
2583:a-capoeira-na-politica-as-maltas
1180:while grabbing the opponent, by
1007:The formation of the Black Guard
526:squares, either wounded or dead.
443:six deaths and many knife wounds
2830:
2772:
2750:
2576:
2477:
1374:described the capoeira game on
843:Capoeira and political violence
1791:Talmon-Chvaicer, Maya (2008).
914:exercises often became bloody.
629:I did not study to be a priest
147:, along with the royal court,
1:
1873:
1814:Desch-Obi, Thomas J. (2008).
1799:. University of Texas Press.
1706:
1438:
624:Increase in capoeira violence
229:Playing capoeira or war dance
212:In capoeira groups, known as
119:
3232:
1547:
1498:techniques. There were some
573:, by Debret c. 1835 (detail)
538:, law limited the number of
207:A judicial record from 1789.
7:
3190:Capoeira carioca techniques
1856:
1559:on this lethal technique:
1445:List of capoeira techniques
904:Female capoeira with razor
368:) and the other carrying a
10:
3698:
1979:Gomes, Laurentino (2007).
1442:
1306:
1111:. The police commissioner
1010:
805:Paraguayan War (1864–1870)
553:Few edicts were issued in
174:
170:
3648:
3586:
3533:
3441:
3320:
3278:
3240:
1772:Capoeira, Nestor (2007).
1732:Capoeira, Nestor (2002).
1388:
1031:Brazilian Imperial regime
717:the wish to try the metal
635:To beat up the inspector
468:described capoeira game:
88:(blacks born in Brazil),
2591:12 February 2018 at the
1774:The Little Capoeira Book
1509:
1302:
1097:First Brazilian Republic
627:
550:squares as a deterrent.
473:drawn and blood is shed.
264:Negroes fighting, Brazil
1427:. By the midcentury, a
1069:Capoeira carioca using
968:from March 1873 wrote:
1654:
1638:
1599:(oil lamp), a special
1577:
1523:
1474:The late 19th century
1472:
1459:
1322:
1264:, where he introduced
1242:
1208:
1189:
1132:
1089:
1082:
974:
916:
909:
852:
799:
779:
758:
732:
721:
671:
664:
631:Neither to be a doctor
574:
564:
528:
513:
483:
479:Johann Moritz Rugendas
466:Johann Moritz Rugendas
387:
332:Kongo/Angola religions
274:
255:
235:
210:
185:is first mentioned in
24:
1680:, which preceded the
1648:
1621:
1607:Anti-blade techniques
1561:
1517:
1467:
1454:
1316:
1237:
1203:
1167:
1121:
1084:
1068:
970:
925:Street battles among
911:
903:
850:
783:
774:
749:
727:An engraving showing
726:
713:
666:
655:
569:
559:
523:
504:
470:
464:, the German painter
382:
261:
241:
227:
199:
22:
3635:Knocking and kicking
3488:Meia lua de compasso
3033:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
3021:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
3009:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
2997:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
2980:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
2968:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
2956:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
2944:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
2925:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
2910:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
2898:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
2881:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
2851:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
2825:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
2813:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
2745:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
2709:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
2648:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
2619:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
2604:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
2571:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
2559:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
2472:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
2445:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
2430:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
2418:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
2385:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
2373:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
2361:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
2344:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
2308:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
2284:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
2272:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
2219:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
2173:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
2152:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
2129:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
2095:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
1943:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
1926:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
1914:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
1902:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
1887:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008
1837:. São Paulo, Brazil.
1776:. Blue Snake Books.
1736:. Blue Snake Books.
1370:, French journalist
1271:In the early 1930s,
1013:Black Guard (Brazil)
882:, organized by city
633:I did study capoeira
583:blacks and mulattoes
283:Corpo de Permanentes
220:A violent slave game
3682:History of capoeira
3195:Anibal Burlamaqui,
2586:www.vermelho.org.br
2504:, pp. 158–159.
2322:, pp. 196–197.
1863:History of capoeira
1490:, open hand blows,
1029:. Immediately, the
861:intimidating voters
177:History of capoeira
3594:In popular culture
3500:Meia lua de frente
1682:Brazilian Carnival
1655:
1581:caveira no espelho
1524:
1478:capoeiragem was a
1450:Mello Moraes Filho
1372:Charles Ribeyrolls
1323:
1287:Beach district in
1190:
1083:
910:
853:
733:
665:
575:
516:In June 1828, the
514:
330:, associated with
275:
256:
236:
25:
3664:
3663:
3365:Camafeu de Oxóssi
3023:, pp. 75–76.
