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1398:"Message from the President of the United States with communications from the government of Yucatan, representing the state of suffering to which that country is reduced by an insurrection of the Indians, imploring the protection of the United States, and offering, in case it should be granted, to transfer the dominion and sovereignty of the peninsula to the United States." United States. Congress. Senate. April 29, 1848. Read, referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations, and ordered to be printed. 19 pages, 30th Congress, 1st session. Senate. Ex. Doc. No. 40
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588:, or agave, an industrial fiber used in rope production. After discovering the value of the plant, from 1833, the wealthier Hispanic Yucatecos developed plantations to cultivate it on a large scale. Not long after the henequen boom, a boom in sugar production led to more wealth for the upper class. They expanded their sugar and henequen plantations by encroaching on Maya communal lands and typically abused their Maya workers by treating them poorly and underpaying them. (See also Knowledge article on
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southeast were inspired to continue the struggle by the apparition of the "Talking Cross". This apparition, believed to be a way in which God communicated with the Maya, dictated that the war continue. Chan Santa Cruz (Small Holy Cross) became the religious and political center of the Maya resistance, and the rebellion became infused with religious meaning. The largest of the independent Maya states was named Chan Santa Cruz, as was its capital city (now named
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739:. In the years of stalemate, Ixcanha agreed to nominal recognition of the government of Mexico in exchange for some guns to defend themselves from Cruzob raids and the promise that the Mexican government would otherwise leave them alone. Mexico City gave Ixcanha autonomy to govern itself through 1894 (following a treaty with the United Kingdom that recognized Mexico's rule over the Yucatán), as it was more worried about the Chan Santa Cruz.
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well-armed and apparently fighting together. The whites were under their commander, "a man of reddish complexion". They also had several outlying communities under their control; one contained about 100 people and the others unknown numbers. In 1858, an
English visitor thought the Maya had 1,500 fighting men in all. He noted that they took the Santa Cruz with them and that its priests were prominent in the society.
464:, not fully assimilated or subdued and living for the most part in the east, who led the struggle. They rebelled against the Europeans, Mestizos, and the assimilated Maya who lived in the area. Not all of the Maya participated in the revolt. For example, Maya in the southern region remained neutral for most of the conflict. In the northern portion of the peninsula, many Maya fought directly against the insurgents.
392:, where the Xloschá and Macanché tribes allied with them. Growing investment in Mexico resulted in a change in United Kingdom policy. In 1893, London signed a new treaty with the Mexican government, recognizing its control of all of the Yucatán, formalizing the border with British Honduras, and closing the British colony to trade with
618:, the principal Maya leader of Chichimilá, accused him of planning a revolt, and executed him at the town square of Valladolid. Searching for other insurgents, Méndez burned the town of Tepich and repressed its residents. In the following months, Méndez forces sacked several Maya towns and engaged in arbitrary executions.
562:. By 1847, the Yucatán Republic had effectively two capitals in the two cities. At the same time, in their struggle against the central government, both leaders had integrated numerous Maya into their armies as soldiers. The Maya, having taken up arms in the course of the war, decided not to set them down again.
822:, endemic diseases carried by General Bravo's troops. Inspired by the persistent Talking Cross sect, the Maya of Chan Santa Cruz remained actively hostile to the Mexican government well into the twentieth century. For many years, any non-Maya who entered the jungles of what is now the Mexican state of
802:
In previous decades, the
Mexican Army had twice managed to fight its way to the town of Chan Santa Cruz but was driven back both times. In 1901, Mexican general Ignacio Bravo led his troops to the town to stay, occupying it with a large force. Over the next few years, he subdued surrounding villages.
