42:
1049:
1035:
453:, which prior to the passage of the law had no strong legal precedent in Philippine jurisprudence. While laws such as the Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 (Republic Act No. 8792) regulated certain computer-related activities, these laws did not provide a legal basis for criminalizing crimes committed on a computer in general: for example, Onel De Guzman, the computer programmer charged with purportedly writing the ILOVEYOU
2736:
784:
543:: its provisions apply to all Filipino nationals regardless of the place of commission. Jurisdiction also lies when a punishable act is either committed within the Philippines, whether the erring device is wholly or partly situated in the Philippines, or whether damage was done to any natural or juridical person who at the time of commission was within the Philippines.
536:, also criminalizing them when committed using a computer system. Finally, the Act includes a "catch-all" clause, making all offenses currently punishable under the Revised Penal Code also punishable under the Act when committed using a computer, with more severe penalties than what was provided by the Revised Penal Code alone.
615:, the main proponent of the Act, defended the law by saying that it is a legal framework to protect freedoms such as the freedom of expression. He asked the Act's critics to wait for the bill's implementing rules and regulations to see if the issues were addressed. He also added that the new law is unlike the controversial
2019:
In a later signed resolution, the Court denied all the motions for reconsiderationof its decision dated
February 18, 2014. (GR No. 203335, GR No. 203299, GR No.203306, GR No. 203359, GR No. 203378, GR No. 203391, GR No. 203407, GR No.203440, GR No. 203453, GR No. 203454, GR No. 203469, GR No. 203501,
856:
is primarily responsible for the cyberlibel provision, which he added after social media comments accusing him of plagiarism; he has defended his authorship of the last minute amendment, asking reporters if it was fair that "just because are now accountable under the law, they are angry with me?"
1018:
and the
Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 qualified with the use of a computer system (violation of Sections 4(a), (b), and (c) of Republic Act No. (RA) 9775 or the Anti-Child Pornography Act of 2009, in relation to Section 4(c)(2) of RA 10175 or the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012). Pineda was
571:
to organize a cybercrime unit staffed by special investigators whose responsibility will be to exclusively handle cases pertaining to violations of the Act, under the supervision of the
Department of Justice. The unit is empowered to, among others, collect real-time traffic data from Internet
599:
has received the new law well, citing an increase in the confidence of investors due to measures for the protection of electronic devices and online data. Media organizations and legal institutions though have criticized the Act for extending the definition of libel as defined in the
460:
The first drafts of the Anti-Cybercrime and Data
Privacy Acts started in 2001 under the Legal and Regulatory Committee of the former Information Technology and eCommerce Council ( of the law was communicated to various other organizations and special interest groups during that time.
997:
post made in 2011, who argued that such remarks should not be punishable with the case. Since the post was made a year prior to the passage of the law, the court decided that the accused cannot be charged of libel, emphasizing that without a law, no crime are to be punished.
554:
to restrict and/or demand the removal of content found to be contrary to the provisions of the Act, without the need for a court order. This provision, originally not included in earlier iterations of the Act as it was being deliberated through
Congress, was inserted during
885:
on charges for allegedly "posting nasty and malevolent materials against
President Duterte on Facebook". Insults that would be seen in other countries as minor have led to DOJ prosecutors filing cyberlibel charges: such as "crazy"; "asshole"; "senile"; and "incompetent".
559:
deliberations on May 31, 2012. Complementary to the takedown clause is a clause mandating the retention of data on computer servers for six months after the date of transaction, which may be extended for another six months should law enforcement authorities request it.
967:
by
Filipino netizens with the intent of, among other things, repealing the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012; it failed to pass. Several organizations continue to fight for the decriminalization of all forms of libel in the Philippines, including the
575:
The enactment of
Republic Act 10867 (The National Bureau of Investigation Reorganization and Modernization Act) empowers the NBI to have the primary jurisdiction in investigating violations of Republic Act 10175 (Cybercrime Prevention Act 2012).
634:
has also expressed concern about the Act, supporting local media and journalist groups which are opposed to it. The Centre for Law and
Democracy also published a detailed analysis criticizing the law from a freedom of expression perspective.
