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572:, even if it does not preclude the possibility that at the end of the life of these vessels, they were simply thrown into the water, considered as trash. On the other hand, the presence of braziers fragments, miniature pieces and Tlaloc vases indicates that these were thrown into the water as offerings as part of rites similar to those recorded by Spanish chroniclers as Sahagún (1989) and Duran (1967) in the twin cities of Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco as well as in other settlements in late postclassical Mexico.
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518:. Only partial archaeological investigation has been possible, and modern building techniques have damaged the prehistoric city. Several 1990 archaeological finds at Cuicuilco, consisting of a circular pyramid constructed within a plaza with smaller structures associated with the agricultural system, were destroyed for the construction of a multi-storied office complex. Consequently, the true size and complexity of Cuicuilco may be difficult to ascertain.
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428:(cf. Sanders 1981: 173); In addition there were water springs and streams. Prehispanic groups managed to produce food. The economic base was centered on agriculture, probably supplemented by hunting, fishing and gathering; access to wood had to be simple, from nearby forests, and agricultural land in the vicinity of the nuclear portion of the site, buried today under meters of volcanic lava and modern buildings.
544:"No geological evidence under the Xitle flow suggests an earlier eruption, but another monogenetic volcano, Chichinautzin, was also active in the area prior to Xitle and is believed to have had a similarly large flow and to have resulted in similar ecological changes. The Yololica volcano also erupted at about the same time as Xitle, and its lava flows are only a few kilometers from Cuicuilco".
584:. There are also materials, although in low percentages, whose production and consumption starts in the epiclassical (based recent research made in the Tula region) but have been associated with the Tula apogee. According to ethno-historical sources and some radiocarbon dating, it is located chronologically between 950 and 1150 CE. (cf. Cobean, 1990)
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the city in lava. This lava flow is evident based on excavation around the main pyramid. Excavations show a layer of lava separating the modern surface from the original, ancient surface. This shows much of the city was completely destroyed by the lava flows. This series of eruptions gave rise to
Teotihuacan as the center of the Basin of Mexico.
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Its importance is recognized by all historians and archaeologists; however it has barely been studied, especially when compared with other archaeological sites, such as
Teotihuacan and Tula. The main investigation obstacle is that the area is covered almost entirely with a lava layer of about 9 to 10
457:
In spite of the abandonment of
Cuicuilco as an important ceremonial center, people continued making offerings even after the site was covered by lava from the Xitle volcano, which happened around 400 CE or in the range 245 to 315 AD. With Cuicuilco in ruins, Xitle erupted once again, covering much of
362:
If the great pyramid of
Cuicuilco is an expression of this growth, then this level of development was reached between 800 and 600 BC, when it was built. If true, these proto-urban characteristics might have extended into the late Preclassic, with Cuicuilco weakening between 100 BCE and 1 CE, the time
591:
It is a restricted area where deposits were affected by activities of the 20th century, fragments found of Aztec ceramics from the end of the late postclassical, materials of the colonial period (native and
Spaniards) as well as 19th-century European fine earthenware. This material provides evidence
587:
These archaeological materials indicate strong social interaction between the Valley of Mexico and other regions under the hegemonic power of
Teotihuacan, as well as the conformation of sociopolitical units after the decline of said Empire, also as evidence of socio-economic aspects associated with
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range and extending down to a nearby lake shore. A 1956 study concluded that the uneven lava deposits, reaching a depth over 10 m in areas, were a major factor in the preservation of
Cuicuilco. The site is also inside a modern urban area, and is partially covered by buildings associated with
448:, erupted, burying and destroying what still remained of Cuicuilco and Copilco (another important ceremonial center). This disaster led to the dispersion of Cuicuilca culture towards Toluca and Teotihuacan, which hosted a large part of the Cuicuilcas and incorporated many features of their culture.