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had prepared a decree to evacuate Mérida but was possibly delayed in publishing it by the lack of suitable paper in the besieged capital. The decree became unnecessary when the republican troops suddenly broke the siege and took the offensive with major advances. Historians disagree on the reason for
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because the majority of the peninsulares and criollos lived in that area. The Maya roughly outnumbered the Latino and
Spaniard groups by three to one throughout the Yucatán, but in the east, this ratio was closer to five to one. The elites maintained the strictest discipline and control over the Maya
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and its
Revolutionary Laws. The EZLN effectively declared war on the Mexican government, which it considered sufficiently out of touch with the will of the people to make it illegitimate. The EZLN stressed that it opted for armed struggle due to the lack of results achieved through peaceful means of
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Although the war had been declared over many times before in previous decades, records show that the last time the
Mexican army considered it necessary to take by force an area village that had never recognized Mexican law was in April 1933. Five Maya and two Mexican soldiers died in the battle for
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border and a considerable distance inland, was the largest of the independent Maya communities of the era but not the only one. José María
Echeverría, a sergeant in the army taken captive by the Maya, resided in the town in 1851–1853. He reported later that it had about 200 Maya and 200 whites, all
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on the Yucatán peninsula. Imán appealed to the indigenous Maya population, providing them with firearms. He promised to give them land free of tribute and exploitation. With their support, he prevailed in battle. In
February 1840, Imán proclaimed Yucatán's return to a federal regime, then in 1841,
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in the south and Texas in the north (which was receiving significant unsanctioned
European immigration from the United States in the eastern section). To bear the costs of the war against Texas, the national government imposed several taxes, including raising importation duties and the movement of
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administration, and
British investment in Mexico had become of much greater economic importance than the trade between the Cruzob and Belize. The UK signed a treaty with Mexico recognizing Mexican sovereignty over the region, formalizing the border between Mexico and British Honduras, and closing
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By 1850, the Maya occupied two distinct regions in the southeast. In the decade that followed, a stalemate developed, with the
Yucatecan government in control of the northwest, and the Maya in control of the southeast, with a sparsely populated jungle frontier in between. In 1850, the Maya of the
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and the southwest coast. In his 1849 letter, Cecilio Chi noted that Santiago Méndez had come to "put every Indian, big and little, to death" but that the Maya had responded in kind. He wrote "it has pleased God and good fortune that a much greater portion of them than of the Indians .
759:. The new Icaiche leaders promised friendship with the British. They soon agreed with the Mexican central government similar to that of the Ixcanha. Years after, the Belize Estate and Produce Company (BEC) began a series of campaigns to forcibly remove Maya from the Yalbac area.
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after heavy rains was the traditional signal for the Maya to start planting. They abandoned the battle. Others argue that the Maya had not laid up enough supplies for the campaign, and were unable to feed their forces any longer, and their break up was to search for food..
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this defeat. According to some, the majority of the Maya troops, not realizing the unique strategic advantage of their siege situation, had left the lines to plant their crops, planning to return after planting. It is said that the appearance of flying ants
543:, head of the Mexican government, did not accept this independence, and invaded Yucatán in 1842, establishing a blockade. Land invasion followed, but the Mexican forces were frustrated in their attempts to take either Campeche or Mérida and withdrew to
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Another important group were the Icaiche Maya, who dominated the jungles of the lower center of the peninsula. In the 1860s under their leader Marcus Canul, they battled against the Mexicans, the Cruzob, and the British from the nearby settlement of
491:, the intelligentsia of Yucatán watched the events to the north. Following 1820, they organized their resistance to Spain, forming the Patriotic Confederation, which declared independence from Spain in 1821. The confederation subsequently joined the
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on 30 July 1847. In reaction to the indiscriminate massacre of Maya that had taken place, Chi ordered that all the non-Maya population be killed. By the spring of 1848, the Maya forces had taken over most of the Yucatán, except the walled cities of
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and accepted a return to Mexican authority. Yucatán was officially reunited with Mexico on 17 August 1848. Yucateco forces rallied, aided by guns, money, and troops from Mexico City, and pushed back the Maya from more than half of the state.
803:
Bravo telegraphed the news that the war was over on May 5, 1901. While this is the date most frequently given for the end of the war, fighting continued, although on a smaller scale. On 13 December 1901, the material for building the
1747:
Patch, Robert. "Decolonization, the Agrarian Problem, and the Origins of the Caste War, 1812–1847." In Land, Labor, and Capital in Modern Yucatan, edited by J. T. Brannon and G. M. Joseph, pp. 51–82. Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1991.
607:, added in 1849 that promises made by the rebel Santiago Imán, that he was "liberating the Indians from the payment of contributions," was a reason to resist the central government. But Imán continued to levy such taxes.