2803:, pp. 90–92.
2683:978-85-200-0635-1
2662:, pp. 80–82.
2549:, pp. 86–87.
2387:, pp. 58–59.
2310:, pp. 13–14.
2209:, pp. 83–84.
2154:, pp. 10–11.
2131:, pp. 36–37.
1990:978-85-7665-320-2
1825:978-1-57003-718-4
1806:978-0-292-71723-7
1764:978-0-7146-8086-6
1743:978-1-58394-637-4
1629:Anibal Burlamaqui
1506:techniques also.
1480:mixed martial art
1410:Antonio Pigafetta
1258:Anibal Burlamaqui
1172:(coconut candy),
157:African religions
67:Portuguese Angola
3689:
3677:Capoeira carioca
3654:
3653:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3204:
3203:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3150:
3144:
3135:
3129:
3123:
3117:
3108:
3102:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2983:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2928:
2922:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2884:
2878:
2869:
2863:
2854:
2848:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2518:
2505:
2499:
2486:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2448:
2442:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2406:
2401:
2388:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2193:
2187:
2176:
2170:
2155:
2149:
2132:
2126:
2113:
2107:
2098:
2092:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2048:
2042:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2006:, p. 74-75.
2001:
1995:
1994:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1890:
1884:
1868:Manduca da Praia
1852:
1846:
1838:
1829:
1810:
1798:
1787:
1768:
1747:
1728:
1641:Stick techniques
1636:
1591:Blade techniques
1356:playing a drum.
1277:Policia Especial
1130:
1087:cavalry arrived.
729:Manduca da Praia
597:On November 16,
548:Campo de Santana
506:Negros in prison
481:
277:On December 13,
208:
38:that existed in
28:Capoeira carioca
3697:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3644:
3582:
3578:Capoeira Brasil
3535:
3529:
3478:Chapa de costas
3473:Chapa de frente
3437:
3316:
3274:
3236:
3231:
3186:
3181:
3180:
3176:, pp. 198.
3172:
3168:
3164:, pp. 197.
3160:
3153:
3149:, pp. 195.
3145:
3138:
3134:, pp. 194.
3130:
3126:
3122:, pp. 190.
3118:
3111:
3107:, pp. 180.
3103:
3096:
3092:, pp. 179.
3088:
3084:
3080:, pp. 173.
3076:
3072:
3068:, pp. 175.
3064:
3051:
3047:, pp. 207.
3043:
3039:
3031:
3027:
3019:
3015:
3007:
3003:
2995:
2986:
2978:
2974:
2966:
2962:
2954:
2950:
2942:
2931:
2923:
2916:
2908:
2904:
2900:, pp. 113.
2896:
2887:
2883:, pp. 114.
2879:
2872:
2864:
2857:
2853:, pp. 112.
2849:
2842:
2835:
2831:
2823:
2819:
2811:
2807:
2799:
2795:
2785:
2783:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2763:
2761:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2743:
2739:
2735:, pp. 166.
2731:
2727:
2719:
2715:
2707:
2703:
2699:, pp. 165.
2695:
2691:
2684:
2670:
2666:
2658:
2654:
2646:
2637:
2629:
2625:
2617:
2610:
2602:
2598:
2593:Wayback Machine
2581:
2577:
2569:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2545:
2538:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2508:
2500:
2489:
2482:
2478:
2470:
2466:
2458:
2451:
2443:
2436:
2428:
2424:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2391:
2383:
2379:
2371:
2367:
2359:
2350:
2342:
2338:
2334:, pp. 115.
2330:
2326:
2318:
2314:
2306:
2302:
2298:, pp. 168.
2294:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2270:
2266:
2262:, pp. 154.
2258:
2254:
2250:, pp. 167.
2246:
2237:
2233:, pp. 160.
2229:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2205:
2196:
2188:
2179:
2171:
2158:
2150:
2135:
2127:
2116:
2108:
2101:
2093:
2078:
2074:, pp. 303.
2070:
2066:
2062:, pp. 196.
2058:
2051:
2047:, pp. 162.
2043:
2034:
2030:, pp. 163.
2026:
2022:
2018:, pp. 159.