947:
via a
Facebook post, which he deleted minutes later, but of which archives were made; the court was unconvinced by his denial that he posted the message, and he was sentenced to eight years in jail and ordered to pay damages of
604:, which has been criticized by international organizations as being outdated: the United Nations for one has remarked that the current definition of libel as defined in the Revised Penal Code is inconsistent with the
572:
service providers with due cause, require the disclosure of computer data within 72 hours after receipt of a court warrant from a service provider, and conduct searches and seizures of computer data and equipment.
414:
While hailed for penalizing illegal acts done via the Internet that were not covered by old laws, the act has been criticized for its provision on criminalizing libel, which is perceived to be a curtailment of the
992:
may be punished only under the cybercrime law and not under regular libel (Article 355, Revised Penal Code). The case originated from a petition of an individual, convicted in a libel case in connection with a
876:
Online posts do not need to be public for cases to be filed by the DOJ. As the act has universal jurisdiction, it is not required that an offender commit the offense in the Philippines; the DOJ brought up an
1123:
2455:
1448:
665:
questioning the constitutionality of the Act. On October 2, the Supreme Court initially deferred action on the petitions, citing an absence of justices which prevented the Court from sitting
765:, who originally wrote a separate concurring opinion, changed his vote to dissent after reconsidering whether it was just to impose higher penalties for cyberlibel than for regular libel.
2101:
1949:
Later on, the Court approved another first -- the uploading of the audio recording of the proceedings of the oral arguments of the cases starting with the cases on Cybercrime Law.
1718:
2291:
1317:
584:
The new Act received mixed reactions from several sectors upon its enactment, particularly with how its provisions could potentially affect freedom of expression,
794:
738:
On February 18, 2014, the Supreme Court ruled that most of the law was constitutional, although it struck down other provisions, including the ones that violated
438:
issued a temporary restraining order, stopping implementation of the Act for 120 days, and extended it on February 5, 2013 "until further orders from the court."
722:, representing the government, on January 29, 2013. This was the first time in Philippine history that oral arguments were uploaded online by the Supreme Court.
714:, pausing implementation of the law for 120 days. In early December 2012, the government requested the lifting of the TRO, which was denied. Over four hours of
1505:
1127:
457:, was ultimately not prosecuted by Philippine authorities due to lack of legal basis to charge him under existing Philippine laws at the time of his arrest.
2465:
2119:
840:
announced they would seek to drop the online libel provisions of the law, as well as other provisions that "are punishable under other laws already", like
605:
1479:
1456:
1099:
from October 9, 2012, to February 18, 2014. Most of the law was in the end found constitutional, but sections 4(c)(3), 4(c)(4) , 5 , 7 , 12, and 19 were
2074:
1535:
2740:
2756:
1917:
1437:
A Short History of the Development of Cybercrime Legislation in the Philippines - Geronimo L. Sy, Assistant Secretary - Manila, Department of Justice
2652:
1351:
969:
1174:
2488:
596:
852:, but cyberlibel remains on the books as a crime in the Philippines, and has been charged by DOJ prosecutors multiple times since then. Senator
805:
2171:
2098:
1014:
in G.R. No. 262941 (People v. Luisa Pineda, February 2024) affirmed the lower courts' rulings that found Luisa Pineda guilty of violating the
564:
2813:
1993:
1691:
1635:
484:. Both bills were passed by their respective chambers within one day of each other on June 5 and 4, 2012, respectively, shortly after the
1435:
1409:
2213:
960:
758:
696:
337:
276:
150:
101:
2680:
2600:
1227:
858:
700:
2818:
2705:
1727:
1610:
2239:
2808:
2369:
1383:
69:
An Act Defining Cybercrime, Prevention, Investigation, Suppression and the Imposition of Penalties Therefor and for Other Purposes
2545:
441:
On February 18, 2014, the Supreme Court upheld most of the sections of the law, including the controversial cyberlibel component.