548:
During Byron
Cummings' 1922–1925 exploration, ceramics were found from phases preceding the eruption. Eduardo Noguera (1939) excavated burials in the proximity of the pyramidal sector known as Cuicuilco A, corresponding to the preclassical archaeological site. In 1957, investigations by Heiser and
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as an urban center, noting that the six small communities which some archeologists believe eventually combined to become
Teotihuacan were founded and showing evidence of modest growth at the same time that Cuicuilco was building pyramids and public monuments. The city seems to have been abandoned
575:
Many ceramic materials identified in the preliminary analysis correspond to phases of
Teotihuacan's apogee during the classical period (Tlamimilolpa and Xolalpan phases), between 200 and 650 CE. According to recently adjusted chronology based on radiocarbon dating (cf. Rattray, 1991); predominant
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Features of archaeological materials allow inferring the context of the natural and cultural training processes. Inhabitants discarded vases and fragments in the vicinity of the body of water, and many pots were trapped in the lava, especially domestic pieces such as pans, pots, pitchers, dishes,
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Towards the late Preclassic period, around 150 BCE, Cuicuilco became an urban regional center, with a population estimated at 20,000 inhabitants, comparable with Teotihuacan at that time (cf. Sanders, 1981). Cuicuilco's development was affected by the eruption of the Xitle volcano, which formed a
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Cuicuilco also represents one of the early sites in Meso America to show state formation. There is evidence of a four tier settlement hierarchy as well as having made investments in architectural projects. It became a rival of the Teotihuacan which was also located in the Valley of Mexico (about
552:
Between 1966 and 1968, important complexes of architectural structures were found as well as a series of conical formations, a group called Cuicuilco B, where more than 300,000 ceramic pots were rescued (Müller, 1990). Based on analysis of archaeological ceramics of Cuicuilco B, Florence Müller
358:
Estimated occupation periods for Cuicuilco may be considered tentative at best. The earliest occupation is estimated in 1200 BCE, and included many farming villages of similar configuration and space distribution. During the period 1000–800 BCE, conical structures with an oval base were built.
265:
At the site are eight of the many housing and religious buildings that once existed and the remains of a hydraulic system that supplied water to the city. One of the pyramids was built in a strategic position, representing early prehispanic attempts to link religious concepts with cosmic events
371:
In the mid-Preclassic (c. 800 BCE), settlements emerged in the area, which slowly evolved and grew, becoming cities, subsequently developing into a major civic-ceremonial urban centers in the late Preclassic (c. 100 CE). With twenty thousand inhabitants, complex ritual systems, and social
461:
From the beginning of the last century, “El Pedregal” was an attractive place to define the predecessor cultures of the Teotihuacan y Mexica cultures in the México basin. Investigations at Cuicuilco B demonstrated that the site's development was as a consequence of internal dynamics.
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has determined that, after the Xitle eruption, materials were deposited on a layer of lava cushions associated with a body of water, which demonstrate the presence of settlements or villages from approximately 200 to 950 CE, according to the preliminary analysis of ceramic layer
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determined that the occupation of the settlement continued after the Xitle eruption, during the Classical, Epiclassical, postclassical periods until the Spanish conquest, even though the importance of the site as well as the number of inhabitants dropped radically.
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types are temporarily located in the epiclassical period, 650-950 CE, Coyotlatelco tradition (cf. Rattray, 1966), and are contemporaneous with the Tula Chico occupation (cf. Cobean, 1990), as well as other important settlements in the Valley of Mexico, as
1323:
477:, although the territory was reoccupied at a much later date. Pottery and other evidence suggest that refugees from the volcanic disaster migrated north and became part of the population pool of Teotihuacan, near the northern shore of the Lake Texcoco.
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Sanders, William T. 1981 Ecological adaptations in the Basin of Mexico: 23,000 B.C. to the present. En Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol I, Archaeology, ed. por J.A. Sabloff, pp. 147–197. University of Texas Press,
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The inhabitants had round heads affected by direct or oblique tubular cranial deformation, the first being more common. Dental mutilation was practised. The average life span was 51 years, affected mainly by diseases like
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Known Cuicuilco is divided into two zones. The first is known as Cuicuilco A, where the ceremonial center is located. The other is called Cuicuilco B and lies West of Cuicuilco A, in the Olympic village Sports Centre.
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Due to its location, Cuicuilco is in a difficult situation. Among the issues are modern planning and economic interests of the place, as well as disputes on conservation and legislation of the archaeological heritage.
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In 1990, in the sector known as Cuicuilco C, Rodríguez identified predominant preclassical ceramic materials, as well as, to a lesser extent, pots from later periods, including colonial and modern (Rodriguez, 1994).
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meters thick. This difficulty is compounded by urbanization of the area, with constructions directly above the archaeological site, such as the Telmex building and the Cuicuilco commercial Plaza in 1997.
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The prehispanic settlement and its surroundings, upon being covered by lava, were sealed and preserved. Archaeological materials above the lava were affected differently during the last 2000 years.