2014:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1977:
1973:
1969:, pp. 153.
1965:
1961:
1957:, pp. 152.
1953:
1949:
1941:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1893:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1859:
1840:
1839:
1826:
1807:
1784:
1765:
1744:
1725:
1709:
1673:
1671:Interpretations
1643:
1637:
1627:
1609:
1593:
1569:ferro de gaiola
1550:
1520:meter o andante
1512:
1476:street-fighting
1461:The journalist
1447:
1441:
1391:
1311:
1305:
1279:under dictator
1197:, the handbook
1162:
1131:
1128:
1109:organized crime
1091:On 15 November
1027:Princess Isabel
1015:
1009:
988:On January 29,
845:
834:military police
807:
639:
636:
634:
632:
630:
626:
605:and weapons in
499:
482:
477:
411:On January 15,
402:straight razors
396:On February 4,
222:
209:
206:
179:
173:
122:
112:, preserved in
109:capoeira Angola
48:straight razors
32:street fighting
17:
12:
11:
5:
3695:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3662:
3661:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3610:
3607:Jogo de dentro
3603:
3596:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3568:Cordão de Ouro
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3539:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3483:Rabo de arraia
3480:
3475:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3458:
3453:
3447:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3360:Cobrinha Verde
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3326:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3284:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3246:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3230:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3192:
3185:
3184:External links
3182:
3179:
3178:
3174:Desch-Obi 2008
3166:
3162:Desch-Obi 2008
3151:
3147:Desch-Obi 2008
3136:
3132:Desch-Obi 2008
3124:
3120:Desch-Obi 2008
3109:
3105:Desch-Obi 2008
3094:
3090:Desch-Obi 2008
3082:
3078:Desch-Obi 2008
3070:
3066:Desch-Obi 2008
3049:
3045:Desch-Obi 2008
3037:
3035:, pp. 76.
3025:
3013:
3011:, pp. 53.
3001:
2999:, pp. 41.
2984:
2982:, pp. 38.
2972:
2970:, pp. 47.
2960:
2958:, pp. 65.
2948:
2946:, pp. 35.
2929:
2927:, pp. 31.
2914:
2912:, pp. 30.
2902:
2885:
2870:
2868:, pp. 43.
2866:Desch-Obi 2008
2855:
2840:
2829:
2827:, pp. 87.
2817:
2815:, pp. 74.
2805:
2793:
2771:
2749:
2747:, pp. 85.
2737:
2725:
2713:
2711:, pp. 84.
2701:
2689:
2682:
2664:
2652:
2650:, pp. 64.
2635:
2633:, pp. 11.
2623:
2621:, pp. 83.
2608:
2606:, pp. 80.
2596:
2575:
2573:, pp. 71.
2563:
2561:, pp. 78.
2551:
2536:
2534:, pp. 86.
2524:
2506:
2487:
2476:
2474:, pp. 54.
2464:
2462:, pp. 78.
2449:
2447:, pp. 63.
2434:
2432:, pp. 57.
2422:
2420:, pp. 60.
2407:
2389:
2377:
2375:, pp. 59.
2365:
2363:, pp. 55.
2348:
2346:, pp. 56.
2336:
2324:
2320:Desch-Obi 2008
2312:
2300:
2296:Desch-Obi 2008
2288:
2286:, pp. 22.
2276:
2274:, pp. 21.
2264:
2260:Desch-Obi 2008
2252:
2248:Desch-Obi 2008
2235:
2223:
2221:, pp. 19.
2211:
2194:
2192:, pp. 74.
2177:
2175:, pp. 20.
2156:
2133:
2114:
2112:, pp. 70.
2099:
2076:
2072:Desch-Obi 2008
2064:
2060:Desch-Obi 2008
2049:
2045:Desch-Obi 2008
2032:
2028:Desch-Obi 2008
2020:
2008:
1996:
1989:
1971:
1967:Desch-Obi 2008
1959:
1955:Desch-Obi 2008
1947:
1930:
1928:, pp. 69.
1918:
1916:, pp. 61.
1906:
1904:, pp. 58.
1891:
1889:, pp. 14.