1863:
1663:
1587:
477:
189:
1387:
2793:
2626:
2145:
1783:
2195:
1561:
869:
863:
601:
533:
1325:
746:" of libelous content, originally themselves also criminalized as libel under the law, were found to be legal. Only justice
675:
meant that the law went into effect as scheduled on October 3. In protest, Filipino netizens reacted by blacking out their
2343:
1291:
1015:
935:
On March 2, 2020, the first guilty verdict in a cyberlibel case was returned against a local politician, Archie Yongco, of
837:
551:
2009:
1100:
2265:
1758:
2317:
823:
2788:
2764:
2709:
1258:
1096:
1007:
985:
849:
707:
662:
469:
465:
435:
2421:
1939:
1892:
449:
The Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 is one of the first laws in the Philippines which specifically criminalizes
2823:
719:
1809:
1745:
500:
The Act, divided into 31 sections split across eight chapters, criminalizes several types of offense, including
2798:
2750:
1640:
1170:
917:
733:
631:
472:. The Cybercrime Prevention Act ultimately was the product of House Bill No. 5808, authored by Representative
2055:
909:
750:
dissented from the ruling, writing that he believes the whole idea of criminal libel to be unconstitutional.
2773:
215:
2768:
1925:
1668:
1196:
801:
485:
225:
205:
1513:
1092:
925:
754:
692:
672:
642:
388:
49:
1969:
268:
2037:
568:
501:
81:
17:
2746:
1987:
1164:
627:
criticized the bill, calling it a prior restraint to the freedom of speech and freedom of expression.
936:
556:
348:
246:
111:
908:
have also faced cyberlibel charges, as with foreigners, who have also accused others of cyberlibel.
711:
2292:"The Philippines Wants to Arrest 8chan Founder Fredrick Brennan: 'It's Basically a Death Sentence'"
1067:
878:
798:
that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
376:
41:
2803:
989:
616:
540:
473:
185:
387:
on September 12, 2012. It aims to address legal issues concerning online interactions and the
175:
416:
1726:
641:
has attempted to distance itself from the law; after the guilty verdict was rendered in the
1692:"Malacanang reminds critics: Cyberlibel Act passed under Aquino Administration - UNTV News"
1201:
1011:
953:
544:
326:
2033:
Jose Disini, et al. v. Secretary of Justice, et al. (Ruling on Motion for Reconsideration)
8:
2761:, oral arguments by petitioners (January 15, 2013) and the government (January 29, 2013)"
2684:
1836:
157:
718:
by petitioners were heard on January 15, 2013, followed by a three-hour rebuttal by the
2199:
1414:
1040:
1020:
528:, an offense under Republic Act No. 9775 (the Anti-Child Pornography Act of 2009), and
489:
384:
121:
2429:
1377:
1266:
1104:
940:
929:
841:
688:
585:
525:
521:
400:
1968:, G.R. No. 203335 (Supreme Court of the Philippines February 11, 2014),
1048:
1232:
505:
420:
1449:"Senate inserted Section 19: How the 'take-down' clause emerged in Cybercrime Law"
2571:
2460:
2036:, G.R. No. 203335 (Supreme Court of the Philippines April 22, 2014),
1997:
1054:
949:
944:
739:
902:
845:
715:
620:
612:
513:
509:
481:
450:
404:
392:
289:
238:
2202:, December 8, 1930, Title 13, Chapter One, Section One, "Crimes Against Honor"
2782:
2576:
2433:
2395:
2105:
1270:
1062:
747:
650:
589:
454:
2653:"SC: Libelous Facebook post punishable under cybercrime law only, not libel"
638:
964:
762:
2519:
2120:"OPINION: Trillanes vs Nieto case underscores need to decriminalize libel"
1636:"Philippines' New Cybercrime Prevention Act Troubling for Free Expression"
943:. Yongco was found guilty of falsely accusing another local politician of
1740:
898:
890:
646:
624:
424:
380:
91:
2240:"DOLE asks Taiwan to deport OFW with Facebook posts criticizing Duterte"
2108:
by Rene Acosta with InterAksyon.com, businessmirror.com.ph, May 23, 2013
2706:"SC Sentences Child Pornographer to Imprisonment and PHP2 Million Fine"
988:
Second Division, in July 2023, ruled that "allegedly libelous" post in
973:
853:
480:
and 36 other co-authors, and Senate Bill No. 2796, proposed by Senator
60:
912:
has been accused of targeting journalists with the law, in particular
2051:
Disini v. Secretary of Justice (Ruling on Motion for Reconsideration)
464:
This was superseded by several cybercrime-related bills filed in the
867:(six months to four years and two months), but now has a penalty of
547:
shall have jurisdiction over cases involving violations of the Act.