747:. Marcus Canul and the Icaiche Maya routed a detachment of British troops on 21 December 1866, at the Battle of San Pedro Yalbac. In 1867, the British mounted a counter-offensive, equipped with newly arrived
344:. The latter had long held political and economic control of the region. A lengthy war ensued between the Yucateco forces based in the northwest of the Yucatán and the independent Maya in the southeast.
845:. Alvarado, sent by the revolutionary government in Mexico City to restore order in Yucatán, became governor of the state and implemented reforms that mitigated grievances that had caused the conflict.
838:, eventually reduced the hatred and hostility. In one form or another, war and armed struggle had continued for more than 50 years, and an estimated 40,000–50,000 people died in the hostilities.
675:, but none of these foreign powers would intervene. In the United States, the situation in the Yucatán was debated in Congress, but there was no will to fight. Subsequently, Barbachano turned to
603:, for example, wrote in 1848 that "what we want is liberty and not oppression, because before we were subjugated with the many contributions and taxes that they imposed on us." Pat's companion,
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The war unofficially ended in 1901 when the Mexican army occupied Chan Santa Cruz and subdued neighboring areas. The formal end came in 1915 when Mexican forces led by Yucatán Governor
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by a Chan Santa Cruz general and the Vice-Governor of Yucatán. It recognized Mexican sovereignty over Chan Santa Cruz in exchange for Mexican recognition of Chan Santa Cruz leader
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558:, based in Campeche. He feared reintegration would expose the region to attack by the United States, as tensions loomed on the northern border that would soon break out in the
814:
With their capital lost, the Cruzob split into smaller groups, often hiding in small hamlets in the jungle. Their numbers were seriously reduced by deaths from epidemics of
1460:
Church, Minette C.; Yaeger, Jason; Kray, Christine A. (2019). "Re-Centering the Narrative: British Colonial Memory and the San Pedro Maya". In Orser, Charles E. Jr. (ed.).
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The war was rooted in the defense of Santa Cruz Indian communal lands against the expansion of private ownership, which had accompanied the boom in the production of
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In June 1847, Méndez learned that a large force of armed Maya with supplies had gathered near Vallodolid at the Culumpich, a property owned by Jacinto Pat, the Maya
388:) and provided arms to the rebels at the beginning of the insurgency. By 1867, the Maya occupied parts of the western part of the Yucatán, including the District of
751:. This counter-offensive burned down the villages of San Pedro, Santa Teresa, San José, Naranjal, Cerro, Santa Cruz, and Chunbalche. The Maya briefly took
998:"The Caste War · Ancient and Living Maya in the 19th and 20th Centuries: Archaeological Discovery, Literary Voice, and Political Struggle · UNC Libraries"
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Some historians have argued that the conflict was more of an inter-ethnic conflict than a caste conflict. It was the members of a large sector of the
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The government of Yucatán first declared war over in 1855, but regular skirmishes and occasional deadly major assaults continued by each side. The
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As Yucatán was struggling against Mexican authority, its population became divided into factions. One faction, based in Mérida, was led by
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population (of partial indigenous descent but culturally European/Hispanic), next descendants of the natives who had collaborated with the
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their colony's border to trade with the Chan Santa Cruz "rebels". As Belize merchants were Chan Santa Cruz's main source of
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Regionalism and Society in Yucatán, 1825–1847. Related Studies in Early Nineteenth Century Yucatecan Social History. Part 3
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484:, generally allied with the stronger classes, also had a preponderant role where the military organization was strongest.
1923:
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Bolland, O. Nigel (1977). "The Maya and the Colonization of Belize in the Nineteenth Century". In Jones, Grant D. (ed.).
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875:, in the southern part of the country, in which indigenous people have declared war on the Mexican government. The Mayan
1410:"Interethnic Mayan and Afro-descendent Relations through War, Trade, and Slavery during the Mayan Caste Wars, 1848–1901"
711:). During the war, the Yucatán government sold Maya prisoners into slavery, and the Peninsula became a platform for the
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that ended some Maya grievances. Skirmishes with small settlements that rejected Mexican control continued until 1933.