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Rodríguez, Ernesto 1994 Cuicuilco "C". Un rescate arqueológico en el sur de la Ciudad de México. Tesis de Licenciatura en Arqueología, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia, México. (Spanish)
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Gonzalez, Silvia; Pastrana, Alejandro; Siebe, Claus; Duller, Geoff (2000). "Timing of the prehistoric eruption of Xitle Volcano and the abandonment of Cuicuilco Pyramid, Southern Basin of Mexico".
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60 km to the northeast). Their interactions were mostly hostile and was personified by both cities taking defensive positions against each other throughout the Valley of Mexico.
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Wolf, E. and A. Palerm. "Sistema de riego en el Pedregal." In "Agricultura y Civilización en Mesoamerica, Secretaria de Educación Pública", colección SepSetentas, México, 1972.
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Specialists call these sites regional capitals, considering that they had higher hierarchy and functioned as integration centers, eventually becoming larger regional capitals.
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Although this site produced a new ceramic tradition (around 600–200 BCE), it is considered that the overall site area was developed over several generations of inhabitants.
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Under this perspective, although the place produced (around 600–200 BCE) a new ceramic tradition, is also evident that the region was configured by successive generations.
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Spencer, Charles & Redmond, Elsa. (2004). Primary State Formation in Mesoamerica. Annual Review of Anthropology. 33. 173-199. 10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143823.
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Rattray, Evelyn C. 1966 An archaeological and stylistic study of Coyotlatelco pottery. Mesoamerican Notes 7-8:87-193. Universidad de las Américas, Puebla, México.
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Based on its date of occupation, Cuicuilco may be the oldest city in the Valley of Mexico and was roughly contemporary with, and possibly interacting with, the
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657:" was discovered and named by archeologist Byron Cummings, who likened it to semi-buried round chambers found in the SW U.S. Its ritual purpose is unknown.
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A stone sculpture found at the base of the great pyramid. It is the only one ever found dating to the High Classic Period of Mesoamerica (800 BC – 200 AD)
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It is considered that the Cuicuilco's decline (100 BCE to 1 CE) had a minor recovery in 1–150 CE, due to the presence of representations of fire deities.
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1012:
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layer of lava that partially or completely covered the city's structures, whose extension is inferred to have reached nearly 400 hectares (cf. ibid.).
329:. The population at the city's peak is estimated at 20,000 people. The features of the site include terraces, various buildings, fortifications, and
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1991 Fechamientos por radiocarbono en Teotihuacan. Arqueología, segunda época 6:3-18. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, México. (Spanish)
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The decline began in the early 1st century BCE, with the rise of Teotihuacan as a center of cultural and religious influence. By the year 400 CE, the
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Müller, Jacobs Florencia 1990 La cerámica de Cuicuilco B. Un rescate arqueológico. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, México. (Spanish)
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Sahagún, Bernardino de 1989 Historia general de las cosas de la Nueva España. Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes, México. (Spanish)
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Durán, Diego de 1967 Historia de las Indias de Nueva España e islas de la Tierra Firme. 3 vols. Editorial Porrúa, S.A., México. (Spanish)
347:, as a small settlement, its inhabitants interacting with other sites in the Basin of Mexico as well as relatively distant regions, e.g.
301:
Cuicuilco was founded as a farming village, but provides evidence of early religious practices, including stone offerings and the use of
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Also, according to some other sources, a series of volcano eruptions and the destruction of Cuicuilco took place in the 1st century BC.
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The Civilizations of Mexico and Central America. Vol. 1. David Carrasco (ed.), pp. 290–292. New York: Oxford University Press. 2001
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Bennyhoff provided relevant information to refine the chronological sequence of the main building basement (cf. Schávelzon, 1983)
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Some experts theorize that the development of the site, from its foundation, was due to its strategic location near the pass of
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Archaeological evidence, ceramic and structures, indicate that Cuicuilco developed during the first millennium BCE, during the
104:
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empire, before the Spaniards' arrival, continuing the occupation of land owners such as Bernal Díaz del Castillo and other.
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Cobean, Robert H. 1990 La cerámica de Tula, Hidalgo . Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, México. (Spanish)
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Lenz, Hanz 1990 Historia del papel en México y cosas relacionadas. 1525-1950 . Miguel Angel Porrúa, México. (Spanish)
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From their location, inhabitants had access to natural resources, as they were located approximately 4 km from
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and avenues bordering a series of small, shallow pools. These pools were fed by runoff from the nearby hills of
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Showcase with a type of "metate" used to grind corn. The drawing above illustrates how this tool was used.