1878:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1830:
1824:
1811:
1805:
1788:
1782:
1769:
1763:
1748:
1742:
1729:
1723:
1708:
1705:
1672:
1669:
1642:
1639:
1625:
1608:
1605:
1601:straight razor
1592:
1589:
1549:
1546:
1538:rabo de arraia
1529:rabo de arraia
1511:
1508:
1443:Main article:
1440:
1437:
1404:Kongo religion
1390:
1387:
1309:Capoeira music
1307:Main article:
1304:
1301:
1221:rabo de arraia
1161:
1160:Illegal period
1158:
1126:
1113:Sampaio Ferraz
1011:Main article:
1008:
1005:
844:
841:
811:Paraguayan War
806:
803:
691:In Rio, since
625:
622:
498:
495:
475:
418:On January 3,
268:Augustus Earle
221:
218:
204:
195:being capoeira
175:Main article:
172:
169:
121:
118:
82:Paraguayan War
40:Rio de Janeiro
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3694:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3659:
3658:
3647:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3464:
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3462:
3459:
3457:
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3416:
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3404:
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3358:
3356:
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3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
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3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3228:
3223:
3221:
3216:
3214:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3175:
3170:
3163:
3158:
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3148:
3143:
3141:
3133:
3128:
3121:
3116:
3114:
3106:
3101:
3099:
3091:
3086:
3079:
3074:
3067:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3046:
3041:
3034:
3029:
3022:
3017:
3010:
3005:
2998:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2981:
2976:
2969:
2964:
2957:
2952:
2945:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2926:
2921:
2919:
2911:
2906:
2899:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2882:
2877:
2875:
2867:
2862:
2860:
2852:
2847:
2845:
2838:
2833:
2826:
2821:
2814:
2809:
2802:
2801:Assunção 2002
2797:
2781:
2775:
2759:
2753:
2746:
2741:
2734:
2733:Capoeira 2002
2729:
2722:
2717:
2710:
2705:
2698:
2697:Capoeira 2002
2693:
2685:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2660:Assunção 2002
2656:
2649:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2632:
2631:Capoeira 2007
2627:
2620:
2615:
2613:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2579:
2572:
2567:
2560:
2555:
2548:
2547:Assunção 2002
2543:
2541:
2533:
2532:Assunção 2002
2528:
2522:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2503:
2502:Capoeira 2007
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2485:
2484:Assunção 2002
2480:
2473:
2468:
2461:
2460:Assunção 2002
2456:
2454:
2446:
2441:
2439:
2431:
2426:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2405:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2386:
2381:
2374:
2369:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2345:
2340:
2333:
2332:Assunção 2002
2328:
2321:
2316:
2309:
2304:
2297:
2292:
2285:
2280:
2273:
2268:
2261:
2256:
2249:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2232:
2231:Capoeira 2002
2227:
2220:
2215:
2208:
2207:Assunção 2002
2203:
2201:
2199:
2191:
2190:Assunção 2002
2186:
2184:
2182:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2111:
2110:Assunção 2002
2106:
2104:
2097:, pp. 8.
2096:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2073:
2068:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2029:
2024:
2017:
2016:Capoeira 2002
2012:
2005:
2000:
1992:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1963:
1956:
1951:
1945:, pp. 7.
1944:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1927:
1922:
1915:
1910:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1850:
1844:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1785:
1783:9781583941980
1779:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1757:. Routledge.
1756:
1755:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1724:9780195150582
1720:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1652:
1647:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1563:They need no
1560:
1558:
1554:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1521:
1516:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1470:coordination.
1466:
1464:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1446:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1423:and seldom a
1422:
1417:
1415:
1414:king of Kongo
1411:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1247:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1157:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1004:
1002:
998:
993:
991:
986:
984:
979:
973:
969:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
950:Liberal party
947:
943:
939:
934:
932:
928:
923:
921:
915:
907:
902:
898:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
864:
862:
858:
849:
840:
837:
835:
831:
826:
822:
820:
816:
812:
802:
798:
796:
792:
788:
782:
778:
773:
771:
767:
763:
757:
755:
748:
746:
742:
738:
730:
725:
720:
718:
712:
710:
704:
702:
698:
694:
689:
687:
684:
680:
676:
670:
662:
658:
654:
650:
648:
643:
638:
621:
619:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
595:
592:
588:
587:Catete suburb
584:
580:
572:
568:
563:
558:
556:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
532:
527:
522:
519:
511:
507:
503:
494:
492:
488:
485:On April 17,
480:
474:
469:
467:
463:
459:
454:
452:
448:
444:
441:, following "
440:
436:
431:
429:
425:
421:
416:
414:
409:
407:
403:
399:
394:
391:
386:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
366:faca de ponta
363:
359:
354:
352:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
322:, especially
321:
317:
313:
308:
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
286:
284:
280:
273:
269:
265:
260:
253:
249:
245:
240:
234:
230:
226:
217:
215:
203:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
178:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
135:
131:
127:
117:
115:
111:
110:
104:
102:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
78:
76:
72:
68:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
21:
3655:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3428:Pé de Chumbo
3413:Jelon Vieira
3375:João Pequeno
3304:
3287:
3270:Contemporary
3259:
3196:
3169:
3127:
3085:
3073:
3040:
3028:
3016:
3004:
2975:
2963:
2951:
2905:
2832:
2820:
2808:
2796:
2784:. Retrieved
2774:
2762:. Retrieved
2752:
2740:
2728:
2723:, p. 1.