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in 1821, the Yucatecan congress passed a series of laws that facilitated and encouraged this process. By the 1840s,
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The Ixcanha Maya community had a population of some 1,000 people, who refused the Cruzob's break with traditional
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1883:
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1194:"The Black Blood of New Spain: Limpieza de Sangre, Racial Violence, and Gendered Power in Early Colonial Mexico"
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Casares G. Cantón, Raúl; Duch Colell, Juan; Antochiw Kolpa, Michel; Zavala Vallado, Silvio; et al. (1998).
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had increased precipitously, forcing much of the Maya peasantry to work as indebted laborers on large estates (
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Joseph, Gilbert. (1985) "From Caste War to Class war: The Historiography of Modern Yucatán (c. 1750–1940)."
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The Caste War took place within the economic and political context of late colonial and post-independence
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was at risk of being killed outright. The combination of new economic factors, such as the entry of the
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Joseph, Gilbert. (1998) "The United States, Feuding Elites, and Rural Revolt in Yucatán, 1836–1915" in
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1579:"El movimiento de los trabajadores en Yucatán durante la gubernatura de Salvador Alvarado (1915–1917)"
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Near the end of the next decade, several provinces revolted against the central government, including
351:. By the end of the eighteenth century, Yucatán's population had expanded considerably, and white and
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Summer of discontent, seasons of upheaval: Elite politics and rural insurgency in Yucatan, 1876–1915
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in 1870 and their last major attack was on 1 September 1872, when Canul was mortally wounded at the
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In the 1850s, the United Kingdom recognized the Maya state because of the value of its trade with
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Rural Revolt in Mexico: U.S. Intervention and the Domain of Subaltern Politics, expanded edition
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Jacinto Pat to Edward Rhys and John Kingdom, 18 February 1848, in Terry Rugeley, ed. and trans.
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Land, labor & capital in modern Yucatán: Essays in regional history and political economy
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the village of Dzula, which was the last skirmish of a conflict lasting more than 85 years.
1464:. Contributions To Global Historical Archaeology. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. p. 92.
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Luis Barjau, El concepto casta y la Guerra en Yucatán, Investigaciones Jurídicas de la UNAM
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599:(Belize), rebel Maya leaders cited oppressive taxation as the immediate cause of the war.
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The Caste War, the Church of the Speaking Cross, and the Cruzob Maya – by Jeanine Kitchel
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Mexicans migrated to rural towns. Economic opportunities, primarily in the production of
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as one that was used to carry Maya slaves from Yucatán to Cuba during the Caste War.
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The war was officially declared over for the final time in September 1915 by General
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Since the late 20th century, a similar conflict has existed in the Mexican state of
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independent nation, in part because of the major trade between Chan Santa Cruz and
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that same year; in 1823 it became a part of the federal Mexican government as the
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hunters into the region, and the political and social changes resulting from the
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took place in Chan Santa Cruz, and the government declared the treaty cancelled.
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Monument erected in 1883 in Eulogio Rosado Park to the heroes of the Caste War
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1302:"Architecture, Haciendas, and Economic Change in Yaxcabá, Yucatán, Mexico"
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Maya society under colonial rule: The collective enterprise of survival
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and sugar cane, attracted investment and encroachment onto indigenous
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Becoming Maya: Ethnicity and social inequality in Yucatán since 1500
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In 1893, the United Kingdom maintained good relations with Mexico's
377:). This had a dramatic effect on the Maya and precipitated the war.
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Negotiations in 1883 led to a treaty signed on 11 January 1884, in
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Recovering Lost Footprints, Volume 2: Contemporary Maya Narratives
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as Governor of the State of Chan Santa Cruz. The following year a
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Cecilio Chi, the Maya leader of Tepich, with Jacinto Pat attacked
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Maya Wars: Ethnographic Accounts from Nineteenth Century Yucatan,
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In response to this, on 2 May 1839, a federalist movement led by
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Maya Wars: Ethnographic Accounts from Nineteenth-Century Yucatan
883:(NAFTA) came into effect, issued its First Declaration from the
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in Quintana Roo). The followers of the Cross were known as the
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Xuxub Must Die: The Lost Histories of a Murder on the Yucatan
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and guns, this was a serious blow for the independent Maya.