524:, and other offenses. The law also reaffirms existing laws against
488:, and the final version of the Act was signed into law by President
1588:"Protecting our Cyberspace - The Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012"
1228:"Rare Cyber Libel Case Tests Fragile Media Freedoms in Philippines"
994:
894:
676:
517:
396:
1506:"Cybercrime Act extends reach of 'draconian', outdated libel laws"
2657:
2627:"Trillanes vs Nieto case underscores need to decriminalize libel"
2493:
1864:"Philippine govt asks court to lift injunction on Cybercrime Law"
932:
and Philippine Consul General in Milan Elmer Cato, respectively.
913:
743:
684:
680:
667:
428:
2735:
2020:
GR No.203509, GR No. 203515, and GR No. 203518, April 22, 2014)
1480:"IT-BPO industry welcomes passage of Cybercrime Prevention Act"
905:
882:
608:, and therefore violates the respect of freedom of expression.
2456:"Trillanes files cyberlibel complaint vs. Roque, SMNI, others"
2214:"Two women arrested after classmate files cyber libel charges"
2017:. Manila: Supreme Court of the Philippines. 2014. p. 31.
1947:. Manila: Supreme Court of the Philippines. 2013. p. 46.
1664:"Philippines: Analysis Finds Major Problems in Cybercrime Law"
757:
were immediately filed by numerous petitioners, including the
1988:
Opinion dissenting in part and concurring in part by Leonen,
1868:
1452:
761:, they were all rejected on April 22, 2014. However, justice
529:
408:
1536:"Libel law violates freedom of expression ā UN rights panel"
1023:, a fine of PHP 2,000,000 and PHP 300,000 in civil damages.
2146:"Sotto: What's wrong with having libel law in cyber space?"
921:
795:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
691:" also defaced government websites, including those of the
861:, before cyberlibel it had a penalty of minimum or medium
857:
While libel had been a crime in the Philippines since the
1410:"Technology; Philippines to Drop Charges on E-Mail Virus"
1259:"The Journalist vs. the President, With Life on the Line"
550:
A takedown clause is included in the Act, empowering the
391:. Among the cybercrime offenses included in the bill are
2681:"SC imposes jail term, P2M fine on child 'pornographer'"
2318:"Ramon Tulfo surrenders to police over cyberlibel cases"
1019:
thus sentenced to suffer the penalty of imprisonment of
848:. The DOJ said it would endorse revising the law to the
2266:"Salesman arrested, jailed for calling Duterte 'crazy'"
889:
Journalists charged with cyberlibel since 2013 include
2520:"Court finds Zambo Sur town dad guilty of cyber libel"
2422:"Founder of 8chan Faces Arrest on 'Cyberlibel' Charge"
2075:"DOJ to drop online libel from revised cybercrime law"
1352:"Internet libel in cybercrime law constitutional ā SC"
1162:
2344:"'Thinking Pinoy' blogger pleads not guilty to libel"
2211:
1375:
1124:"Legislative History at the House of Representatives"
928:
also faced cyberlibel complaints from former Senator
2624:
1030:
606:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
2601:"Journalists reiterate call to decriminalize libel"
1965:
Jose Disini, et al. v. Secretary of Justice, et al.
1959:
1957:
2598:
1893:"Philippines extends suspension of cybercrime law"
1163:Republic Act No. 10175 (September 12, 2012),
2546:"The Wisdom of Crowds: Crowdsourcing Net Freedom"
2489:"Daily Tribune faces P10-M cyber libel complaint"
1759:"SC defers action on petitions vs cybercrime law"
725:
2780:
1954:
1345:
1343:
970:National Union of Journalists of the Philippines
2099:DOJ deletes libel from new anti-cybercrime bill
1611:"Guingona criticizes Cybercrime Prevention Act"
979:
1918:"Petitions challenging Republic Act No. 10175"
2237:
2050:
1719:"Suits pile up assailing anti-cybercrime law"
1340:
239:Joint Explanation of the Conference Committee
2396:"BPO senior manager faces online libel case"
1982:
1376:Republic Act No. 8792 (June 14, 2000),
1108:
2117:
1562:"'Give Cybercrime Prevention Act a chance'"
961:Magna Carta for Philippine Internet Freedom
759:Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility
697:Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System
597:local business process outsourcing industry
2212:Delta Dyrecka Letigio (November 6, 2019).