2721:Miranda 2011
2716:
2704:
2692:
2673:
2667:
2655:
2626:
2599:
2585:
2578:
2566:
2554:
2527:
2479:
2467:
2425:
2380:
2368:
2339:
2327:
2315:
2303:
2291:
2279:
2267:
2255:
2226:
2214:
2067:
2023:
2011:
2004:Johnson 2002
1999:
1980:
1974:
1962:
1950:
1921:
1909:
1882:
1834:
1815:
1794:
1773:
1753:
1733:
1714:
1701:
1687:Even during
1686:
1677:
1674:
1665:
1658:
1656:
1650:
1632:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1610:
1596:
1594:
1584:
1580:
1578:
1568:
1562:
1551:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1525:
1519:
1473:
1468:
1463:Luís Edmundo
1460:
1457:adversaries.
1455:
1448:
1418:
1408:
1392:
1384:
1365:
1358:
1339:
1324:
1297:
1293:
1276:
1270:
1261:
1251:
1243:
1238:
1226:
1219:
1209:
1204:
1198:
1191:
1169:
1150:
1135:
1133:
1122:
1103:. Following
1090:
1085:
1070:
1059:
1056:Silva Jardim
1051:Guarda Negra
1050:
1048:
1043:paramilitary
1039:Guarda Negra
1038:
1025:, signed by
1022:
1016:
994:
987:
975:
971:
965:
946:Conservative
941:
937:
935:
926:
924:
917:
912:
896:
879:
875:
871:
865:
857:buying votes
854:
838:
827:
823:
808:
800:
784:
780:
775:
759:
753:
750:
745:Mello Moraes
734:
716:
714:
705:
690:
672:
667:
656:
644:
640:
628:
615:
596:
582:
577:On July 26,
576:
570:
560:
552:
533:
529:
524:
515:
512:, by Debret.
505:
484:
471:
455:
442:
432:
427:
417:
410:
405:
395:
388:
383:
373:
365:
356:On July 25,
355:
348:
335:
314:and colored
309:
304:
298:
287:
282:
276:
263:
247:
228:
213:
211:
200:
194:
182:
180:
153:manufactures
138:
123:
107:
105:
98:
79:
74:
70:
64:
59:
27:
26:
3536:foundations
3418:Cobra Mansa
3393:João Grande
3380:Canjiquinha
2786:18 November
2764:18 November
1660:jogo do pau
1376:plantations
1246:Coelho Neto
1035:Black Guard
1033:formed the
966:A República
754:caxinguelés
673:On May 14,
544:quilombolas
433:In January
145:Dom João VI
60:capoeiragem
34:version of
3671:Categories
3534:Groups and
3443:Techniques
3433:Amen Santo
3388:Leopoldina
3384:Gato Preto
3340:Sinhozinho
1874:References
1707:Literature
1651:peneiracao
1439:Techniques
1321:, c. 1823.
1319:ngoma drum
1273:Sinhozinho
1146:Luís Murat
1101:proclaimed
1041:), secret
1023:Golden Law
1017:On 13 May
663:, c. 1840.