239:, its population probably including all the social strata and cultural traits that would characterize the
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2014:
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Adams, Richard E. W. "Prehistoric Mesoamerica." University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, 1991.
444:(Nahuatl: atl, xochitl, co, “water”, “flower”, “place”; “place of flowers in water”), and part of the
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when Teotihuacan began to develop, later becoming an important urban center in the Classic period.
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Looking southwest from the top of the pyramid with the Villa Olimpica (now housing) built for the
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281:(National Institute of Anthropology and History, INAH), American archaeologist and anthropologist
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deposit in the eastern section. Multiple layers of volcanic ash from Xitle and possibly from
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The lava flow sealed off the northern shore of the lake and appears to have created a marshy
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1015:[Cuicuilco from Cuicuilco] (in Spanish). Actualidades arqueológicas. Archived from
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254:, causing migrations and changes to the population and culminating in the consolidation of
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912:[Cuicuilco, "place of colors and songs"] (in Spanish). Red Escolar. Archived from
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1103:"Age and archaeological implications of Xitle volcano, southwestern Basin of Mexico-City"
854:"Age and archaeological implications of Xitle volcano, southwestern Basin of Mexico-City"
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Looking southeast from the top of the main pyramid of Cuicuilco toward the boroughs of
509:. The lava covers an area of approximately 80 km, including the foothills of the
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Muller, F. "La cerámica de Cuicuilco B: Un rescate arqueológico." INAH, México, 1990.
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Schávelzon, Daniel 1983 La pirámide de Cuicuilco. Fondo de Cultura Económica, México.
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It has also been suggested that other volcanoes in the area may have played a role.
285:(1857–1933) believed that Cuicuilco means: “Place where songs and dances are made”.
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Showcase at the Cuicuilco Museum displaying tools such as mortars, blades and pots
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George and Audrey DeLange visit Cuicuilco, with a large selection of photographs
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The existing Cuicuilco Site Museum is the design of renowned Mexican architect
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Based on known facts, it was the first important civic-religious center of the
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The site of Cuicuilco is covered by a dense volcanic lava field known as the
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conclude that Cuicuilco was a prominent community prior to the emergence of
372:
stratification, comparable to Teotihuacan during the Late Formative period.
337:. The main known structure is a pyramidal basement built about 800–600 BCE.
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Construction of the Cuicuilco pyramid began a few centuries BCE, during the
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history. The site was occupied until its destruction by the eruption of
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Stairway portion of the Cuicuilco pyramid with modern buildings of the
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It was destroyed and abandoned following the eruption of the volcano
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Archaeology of Ancient Mexico and Central America: An Encyclopedia.
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Top ring of the main pyramid as seen from stairs leading to top.
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Cuicuilco. In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
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around AD 150 to 200 after the eruption of a nearby volcano,
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Pastrana, Alejandro, and Patricia Fournier. "Cuicuilco." In
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Pastrana, Alejandro, and Patricia Fournier. "Cuicuilco." In
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Pastrana, Alejandro, and Patricia Fournier. "Cuicuilco." In
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Pastrana, Alejandro; Fournier, Patricia (July–August 1997).
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Escuela Preparatoria Tlalpan I "Gral. Francisco J. Múgica"
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Clay figurines adorned with jewelry like that on display
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Path and stairs leading up the main pyramid of Cuicuilco
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Cuicuilco Museum showcase with clay figurines and pots.
309:. The city grew around a large ceremonial center with
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López Camacho, Javier -, Córdova Fernández, Carlos.
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28:Western side of the circular pyramid at Cuicuilco.
592:of a settlement or village in Cuicuilco from the
258:as the ruler of the Central Highlands during the
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1329:Escuela Preparatoria Tlalpan II "Otilio Montaño"
1210:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
1164:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
1031:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
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861:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
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1042:Susan Toby Evans, David L. Webster, eds,
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953:[Cuicuilco, official web page].
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739:Showcase with jewelry, among other items
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910:"Cuicuilco "lugar de colores o cantos""
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243:(city-state) of classical Mesoamerica.