1656:
1628:
1534:Tiongson, Frank Lloyd (January 30, 2012).
1197:"Filipino law is 'cyber authoritarianism'"
1001:
40:
2543:
2143:
1710:
1478:Agcaoili, Lawrence (September 20, 2012).
824:Learn how and when to remove this message
2599:Kristine Joy Patag (February 18, 2019).
2544:De Santos, Jonathan (January 21, 2013).
2517:
2487:CMS, Joann Manabat- (January 30, 2024).
2315:
2144:Bordadora, Norman (September 23, 2012).
2072:
1750:
1609:Mendes, Christina (September 22, 2012).
1533:
1477:
1440:
1384:World Intellectual Property Organization
1349:
1225:
1194:
661:Several petitions were submitted to the
649:blamed President Duterte's predecessor,
431:, has drawn international condemnation.
2650:
2572:"Freedom on the Net 2016 - Philippines"
2453:
2289:
2169:
1810:"Websites hacked in protest vs new law"
1784:"#NoToCybercrimeLaw protest goes viral"
1447:Reyes, Karl John C. (October 2, 2012).
1390:from the original on September 30, 2014
1310:
653:, for any negative effects of the law.
14:
2781:
2419:
2394:Dalipe, Gerome M. (October 25, 2016).
2393:
2367:
2341:
2118:Tordesillas, Ellen T. (July 2, 2018).
1890:
1861:
1834:
1756:
1716:
1608:
1503:
1407:
1256:
532:, an offense under Section 355 of the
2678:
2625:Ellen T. Tordesillas (July 2, 2018).
2513:
2511:
2316:Gonzales, Cathrine (March 13, 2020).
2196:Revised Penal Code of the Philippines
2068:
2066:
1504:Panela, Shaira (September 19, 2012).
1446:
1318:"SC won't lift TRO on cybercrime law"
1177:from the original on December 9, 2021
602:Revised Penal Code of the Philippines
534:Revised Penal Code of the Philippines
2814:Philippine intellectual property law
2518:Santiago, Salvador (March 2, 2020).
2454:Casilao, Joahna Lei (May 14, 2024).
2420:Victor, Daniel (February 27, 2020).
2290:Gilbert, David (February 27, 2020).
2263:
1862:Phneah, Ellyne (December 11, 2012).
1855:
1717:Canlas, Jonas (September 27, 2012).
1350:MerueƱas, Mark (February 18, 2014).
1252:
1250:
1221:
1219:
1158:
1156:
1087:
1085:
1083:
777:
656:
512:, computer-related offenses such as
423:". Its use against journalists like
347:Conference committee bill passed by
336:Conference committee bill passed by
2486:
1891:Phneah, Ellyne (February 5, 2013).
1828:
1284:
1257:Hammer, Joshua (October 15, 2019).
1195:Gonzales, Iris (November 2, 2012).
516:, content-related offenses such as
24:
2508:
2368:Cullen, Shay (September 8, 2019).
2342:Movido, Angel (October 10, 2018).
2063:
1585:
1559:
1324:. February 5, 2013. Archived from
1292:"SC extends TRO on cybercrime law"
1226:Jennings, Ralph (April 24, 2020).
1116:
1016:Anti-Child Pornography Act of 2009
679:profile pictures and trending the
25:
2835:
2741:Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012
2728:
1835:Torres, Tetch (October 9, 2012).
1757:Torres, Tetch (October 2, 2012).
1560:Sy, Marvin (September 23, 2012).
1408:Arnold, Wayne (August 22, 2000).
1247:
1216:
1166:Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012
1153:
1080:
369:Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012
35:Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012
2819:Presidency of Benigno Aquino III
2765:Supreme Court of the Philippines
2734:
2710:Supreme Court of the Philippines
2679:Laqui, Ian (February 26, 2024).
2651:Bolledo, Jairo (July 11, 2023).