120:Background
73:, slaves "
3466:Aú batido
1843:cite book
1597:lamparina
1553:Headbutts
1548:Headbutts
1504:wrestling
1484:headbutts
1331:drumbeats
1154:São Paulo
1071:lamparina
1060:Novidades
942:Guaiamuns
611:sugarcane
390:Whistling
299:In March
143:, prince
3657:Category
3630:Maculelê
3614:Batizado
3587:See also
3573:Candeias
3525:Headbutt
3520:Rasteira
3510:Queixada
3493:Scorpion
3456:Negativa
3403:Acordeon
3398:Suassuna
3370:Waldemar
3330:Pastinha
3300:Berimbau
3295:Atabaque
3265:Regional
3234:Capoeira
2589:Archived
1857:See also
1626:—
1617:suicidio
1565:stiletto
1532:and the
1500:punching
1335:clapping
1333:or hand
1174:headbutt
1127:—
1105:the coup
978:carnival
884:parishes
880:Guaiamos
766:soldiers
683:comrades
616:In June
607:marimbas
508:, circa
476:—
456:Between
449:Emperor
252:Rugendas
233:Rugendas
205:—
191:lashings
183:capoeira
56:machetes
36:capoeira
3620:Batuque
3543:Senzala
3515:Martelo
3355:Noronha
3335:Besouro
3322:Mestres
3289:Bateria
3260:Carioca
3242:History
1697:weapons
1689:slavery
1678:entrudo
1653:strike.
1542:pentana
1534:pentana
1486:, foot
1396:ribbons
1382:drum".
1285:Ipanema
1229:Niterói
1216:jujitsu
1182:Calixto
1176:on the
1075:Calixto
976:During
866:By the
697:Creoles
686:stoning
591:stoning
451:Pedro I
374:estoque
320:ribbons
316:ribbons
248:Negroes
244:lashing
242:Public
171:History
165:Vidigal
161:batuque
126:African
86:Creoles
3505:Armada
3423:Barrão
3408:Moraes
3306:Toques
3255:Angola
3250:Engolo
2680:
1987:
1822:
1803:
1780:
1761:
1740:
1721:
1635:, 1928
1613:espada
1585:cocada
1573:mallet
1536:. The
1494:, and
1492:blades
1429:jacket
1389:Cloths
1281:Vargas
1266:boxing
1170:cocada
938:Nagoas
927:maltas
876:Nagoas
872:maltas
832:, the
777:group.
701:murder
688:them.
661:Briggs
603:spears
540:lashes
376:). In
324:yellow
214:maltas
94:whites
92:, and
71:maltas
44:knives
30:was a
3640:Ladja
3625:Samba
3563:Abadá
3451:Ginga
3350:Bimba
3312:Songs
3280:Music
1522:kick.
1510:Kicks
1496:stick
1488:kicks
1425:shirt
1421:pants
1402:. In
1380:Congo
1327:drums
1303:Music
1137:rodas
892:white
868:1870s
659:, by
370:saber
362:knife
266:" by
149:moved
114:Bahia
90:mixed
52:clubs
3600:Roda
3558:GCAP
3553:FICA
3345:Zuma
2788:2013
2766:2013
2678:ISBN
1985:ISBN
1849:link
1820:ISBN
1801:ISBN
1778:ISBN
1759:ISBN
1738:ISBN
1719:ISBN
1693:1812
1557:1826
1502:and
1433:coat
1400:hats
1398:and
1368:1859
1361:1833
1354:roda
1350:1824
1346:1820
1342:1818
1289:1936
1254:1928
1233:1927
1212:1909
1195:1907
1186:1906
1178:chin
1142:1890
1117:1890
1099:was
1093:1889
1079:1906
1049:The
1019:1888
1001:1885
997:1881
990:1878
983:1878
958:1873
954:1872
948:and
940:and
936:The
931:1872
920:1871
906:1882
878:and
859:and
830:1869
819:1870
815:1864
795:1862
791:1858
789:and
787:1857
770:1859
762:1859
741:1859
737:1857
709:1853
693:1850
679:1849
675:1847
647:1842
618:1833
599:1832
579:1831
555:1830
536:1829
510:1830
491:1824
487:1824
462:1824
460:and
458:1822
447:1822
439:1821
435:1821
424:1820
420:1820
413:1819
398:1818
378:1817
358:1817
351:1816
344:caps
340:hats
326:and
301:1814
294:1813
290:1812
279:1811
272:1824
193:for
187:1789
159:and
141:1808
134:1821
130:1808
101:1890
54:and
3548:Axé
1431:or
1366:In
1359:In
1340:In
1252:In
1210:In
995:In
918:In
888:red
735:In
534:In
430:."
408:."
349:In
342:or
328:red
312:hat
307:".
246:of
139:In
3673::
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