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2346:Nuevo Polanco (Granada, Ampl. Granada)
1563:Museo Universitario Arte Contemporáneo
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1180:Cuicuilco - World History Encyclopedia
1166:. : Oxford University Press, 2001
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1731:Deportivo 18 de Marzo metro station
1136:University of Oklahoma Press, 1997
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170:Map of the archaeological site
1:
1746:Insurgentes Sur metro station
1654:Monumento a los Indios Verdes
1311:Escuela Nacional Preparatoria
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1088:10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.171.01.17
891:10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00199-2
516:National University of Mexico
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1659:Monumento al perro callejero
1603:Universidad Intercontinental
1578:Polyforum Cultural Siqueiros
1419:Monumento al perro callejero
1395:Universidad Intercontinental
1068:Geological Society of London
959:(in Spanish). Archived from
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2073:Centro Urbano Benito Juárez
1756:Mexico City Metrobús Line 1
1736:Indios Verdes metro station
1517:Glorieta de los Insurgentes
1369:Colegio Princeton de México
1359:Colegio México Bachillerato
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1013:"CUICUILCO DESDE CUICUILCO"
160:Preclassic to Early Classic
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1726:Chilpancingo metro station
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1303:
1272:
815:"Cuicuilco in Retrospect"
501:borough in the background
379:, and near the shores of
156:
148:
140:
135:
98:
88:
74:
42:
33:
21:
1716:Buenavista metro station
1700:Revolución metro station
1449:This list is incomplete.
780:
367:Beginning of the Culture
2326:Ampliación Daniel Garza
2191:Santa María Insurgentes
1909:Extremadura Insurgentes
1385:La Escuela de Lancaster
582:Azcapotzalco (altepetl)
2576:Museums in Mexico City
2566:History of Mexico City
2361:San Miguel Chapultepec
1949:San Pedro de los Pinos
1899:Ciudad de los Deportes
1685:Monument to Cuauhtémoc
1680:Biblioteca Vasconcelos
1502:Ciudad de los Deportes
1349:Colegio Franco Español
1285:Jardines en la Montaña
622:Luis Macgregor Krieger
546:
502:
490:
298:
277:According to Mexico's
171:
2518:List of neighborhoods
2435:San Andrés Totoltepec
2196:Santa María la Ribera
1919:Insurgentes San Borja
1866:Jardines del Pedregal
1790:(Steven Wilson album)
1761:Potrero metro station
1751:La Raza metro station
1522:Parque de la Bombilla
1290:San Andrés Totoltepec
542:
507:Pedregal de San Ángel
496:
488:
296:
169:
120:19.30167°N 99.18167°W
2341:Lomas de Chapultepec
2331:Bosques de las Lomas
2000:Bosques de las Lomas
1939:San José Insurgentes
1841:, towns and villages
1633:Landmarks, monuments
1548:Galerías Insurgentes
1507:Ciudad Universitaria
1314:5 "José Vasconcelos"
813:Haury, Emil (1975).
690:1968 Summer Olympics
578:Cerro de la Estrella
522:Other investigations
422:Sierra de las Cruces
412:Agriculture and food
185:in the southeastern
2450:Venustiano Carranza
2440:San Miguel Topilejo
2308:San Jerónimo Lídice
2300:Magdalena Contreras
2186:San Simón Tolnahuac
2048:Ampliación Asturias
1914:Insurgentes Mixcoac
1695:Paseo de la Reforma
1649:Monumento a la Raza
1295:San Miguel Topilejo
1080:2000GSLSP.171..205G
873:2000JVGR..104...45S
751:Showcase with bowls
481:Archaeological site
179:archaeological site
125:19.30167; -99.18167
116: /
18:
2541:Mesoamerican sites
2412:San Andrés Mixquic
2254:Villa de Guadalupe
1664:Ruta de la Amistad
1608:World Trade Center
1588:Restaurante Arroyo
1434:Restaurante Arroyo
503:
491:
432:End of the culture
313:and an associated
299:
172:
152:2nd–3rd century CE
16:
2528:
2527:
2394:San Pedro Atocpan
2231:Gustavo A. Madero
1798:
1797:
1690:Mother's Monument
1573:Plaza Insurgentes
1454:
1453:
1404:
1381:
1373:
1364:Colegio O'Farrill
1340:
1130:Esther Pasztory,
1110:Michigan Tech Geo
852:Siebe C. (2000).