2238:J. C. Gotinga (April 25, 2020).
1922:Supreme Court of the Philippines
1843:. Philippine Daily Inquirer, Inc
1047:
1033:
1008:Supreme Court of the Philippines
850:16th Congress of the Philippines
782:
565:National Bureau of Investigation
436:Supreme Court of the Philippines
2809:Internet law in the Philippines
2698:
2672:
2644:
2618:
2592:
2564:
2537:
2480:
2447:
2413:
2387:
2361:
2335:
2309:
2283:
2257:
2231:
2205:
2189:
2170:La ViƱa, Tony (March 4, 2014).
2163:
2137:
2111:
2092:
2073:MerueƱas, Mark (May 23, 2013).
2043:
2025:
2002:
1975:
1932:
1910:
1884:
1802:
1776:
1684:
1602:
1579:
1553:
1527:
1497:
1471:
1429:
1401:
1369:
720:Office of the Solicitor General
383:that was approved by President
2759:Disini v. Secretary of Justice
1983:Disini v. Secretary of Justice
1641:Electronic Frontier Foundation
1188:
1110:Disini v. Secretary of Justice
918:Bongbong Marcos administration
734:Disini v. Secretary of Justice
727:Disini v. Secretary of Justice
632:Electronic Frontier Foundation
257:
164:
13:
1:
2794:Censorship in the Philippines
1146:
773:
495:
407:, illegal access to data and
2588:– via Refworld, UNHCR.
2011:Judiciary Annual Report 2014
1941:2013 Judiciary Annual Report
1837:"SC issues TRO vs cyber law"
1669:Centre for Law and Democracy
980:Cyberlibel vs. regular libel
701:Intellectual Property Office
486:impeachment of Renato Corona
7:
2264:Buan, Lian (May 14, 2020).
1514:GMA News and Public Affairs
1026:
755:motions for reconsideration
712:temporary restraining order
693:Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
673:temporary restraining order
643:Maria Ressa cyberlibel case
579:
389:Internet in the Philippines
50:Congress of the Philippines
10:
2840:
768:
731:
569:Philippine National Police
563:The Act also mandates the
444:
2322:Philippine Daily Inquirer
2218:Philippine Daily Inquirer
2150:Philippine Daily Inquirer
1841:Philippine Daily Inquirer
1763:Philippine Daily Inquirer
645:, presidential spokesman
478:second district of Tarlac
371:, officially recorded as
357:
346:
335:
324:
319:
311:
303:
295:
285:
274:
264:
252:
244:
234:
224:
214:
204:
196:
181:
171:
156:
148:
143:
135:
127:
117:
107:
97:
87:
77:
55:
48:
39:
34:
1453:TV5 News and Information
1073:
1068:Philippine copyright law
1002:People vs. Luisa Pineda
910:Duterte's administration
859:American imperial period
706:On October 8, 2012, the
671:. The initial lack of a
434:On October 9, 2012, the
338:House of Representatives
277:House of Representatives
151:House of Representatives
102:House of Representatives
2789:2012 in the Philippines
2172:"Ending criminal libel"
1379:Electronic Commerce Act
1103:by the Court for being
990:social networking sites
881:caregiver who lived in
873:(six to twelve years).
258:Same title as final law
165:Same title as final law
2824:Philippine legislation
2550:Yahoo News Philippines
2524:Philippine News Agency
1093:temporarily restrained
804:by rewriting it in an
742:. Notably, likes and "
683:#NoToCybercrimeLaw on
617:Stop Online Piracy Act
541:universal jurisdiction
373:Republic Act No. 10175
27:Law in the Philippines
2799:Computing legislation
2747:Republic Act NĀŗ 10175
1996:June 7, 2021, at the
1731:on September 30, 2012
836:On May 24, 2013, the
552:Department of Justice
545:Regional Trial Courts
417:freedom of expression
2743:at Wikimedia Commons
2370:"Speaking the truth"
1816:. September 26, 2012
1644:. September 18, 2012
1328:on February 12, 2013
1202:New Internationalist
1130:on February 23, 2014
864:prisiĆ³n correccional
623:. However, Senator
592:in the Philippines.