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subdued the territory. Alvarado introduced reforms from the
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Yucatecan troops held the road from Mérida to the port of
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in the south and east of the peninsula. Shortly after the
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Yucatan's Maya Peasantry and the Origins of the Caste War
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The Machete and the Cross: Campesino Rebellion in Yucatan
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Cecilio Chi to John Fancourt, 23 April 1849, in Rugeley,
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Yucatan's Maya Peasantry and the Origins of the Caste War
1625:"SIPAZ, International Service for Peace website, "1994""
1651:"Mexico identifies submerged wreck of Mayan slave ship"
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Wars involving the indigenous peoples of North America
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The Maya world: Yucatec culture and society, 1550–1850
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Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History
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Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History
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of Spanish descent in the next level, followed by the
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Brannon, Jeffery and Joseph, Gilbert Michael. (1991)
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of Yucatán sought allies, sending representatives to
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colonial times, the Yucatán population (like most of
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Tales From The Yucatan: The Caste War of the Yucatan
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The Chan Santa Cruz state, stretching from north of
1762:(in Spanish) Siglo Veintiuno Editores, Mexico City.
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Mexico, Guatemala and Belize recapture the Yucatan.
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1070:. Vol 1. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
976:. State University of New York Press. p. 48.
467:The indigenous population was concentrated in the
1832:In Search of the Talking Cross of Chan Santa Cruz
1820:The Caste Wars of the Yucatan and Northern Belize
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1534:
1459:
1068:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
811:. It was officially opened on 4 September 1905.
1446:William Anderson, 15 February 1858 in Rugeley,
1255:"The Maya Elites of Nineteenth-Century Yucatán"
786:An early 20th century henequen field in Yucatán
431:(officials born in Spain) were at the top, the
16:1847–1901 war between the Yucateco and the Maya
1760:Las rebeliones campesinas en México, 1819–1906
1407:
1510:Villalobos González, Martha Herminia (2006).
1503:
1462:Archaeologies of the British in Latin America
893:Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia
1744:. Durham: Duke University Press pp. 173–206.
1685:University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
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328:(1847–1901) began with the revolt of native
1797:Stanford University Press, 1996, Palo Alto.
1790:University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh.
891:In September 2020, archaeologists from the
539:declared it to be an independent republic.
499:. The government of the republic, based in
1385:Chi to Fancourt 23 April 1849 in Rugeley,
1177:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
895:(INAH) identified the remains of the ship
614:(leader). Fearing revolt, Méndez arrested
447:, and at the bottom were the other native
1489:. University of Texas Press. p. 78.
1433:"Report of 8 November 1856", in Rugeley,
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1062:Nichols, Christopher M. "Caste Wars." In
805:Decauville railway Vigía Chico-Santa Cruz
699:recognized the Chan Santa Cruz Maya as a
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1699:University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
1535:McArdle Stephens, Michele (2017-07-27),
1514:(in Spanish). CIESAS. pp. 138–148.
1191:
1091:Stephens, Michele McArdle (2017-07-27),
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1706:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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888:protest (such as sit-ins and marches).
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1723:Princeton University Press, Princeton.
1713:University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
1549:10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.386
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1105:10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.386
580:Oil painting of the Caste War, c. 1850
1783:University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
1769:Stanford University Press, Palo Alto.
1755:Stanford University Press, Palo Alto.
1648:
1248:
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960:Violence and the Caste War of Yucatán
939:Zapatista Army of National Liberation
879:on January 1, 1994, the day when the
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198:State of Chan Santa Cruz established.
1683:Yaxcabá and the caste war of Yucatán
205:Mexican-Guatemalan-Belizean victory
47:adding citations to reliable sources
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1735:Hispanic American Historical Review
1730:University of Arizona Press, Tucson
1487:Anthropology and History in Yucatán
881:North American Free Trade Agreement
778:20th century and the end of the war
13:
1776:University of Texas Press, Austin.
1692:University of Texas Press, Austin.
1690:The Indian Christ, the Indian King
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1408:Serrano Nájera, José Luis (2017).