604:Current situation
237:Mexican Highlands
164:
163:
2588:
2561:Valley of Mexico
2376:Verónica Anzures
2290:Pueblo Culhuacán
2025:Centro Histórico
2023:Historic center/
1825:
1818:
1811:
1802:
1801:
1543:Forum Buenavista
1481:
1474:
1467:
1458:
1457:
1439:Six Flags México
1424:Museo del Tiempo
1402:
1379:
1377:Colegio Williams
1371:
1338:
1336:Peterson Schools
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1048:Routledge, 2013
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187:Valley of Mexico
177:is an important
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93:Valley of Mexico
79:Valley of Mexico
63:Location within
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2272:Viaducto Piedad
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2249:Verónica Castro
2225:
2154:Paulino Navarro
2103:Felipe Pescador
2009:
1986:
1958:
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483:
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420:, and near the
418:Lake Xochimilco
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225:Olmec heartland
202:Late Preclassic
144:Around 1000 BCE
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1982:Villa Coyoacán
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1074:(1): 205–224.
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1019:on 2010-01-13.
980:
963:on 2010-12-15.
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916:on 2011-09-28.
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2123:Pequeño Seúl
2068:Buenos Aires
2031:Barrio Chino
2024:
1977:Santa Úrsula
1787:
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1191:Bibliography
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1114:. Retrieved
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969:cite journal
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219:of Mexico's
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206:Mesoamerican
199:
183:Lake Texcoco
174:
173:
2468:Valle Gómez
1934:Noche Buena
1832:Mexico City
1788:Insurgentes
1635:and statues
1583:Reforma 222
470:Teotihuacan
355:southeast.
353:Monte Albán
327:Zacaltepetl
307:grave goods
256:Teotihuacan
195:Mexico City
123: /
99:Coordinates
65:Mesoamerica
2535:Categories
2504:Boroughs (
2478:Xochimilco
2386:Milpa Alta
2282:Iztapalapa
2239:Lindavista
2206:Tlatelolco
2201:Tabacalera
2181:San Rafael
2164:Roma Norte
2159:Peralvillo
2083:Cuauhtémoc
2063:Buenavista
2015:Cuauhtémoc
1992:Cuajimalpa
1972:Churubusco
1151:References
1142:080612847X
1112:. Elsevier
1101:Siebe, C.
1054:1136801855
675:Xochimilco
568:boxes and
349:Chupicuaro
345:Preclassic
331:irrigation
315:urban area
231:Importance
221:Gulf Coast
204:period of
111:99°10′54″W
108:19°18′06″N
2430:Cuicuilco
2264:Iztacalco
2244:Malacates
2169:La Romita
2118:Zona Rosa
2093:Esperanza
2036:La Merced
1904:Del Valle
1876:San Ángel
1871:Los Alpes
1837:, areas,
1643:El Sereno
1536:Buildings
1512:Cuicuilco
1412:Landmarks
1280:Cuicuilco
877:CiteSeerX
270:Etymology
175:Cuicuilco
149:Abandoned
17:Cuicuilco
2513:Colonias
2371:Tacubaya
2336:Escandón
2211:Tránsito
2176:Roma Sur
2108:Guerrero
2088:Doctores
2053:Asturias
2005:Santa Fe
1964:Coyoacán
1944:San Juan
1881:Santa Fe
1835:boroughs
1617:Formerly
839:30245949
594:Tepaneca
499:Coyoacán
323:Zacayuca
311:pyramids
303:ceramics
262:period.
241:altépetl
75:Location
2556:Tlalpan
2458:Federal
2422:Tlalpan
2404:Tláhuac
2356:Polanco
2137:Morelos
2078:Condesa
2058:Atlampa
2043:Algarín
1929:Nápoles
1924:Mixcoac
1856:Florida
1770:Related
1568:Perisur
1558:Manacar
1304:Schools
1266:Tlalpan
1225:Austin.
1076:Bibcode
869:Bibcode
671:Tlalpan
570:comales
289:History
191:Tlalpan
157:Periods
141:Founded
136:History
81:,
2366:Tacuba
2351:Pensil
2149:Obrera
2142:Tepito
2113:Juárez
1673:Nearby
1140:
1116:10 May
1052:
879:
837:
653:This "
442:Ajusco
426:Ajusco
377:Toluca
335:canals
319:plazas
217:Olmecs
89:Region
83:Mexico
1495:Areas
1106:(PDF)
857:(PDF)
835:JSTOR
781:Notes
598:Aztec
475:Xitle
438:Xitle
252:Xitle
210:Xitle
2132:Maza
1954:Xoco
1319:IEMS
1138:ISBN
1118:2015
1050:ISBN
975:link
956:INAH
819:Kiva
673:and
655:kiva
580:and
531:peat
514:the
424:and
325:and
1084:doi
1072:171
1056:p76
887:doi
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305:as
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193:in
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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