327:conference committee
2712:. February 26, 2024
2685:The Philippine Star
2605:The Philippine Star
2580:. November 14, 2016
1672:. November 22, 2012
1615:The Philippine Star
1566:The Philippine Star
1484:The Philippine Star
1012:Justice Mario Lopez
710:decided to issue a
286:Member(s) in charge
190:Tarlac 2nd District
144:Legislative history
2771:on April 20, 2013.
2426:The New York Times
2104:June 16, 2013, at
2056:Dissent by Brion,
1928:on April 20, 2013.
1459:on October 4, 2012
1415:The New York Times
1298:. February 5, 2013
1263:The New York Times
1041:Philippines portal
1021:reclusion perpetua
806:encyclopedic style
793:is written like a
490:Benigno Aquino III
385:Benigno Aquino III
275:Received from the
131:September 12, 2012
122:Benigno Aquino III
88:Territorial extent
82:Republic Act 10175
2739:Media related to
1790:. October 2, 2012
1586:Angara, Edgardo.
1010:in a judgment by
941:Zamboanga del Sur
930:Antonio Trillanes
842:child pornography
834:
833:
826:
657:Constitutionality
586:freedom of speech
526:child pornography
508:, device misuse,
506:data interference
492:on September 12.
401:child pornography
365:
364:
210:February 13, 2012
16:(Redirected from
2831:
2772:
2767:. Archived from
2751:Official Gazette
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2484:
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2464:. Archived from
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2391:
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2016:
2006:
2000:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1936:
1930:
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1924:. Archived from
1914:
1908:
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1723:The Manila Times
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1171:Official Gazette
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1126:. Archived from
1120:
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1105:unconstitutional
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1038:
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421:authoritarianism
269:Senate Bill 2796
245:Second chamber:
235:Committee report
200:February 9, 2012
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2468:on May 15, 2024
2461:GMA News Online
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945:murder-for-hire
830:
819:
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740:double jeopardy
736:
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659:
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474:Susan Yap-Sulit
447:
176:House Bill 5808
149:First chamber:
139:October 3, 2012
108:Enacted by
98:Enacted by
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732:Main article:
729:
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716:oral arguments
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621:PROTECT IP Act
613:Edgardo Angara
581:
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514:computer fraud
510:cybersquatting
502:illegal access
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451:computer crime
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405:identity theft
393:cybersquatting
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2769:the original
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2714:. Retrieved
2700:
2690:February 26,
2688:. Retrieved
2674:
2662:. Retrieved
2656:
2646:
2634:. Retrieved
2630:
2620:
2608:. Retrieved
2604:
2594:
2582:. Retrieved
2575:
2566:
2554:. Retrieved
2552:. VERA Files
2549:
2539:
2527:. Retrieved
2523:
2498:. Retrieved
2492:
2482:
2470:. Retrieved
2466:the original
2459:
2449:
2437:. Retrieved
2425:
2415:
2403:. Retrieved
2399:
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2377:. Retrieved
2373:
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2351:. Retrieved
2348:ABS-CBN News
2347:
2337:
2325:. Retrieved
2321:
2311:
2299:. Retrieved
2295:
2285:
2273:. Retrieved
2269:
2259:
2247:. Retrieved
2243:
2233:
2221:. Retrieved
2217:
2207:
2200:Act No. 3815
2191:
2179:. Retrieved
2175:
2165:
2153:. Retrieved
2149:
2139:
2127:. Retrieved
2124:ABS-CBN News
2123:
2113:
2094:
2082:. Retrieved
2078:
2057:
2049:
2045:
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2010:
2004:
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1977:
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1940:
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1926:the original
1921:
1912:
1900:. Retrieved
1896:
1886:
1876:December 19,
1874:. Retrieved
1867:
1857:
1845:. Retrieved
1840:
1830:
1818:. Retrieved
1813:
1804:
1792:. Retrieved
1787:
1778:
1766:. Retrieved
1762:
1752:
1739:– via
1733:. Retrieved
1728:the original
1722:
1712:
1700:. Retrieved
1695:
1686:
1674:. Retrieved
1667:
1658:
1646:. Retrieved
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1604:
1592:. Retrieved
1581:
1569:. Retrieved
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