1243:
14:
1935:
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1577:Morales, Guillermo Boils (1979).
1300:Alexander, Rani T. (2003-01-01).
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161:(skirmishes continued until 1933)
1854:History of the Yucatán Peninsula
914:Index of Mexico-related articles
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34:needs additional citations for
1681:Alexander, Rani T. ed. (2004)
1583:Revista Mexicana de Sociología
1198:The William and Mary Quarterly
1192:Martínez, María Elena (2004).
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518:created a rival government in
475:region. This was known as the
227:Mayan State of Chan Santa Cruz
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1132:Nichols: "Caste Wars", 2001.
944:
929:List of wars involving Mexico
595:In their correspondence with
497:Federated Republic of Yucatán
410:
572:Henequen industry in Yucatán
480:population in the east. The
146:Mayan territory, circa 1870.
7:
1919:Rebellions in North America
1909:History of British Honduras
1779:Rugeley, Terry. ed. (2001)
1543:, Oxford University Press,
902:
541:Antonio López de Santa Anna
489:Mexican War of Independence
445:Spanish conquest of Yucatán
396:, the capital of the Maya.
365:Mexican War of Independence
10:
1940:
1924:Genocides in North America
1726:Gabbert, Wolfgang. (2004)
1688:Bricker, Victoria. (1981)
1040:"The Caste War of Yucatán"
856:
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1765:Restall, Matthew. (1997)
1717:Farriss, Nancy Marguerite
1318:10.1215/00141801-50-1-191
663:to seek Spanish help, to
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1869:Wars involving Guatemala
1753:The Caste War of Yucatan
1702:Cline, Howard F. (1958)
326:ba'atabil kichkelem Yúum
126:ba'atabil kichkelem Yúum
1786:Sullivan, Paul. (2004)
1772:Rugeley, Terry. (1996)
1758:Reina, Leticia. (1980)
1537:"Caste Wars in Yucatán"
1414:UCLA Historical Journal
1253:Rugeley, Terry (1995).
1093:"Caste Wars in Yucatán"
522:, which soon took over
1889:20th-century conflicts
1884:19th-century conflicts
1709:Dumond, Don E. (1997)
924:Indigenous land rights
868:
787:
686:Felipe Carrillo Puerto
581:
58:"Caste War of Yucatán"
1874:Wars involving Belize
1864:Wars involving Mexico
1793:Wells, Allen. (1996)
1751:Reed, Nelson. (1964)
1363:(Norman, 2001) p. 51.
972:Arturo Arias (2018).
919:Justo Sierra O'Reilly
877:Zapatista Army (EZLN)
866:
785:
757:Battle of Orange Walk
667:to gain aid from the
579:
309:Casualties and losses
124:Caste War of Yucatán
1155:Yucatán en el tiempo
1002:exhibits.lib.unc.edu
958:Gabbert, W. (2019).
560:Mexican–American War
493:First Mexican Empire
340:populations, called
322:Caste War of Yucatán
43:improve this article
1350:(San Antonio, 1996)
1157:. Mérida, Yucatán.
423:) operated under a
259:Republic of Yucatan
133:Mexican Indian Wars
1837:2012-03-27 at the
1825:2005-11-25 at the
869:
853:Later developments
836:Mexican Revolution
788:
719:Mayan independence
582:
425:legal caste system
405:Mexican Revolution
1649:STEVENSON, MARK.
1558:978-0-19-936643-9
1512:El bosque sitiado
1114:978-0-19-936643-9
843:Salvador Alvarado
713:Cuban slave trade
657:Miguel Barbachano
644:Miguel Barbachano
616:Manuel Antonio Ay
552:Miguel Barbachano
401:Salvador Alvarado
334:Yucatán Peninsula
318:
317:
215:
214:
172:Yucatán Peninsula
119:
118:
111:
93:
1931:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1627:. Archived from
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749:Congreve rockets
745:British Honduras
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885:Lacandon Jungle
861:
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828:Wrigley Company
807:was ordered in
780:
768:Crescencio Poot
721:
574:
568:
556:Santiago Méndez
482:Catholic Church
413:
394:Chan Santa Cruz
369:land alienation
361:customary lands
294:
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194:Mayan victory
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1894:1847 in Mexico
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59:
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54:Find sources:
48:
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38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1859:Maya history
1794:
1787:
1780:
1773:
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1759:
1752:
1741:
1737:65(1)111-34.
1734:
1727:
1720:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1659:. Retrieved
1654:
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1633:. Retrieved
1629:the original
1619:
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1572:
1562:, retrieved
1540:
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1486:
1480:
1461:
1455:
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1442:
1437:, pp. 62–64.
1434:
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1418:. Retrieved
1413:
1403:
1394:
1386:
1381:
1376:, pp. 53–54.
1373:
1368:
1360:
1355:
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1342:
1309:
1306:Ethnohistory
1305:
1295:
1262:
1259:Ethnohistory
1258:
1234:
1201:
1197:
1187:
1154:
1148:
1128:
1118:, retrieved
1096:
1086:
1067:
1058:
1047:. Retrieved
1043:
1034:
1025:
1022:"Caste Wars"
1016:
1005:. Retrieved
1001:
992:
973:
967:
959:
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896:
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824:Quintana Roo
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753:Corozal Town
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477:Camino Real,
476:
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429:peninsulares
414:
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379:
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346:
341:
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321:
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314:300,000 dead
239:
225:
220:Belligerents
202:
201:
191:
190:
145:
131:Part of the
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1816:← Dead link
809:New Orleans
772:coup d'état
764:Belize City
737:Catholicism
677:Mexico City
605:Cecilio Chi
601:Jacinto Pat
501:Mexico City
487:During the
330:Maya people
262:(1847–1848)
233:Maya people
99:August 2017
1914:Porfiriato
1848:Categories
1635:2015-09-06
1564:2022-10-25
1521:9707017627
1496:0292703147
1448:Maya Wars,
1420:2022-10-28
1120:2023-08-13
1049:2023-08-13
1007:2023-08-13
945:References
857:See also:
570:See also:
524:Valladolid
411:Background
203:1884–1915:
192:1847–1883:
159:1847–1901
69:newspapers
1719:. (1984)
1603:0188-2503
1435:Maya Wars
1387:Maya Wars
1374:Maya Wars
1334:153999553
1326:0014-1801
1279:0014-1801
1218:0043-5597
1173:cite book
797:gunpowder
655:Governor
508:Guatemala
421:New Spain
374:haciendas
342:Yucatecos
274:Guatemala
1835:Archived
1823:Archived
1389:, p. 54.
903:See also
897:La Unión
820:smallpox
701:de facto
649:swarming
628:Campeche
586:henequen
469:Campeche
434:criollos
357:henequen
338:Hispanic
336:against
167:Location
1661:Sep 17,
1611:3540085
1416:. 28(1)
1226:3491806
873:Chiapas
816:measles
727:to the
665:Jamaica
545:Tampico
520:Tizimín
440:mestizo
417:Spanish
353:mestizo
349:Yucatán
332:of the
83:scholar
1609:
1601:
1555:
1518:
1493:
1468:
1450:p. 66.
1332:
1324:
1287:483215
1285:
1277:
1224:
1216:
1161:
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1111:
1074:
980:
832:chicle
729:Belize
709:Belize
632:Mérida
623:Tepich
590:Mérida
536:Mérida
532:Izamal
528:Espita
473:Mérida
450:indios
386:Belize
298:
283:
271:
248:Mexico
187:Result
176:Mexico
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1607:JSTOR
1330:S2CID
1283:JSTOR
1222:JSTOR
1066:(ed).
934:Casta
725:Tulum
690:Cruzo
640:Sisal
612:batab
390:Petén
90:JSTOR
76:books
1663:2020
1657:. AP
1599:ISSN
1553:ISBN
1516:ISBN
1491:ISBN
1466:ISBN
1322:ISSN
1275:ISSN
1214:ISSN
1179:link
1159:ISBN
1134:ISBN
1109:ISBN
1072:ISBN
978:ISBN
818:and
661:Cuba
630:and
462:Maya
453:and
320:The
178:and
156:Date
62:news
1591:doi
1545:doi
1314:doi
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1206:doi
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415:In
324:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
